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An amount the size of a poppy seed is enough to kill a grown person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of an onslaught from which we’ve defended ourselves for decades, which might be why you’ve never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxitoxin is lethal at concentrations 1,000 times lower than is cyanide. It is a powerful neurotoxin released by plankton in algal blooms. Saxitoxin is so potent, in fact, that it was the only marine toxin declared a \u003ca href=\"http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/cwc/text\">chemical weapon\u003c/a> by the 1993 international treaty known as the Chemical Weapons Convention, and bears a long and complex history with the U.S. government in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CIA \u003ca href=\"https://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/23319/this-week-in-eucom-history-april-30-may-6\">reportedly gave\u003c/a> pilots of U-2 reconnaissance planes a coin containing saxitoxin that they could use to commit suicide if they were captured. President Nixon ultimately banned the military’s use of biological weapons, including saxitoxin, in 1969, but the CIA neglected to destroy a stockpile of 10 grams of the substance that it had distilled from butter clams. The supply was rediscovered in a storage facility and distributed to scientists at NIH after a pharmacologist begged the CIA not to destroy the cache. He predicted, correctly, that the toxin’s potency offered enormous potential for medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1200x798.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washing or heating does not make saxitoxin-contaminated shellfish safe to eat. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP/GettyImages)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both marine and freshwater systems, shellfish accumulate saxitoxin and concentrate it into doses dangerous to humans, fish, birds and marine mammals, although the shellfish themselves remain unharmed. The toxin is undetectable by sight or smell and is heat-stable, which means that even a pan-seared toxic mussel is still a toxic mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ingested by humans, saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, symptoms of which include tingling, numbness, and, if consumed in high enough quantities, paralysis, asphyxiation and death. There is no known cure for saxitoxin poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s History of Toxin Monitoring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why haven’t you heard of this potent algal toxin? Thank state health officials. In California, risk is managed by the diligent monitoring of the California Department of Public Health. Every year, CDPH issues a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/Pages/EMB/Shellfish/Annual-Mussel-Quarantine.aspx\">mussel quarantine\u003c/a> for all coastal areas from Oregon to the Mexican border between May 1 and Oct. 31, adjusting its window according to changes in saxitoxin concentration. When concentrations are dangerously high, the state prohibits all recreational harvesting of mussels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public health department requires commercial seafood harvesters to submit shellfish samples at least weekly to retain their certification, which is one reason shellfish are available even when bans are in place. However, no commercial shellfish harvest occurs in San Francisco Bay, and that’s because, while coastal shellfish are monitored for paralytic shellfish toxins, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\">no such monitoring \u003c/a>occurs in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest recorded instances of saxitoxin poisoning occurred in San Francisco, before seasonal bans were commonplace, even before scientists knew what was poisoning their coast. In 1927, more than 100 people fell ill and six people died from paralytic shellfish poisoning. Panic spread. Public health workers quickly posted warning signs and scientists worked to identify the source of the widespread sickness. No cases were reported the following year, perhaps, as noted in a scientific paper published in 1937, because “people showed little desire, after the experience of 1927, to gather shell-fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the monitoring that began in 1927 has kept poisoning numbers low; Dr. Eddie Garcia, a fellow in medical toxicology at UCSF and the California Poison Control Center, says that in 2017, only 117 cases were reported across the entire United States, none of them fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Saxitoxin is Relevant Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-e1562172091893.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-complete_open_graph wp-image-1944161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-1200x1129.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recorded cases of PSP in 1970 and 2018. Scientists say that we’ve only recently begun to understand the full extent of how common PSP really is. \u003ccite>(US National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree it’s critically important to have infallible toxin detection methods, particularly in the coming years. For one thing, experts say algal blooms are becoming more common, likely due to pollution and climate change, among other reasons. And even with decent monitoring already in place, some people are still getting sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like a bad intersection where, if you put up some good traffic lights, you can improve it a lot,” said Don Anderson, a biologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who has spent more than 40 years studying harmful algal blooms. “It’s the people who don’t obey the restrictions, whether it be a stop light or a closure, that get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for instance, a family vacationing on the coast of Washington made a soup out of mussels. It was midnight, too dark to read the signs that might have warned them not to eat shellfish they had caught themselves, and all seven ended up in the emergency room. One woman lost the ability to stand. The next day, the Washington Department of Health detected a saxitoxin concentration over 75 times the alert level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in daylight, not every Californian might be aware of the quarantine; some may not be able to read signs because of a language barrier, or they may think different rules apply. If you’re relying on the old adage that you can’t eat mussels in months without the letter ‘r’, for example, it’s time to update your guidelines — this belief can be traced all the way back to at least 1599, when a \u003ca href=\"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A17373.0001.001/1:12.19?rgn=div2;view=fulltext\">cookbook\u003c/a> warned against consuming oysters during summer months, most likely because bacteria were especially rampant during summer heat without refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944164\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944164\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign-160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a warning sign posted in San Mateo County. \u003ccite>(San Mateo County Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although widely performed, saxitoxin testing is not terribly humane. In order to determine saxitoxin concentration, the most popular of three FDA-approved methods is to inject a mouse with a small amount of liquid containing an expected toxin, wait for the mouse to die, and record the time of its last breath. According to Maggie Broadwater, acting Harmful Algal Bloom Program Manager at NOAA, this mouse test is still used by CDPH to monitor toxin levels. Other methods do exist, but they involve transporting samples back to a laboratory and days of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As algal blooms become more frequent and we begin to better understand how saxitoxin levels change, new methods have emerged that may transform the dynamics of our relationship with toxins — how we detect them, how we treat them, and how we learn from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lesson from the Bullfrog\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of saxitoxin detection may come from an unlikely source: the common bullfrog. Researchers at UCSF published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414716/frog-protein-may-mitigate-dangers-posed-toxic-marine-microbes-fueled-climate\">recent study\u003c/a> describing the structure of a protein called \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaax2650\">saxiphilin\u003c/a>. It’s found in the heart and blood of the American bullfrog, which is resistant to saxitoxin poisoning. Using x-ray crystallography, researchers in the laboratory of Daniel Minor, professor at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, identified a pocket-like region in this protein that binds to saxitoxin. Scientists think that the bullfrog’s store of saxiphilin naturally reduces the concentration of saxitoxin in its bloodstream, giving the liver time to destroy the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Structurally, the protein and its binding pocket look a lot like transferrin — that’s a family of proteins that bind to iron and ferry it around the body. Saxiphilin is so similar, in fact, that Minor believes the two proteins must share a common origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to bind to saxitoxin could also someday lead to a treatment for shellfish poisoning. It might provide scientists with a blueprint for developing synthetic molecules that could be administered to patients who digest the toxin, to prevent paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Vision for Monitoring Shellfish\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are also designing new-generation detection methods to improve coastal monitoring efforts. A hundred miles south of UCSF, scientists are developing a robotic technology that could replace the mouse-poison test. A team of researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute has a device they affectionately call “lab in a trashcan,” or more officially, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/technology/emerging-current-tools/instruments/environmental-sample-processor-esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>. [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Daniel Minor, UCSF']‘This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When submerged in seawater, the substances in these devices sense algae toxin levels and can provide health officials with real-time data. Some are already being tested \u003ca href=\"http://science.whoi.edu/esp/fieldcelldata\">across the country\u003c/a>, and researchers have their sights set on a next-generation sample processor, shaped like a torpedo, which could move across the ocean floor, monitoring toxin levels as it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute say the sensor elements, particularly those that detect saxitoxin, could still be improved by a greater knowledge of what governs the toxin’s binding behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944186\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robotic sensors, called Environmental Sample Processors, are designed by Chris Scholin and colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. ESPs could be the future of toxin detection, leading to more dynamic monitoring systems informing shellfish bans. \u003ccite>(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To have that information, the structural information, and to potentially synthesize that, is really a pretty big step,” said Greg Doucette, a research oceanographer at NOAA who works on the ESPs. “[It’s] something that might provide us with another tool that we could use on instruments like the ESP to detect the toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Don Anderson are excited by the potential of a toxin-binding blueprint to impact new detection methods. Anderson dreams of a future, maybe only 5 to 10 years away, in which coasts are lined with robotic sensors like the ESP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States could then lift mussel consumption bans for portions of the coast. Families could make soup with shellfish. It’s possible that, in this imagined future, a little frog protein would be the key to opening the coast again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: A previous version of this story stated that the saxitoxin coin was given to pilots of spy planes during WWII. That is incorrect; during WWII, pilots had a pill they could take to commit suicide if they were shot down. The CIA developed saxitoxin in a search for a replacement for the pill.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Saxitoxin is a potent neurotoxin released by shellfish all around the world. So why haven't you heard of it?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848539,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1774},"headData":{"title":"How Scientists Detect the Most Lethal Shellfish Toxin You've Never Heard Of | KQED","description":"Saxitoxin is a potent neurotoxin released by shellfish all around the world. So why haven't you heard of it?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Scientists Detect the Most Lethal Shellfish Toxin You've Never Heard Of","datePublished":"2019-07-03T15:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:02:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1944148/how-scientists-detect-the-most-lethal-shellfish-toxin-youve-never-heard-of","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a weapon that is released by algae around the world and concentrated, invisible, in the flesh of shellfish. An amount the size of a poppy seed is enough to kill a grown person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of an onslaught from which we’ve defended ourselves for decades, which might be why you’ve never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxitoxin is lethal at concentrations 1,000 times lower than is cyanide. It is a powerful neurotoxin released by plankton in algal blooms. Saxitoxin is so potent, in fact, that it was the only marine toxin declared a \u003ca href=\"http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/cwc/text\">chemical weapon\u003c/a> by the 1993 international treaty known as the Chemical Weapons Convention, and bears a long and complex history with the U.S. government in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CIA \u003ca href=\"https://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/23319/this-week-in-eucom-history-april-30-may-6\">reportedly gave\u003c/a> pilots of U-2 reconnaissance planes a coin containing saxitoxin that they could use to commit suicide if they were captured. President Nixon ultimately banned the military’s use of biological weapons, including saxitoxin, in 1969, but the CIA neglected to destroy a stockpile of 10 grams of the substance that it had distilled from butter clams. The supply was rediscovered in a storage facility and distributed to scientists at NIH after a pharmacologist begged the CIA not to destroy the cache. He predicted, correctly, that the toxin’s potency offered enormous potential for medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1200x798.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washing or heating does not make saxitoxin-contaminated shellfish safe to eat. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP/GettyImages)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both marine and freshwater systems, shellfish accumulate saxitoxin and concentrate it into doses dangerous to humans, fish, birds and marine mammals, although the shellfish themselves remain unharmed. The toxin is undetectable by sight or smell and is heat-stable, which means that even a pan-seared toxic mussel is still a toxic mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ingested by humans, saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, symptoms of which include tingling, numbness, and, if consumed in high enough quantities, paralysis, asphyxiation and death. There is no known cure for saxitoxin poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s History of Toxin Monitoring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why haven’t you heard of this potent algal toxin? Thank state health officials. In California, risk is managed by the diligent monitoring of the California Department of Public Health. Every year, CDPH issues a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/Pages/EMB/Shellfish/Annual-Mussel-Quarantine.aspx\">mussel quarantine\u003c/a> for all coastal areas from Oregon to the Mexican border between May 1 and Oct. 31, adjusting its window according to changes in saxitoxin concentration. When concentrations are dangerously high, the state prohibits all recreational harvesting of mussels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public health department requires commercial seafood harvesters to submit shellfish samples at least weekly to retain their certification, which is one reason shellfish are available even when bans are in place. However, no commercial shellfish harvest occurs in San Francisco Bay, and that’s because, while coastal shellfish are monitored for paralytic shellfish toxins, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\">no such monitoring \u003c/a>occurs in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest recorded instances of saxitoxin poisoning occurred in San Francisco, before seasonal bans were commonplace, even before scientists knew what was poisoning their coast. In 1927, more than 100 people fell ill and six people died from paralytic shellfish poisoning. Panic spread. Public health workers quickly posted warning signs and scientists worked to identify the source of the widespread sickness. No cases were reported the following year, perhaps, as noted in a scientific paper published in 1937, because “people showed little desire, after the experience of 1927, to gather shell-fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the monitoring that began in 1927 has kept poisoning numbers low; Dr. Eddie Garcia, a fellow in medical toxicology at UCSF and the California Poison Control Center, says that in 2017, only 117 cases were reported across the entire United States, none of them fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Saxitoxin is Relevant Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-e1562172091893.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-complete_open_graph wp-image-1944161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-1200x1129.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recorded cases of PSP in 1970 and 2018. Scientists say that we’ve only recently begun to understand the full extent of how common PSP really is. \u003ccite>(US National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree it’s critically important to have infallible toxin detection methods, particularly in the coming years. For one thing, experts say algal blooms are becoming more common, likely due to pollution and climate change, among other reasons. And even with decent monitoring already in place, some people are still getting sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like a bad intersection where, if you put up some good traffic lights, you can improve it a lot,” said Don Anderson, a biologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who has spent more than 40 years studying harmful algal blooms. “It’s the people who don’t obey the restrictions, whether it be a stop light or a closure, that get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for instance, a family vacationing on the coast of Washington made a soup out of mussels. It was midnight, too dark to read the signs that might have warned them not to eat shellfish they had caught themselves, and all seven ended up in the emergency room. One woman lost the ability to stand. The next day, the Washington Department of Health detected a saxitoxin concentration over 75 times the alert level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in daylight, not every Californian might be aware of the quarantine; some may not be able to read signs because of a language barrier, or they may think different rules apply. If you’re relying on the old adage that you can’t eat mussels in months without the letter ‘r’, for example, it’s time to update your guidelines — this belief can be traced all the way back to at least 1599, when a \u003ca href=\"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A17373.0001.001/1:12.19?rgn=div2;view=fulltext\">cookbook\u003c/a> warned against consuming oysters during summer months, most likely because bacteria were especially rampant during summer heat without refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944164\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944164\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign-160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a warning sign posted in San Mateo County. \u003ccite>(San Mateo County Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although widely performed, saxitoxin testing is not terribly humane. In order to determine saxitoxin concentration, the most popular of three FDA-approved methods is to inject a mouse with a small amount of liquid containing an expected toxin, wait for the mouse to die, and record the time of its last breath. According to Maggie Broadwater, acting Harmful Algal Bloom Program Manager at NOAA, this mouse test is still used by CDPH to monitor toxin levels. Other methods do exist, but they involve transporting samples back to a laboratory and days of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As algal blooms become more frequent and we begin to better understand how saxitoxin levels change, new methods have emerged that may transform the dynamics of our relationship with toxins — how we detect them, how we treat them, and how we learn from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lesson from the Bullfrog\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of saxitoxin detection may come from an unlikely source: the common bullfrog. Researchers at UCSF published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414716/frog-protein-may-mitigate-dangers-posed-toxic-marine-microbes-fueled-climate\">recent study\u003c/a> describing the structure of a protein called \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaax2650\">saxiphilin\u003c/a>. It’s found in the heart and blood of the American bullfrog, which is resistant to saxitoxin poisoning. Using x-ray crystallography, researchers in the laboratory of Daniel Minor, professor at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, identified a pocket-like region in this protein that binds to saxitoxin. Scientists think that the bullfrog’s store of saxiphilin naturally reduces the concentration of saxitoxin in its bloodstream, giving the liver time to destroy the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Structurally, the protein and its binding pocket look a lot like transferrin — that’s a family of proteins that bind to iron and ferry it around the body. Saxiphilin is so similar, in fact, that Minor believes the two proteins must share a common origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to bind to saxitoxin could also someday lead to a treatment for shellfish poisoning. It might provide scientists with a blueprint for developing synthetic molecules that could be administered to patients who digest the toxin, to prevent paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Vision for Monitoring Shellfish\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are also designing new-generation detection methods to improve coastal monitoring efforts. A hundred miles south of UCSF, scientists are developing a robotic technology that could replace the mouse-poison test. A team of researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute has a device they affectionately call “lab in a trashcan,” or more officially, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/technology/emerging-current-tools/instruments/environmental-sample-processor-esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Daniel Minor, UCSF","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When submerged in seawater, the substances in these devices sense algae toxin levels and can provide health officials with real-time data. Some are already being tested \u003ca href=\"http://science.whoi.edu/esp/fieldcelldata\">across the country\u003c/a>, and researchers have their sights set on a next-generation sample processor, shaped like a torpedo, which could move across the ocean floor, monitoring toxin levels as it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute say the sensor elements, particularly those that detect saxitoxin, could still be improved by a greater knowledge of what governs the toxin’s binding behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944186\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robotic sensors, called Environmental Sample Processors, are designed by Chris Scholin and colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. ESPs could be the future of toxin detection, leading to more dynamic monitoring systems informing shellfish bans. \u003ccite>(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To have that information, the structural information, and to potentially synthesize that, is really a pretty big step,” said Greg Doucette, a research oceanographer at NOAA who works on the ESPs. “[It’s] something that might provide us with another tool that we could use on instruments like the ESP to detect the toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Don Anderson are excited by the potential of a toxin-binding blueprint to impact new detection methods. Anderson dreams of a future, maybe only 5 to 10 years away, in which coasts are lined with robotic sensors like the ESP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States could then lift mussel consumption bans for portions of the coast. Families could make soup with shellfish. It’s possible that, in this imagined future, a little frog protein would be the key to opening the coast again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: A previous version of this story stated that the saxitoxin coin was given to pilots of spy planes during WWII. That is incorrect; during WWII, pilots had a pill they could take to commit suicide if they were shot down. The CIA developed saxitoxin in a search for a replacement for the pill.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1944148/how-scientists-detect-the-most-lethal-shellfish-toxin-youve-never-heard-of","authors":["11615"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_29","science_31","science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_3840","science_3370","science_3832","science_3834","science_5155","science_997"],"featImg":"science_1944149","label":"science"},"science_77769":{"type":"posts","id":"science_77769","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"77769","score":null,"sort":[1435582854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","title":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities","publishDate":1435582854,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing record-low water supplies and a dry summer ahead, some California farmers are getting creative in looking for new sources of water. In one community, they’re planning to buy water from cities — after it’s already been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through flushing toilets and running faucets, the city of Modesto produces millions of gallons of wastewater a day, just a stone’s throw from some of the driest agricultural areas in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Will Wong, city of Modesto\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a few years, that wastewater — treated and disinfected — could flow to farms in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanislauslafco.org/info/PDF/SOI/Districts/DelPuertoWD.pdf\">Del Puerto Water District\u003c/a>, in what would be the largest urban-to-agriculture water recycling project in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t go fast enough,” says Anthea Hansen, who runs the Del Puerto Water District. “Any water would be welcomed at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason is right outside her office window. “This field across the street is about 350 acres,” Hansen says, looking out at bare ground. “This land would typically be farmed in, probably, tomatoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the district’s 45,000 acres are fallowed this year, but half of the district is planted in permanent crops, like almonds, that require water every year to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Crazy’ wouldn’t adequately describe what we’re going through here,” Hansen says. “Having zero water available, we’ve been in survival and crisis mode for, literally, 24 months now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\" alt=\"A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s district relies entirely on water from federal reservoirs in the state, through the Central Valley Project. But with record-low snowpack during the drought, that supply has been cut off completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t have water rights to local rivers, and lacks groundwater to pump, as many other agricultural areas have turned to doing this year. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/23/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">Buying water\u003c/a> on the open market has been Hansen’s only option, but prices have gone through the roof.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought-Proof Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even during the drought, around 240,000 Modesto residents produce a steady stream of water — in the form of sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is water,” says Will Wong, engineering division manager for the city of Modesto. “As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s wastewater treatment plant is undergoing a $150 million upgrade to meet new water quality requirements. Currently, most of its wastewater is discharged into the San Joaquin River, and to protect the river, the city is being required to meet higher, “tertiary,” standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\" alt=\"New filtering equipment is installed at the Modesto wastewater treament plant, part of a $150 million upgrade.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New filtering equipment is being installed at the Modesto wastewater treatment plant, part of a $150 million upgrade. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The nice thing is that we have technology on our side here,” Wong says, “to take water that has some solids and whatnot, and essentially strip everything away and bring back pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New equipment will filter and disinfect the wastewater with ultraviolet light. It won’t be drinking water quality, but, according to state standards, it’ll be clean enough to use on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program\u003c/a>, the Del Puerto Water District would construct a six-mile, $100 million pipeline to carry the wastewater from the city to the Delta Mendota Canal. From there, it would go to the district’s farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really, really, really, truly hope that we can bring it across the line because it will be a model for others,” Hansen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would be expensive for farmers, four to five times normal prices, but Hansen says that’s the cost of reliability. Growers like Jim Jasper are more than willing to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like this comes up, you don’t have to think about it twice,” says Jasper, who owns Stewart & Jasper Orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California.”\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Most farmers are internal optimists and I like to be optimistic,” Jasper says, “but without something like this, the future for my son and grandson and family — we’re into this third generation — I don’t know if we can keep our business going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would meet about one-third of the water district’s “hardened” demand, or the minimal supply it can get by on. The cities of Turlock and Ceres are also looking at joining the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Recycling on the Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Other agricultural areas are taking notice, as they face their own drought shortfalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California,” says Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water think tank in Oakland. According to her \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">analysis\u003c/a>, California could be using two to three times more recycled water for many purposes, including urban landscape and golf course irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling urban wastewater in coastal cities would have added benefits, she says. When wastewater is discharged into the ocean, it creates pollution problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aQvcv7vl2ZQvV94UBJ1YzNZnE2UqDnYU”]But in inland areas, treated wastewater is usually released into rivers, so removing that source of water from the river by recycling it could impact the river itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to understand where that water would have gone,” Cooley says. “Is it providing important environmental flows? Is it providing water to a downstream community such that if you’re recycling it, there’s no longer water for that community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Challenges From Other Farmers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two agricultural water districts are protesting the North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program, saying it could harm the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District, the largest irrigation district in the country, is challenging the project for its possible effects on the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river is used so heavily by the region that it \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\">runs completely dry\u003c/a> in some years. As a result, minimal standards have been put in place to ensure enough water is flowing to protect water quality and the endangered salmon that use the river. When those standards aren’t met, water pumping to local irrigation districts must be slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wastewater from Modesto and Turlock makes up only a tiny fraction of the overall flow of the San Joaquin River, but Westlands would rather see it go into the river, instead of being recycled, to help meet water quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\" alt=\"A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto's wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District's farms.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto’s wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District’s farms. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In terms of San Joaquin River flow, we are at a point where every acre-foot is important,” Tom Birmingham, General Manager of Westlands Water District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Turlock Irrigation District say they’d rather see the wastewater used to replenish local groundwater, and to combat overpumping in the area. The City of Turlock relies on groundwater for its water supply, and after it’s treated, it’s discharged into the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is the primary source of water available to help achieve groundwater sustainability,” Calvin Curtin, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Silver Bullet\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Recycled wastewater projects are currently used in Monterey and Sonoma Counties, where urban areas are close to farm fields. But much of the Central Valley is far from large urban areas, and moving wastewater long distances quickly becomes cost-prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the single silver bullet solution for agriculture,” Cooley says. “Agriculture is going to have to do a lot of things to adapt to a future of less water availability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Del Puerto Water District, farmers see water recycling as a way to survive that future. The project still needs a range of permits from local and state authorities, but if it’s approved, the taps could open up in just three years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Farmers are turning to a new drought-proof water supply--tapping what goes down the drain in nearby cities.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931641,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1419},"headData":{"title":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities | KQED","description":"Farmers are turning to a new drought-proof water supply--tapping what goes down the drain in nearby cities.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities","datePublished":"2015-06-29T13:00:54.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/77769/parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing record-low water supplies and a dry summer ahead, some California farmers are getting creative in looking for new sources of water. In one community, they’re planning to buy water from cities — after it’s already been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through flushing toilets and running faucets, the city of Modesto produces millions of gallons of wastewater a day, just a stone’s throw from some of the driest agricultural areas in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Will Wong, city of Modesto\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a few years, that wastewater — treated and disinfected — could flow to farms in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanislauslafco.org/info/PDF/SOI/Districts/DelPuertoWD.pdf\">Del Puerto Water District\u003c/a>, in what would be the largest urban-to-agriculture water recycling project in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t go fast enough,” says Anthea Hansen, who runs the Del Puerto Water District. “Any water would be welcomed at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason is right outside her office window. “This field across the street is about 350 acres,” Hansen says, looking out at bare ground. “This land would typically be farmed in, probably, tomatoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the district’s 45,000 acres are fallowed this year, but half of the district is planted in permanent crops, like almonds, that require water every year to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Crazy’ wouldn’t adequately describe what we’re going through here,” Hansen says. “Having zero water available, we’ve been in survival and crisis mode for, literally, 24 months now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\" alt=\"A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s district relies entirely on water from federal reservoirs in the state, through the Central Valley Project. But with record-low snowpack during the drought, that supply has been cut off completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t have water rights to local rivers, and lacks groundwater to pump, as many other agricultural areas have turned to doing this year. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/23/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">Buying water\u003c/a> on the open market has been Hansen’s only option, but prices have gone through the roof.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought-Proof Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even during the drought, around 240,000 Modesto residents produce a steady stream of water — in the form of sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is water,” says Will Wong, engineering division manager for the city of Modesto. “As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s wastewater treatment plant is undergoing a $150 million upgrade to meet new water quality requirements. Currently, most of its wastewater is discharged into the San Joaquin River, and to protect the river, the city is being required to meet higher, “tertiary,” standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\" alt=\"New filtering equipment is installed at the Modesto wastewater treament plant, part of a $150 million upgrade.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New filtering equipment is being installed at the Modesto wastewater treatment plant, part of a $150 million upgrade. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The nice thing is that we have technology on our side here,” Wong says, “to take water that has some solids and whatnot, and essentially strip everything away and bring back pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New equipment will filter and disinfect the wastewater with ultraviolet light. It won’t be drinking water quality, but, according to state standards, it’ll be clean enough to use on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program\u003c/a>, the Del Puerto Water District would construct a six-mile, $100 million pipeline to carry the wastewater from the city to the Delta Mendota Canal. From there, it would go to the district’s farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really, really, really, truly hope that we can bring it across the line because it will be a model for others,” Hansen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would be expensive for farmers, four to five times normal prices, but Hansen says that’s the cost of reliability. Growers like Jim Jasper are more than willing to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like this comes up, you don’t have to think about it twice,” says Jasper, who owns Stewart & Jasper Orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California.”\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Most farmers are internal optimists and I like to be optimistic,” Jasper says, “but without something like this, the future for my son and grandson and family — we’re into this third generation — I don’t know if we can keep our business going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would meet about one-third of the water district’s “hardened” demand, or the minimal supply it can get by on. The cities of Turlock and Ceres are also looking at joining the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Recycling on the Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Other agricultural areas are taking notice, as they face their own drought shortfalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California,” says Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water think tank in Oakland. According to her \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">analysis\u003c/a>, California could be using two to three times more recycled water for many purposes, including urban landscape and golf course irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling urban wastewater in coastal cities would have added benefits, she says. When wastewater is discharged into the ocean, it creates pollution problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But in inland areas, treated wastewater is usually released into rivers, so removing that source of water from the river by recycling it could impact the river itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to understand where that water would have gone,” Cooley says. “Is it providing important environmental flows? Is it providing water to a downstream community such that if you’re recycling it, there’s no longer water for that community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Challenges From Other Farmers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two agricultural water districts are protesting the North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program, saying it could harm the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District, the largest irrigation district in the country, is challenging the project for its possible effects on the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river is used so heavily by the region that it \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\">runs completely dry\u003c/a> in some years. As a result, minimal standards have been put in place to ensure enough water is flowing to protect water quality and the endangered salmon that use the river. When those standards aren’t met, water pumping to local irrigation districts must be slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wastewater from Modesto and Turlock makes up only a tiny fraction of the overall flow of the San Joaquin River, but Westlands would rather see it go into the river, instead of being recycled, to help meet water quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\" alt=\"A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto's wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District's farms.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto’s wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District’s farms. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In terms of San Joaquin River flow, we are at a point where every acre-foot is important,” Tom Birmingham, General Manager of Westlands Water District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Turlock Irrigation District say they’d rather see the wastewater used to replenish local groundwater, and to combat overpumping in the area. The City of Turlock relies on groundwater for its water supply, and after it’s treated, it’s discharged into the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is the primary source of water available to help achieve groundwater sustainability,” Calvin Curtin, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Silver Bullet\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Recycled wastewater projects are currently used in Monterey and Sonoma Counties, where urban areas are close to farm fields. But much of the Central Valley is far from large urban areas, and moving wastewater long distances quickly becomes cost-prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the single silver bullet solution for agriculture,” Cooley says. “Agriculture is going to have to do a lot of things to adapt to a future of less water availability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Del Puerto Water District, farmers see water recycling as a way to survive that future. The project still needs a range of permits from local and state authorities, but if it’s approved, the taps could open up in just three years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/77769/parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","authors":["239"],"series":["science_87","science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_572","science_2581","science_201","science_997","science_1194"],"featImg":"science_77771","label":"science_1151"},"science_17707":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17707","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17707","score":null,"sort":[1400805242000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"seven-of-10-of-californias-most-polluted-beaches-are-in-northern-california","title":"Seven of 10 of California's Most Polluted Beaches Are in Northern California","publishDate":1400805242,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Seven of 10 of California’s Most Polluted Beaches Are in Northern California | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pillarpoint.jpg\" alt=\"Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay's 'Beach Bummer' list this year. (geoff dude/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay’s ‘Beach Bummer’ list this year. (geoff dude/\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/geoffdude/14001274521/in/photolist-nkfc7R-nkfcSj-nni9Zt-nkfchG-nkfiMK-nkfeoK-nkyJJA-gAAAyv-5RY2rs-9fuHgC-d49f7J-5Nhsgo-6YzpPo-6YRvXj-5RY2BN-5Nd8Lg-6YMu9p-5Nhpuw-6YMu6H-cXWLB5-5RUeVt-wHm5s-5R8qGa-4feNcd-csmrbA-csmr6m-gCLuH3-doAPWL-5NdbUi-5Nhqo9-6XjKUs-5Nhrpy-5bCiM7-56NURQ-7zfCXr-6YRw1U-7ESnNU-6XfLHK-4UeVk1-5RY2iQ-6ep78w-dAXXWW-5Ra7pA-6YvU2Z-6YRw6y-6YRvQh-5Rcuu3-c6Em5S-c6EjB3-c6EnB7\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seven out of 10 of the state’s most polluted beaches are in Northern California, according to environmental group Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf\">annual Beach Report Card,\u003c/a> released Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Heal the Bay ranks California beaches on water quality. They test for bacteria that signal the presence of microscopic critters that can make people sick. This year, 95 percent of beaches got clean A or B grades, a record. That’s thanks to the drought, explained Amanda Griesbach with Heal the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lack of rainfall, urban runoff and pollutants and debris and everything that’s washed into the beach water and that elevates the level of bacteria,” she said. “So if there’s a drought we typically see better grades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everywhere. The polluted beaches that made the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf#page=11\">“Beach Bummers”\u003c/a> list below suffer from problems like poor circulation — enclosed beaches like Marina Lagoon in San Mateo don’t have enough water flow to break up bacteria — and outdated sewage systems that leak contaminated water like the corroded pipes at Santa Cruz’s Cowell Beach, explained Griesbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here they are, listed from worst to, well, \u003cem>maybe\u003c/em> you’ll get a sinus infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cowell Beach, at the wharf (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina Lagoon (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina del Rey, Mother’s Beach (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cabrillo Beach, Harborside (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stillwater Cove (Monterey County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clam Beach County Park (Humboldt County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Monica Pier (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pillar Point Harbor (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Capitola Beach, West of jetty (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Windsurfer Circle, Candlestick Point (San Francisco County)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Griesbach and other officials stressed that water quality can change from day-to-day especially after big rainstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have a big storm, even if it’s in May, stay away from the water, just for a few days,” said Deb Self, the excecutive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that fights sewage contamination. “Let the bacteria break up and let the beach get clean again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Friday, beachgoers can check up-to-date water quality stats on Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://brc.healthebay.org/\">Beach Report Card\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The polluted beaches that made the 'Beach Bummers' list suffer from problems like poor circulation and outdated sewage systems. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933601,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":403},"headData":{"title":"Seven of 10 of California's Most Polluted Beaches Are in Northern California | KQED","description":"The polluted beaches that made the 'Beach Bummers' list suffer from problems like poor circulation and outdated sewage systems. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Seven of 10 of California's Most Polluted Beaches Are in Northern California","datePublished":"2014-05-23T00:34:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:40:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/17707/seven-of-10-of-californias-most-polluted-beaches-are-in-northern-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pillarpoint.jpg\" alt=\"Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay's 'Beach Bummer' list this year. (geoff dude/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay’s ‘Beach Bummer’ list this year. (geoff dude/\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/geoffdude/14001274521/in/photolist-nkfc7R-nkfcSj-nni9Zt-nkfchG-nkfiMK-nkfeoK-nkyJJA-gAAAyv-5RY2rs-9fuHgC-d49f7J-5Nhsgo-6YzpPo-6YRvXj-5RY2BN-5Nd8Lg-6YMu9p-5Nhpuw-6YMu6H-cXWLB5-5RUeVt-wHm5s-5R8qGa-4feNcd-csmrbA-csmr6m-gCLuH3-doAPWL-5NdbUi-5Nhqo9-6XjKUs-5Nhrpy-5bCiM7-56NURQ-7zfCXr-6YRw1U-7ESnNU-6XfLHK-4UeVk1-5RY2iQ-6ep78w-dAXXWW-5Ra7pA-6YvU2Z-6YRw6y-6YRvQh-5Rcuu3-c6Em5S-c6EjB3-c6EnB7\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seven out of 10 of the state’s most polluted beaches are in Northern California, according to environmental group Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf\">annual Beach Report Card,\u003c/a> released Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Heal the Bay ranks California beaches on water quality. They test for bacteria that signal the presence of microscopic critters that can make people sick. This year, 95 percent of beaches got clean A or B grades, a record. That’s thanks to the drought, explained Amanda Griesbach with Heal the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lack of rainfall, urban runoff and pollutants and debris and everything that’s washed into the beach water and that elevates the level of bacteria,” she said. “So if there’s a drought we typically see better grades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everywhere. The polluted beaches that made the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf#page=11\">“Beach Bummers”\u003c/a> list below suffer from problems like poor circulation — enclosed beaches like Marina Lagoon in San Mateo don’t have enough water flow to break up bacteria — and outdated sewage systems that leak contaminated water like the corroded pipes at Santa Cruz’s Cowell Beach, explained Griesbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here they are, listed from worst to, well, \u003cem>maybe\u003c/em> you’ll get a sinus infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cowell Beach, at the wharf (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina Lagoon (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina del Rey, Mother’s Beach (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cabrillo Beach, Harborside (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stillwater Cove (Monterey County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clam Beach County Park (Humboldt County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Monica Pier (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pillar Point Harbor (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Capitola Beach, West of jetty (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Windsurfer Circle, Candlestick Point (San Francisco County)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Griesbach and other officials stressed that water quality can change from day-to-day especially after big rainstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have a big storm, even if it’s in May, stay away from the water, just for a few days,” said Deb Self, the excecutive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that fights sewage contamination. “Let the bacteria break up and let the beach get clean again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Friday, beachgoers can check up-to-date water quality stats on Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://brc.healthebay.org/\">Beach Report Card\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17707/seven-of-10-of-californias-most-polluted-beaches-are-in-northern-california","authors":["6538"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1602","science_64","science_997"],"featImg":"science_17719","label":"science_1151"},"science_14054":{"type":"posts","id":"science_14054","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"14054","score":null,"sort":[1392132622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality","title":"Record Drought Could Hurt Water Quality","publishDate":1392132622,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Record Drought Could Hurt Water Quality | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6dfc1a71e88f65ca185ee886de193e28″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With low water levels in rivers, water quality could suffer, creating toxic algae blooms and causing concerns for water districts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934207,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1136},"headData":{"title":"Record Drought Could Hurt Water Quality | KQED","description":"With low water levels in rivers, water quality could suffer, creating toxic algae blooms and causing concerns for water districts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Record Drought Could Hurt Water Quality","datePublished":"2014-02-11T15:30:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:50:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/14054/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/14054/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273","science_572","science_100","science_997","science_110"],"featImg":"science_14071","label":"science_1151"},"science_11715":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11715","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11715","score":null,"sort":[1386117571000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mad-about-mud-debate-heats-up-over-waste-from-oil-gas-wells","title":"Mad About Mud: Debate Heats up Over Waste From Oil & Gas Wells","publishDate":1386117571,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Mad About Mud: Debate Heats up Over Waste From Oil & Gas Wells | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\" alt=\"Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to extract oil and gas has largely focused on the chemicals injected underground and their potential impact on public health. Now environmental groups are turning their attention to the waste produced by simply drilling a well in the first place. Water regulators in the Central Valley, home to most of the state’s oil production, will consider the issue at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/1_general_waiver_buff.pdf\">meeting Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, not just oil and gas. After a well is drilled, the mud and other wastes from drilling the well are often stored aside in unlined pits near the drilling site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, the Central Valley Regional Water Board included drilling muds in a broad waiver that exempted drillers from having to report and monitor those muds, saying they posed little threat to water quality. \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/2a_general_waiver_stfrpt_strike.pdf\">Other exemptions\u003c/a> included swimming pool discharge and water from air conditioners.[contextly_sidebar id=”9f3d8e70ddfe05096a04256919fbf9ad”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That waiver is now up for renewal, and environmentalists say when it comes to drilling muds, oil and gas companies should not get a free pass. Especially since the last time the Regional Water Quality Control Board looked at the health effects of drilling muds was back in 1981, before the fracking boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most obvious step is to take a time out and really update our understanding of drilling muds and the risk they pose, especially with the spread of new techniques like fracking,” said Hollin Kretzman, a staff attorney with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. Kretzman says the waste generated from oil wells could contain harmful chemicals and contaminate groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one’s opposing a study, said Tupper Hull, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>. “We have no problem with that,” he said. “But imposing additional regulations that make drilling more costly, more time consuming, energy production more costly for consumers, without evidence of harm, just doesn’t make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after reviewing\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/5_general_waiver_all_com.pdf\"> comments from several environmental groups\u003c/a>, the Water Board’s staff is recommending that regulators revoke the waiver for drilling wastes while they study potential health effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, proposed fracking regulations would require the State Water Quality Control Board to put together a regional groundwater monitoring program for areas where well stimulation, like fracking, takes place. But those rules are largely concerned with chemicals injected into the ground, not drilling muds or the waste from simply digging a well.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, including oil and gas. Environmental groups are turning their attention to drilling mud, which is currently exempted from water monitoring. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934594,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":439},"headData":{"title":"Mad About Mud: Debate Heats up Over Waste From Oil & Gas Wells | KQED","description":"Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, including oil and gas. Environmental groups are turning their attention to drilling mud, which is currently exempted from water monitoring. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mad About Mud: Debate Heats up Over Waste From Oil & Gas Wells","datePublished":"2013-12-04T00:39:31.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:56:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/11715/mad-about-mud-debate-heats-up-over-waste-from-oil-gas-wells","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\" alt=\"Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to extract oil and gas has largely focused on the chemicals injected underground and their potential impact on public health. Now environmental groups are turning their attention to the waste produced by simply drilling a well in the first place. Water regulators in the Central Valley, home to most of the state’s oil production, will consider the issue at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/1_general_waiver_buff.pdf\">meeting Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, not just oil and gas. After a well is drilled, the mud and other wastes from drilling the well are often stored aside in unlined pits near the drilling site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, the Central Valley Regional Water Board included drilling muds in a broad waiver that exempted drillers from having to report and monitor those muds, saying they posed little threat to water quality. \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/2a_general_waiver_stfrpt_strike.pdf\">Other exemptions\u003c/a> included swimming pool discharge and water from air conditioners.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That waiver is now up for renewal, and environmentalists say when it comes to drilling muds, oil and gas companies should not get a free pass. Especially since the last time the Regional Water Quality Control Board looked at the health effects of drilling muds was back in 1981, before the fracking boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most obvious step is to take a time out and really update our understanding of drilling muds and the risk they pose, especially with the spread of new techniques like fracking,” said Hollin Kretzman, a staff attorney with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. Kretzman says the waste generated from oil wells could contain harmful chemicals and contaminate groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one’s opposing a study, said Tupper Hull, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>. “We have no problem with that,” he said. “But imposing additional regulations that make drilling more costly, more time consuming, energy production more costly for consumers, without evidence of harm, just doesn’t make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after reviewing\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/5_general_waiver_all_com.pdf\"> comments from several environmental groups\u003c/a>, the Water Board’s staff is recommending that regulators revoke the waiver for drilling wastes while they study potential health effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, proposed fracking regulations would require the State Water Quality Control Board to put together a regional groundwater monitoring program for areas where well stimulation, like fracking, takes place. But those rules are largely concerned with chemicals injected into the ground, not drilling muds or the waste from simply digging a well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11715/mad-about-mud-debate-heats-up-over-waste-from-oil-gas-wells","authors":["254"],"series":["science_1022"],"categories":["science_33","science_89","science_35","science_38","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_686","science_490","science_1041","science_952","science_997"],"label":"science_1022"},"science_11248":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11248","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11248","score":null,"sort":[1385412951000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"suisun-bay-ghost-fleet-a-shadow-of-its-former-self","title":"Suisun Bay 'Ghost Fleet' a Shadow of its Former Self","publishDate":1385412951,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Suisun Bay ‘Ghost Fleet’ a Shadow of its Former Self | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11253\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" alt=\"After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, a retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the retired \u003ca title=\"Wiki - USS Willamette\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Willamette_%28AO-180%29\">Navy tanker \u003cem>Willamette\u003c/em>\u003c/a> passes under the Carquinez Bridge this week, it’ll be just the latest reminder that we’re drifting toward the end of an era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keepers of the U.S. government’s \u003ca title=\"MARAD - main\" href=\"http://www.marad.dot.gov/ships_shipping_landing_page/national_security/ship_operations/national_defense_reserve_fleet/national_defense_reserve_fleet.htm\">National Defense Reserve Fleet\u003c/a> anchored in Suisun Bay say that they’re about two years ahead of schedule in clearing out ships that no longer have a future on the high seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Willamette’s\u003c/em> final voyage, under tow to a Texas scrapyard, will leave fewer than a dozen ships in Suisun Bay designated for “non-retention,” which means that the government has no plans to use them, even in a crisis. About an equal number of ships that could still be revived will remain behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its peak, in the Cold War environment of the early 1960s, there were more than 500 ships “mothballed” at Suisun, which is just northeast of San Francisco Bay, near the town of Benicia. More than 100 remained as recently as 1999, when the Clinton administration downsized the Navy, according to Joe Pecoraro, who manages the Suisun fleet for the federal Maritime Administration, or MARAD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11254\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11254\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" alt='Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the \"mothball fleet\" to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the “mothball fleet” to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The anchorage lies cheek-by-jowl with \u003ca title=\"DWR - Suisun Marsh\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest salt marsh on the West Coast. And as lead-based paint began to flake off of the older ships, leaching toxic metals into the water, and they were seen increasingly as a threat to the bay’s water quality, local congressional representatives started putting pressure on MARAD to get rid of the rusting hulks. State regulators and \u003ca title=\"Baykeeper - Suisun\" href=\"http://baykeeper.org/articles/cleaning-ghost-fleet-suisun-bay\">environmental groups sued in federal court\u003c/a> under various environmental laws and in 2010, won a consent decree that accelerated removal of the ships and forced changes in the way they were being maintained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators say that it’s making a difference. Since crews began removing loose paint and growths from above the water lines, stormwater runoff from the ships into the bay is “much cleaner,” according to David Elias, a senior engineering geologist with the Bay Area Water Quality Control Board. Elias says concentrations of toxic metals such as lead, copper and zinc are down 64 to 80 percent in samples coming off the ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push came at an awkward time for MARAD. The scrap metal market was depressed and taxpayers were having to shell out hundreds of thousands of dollars to tow out each ship. Each trip includes a mandatory stop at a Bay Area dry dock, where workers blast off and contain marine growth to comply with the federal Invasive Species Act. That’s followed by a long tow through the Panama Canal, to a recycling yard on the Gulf Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually the scrap market rebounded and now, Pecoraro says recyclers are paying for the ships, rather than taxpayers having to pay the recyclers to take them. That’s a boon to Merchant Marine schools like Vallejo’s \u003ca title=\"Cal Maritime - main\" href=\"https://www.csum.edu/web/mycampus/home;jsessionid=228378E9F0A77957235F32A8151B013A\">California Maritime Academy\u003c/a>, which get a share of the revenues from recyclers. Another tanker, the \u003cem>Mount Washington\u003c/em>, is currently being cleaned at a San Francisco shipyard. MARAD has until 2017 to remove the 12 remaining non-retention vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this KQED video segment from 2008, when there were still more than 70 ships in Suisun Bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BHfiaPb5UI\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Managers of Suisun Bay's legendary \"mothball fleet\" have winnowed it down to about a dozen ships, from the more than 70 that aroused controversy a few years ago.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934639,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":602},"headData":{"title":"Suisun Bay 'Ghost Fleet' a Shadow of its Former Self | KQED","description":"Managers of Suisun Bay's legendary "mothball fleet" have winnowed it down to about a dozen ships, from the more than 70 that aroused controversy a few years ago.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Suisun Bay 'Ghost Fleet' a Shadow of its Former Self","datePublished":"2013-11-25T20:55:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:57:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/11248/suisun-bay-ghost-fleet-a-shadow-of-its-former-self","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11253\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" alt=\"After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, a retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the retired \u003ca title=\"Wiki - USS Willamette\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Willamette_%28AO-180%29\">Navy tanker \u003cem>Willamette\u003c/em>\u003c/a> passes under the Carquinez Bridge this week, it’ll be just the latest reminder that we’re drifting toward the end of an era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keepers of the U.S. government’s \u003ca title=\"MARAD - main\" href=\"http://www.marad.dot.gov/ships_shipping_landing_page/national_security/ship_operations/national_defense_reserve_fleet/national_defense_reserve_fleet.htm\">National Defense Reserve Fleet\u003c/a> anchored in Suisun Bay say that they’re about two years ahead of schedule in clearing out ships that no longer have a future on the high seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Willamette’s\u003c/em> final voyage, under tow to a Texas scrapyard, will leave fewer than a dozen ships in Suisun Bay designated for “non-retention,” which means that the government has no plans to use them, even in a crisis. About an equal number of ships that could still be revived will remain behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its peak, in the Cold War environment of the early 1960s, there were more than 500 ships “mothballed” at Suisun, which is just northeast of San Francisco Bay, near the town of Benicia. More than 100 remained as recently as 1999, when the Clinton administration downsized the Navy, according to Joe Pecoraro, who manages the Suisun fleet for the federal Maritime Administration, or MARAD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11254\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11254\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" alt='Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the \"mothball fleet\" to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the “mothball fleet” to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The anchorage lies cheek-by-jowl with \u003ca title=\"DWR - Suisun Marsh\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest salt marsh on the West Coast. And as lead-based paint began to flake off of the older ships, leaching toxic metals into the water, and they were seen increasingly as a threat to the bay’s water quality, local congressional representatives started putting pressure on MARAD to get rid of the rusting hulks. State regulators and \u003ca title=\"Baykeeper - Suisun\" href=\"http://baykeeper.org/articles/cleaning-ghost-fleet-suisun-bay\">environmental groups sued in federal court\u003c/a> under various environmental laws and in 2010, won a consent decree that accelerated removal of the ships and forced changes in the way they were being maintained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators say that it’s making a difference. Since crews began removing loose paint and growths from above the water lines, stormwater runoff from the ships into the bay is “much cleaner,” according to David Elias, a senior engineering geologist with the Bay Area Water Quality Control Board. Elias says concentrations of toxic metals such as lead, copper and zinc are down 64 to 80 percent in samples coming off the ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push came at an awkward time for MARAD. The scrap metal market was depressed and taxpayers were having to shell out hundreds of thousands of dollars to tow out each ship. Each trip includes a mandatory stop at a Bay Area dry dock, where workers blast off and contain marine growth to comply with the federal Invasive Species Act. That’s followed by a long tow through the Panama Canal, to a recycling yard on the Gulf Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually the scrap market rebounded and now, Pecoraro says recyclers are paying for the ships, rather than taxpayers having to pay the recyclers to take them. That’s a boon to Merchant Marine schools like Vallejo’s \u003ca title=\"Cal Maritime - main\" href=\"https://www.csum.edu/web/mycampus/home;jsessionid=228378E9F0A77957235F32A8151B013A\">California Maritime Academy\u003c/a>, which get a share of the revenues from recyclers. Another tanker, the \u003cem>Mount Washington\u003c/em>, is currently being cleaned at a San Francisco shipyard. MARAD has until 2017 to remove the 12 remaining non-retention vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this KQED video segment from 2008, when there were still more than 70 ships in Suisun Bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1BHfiaPb5UI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1BHfiaPb5UI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11248/suisun-bay-ghost-fleet-a-shadow-of-its-former-self","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_35","science_98"],"tags":["science_997"],"featImg":"science_11253","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/deltadiablo.jpg\" alt=\"The Delta at sunset.\" align=\"none\" width=\"1180px\"/> The Delta at sunset. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/artolog/315963076/\">Art Siegel/Flickr\u003c/a>)[/caption]\u003c/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp>If you live in California, chances are that the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta matters to you. It’s the hub for California’s water supply. Two-thirds of Californians get their water from the vast inland Delta, which lies east of San Francisco Bay, at the confluence of California's two largest rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The water reaches cities from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and supplies millions of acres of Central Valley farmland through sprawling infrastructure projects built over the past century.But the Delta’s natural ecosystem has declined and it's become ground zero for the state’s most contentious battles over water and endangered species.\u003c/p>\u003cstrong>The Problem\u003c/strong>\u003cp>The Delta is home to a number of threatened or endangered species, including Delta smelt and Chinook salmon. Biologists point to a number of reasons for their decline. After the gold rush, farms replaced what was once a rich network of tidal wetlands. About \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">95 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat\u003c/a> has been lost. Upstream dams have altered the rivers’ flow, and fish die when they’re drawn toward the large pumps that divert water to the Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\u003cstrong>The Latest\u003c/strong>\u003cp>To protect fish species, limits were placed on how much water could be pumped out of the Delta. Now, Governor Jerry Brown is proposing a $24.5 billion fix, known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan. Two 35-mile water tunnels would cross the Delta, bypassing the ecosystem from below. More than 100,000 acres of habitat would be restored. The majority of the costs would be covered by the water users.Concerns remain about whether the plan would help the Delta’s ecosystem recover. Farmers and other residents in the Delta region fear permanent changes to their way of life. And water consumers south of the Delta are reluctant to pay for the project if it doesn’t include assurances that adequate volumes of water are delivered.\u003c/p> \r\n","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Archives | KQED Science","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_11894\" width=\"1180px\"] The Delta at sunset. (Art Siegel/Flickr)[/caption] If you live in California, chances are that the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta matters to you. It’s the hub for California’s water supply. Two-thirds of Californians get their water from the vast inland Delta, which lies east of San Francisco Bay, at the confluence of California's two largest rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The water reaches cities from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and supplies millions of acres of Central Valley farmland through sprawling infrastructure projects built over the past century.But the Delta’s natural ecosystem has declined and it's become ground zero for the state’s most contentious battles over water and endangered species.The ProblemThe Delta is home to a number of threatened or endangered species, including Delta smelt and Chinook salmon. Biologists point to a number of reasons for their decline. After the gold rush, farms replaced what was once a rich network of tidal wetlands. About 95 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat has been lost. Upstream dams have altered the rivers’ flow, and fish die when they’re drawn toward the large pumps that divert water to the Bay Area and Southern California.The LatestTo protect fish species, limits were placed on how much water could be pumped out of the Delta. Now, Governor Jerry Brown is proposing a $24.5 billion fix, known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan. Two 35-mile water tunnels would cross the Delta, bypassing the ecosystem from below. More than 100,000 acres of habitat would be restored. The majority of the costs would be covered by the water users.Concerns remain about whether the plan would help the Delta’s ecosystem recover. Farmers and other residents in the Delta region fear permanent changes to their way of life. And water consumers south of the Delta are reluctant to pay for the project if it doesn’t include assurances that adequate volumes of water are delivered.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":90,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/ca-delta"},"science_1151":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1151","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1151","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Drought Watch","slug":"california-drought-watch","taxonomy":"series","description":"\u003cem>What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n[iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"]\r\n\r\n\u003cem>We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the \u003ca href=\"#background\">background\u003c/a> and rounding up \u003ca href=\"#river\">all the stories\u003c/a> we’ve produced.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Relief at Last\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science","description":"What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. [http_redir]","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1160,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/california-drought-watch"},"science_46":{"type":"terms","id":"science_46","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"46","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Audio","slug":"audio","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Audio Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":48,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/audio"},"science_89":{"type":"terms","id":"science_89","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"89","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Engineering","slug":"engineering","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Engineering Archives | KQED 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supply","slug":"water-supply","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"water supply Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":114,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/water-supply"},"science_1022":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1022","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1022","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Fracking in California","slug":"fracking-california","taxonomy":"series","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Fracking in California Archives | KQED Science","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1030,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/fracking-california"},"science_33":{"type":"terms","id":"science_33","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"33","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Energy","slug":"energy","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Energy Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":35,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/energy"},"science_38":{"type":"terms","id":"science_38","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"38","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Geology","slug":"geology","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Geology Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":40,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/geology"},"science_686":{"type":"terms","id":"science_686","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"686","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"central valley","slug":"central-valley","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"central valley Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":693,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/central-valley"},"science_490":{"type":"terms","id":"science_490","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"490","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"groundwater","slug":"groundwater","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"groundwater Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":496,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/groundwater"},"science_1041":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1041","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1041","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"natural gas","slug":"natural-gas","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"natural gas Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1049,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/natural-gas"},"science_952":{"type":"terms","id":"science_952","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"952","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"oil","slug":"oil","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"oil Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":959,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/oil"}},"userAgentReducer":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)","isBot":true},"userPermissionsReducer":{"wpLoggedIn":false},"localStorageReducer":{},"browserHistoryReducer":[],"eventsReducer":{},"fssReducer":{},"tvDailyScheduleReducer":{},"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer":{},"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer":{},"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer":{},"userAccountReducer":{"routeTo":"","showDeleteConfirmModal":false,"user":{"userId":"","isFound":false,"firstName":"","lastName":"","phoneNumber":"","email":"","articles":[]}},"youthMediaReducer":{},"checkPleaseReducer":{"filterData":{},"restaurantData":[]},"reframeReducer":{"attendee":null},"location":{"pathname":"/science/tag/water-quality","previousPathname":"/"}}