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You can find her on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesommer\">@lesommer\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor","manage_content_types","manage_taxonomies"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Sommer | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/laurensommer"},"lesleymcclurg":{"type":"authors","id":"11229","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11229","found":true},"name":"Lesley McClurg","firstName":"Lesley","lastName":"McClurg","slug":"lesleymcclurg","email":"lmcclurg@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"KQED Health Correspondent","bio":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her work is regularly rebroadcast on numerous NPR and PBS shows. She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1985517":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1985517","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1985517","score":null,"sort":[1700580607000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"are-the-bay-areas-sewage-systems-ready-for-el-nino","title":"Are the Bay Area’s Sewage Systems Ready for El Niño?","publishDate":1700580607,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Are the Bay Area’s Sewage Systems Ready for El Niño? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The Rintaro restaurant staff was preparing osechi — a traditional meal to celebrate Japanese New Year. They’d been working on it all week, and on Dec. 31, 2022, they were just putting on the finishing touches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when they noticed water rising through the floor drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff climbed onto the tables. And as the water kept coming, they clambered through a window and waded out into the street, where needles and cars were floating around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1985522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"Flooding inside a restaurant.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside Rintaro restaurant in San Francisco, the water rose up through the floor drains on Dec. 31, 2022. \u003ccite>(Sylvan Mishima Brackett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Daniel Swain, climate scientist, UCLA\"]‘The storms that are out there are progressively more juiced-up than they used to be.’[/pullquote]“It was flooded basically as far as you could see,” said Rintaro owner Sylvan Mishima Brackett, gesturing up and down 14th St. in San Francisco’s Mission district. “It was just one gigantic lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, scientists are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984737/el-nino-is-back-will-that-mean-rain-and-snow-for-californias-2023-winter\">forecasting\u003c/a> what could be another wetter-than-normal winter for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watersheds are already more saturated; reservoir levels are already running higher,” UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said. “So the background conditions are more favorable for a quicker development of flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is warmer than in recorded history, so the atmosphere can hold more water vapor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that are out there are progressively more juiced-up than they used to be,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11938273,news_11932941,science_1984737\" label=\"Related Stories\"]The Bay Area’s aging wastewater systems were not built for that volume of rain. Last winter, they spilled \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11938273/our-worst-nightmare-as-storms-raged-millions-of-gallons-of-sewage-spilled-into-bay-area-waterways-streets-and-yards\">tens of millions of gallons\u003c/a> of raw or partially treated sewage into waterways and streets. Sejal Choksi-Chugh, executive director of the environmental group Baykeeper, said cities need to upgrade their infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And one of the ones that’s been kicking and screaming the hardest not wanting to change is, surprisingly, San Francisco,” Choksi-Chugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is one of the few cities in California that runs stormwater and sewage through a single-pipe system. So when it floods, human waste rises from the sewer into the streets — or homes or businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, the Regional Water Board \u003ca href=\"https://waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/board_info/agendas/2021/November/5_cao.pdf\">ordered\u003c/a> San Francisco to begin flood reduction work, which the city had been \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11932941/its-been-a-fight-for-our-homes-the-ongoing-saga-to-fix-san-franciscos-sewers\">putting off since 1964\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1985521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"People stand outside of a building as water continues to rise.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Staff stands on the tables at Rintaro restaurant in San Francisco on Dec. 31, 2022. \u003ccite>(Sylvan Mishima Brackett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s making pipes bigger, it’s adding more pipes,” said Sarah Minick, utility planning manager at the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. “It’s just increasing the capacity of our sewer system so that it can manage more rainwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is now spending \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/about-us/news/el-nino-predictions-sfpuc-asks-san-franciscans-prepare-wet-rainy-season\">$634 million on projects\u003c/a> in three \u003ca href=\"https://sfplanninggis.org/floodmap/\">low-lying neighborhoods\u003c/a>. Work in the West Portal neighborhood near 15th Avenue and Wawona Street is expected to be completed this year. In the Mission near 17th and Folsom streets — the neighborhood where Rintaro is located — it’s scheduled to begin this fall and finish in 2027. The city is still planning its work along lower Alemany Boulevard, from Stoneybrook Avenue to Industrial Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is asking residents to purchase flood insurance and floodproof their properties. It has a \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/programs/grants/floodwater-management-grant-program\">grant program\u003c/a> to help with costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brackett says he applied for a grant, but the city told him he wasn’t eligible. He paid out of pocket to install a new waterproof fence and a backflow preventer so the city sewer pipes wouldn’t back up through the restaurant floor again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s heard of the planned upgrades in his neighborhood but hasn’t seen any construction yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d like to see them taking it seriously,” said Brackett. “Like for real. Because I think it’s going to happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Bay Area’s aging wastewater infrastructure cannot handle the kind of storms we might get. And some residents feel the necessary upgrades aren’t coming fast enough. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1708021406,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":665},"headData":{"title":"Are the Bay Area’s Sewage Systems Ready for El Niño? | KQED","description":"The Bay Area’s aging wastewater infrastructure cannot handle the kind of storms we might get. And some residents feel the necessary upgrades aren’t coming fast enough. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/16405ec4-d9d8-47d6-b222-b0bc0113767d/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Katherine Monahan","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1985517/are-the-bay-areas-sewage-systems-ready-for-el-nino","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Rintaro restaurant staff was preparing osechi — a traditional meal to celebrate Japanese New Year. They’d been working on it all week, and on Dec. 31, 2022, they were just putting on the finishing touches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when they noticed water rising through the floor drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff climbed onto the tables. And as the water kept coming, they clambered through a window and waded out into the street, where needles and cars were floating around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1985522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"Flooding inside a restaurant.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image3-1-scaled-e1700518806701.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside Rintaro restaurant in San Francisco, the water rose up through the floor drains on Dec. 31, 2022. \u003ccite>(Sylvan Mishima Brackett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘The storms that are out there are progressively more juiced-up than they used to be.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Daniel Swain, climate scientist, UCLA","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It was flooded basically as far as you could see,” said Rintaro owner Sylvan Mishima Brackett, gesturing up and down 14th St. in San Francisco’s Mission district. “It was just one gigantic lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, scientists are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984737/el-nino-is-back-will-that-mean-rain-and-snow-for-californias-2023-winter\">forecasting\u003c/a> what could be another wetter-than-normal winter for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watersheds are already more saturated; reservoir levels are already running higher,” UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said. “So the background conditions are more favorable for a quicker development of flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is warmer than in recorded history, so the atmosphere can hold more water vapor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that are out there are progressively more juiced-up than they used to be,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11938273,news_11932941,science_1984737","label":"Related Stories "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Bay Area’s aging wastewater systems were not built for that volume of rain. Last winter, they spilled \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11938273/our-worst-nightmare-as-storms-raged-millions-of-gallons-of-sewage-spilled-into-bay-area-waterways-streets-and-yards\">tens of millions of gallons\u003c/a> of raw or partially treated sewage into waterways and streets. Sejal Choksi-Chugh, executive director of the environmental group Baykeeper, said cities need to upgrade their infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And one of the ones that’s been kicking and screaming the hardest not wanting to change is, surprisingly, San Francisco,” Choksi-Chugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is one of the few cities in California that runs stormwater and sewage through a single-pipe system. So when it floods, human waste rises from the sewer into the streets — or homes or businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, the Regional Water Board \u003ca href=\"https://waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/board_info/agendas/2021/November/5_cao.pdf\">ordered\u003c/a> San Francisco to begin flood reduction work, which the city had been \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11932941/its-been-a-fight-for-our-homes-the-ongoing-saga-to-fix-san-franciscos-sewers\">putting off since 1964\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1985521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"People stand outside of a building as water continues to rise.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/image0-scaled-e1700518786961.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Staff stands on the tables at Rintaro restaurant in San Francisco on Dec. 31, 2022. \u003ccite>(Sylvan Mishima Brackett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s making pipes bigger, it’s adding more pipes,” said Sarah Minick, utility planning manager at the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. “It’s just increasing the capacity of our sewer system so that it can manage more rainwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is now spending \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/about-us/news/el-nino-predictions-sfpuc-asks-san-franciscans-prepare-wet-rainy-season\">$634 million on projects\u003c/a> in three \u003ca href=\"https://sfplanninggis.org/floodmap/\">low-lying neighborhoods\u003c/a>. Work in the West Portal neighborhood near 15th Avenue and Wawona Street is expected to be completed this year. In the Mission near 17th and Folsom streets — the neighborhood where Rintaro is located — it’s scheduled to begin this fall and finish in 2027. The city is still planning its work along lower Alemany Boulevard, from Stoneybrook Avenue to Industrial Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is asking residents to purchase flood insurance and floodproof their properties. It has a \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/programs/grants/floodwater-management-grant-program\">grant program\u003c/a> to help with costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brackett says he applied for a grant, but the city told him he wasn’t eligible. He paid out of pocket to install a new waterproof fence and a backflow preventer so the city sewer pipes wouldn’t back up through the restaurant floor again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s heard of the planned upgrades in his neighborhood but hasn’t seen any construction yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d like to see them taking it seriously,” said Brackett. “Like for real. Because I think it’s going to happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1985517/are-the-bay-areas-sewage-systems-ready-for-el-nino","authors":["byline_science_1985517"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4417","science_4414","science_2581"],"featImg":"science_1985520","label":"science"},"science_1984096":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984096","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984096","score":null,"sort":[1693220426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wiley-covid-stoked-by-eris-escapes-predictability-once-again","title":"Fueled by 'Eris,' COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again","publishDate":1693220426,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Fueled by ‘Eris,’ COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Once again, COVID-19 has not taken a summer vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://data.wastewaterscan.org/\">Wastewater measurements\u003c/a> reveal a swell in virus levels across the Bay Area and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957790/the-new-covid-eris-variant-and-rising-cases-what-you-need-to-know\">“Eris,” or EG.5 is the dominant strain in the U.S. right now\u003c/a> and is driving the local activity, too. The variant does not seem to be any more dangerous than previous variants, but it is more transmissible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing is: COVID hasn’t really changed too much, since winter to now,” said Peter Chin-Hong, infectious disease specialist at UCSF. “It’s just been variations on the theme.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be changing. A subvariant that’s just beginning to surface may be the best yet at evading immunity. Scientists for the Centers for Disease and Prevention are watching \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/whats-new/covid-19-variant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BA.286\u003c/a> because it has even greater potential to escape the antibodies that protect people from getting sick, even if you’ve recently tested positive or been vaccinated. It is too early to know if it causes more serious illness. There are only a handful of cases in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the fourth summer in a row that COVID-19 has spread rapidly in California. Health experts offer several explanations for the recent uptick. People may be seeking relief from scorching temperatures by staying inside air-conditioned spaces. For most folks life is back to normal, so large gatherings have resumed in full force. And, immunity may be declining because the last vaccine campaign was in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors, in addition to a wily virus, are likely why scientists are not seeing a predictable seasonal pattern like influenza, which typically strikes when it’s cold. It’s not clear when COVID-19 will settle into an annual surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d hope it would be a once-a-year virus,” said Chin-Hong. “But it just seems that the summer increase in cases is something that we continue to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virus levels are still lower than earlier surges. And it’s worth noting that the wastewater data is pretty noisy.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1984081,news_11957790,forum_2010101894165\"]At a sewage plant in Redwood City, levels are spiking, but declining in San Francisco’s Oceanside neighborhood and falling dramatically at similar facilities in Sunnyvale and Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is seeing a slow rise, while virus levels started to slowly fall off in Sacramento recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the current numbers, Chin-Hong does recommend taking additional precautions. He suggested people who are immunocompromised and those over the age of 65 consider masking indoors, given their higher susceptibility to severe illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone else may want to weigh the consequences of falling ill at this time. Can you miss work? Do you have a special occasion on the books that you’d have to miss if you were isolated for five days, which public health officials still recommend people do after a positive test? Then it may be a good time to err on the safe side if you don’t want to end up at home alone. You could carry your well-fitting N95 mask in case you find yourself in a crowded indoor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public will have the opportunity to fortify immunity soon. A new booster shot will likely be available in late September, designed to target the variants in wide circulation now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling like a pin cushion? There’s good news for those suffering from booster fatigue. Scientists are working on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-progress-toward-universal-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">universal vaccine\u003c/a>, which, in theory, would allow one-stop shopping. Unlike current vaccines, which offer protection against one or several strains of a disease, universal vaccines are designed to teach the immune system to defend against all versions of a pathogen — even versions that don’t exist yet. This is possible by targeting an element of the pathogen that is the same across all strains and types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the holy grail,” said Chin-Hong. “I think we will probably get something in the next two-to-three years. They are also working on that for influenza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he says, we could see a combination vaccine that provides protection for COVID-19 and influenza as early as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While Bay Area virus levels are still lower than earlier surges, it may be time to take precautions. Plus, a universal vaccine is in the works.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845914,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":727},"headData":{"title":"Fueled by 'Eris,' COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again | KQED","description":"While Bay Area virus levels are still lower than earlier surges, it may be time to take precautions. Plus, a universal vaccine is in the works.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"COVID-19","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984096/wiley-covid-stoked-by-eris-escapes-predictability-once-again","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Once again, COVID-19 has not taken a summer vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://data.wastewaterscan.org/\">Wastewater measurements\u003c/a> reveal a swell in virus levels across the Bay Area and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957790/the-new-covid-eris-variant-and-rising-cases-what-you-need-to-know\">“Eris,” or EG.5 is the dominant strain in the U.S. right now\u003c/a> and is driving the local activity, too. The variant does not seem to be any more dangerous than previous variants, but it is more transmissible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing is: COVID hasn’t really changed too much, since winter to now,” said Peter Chin-Hong, infectious disease specialist at UCSF. “It’s just been variations on the theme.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be changing. A subvariant that’s just beginning to surface may be the best yet at evading immunity. Scientists for the Centers for Disease and Prevention are watching \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/whats-new/covid-19-variant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BA.286\u003c/a> because it has even greater potential to escape the antibodies that protect people from getting sick, even if you’ve recently tested positive or been vaccinated. It is too early to know if it causes more serious illness. There are only a handful of cases in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the fourth summer in a row that COVID-19 has spread rapidly in California. Health experts offer several explanations for the recent uptick. People may be seeking relief from scorching temperatures by staying inside air-conditioned spaces. For most folks life is back to normal, so large gatherings have resumed in full force. And, immunity may be declining because the last vaccine campaign was in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors, in addition to a wily virus, are likely why scientists are not seeing a predictable seasonal pattern like influenza, which typically strikes when it’s cold. It’s not clear when COVID-19 will settle into an annual surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d hope it would be a once-a-year virus,” said Chin-Hong. “But it just seems that the summer increase in cases is something that we continue to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virus levels are still lower than earlier surges. And it’s worth noting that the wastewater data is pretty noisy.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"science_1984081,news_11957790,forum_2010101894165"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>At a sewage plant in Redwood City, levels are spiking, but declining in San Francisco’s Oceanside neighborhood and falling dramatically at similar facilities in Sunnyvale and Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is seeing a slow rise, while virus levels started to slowly fall off in Sacramento recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the current numbers, Chin-Hong does recommend taking additional precautions. He suggested people who are immunocompromised and those over the age of 65 consider masking indoors, given their higher susceptibility to severe illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone else may want to weigh the consequences of falling ill at this time. Can you miss work? Do you have a special occasion on the books that you’d have to miss if you were isolated for five days, which public health officials still recommend people do after a positive test? Then it may be a good time to err on the safe side if you don’t want to end up at home alone. You could carry your well-fitting N95 mask in case you find yourself in a crowded indoor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public will have the opportunity to fortify immunity soon. A new booster shot will likely be available in late September, designed to target the variants in wide circulation now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling like a pin cushion? There’s good news for those suffering from booster fatigue. Scientists are working on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-progress-toward-universal-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">universal vaccine\u003c/a>, which, in theory, would allow one-stop shopping. Unlike current vaccines, which offer protection against one or several strains of a disease, universal vaccines are designed to teach the immune system to defend against all versions of a pathogen — even versions that don’t exist yet. This is possible by targeting an element of the pathogen that is the same across all strains and types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the holy grail,” said Chin-Hong. “I think we will probably get something in the next two-to-three years. They are also working on that for influenza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he says, we could see a combination vaccine that provides protection for COVID-19 and influenza as early as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984096/wiley-covid-stoked-by-eris-escapes-predictability-once-again","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_4329","science_4368","science_197","science_2926","science_2581"],"featImg":"science_1984110","label":"source_science_1984096"},"science_1914130":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914130","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914130","score":null,"sort":[1501770628000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-much-drinking-water-has-california-lost-to-oil-industry-waste-no-one-knows","title":"How Much Drinking Water Has California Lost to Oil Industry Waste? No One Knows","publishDate":1501770628,"format":"image","headTitle":"How Much Drinking Water Has California Lost to Oil Industry Waste? No One Knows | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>California survived its historic drought, in large part by using groundwater. It was a lifeline in the Central Valley, where it was the only source of water for many farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators are charged with protecting that groundwater, but for years they failed to do so. Through a series of mistakes and miscommunication, they allowed oil companies to put wastewater into drinking water aquifers that were supposed to be safeguarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a KQED investigation reveals that regulators still know little about the actual impact on the state’s groundwater reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those errors was discovered by an unlikely person: Bill Samarin, a farmer in California’s San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture are the big employers in Tulare County, where Samarin lives. Among the citrus and almond orchards, you see steel pumpjacks bobbing above the treetops. So criticizing either of those industries doesn’t make you popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t set well with people around here,” Samarin said. “You’re some kind of environmentalist, which isn’t a very accepted thing to be if you’re a farmer out in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin is not an environmentalist. He describes himself as a “pretty conservative guy.” So what he discovered about the oil industry put him in unfamiliar territory, straining relationships in this tight-knit community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Biggest Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with the oil field not far from his orchard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water?’\u003ccite>Bill Samarin, farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“From our house, we could look across and it’s probably about three-quarters of a mile,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County officials had received an application to expand that oil field and allow more drilling. Given how close it was to his property, Samarin started doing some homework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I looked into it further, I found out actually that the biggest issue out here isn’t the things you see on top of the ground,” he said. “The biggest issue out here is the wastewater and how they’re getting rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies in California produce tons of wastewater. On average, for every barrel of oil, a California oil well produces 19 barrels of water, often laden with salts, trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have to get rid of it somehow and in this area here, they pump it into the ground,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1914135\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/KQED_CAOilWstwtr.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"711\">It’s the standard way in which oil companies dispose of wastewater in California: using injection wells, which are not much more than a pipe going into the ground with a gauge to monitor water pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, the wastewater is deposited pretty deep, below the usable groundwater, into aquifers that are already too salty to be drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin decided to look up all the wells near his orchard, to see where the wastewater was going. He couldn’t believe what he found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just stunned, stunned by how close it was to groundwater,” Samarin said. He uses groundwater on his crops, along with a lot of other farmers in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just drilled a well here,” he said. “We drilled down to 740 feet. The injection wells in this area are injecting at similar depths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alarmed, Samarin went to the local water regulators, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. They told him how a water law, known as the Safe Drinking Water Act, works. Groundwater that’s potentially drinkable is automatically off limits for oil companies for wastewater disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if groundwater quality is already tainted by oil or salts, then companies can get permission from state agencies and the federal Environmental Protection Agency to put wastewater there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulators gave Samarin a map of the land around his orchard that had been approved for wastewater disposal, as well as the areas that were protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people probably would have stopped there, but not Samarin. He wanted to know how close those injection wells were to his protected aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Through the Maps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin didn’t have to turn very far for help. His son, Alex, works with maps for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re both curious people,” said the younger Samarin. “Once the question is asked, we want to see what the answer is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He plotted coordinates for all the wastewater wells on top of the land approved for wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Six out of the seven did fall within the allowable aquifer,” he said. “One was completely outside of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant an oil company was putting its wastewater into a protected aquifer that was supposed to be off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just stunned,” recalls Bill. “It was like: is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water? Can you imagine that that actually occurs in California in this day and age?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1077\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wastewater injection well in San Joaquin County. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He decided to take it to county officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Tulare County held hearings about whether to allow the oil operation near Samarin’s orchard to expand, and he filed an appeal against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted the county to know about the mistake: that regulators with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> had permitted a wastewater well that it shouldn’t have. Over a decade, it had pumped 80 million gallons of wastewater into the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hearing, Samarin presented his report, going over everything he and his son had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Produced water associated with oil production can contain many constituents that may endanger the environment or the public health,” he testified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the meeting was opened for comments, Burton Ellison, a recently-retired regulator with DOGGR, challenged Samarin’s findings, calling them untrue. “Every one of those wells went through a rigorous review,” Ellison told the hearing. “As a matter of fact, I reviewed some of them back in 2008.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, county supervisors denied Samarin’s appeal, stating that regulating wastewater was the state’s job, not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin let it drop for the time being. “I left it to other contacts,” he said. “The state water board knew about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It looks like a completely broken system.’\u003ccite>Briana Mordick, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Six months later, those state water regulators reviewing wastewater wells discovered that Samarin had been right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ordered the errant injection well that Samarin had found be shut down. The oil company, Modus, Inc., responded that its wastewater didn’t contaminate the aquifer because it had the same salt level as the aquifer it was going into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Samarin didn’t know was that his wasn’t an isolated case. It was happening all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Broken System”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are thousands of wells spread all across the state that are potentially impacting clean drinking water,” says Briana Mordick of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators grant permits for wastewater injection wells, so knowing the boundaries between protected and unprotected aquifers is crucial. But for decades, Mordick says, state regulators confused those boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a pretty shocking state of affairs,” says Mordick. “Just poor communication, poor record-keeping. It looks like a completely broken system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our records weren’t solid,” admits Teresa Schilling, a spokesperson for the division of oil and gas. “They were missing in many cases and it’s essential that we have accurate records.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceOilWastewaterISommer170802.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Oil and Groundwater – Part 1\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Pumpjack1.jpg\"]\u003cbr>\nIn some cases, the aquifer maps were decades old with fuzzy boundaries. In other cases, the records regulators used to make decisions were mixed up 30 years ago. The Environmental Protection Agency had a complete list of the protected aquifers, but for unknown reasons, California oil regulators were working from an incomplete list that didn’t include 11 protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the public has concern about what’s at stake with their drinking water,” says Schilling. “We all know we have a right to clean drinking water and we have a right to expect that our government will take care of that for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What regulators are doing now, Schilling says, is reviewing records for thousands of wastewater injection wells, looking for mistakes. So far, about 175 wells have been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But six years after the problems emerged, there are still hundreds of wastewater wells operating in protected aquifers, mostly in Kern and Tulare counties. Schilling says these aquifers aren’t drinking-water quality and the state is going through the process of approving them for wastewater disposal. That was supposed to happen by February, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the process is still unfinished\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”15pcTtN87lI8MC5yd6uoTZdzBsD7cLTU”]“It’s very hard as a government entity to move fast but this has been a top priority at the Department of Conservation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimal Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not fully understood is what impact all this has had on the quality of California’s drinking-water aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The testing that has been performed has been minimal, I would say,” says John Borkovich of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has tested some of the drinking water wells within a mile of the wastewater wells that were wrongly permitted. The tests looked at the quality of the drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borkovich says officials have found no correlation between wastewater injection and “anything we’re finding in the water supply wells.” So far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because we haven’t seen anything, doesn’t mean there isn’t an issue out there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next, bigger challenge is determining what the long-term impact of wastewater has been on the larger aquifers. Some wastewater wells have been operating for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/oilwastewaterpt2.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Oil and Groundwater – Part 2\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Oil-CentralValley.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED asked oil regulators for records showing contamination levels of the wastewater that oil companies put into the cleanest aquifers. Officials say they can’t produce those records for KQED, because the information is in stacks of paperwork, spread across several regional offices. They also say the division of oil and gas isn’t looking at that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how far back the permitting problems go, it could be a challenge for the state to reconstruct what’s happened underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t necessarily have good records of what the quality of that water would have been 20 years ago when they started doing this,” said NRDC’s Mordick. “So trying to figure out whether their actions have impacted the water is really difficult at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mordick adds that the state may be overlooking certain chemicals in their testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the complicating things is that the state doesn’t require disclosure of most of the stuff that oil and gas operators use,” Mordick says. “Things like drilling fluids, or maintenance fluids, enhanced oil recovery operations, so really, we wouldn’t know what to test for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question may not contain groundwater that California needs right now, but future droughts are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those resources are becoming more and more valuable over time,” says Mordick. “Protecting our groundwater is really important. They need to follow the rules and California needs to step up and take this seriously because they haven’t been for a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators say they hope to figure out what the larger impacts have been in the years ahead, but have no set timeline. The risk is that they’ve allowed oil companies to contaminate drinking water aquifers to such an extent that Californians may have permanently lost those sources of fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For years, California regulators mistakenly allowed oil companies to put their wastewater in protected aquifers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928454,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2102},"headData":{"title":"How Much Drinking Water Has California Lost to Oil Industry Waste? No One Knows | KQED","description":"For years, California regulators mistakenly allowed oil companies to put their wastewater in protected aquifers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914130/how-much-drinking-water-has-california-lost-to-oil-industry-waste-no-one-knows","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceOilWastewaterISommer170802.mp3","audioDuration":405000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California survived its historic drought, in large part by using groundwater. It was a lifeline in the Central Valley, where it was the only source of water for many farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators are charged with protecting that groundwater, but for years they failed to do so. Through a series of mistakes and miscommunication, they allowed oil companies to put wastewater into drinking water aquifers that were supposed to be safeguarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a KQED investigation reveals that regulators still know little about the actual impact on the state’s groundwater reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those errors was discovered by an unlikely person: Bill Samarin, a farmer in California’s San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture are the big employers in Tulare County, where Samarin lives. Among the citrus and almond orchards, you see steel pumpjacks bobbing above the treetops. So criticizing either of those industries doesn’t make you popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t set well with people around here,” Samarin said. “You’re some kind of environmentalist, which isn’t a very accepted thing to be if you’re a farmer out in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin is not an environmentalist. He describes himself as a “pretty conservative guy.” So what he discovered about the oil industry put him in unfamiliar territory, straining relationships in this tight-knit community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Biggest Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with the oil field not far from his orchard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water?’\u003ccite>Bill Samarin, farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“From our house, we could look across and it’s probably about three-quarters of a mile,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County officials had received an application to expand that oil field and allow more drilling. Given how close it was to his property, Samarin started doing some homework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I looked into it further, I found out actually that the biggest issue out here isn’t the things you see on top of the ground,” he said. “The biggest issue out here is the wastewater and how they’re getting rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies in California produce tons of wastewater. On average, for every barrel of oil, a California oil well produces 19 barrels of water, often laden with salts, trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have to get rid of it somehow and in this area here, they pump it into the ground,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1914135\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/KQED_CAOilWstwtr.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"711\">It’s the standard way in which oil companies dispose of wastewater in California: using injection wells, which are not much more than a pipe going into the ground with a gauge to monitor water pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, the wastewater is deposited pretty deep, below the usable groundwater, into aquifers that are already too salty to be drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin decided to look up all the wells near his orchard, to see where the wastewater was going. He couldn’t believe what he found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just stunned, stunned by how close it was to groundwater,” Samarin said. He uses groundwater on his crops, along with a lot of other farmers in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just drilled a well here,” he said. “We drilled down to 740 feet. The injection wells in this area are injecting at similar depths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alarmed, Samarin went to the local water regulators, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. They told him how a water law, known as the Safe Drinking Water Act, works. Groundwater that’s potentially drinkable is automatically off limits for oil companies for wastewater disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if groundwater quality is already tainted by oil or salts, then companies can get permission from state agencies and the federal Environmental Protection Agency to put wastewater there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulators gave Samarin a map of the land around his orchard that had been approved for wastewater disposal, as well as the areas that were protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people probably would have stopped there, but not Samarin. He wanted to know how close those injection wells were to his protected aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Through the Maps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin didn’t have to turn very far for help. His son, Alex, works with maps for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re both curious people,” said the younger Samarin. “Once the question is asked, we want to see what the answer is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He plotted coordinates for all the wastewater wells on top of the land approved for wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Six out of the seven did fall within the allowable aquifer,” he said. “One was completely outside of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant an oil company was putting its wastewater into a protected aquifer that was supposed to be off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just stunned,” recalls Bill. “It was like: is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water? Can you imagine that that actually occurs in California in this day and age?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1077\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wastewater injection well in San Joaquin County. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He decided to take it to county officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Tulare County held hearings about whether to allow the oil operation near Samarin’s orchard to expand, and he filed an appeal against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted the county to know about the mistake: that regulators with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> had permitted a wastewater well that it shouldn’t have. Over a decade, it had pumped 80 million gallons of wastewater into the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hearing, Samarin presented his report, going over everything he and his son had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Produced water associated with oil production can contain many constituents that may endanger the environment or the public health,” he testified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the meeting was opened for comments, Burton Ellison, a recently-retired regulator with DOGGR, challenged Samarin’s findings, calling them untrue. “Every one of those wells went through a rigorous review,” Ellison told the hearing. “As a matter of fact, I reviewed some of them back in 2008.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, county supervisors denied Samarin’s appeal, stating that regulating wastewater was the state’s job, not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin let it drop for the time being. “I left it to other contacts,” he said. “The state water board knew about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It looks like a completely broken system.’\u003ccite>Briana Mordick, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Six months later, those state water regulators reviewing wastewater wells discovered that Samarin had been right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ordered the errant injection well that Samarin had found be shut down. The oil company, Modus, Inc., responded that its wastewater didn’t contaminate the aquifer because it had the same salt level as the aquifer it was going into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Samarin didn’t know was that his wasn’t an isolated case. It was happening all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Broken System”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are thousands of wells spread all across the state that are potentially impacting clean drinking water,” says Briana Mordick of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators grant permits for wastewater injection wells, so knowing the boundaries between protected and unprotected aquifers is crucial. But for decades, Mordick says, state regulators confused those boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a pretty shocking state of affairs,” says Mordick. “Just poor communication, poor record-keeping. It looks like a completely broken system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our records weren’t solid,” admits Teresa Schilling, a spokesperson for the division of oil and gas. “They were missing in many cases and it’s essential that we have accurate records.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceOilWastewaterISommer170802.mp3","program":"KQED Science","title":"Oil and Groundwater – Part 1","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Pumpjack1.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nIn some cases, the aquifer maps were decades old with fuzzy boundaries. In other cases, the records regulators used to make decisions were mixed up 30 years ago. The Environmental Protection Agency had a complete list of the protected aquifers, but for unknown reasons, California oil regulators were working from an incomplete list that didn’t include 11 protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the public has concern about what’s at stake with their drinking water,” says Schilling. “We all know we have a right to clean drinking water and we have a right to expect that our government will take care of that for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What regulators are doing now, Schilling says, is reviewing records for thousands of wastewater injection wells, looking for mistakes. So far, about 175 wells have been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But six years after the problems emerged, there are still hundreds of wastewater wells operating in protected aquifers, mostly in Kern and Tulare counties. Schilling says these aquifers aren’t drinking-water quality and the state is going through the process of approving them for wastewater disposal. That was supposed to happen by February, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the process is still unfinished\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s very hard as a government entity to move fast but this has been a top priority at the Department of Conservation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimal Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not fully understood is what impact all this has had on the quality of California’s drinking-water aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The testing that has been performed has been minimal, I would say,” says John Borkovich of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has tested some of the drinking water wells within a mile of the wastewater wells that were wrongly permitted. The tests looked at the quality of the drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borkovich says officials have found no correlation between wastewater injection and “anything we’re finding in the water supply wells.” So far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because we haven’t seen anything, doesn’t mean there isn’t an issue out there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next, bigger challenge is determining what the long-term impact of wastewater has been on the larger aquifers. Some wastewater wells have been operating for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/oilwastewaterpt2.mp3","program":"KQED Science","title":"Oil and Groundwater – Part 2","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Oil-CentralValley.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED asked oil regulators for records showing contamination levels of the wastewater that oil companies put into the cleanest aquifers. Officials say they can’t produce those records for KQED, because the information is in stacks of paperwork, spread across several regional offices. They also say the division of oil and gas isn’t looking at that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how far back the permitting problems go, it could be a challenge for the state to reconstruct what’s happened underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t necessarily have good records of what the quality of that water would have been 20 years ago when they started doing this,” said NRDC’s Mordick. “So trying to figure out whether their actions have impacted the water is really difficult at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mordick adds that the state may be overlooking certain chemicals in their testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the complicating things is that the state doesn’t require disclosure of most of the stuff that oil and gas operators use,” Mordick says. “Things like drilling fluids, or maintenance fluids, enhanced oil recovery operations, so really, we wouldn’t know what to test for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question may not contain groundwater that California needs right now, but future droughts are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those resources are becoming more and more valuable over time,” says Mordick. “Protecting our groundwater is really important. They need to follow the rules and California needs to step up and take this seriously because they haven’t been for a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators say they hope to figure out what the larger impacts have been in the years ahead, but have no set timeline. The risk is that they’ve allowed oil companies to contaminate drinking water aquifers to such an extent that Californians may have permanently lost those sources of fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914130/how-much-drinking-water-has-california-lost-to-oil-industry-waste-no-one-knows","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_40","science_3423","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273","science_3370","science_490","science_952","science_2541","science_2581"],"featImg":"science_1914131","label":"science"},"science_1330777":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1330777","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1330777","score":null,"sort":[1484697602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review","title":"California Says Oil Companies Can Keep Dumping Wastewater During State Review","publishDate":1484697602,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Says Oil Companies Can Keep Dumping Wastewater During State Review | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>For decades, California oil companies have disposed of wastewater by pumping it into aquifers that were supposed to be protected by federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators mistakenly granted permits to do it, through a combination of poor record keeping, miscommunication and permitting errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, years after the errors first emerged, state officials say that 460 underground injection wells that were disposing of wastewater illegally will be shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We don’t know the true extent of the damage.’\u003ccite>Hollin Kretzmann, Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>However, the state will miss a deadline to shut down 1,650 other wastewater wells operated by oil companies. In fact, they don’t intend to shut them down at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these wastewater wells are near Central Valley farmland, where groundwater has been a critical water source as reservoirs dried up during the state’s historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wells were scheduled to be closed by mid-February this year, unless both federal and state water officials approved them through a public review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California oil regulators are still in the process of filing the necessary paperwork for the environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until that happens, state regulators announced today that the wells will be allowed to continue operating. They say the 1,650 wells are disposing of oil wastewater in areas where the groundwater isn’t clean enough to be a drinking water source, so no risk of contamination exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very concerned about drinking water,” said Jason Marshall, Chief Deputy Director of the California Department of Conservation. “We wouldn’t be allowing injection to take place in a place where that exists, but these are zones where there is no such high quality water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups say the wastewater wells should have been shut down years ago, until the state could gauge the extent of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s shocking that the state was completely asleep at the wheel while oil companies were contaminating these underground sources of drinking water,” says Hollin Kretzmann, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity. “The state has allowed continued operation in those aquifers, potentially harming them irreparably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions of Gallons of Oil Wastewater Pumped Underground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies produce massive amounts of wastewater, the result of drilling into California’s watery oil formations. For every barrel of oil, companies get 15 barrels of wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “produced water,” as it’s known, is often extremely salty and holds trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1330915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1330915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Oil formations are full of water in California, so after the oil is separated, oil companies pump the wastewater back underground.\" width=\"450\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic-160x185.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic-240x277.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic-375x433.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil formations are full of water in California, so after the oil is separated, oil companies pump the wastewater back underground. \u003ccite>(Penn State Public Media/WPSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Handling that water is a major operation for California’s oil companies. Some of it is injected back underground into oil formations to boost production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the water is disposed of permanently by pumping it into underground rock formations through a well that’s similar to an oil well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disposing of wastewater this way is allowed by federal law when the groundwater is too salty to potentially be a drinking water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But groundwater closer to the surface is automatically protected by federal law when it’s clean enough to drink or could be a drinking water supply with some treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way oil companies can dispose of wastewater in those zones is when the aquifer has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Aquifer_Exemptions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exempted from federal protections\u003c/a>. The state must go through a public review process with the federal Environmental Protection Agency to get an exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the California’s problems began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Paperwork, Bad Permitting\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the federal EPA, which enforces groundwater protections, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pacific-southwest-media-center/epas-review-californias-underground-injection-control-uic-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">audited California’s oil regulatory agency\u003c/a>, the Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit uncovered a trove of problems. Wastewater was being disposed of in aquifers that were clean enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, state officials mistakenly gave permits to more than 6,000 wastewater injection wells in protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The permits \u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/Publications/Reports/2015/UICFindings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were given out due to confusion\u003c/a> over where the geographic boundaries of aquifers ended or whether the aquifer itself was protected or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By December, the state had ordered more than 200 wells to be closed, some of which were in the cleanest aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, oil regulators have reviewed more than 5,000 other wastewater wells, to see whether the surrounding aquifer should be protected — or is too salty and should be exempted from federal protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agreed to complete that review and file for the necessary exemptions with the EPA by February 15, 2017, or the wells would be shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”n3Xgwtjewfo2Dk1ELQeAh9k3tQlBW5Nt”]Now, oil regulators say meeting that deadline isn’t possible for all the wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency brought on additional staff to do the reviews, but says the process has been slower than expected. In some cases, oil companies were slow to provide the necessary information. In other cases, the complexity of the underground geology required more time to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, 460 wells will be shut down because officials have received incomplete or no information from oil companies there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators say they plan to file for exemptions that will cover 1,650 wastewater wells, which will keep operating because they feel confident the exemptions will be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are concerned that these exemption applications aren’t being given fair scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California depends on its groundwater so much right now and it’s going to be more and more vital in the future,” says Kretzmann. “For the state to be rubber-stamping these applications to give away that groundwater to the oil industry is just so shortsighted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for Evidence of Groundwater Contamination\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since many of the illegal wastewater wells have been operating for decades, questions remain about what the effect has been on the groundwater, especially in places close to people or farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water officials ordered hundreds of groundwater tests in areas where drinking water wells were within one mile of the wastewater wells. They found no direct evidence the oil wastewater was spreading underground and contaminating these wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is part of our ongoing investigation,” says Marshall. “We have not seen any evidence of groundwater contamination from oil field operations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental groups say, because billions of gallons of wastewater have been put underground over the years, there’s a high likelihood that some aquifers were made saltier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know the true extent of the damage, and the extent of the degradation is really hard to calculate,” says Kretzmann. “We’re going to come to need that groundwater in the future and it’s going to become more and more valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After today’s announcement, the federal EPA could reject the state’s plan to keep 1,650 wastewater wells open. State oil officials say there are thousands of other wastewater wells that still require some review.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For years, California has allowed oil companies to put wastewater into protected aquifers. Now, they’re missing a deadline to stop it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929184,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":1183},"headData":{"title":"California Says Oil Companies Can Keep Dumping Wastewater During State Review | KQED","description":"For years, California has allowed oil companies to put wastewater into protected aquifers. Now, they’re missing a deadline to stop it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1330777/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For decades, California oil companies have disposed of wastewater by pumping it into aquifers that were supposed to be protected by federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators mistakenly granted permits to do it, through a combination of poor record keeping, miscommunication and permitting errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, years after the errors first emerged, state officials say that 460 underground injection wells that were disposing of wastewater illegally will be shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We don’t know the true extent of the damage.’\u003ccite>Hollin Kretzmann, Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>However, the state will miss a deadline to shut down 1,650 other wastewater wells operated by oil companies. In fact, they don’t intend to shut them down at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these wastewater wells are near Central Valley farmland, where groundwater has been a critical water source as reservoirs dried up during the state’s historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wells were scheduled to be closed by mid-February this year, unless both federal and state water officials approved them through a public review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California oil regulators are still in the process of filing the necessary paperwork for the environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until that happens, state regulators announced today that the wells will be allowed to continue operating. They say the 1,650 wells are disposing of oil wastewater in areas where the groundwater isn’t clean enough to be a drinking water source, so no risk of contamination exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very concerned about drinking water,” said Jason Marshall, Chief Deputy Director of the California Department of Conservation. “We wouldn’t be allowing injection to take place in a place where that exists, but these are zones where there is no such high quality water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups say the wastewater wells should have been shut down years ago, until the state could gauge the extent of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s shocking that the state was completely asleep at the wheel while oil companies were contaminating these underground sources of drinking water,” says Hollin Kretzmann, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity. “The state has allowed continued operation in those aquifers, potentially harming them irreparably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions of Gallons of Oil Wastewater Pumped Underground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies produce massive amounts of wastewater, the result of drilling into California’s watery oil formations. For every barrel of oil, companies get 15 barrels of wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “produced water,” as it’s known, is often extremely salty and holds trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1330915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1330915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Oil formations are full of water in California, so after the oil is separated, oil companies pump the wastewater back underground.\" width=\"450\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic-160x185.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic-240x277.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Wastewater-graphic-375x433.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil formations are full of water in California, so after the oil is separated, oil companies pump the wastewater back underground. \u003ccite>(Penn State Public Media/WPSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Handling that water is a major operation for California’s oil companies. Some of it is injected back underground into oil formations to boost production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the water is disposed of permanently by pumping it into underground rock formations through a well that’s similar to an oil well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disposing of wastewater this way is allowed by federal law when the groundwater is too salty to potentially be a drinking water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But groundwater closer to the surface is automatically protected by federal law when it’s clean enough to drink or could be a drinking water supply with some treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way oil companies can dispose of wastewater in those zones is when the aquifer has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Aquifer_Exemptions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exempted from federal protections\u003c/a>. The state must go through a public review process with the federal Environmental Protection Agency to get an exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the California’s problems began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Paperwork, Bad Permitting\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the federal EPA, which enforces groundwater protections, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pacific-southwest-media-center/epas-review-californias-underground-injection-control-uic-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">audited California’s oil regulatory agency\u003c/a>, the Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit uncovered a trove of problems. Wastewater was being disposed of in aquifers that were clean enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, state officials mistakenly gave permits to more than 6,000 wastewater injection wells in protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The permits \u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/Publications/Reports/2015/UICFindings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were given out due to confusion\u003c/a> over where the geographic boundaries of aquifers ended or whether the aquifer itself was protected or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By December, the state had ordered more than 200 wells to be closed, some of which were in the cleanest aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, oil regulators have reviewed more than 5,000 other wastewater wells, to see whether the surrounding aquifer should be protected — or is too salty and should be exempted from federal protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agreed to complete that review and file for the necessary exemptions with the EPA by February 15, 2017, or the wells would be shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Now, oil regulators say meeting that deadline isn’t possible for all the wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency brought on additional staff to do the reviews, but says the process has been slower than expected. In some cases, oil companies were slow to provide the necessary information. In other cases, the complexity of the underground geology required more time to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, 460 wells will be shut down because officials have received incomplete or no information from oil companies there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators say they plan to file for exemptions that will cover 1,650 wastewater wells, which will keep operating because they feel confident the exemptions will be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are concerned that these exemption applications aren’t being given fair scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California depends on its groundwater so much right now and it’s going to be more and more vital in the future,” says Kretzmann. “For the state to be rubber-stamping these applications to give away that groundwater to the oil industry is just so shortsighted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for Evidence of Groundwater Contamination\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since many of the illegal wastewater wells have been operating for decades, questions remain about what the effect has been on the groundwater, especially in places close to people or farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water officials ordered hundreds of groundwater tests in areas where drinking water wells were within one mile of the wastewater wells. They found no direct evidence the oil wastewater was spreading underground and contaminating these wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is part of our ongoing investigation,” says Marshall. “We have not seen any evidence of groundwater contamination from oil field operations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental groups say, because billions of gallons of wastewater have been put underground over the years, there’s a high likelihood that some aquifers were made saltier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know the true extent of the damage, and the extent of the degradation is really hard to calculate,” says Kretzmann. “We’re going to come to need that groundwater in the future and it’s going to become more and more valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After today’s announcement, the federal EPA could reject the state’s plan to keep 1,650 wastewater wells open. State oil officials say there are thousands of other wastewater wells that still require some review.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1330777/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_568","science_686","science_490","science_952","science_2581"],"featImg":"science_1330779","label":"science"},"science_1053884":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1053884","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1053884","score":null,"sort":[1475779647000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-california-is-learning-to-love-drinking-recycled-water","title":"How California Is Learning to Love Drinking Recycled Water","publishDate":1475779647,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How California Is Learning to Love Drinking Recycled Water | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Would you rather drink a cup of recycled wastewater or advanced purified water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, that’s a trick question – both terms are often used to talk about the same thing. But when it comes to public acceptance of the practice, the language you use makes a big difference. And so does education about how the process works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are some of the things that have helped shift attitudes in California around potable reuse (drinking wastewater that has been purified for drinking). But it’s been a long road to get there and a few bumps remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago, the idea of treating wastewater to drinking water standards was met with resistance and it earned the unfortunate moniker of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.kpbs.org/news/2010/aug/04/political-analysis-legacy-toilet-tap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toilet to tap\u003c/a>” in 1995, which became widely touted in defeating proposals to purify recycled water for drinking in Southern California in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_620612\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-620612\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A purple colored hydrant designates a recycled water fill station in Mountain View, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A purple colored hydrant designates a recycled water fill station in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County\u003c/a> paved a different way forward for California by using indirect potable reuse – treating wastewater to drinking water standards and then putting it back underground to mingle with water in the aquifer before being pumped back out for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the equation another multi-year drought (just entering year six) and increased pressure on water sources from climate change and competing interests, and many Californians now seem ready to welcome recycled water into their homes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiego.gov/water/purewater/purewatersd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley\u003c/a> are both on their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Just Don’t Call It Wastewater\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the water technology company Xylem conducted a survey of 3,000 Californians to gauge their support of water recycling. Water recycling can mean water treated for non-potable purposes, such as industrial uses and irrigation, but in this survey it was defined to mean wastewater that had been treated and purified for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those surveyed, 42 percent were very willing to use recycled water in their everyday lives and 41 percent were somewhat willing. The numbers increase with more information. The survey found that 89 percent of people were willing to use recycled water after receiving information about how the treatment process works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are similar to what Santa Clara Valley Water District has found as they have tested their customers on the concept as well. The water district has a facility, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>, that can treat wastewater to drinking water standards, but currently the water is only used to supplement recycled water for non-potable uses such as irrigation. In the near future (likely the next two to three years), the agency may be using the water for indirect potable reuse to supplement groundwater for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With enough information and education, you can change people’s understanding and perception.’\u003ccite>Marta Lugo, Santa Clara Valley Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A survey the agency conducted in Santa Clara County in 2010 found that initially, people were pretty opposed to the idea of one day drinking recycled water – only 31 percent were in favor of it. But after being read information about how the treatment and purification process works, 53 percent were supportive. And then after being given additional information about why it’s good for the environment and helps support groundwater supplies, support rose to 69 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we learned from that is with enough information and education you can change people’s understanding and perception,” said Marta Lugo, a public information representative of Santa Clara Valley Water District. Since education is key, in 2014 when the water district opened their water purification center, they immediately kicked off a public tour program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tasting is Believing\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If seeing is believing, then tasting usually seals the deal. Lugo said an open-house event last October drew 900 people from the community, and more than 90 percent took a taste test. “Many were surprised when they saw, smelled and tasted it,” said Lugo. “If people see their neighbors taking a taste, or their friends and peers, they get over a psychological barrier – it becomes normalized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that acceptance has also grown during California’s drought, and being in Silicon Valley, they are aided by having many tech-minded residents. But a 2014 survey found that the biggest factor driving public acceptance of drinking recycled water is actually concern for the environment — the fact that recycled water is good for rivers, streams, fish, plants and wildlife, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The language is also important, said Lugo. People are more accepting when it is referred to as “highly” or “advanced purified water.” It’s not just semantics but an important distinction. Many Californians are already familiar with recycled water that is transported in purple pipes for irrigation and industrial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1054003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1054003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A view inside the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, Calif.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view inside the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, Calif. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan/Water Deeply)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They are also repeatedly cautioned not to drink purple pipe water. “We had to find a way to disassociate from that, because even though we are recycling water, it is not the same water in the purple pipes. It’s a step ahead of that recycled water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center goes through three main processes – microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet light. If it was to be used for drinking water, it would also receive advanced oxidation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the California legislature is likely to begin addressing regulations for \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/20/wastewater-a-new-frontier-for-water-recycling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">direct potable reuse\u003c/a>, which will give another boost to the idea of wastewater as part of the water supply. But it will likely be many more years before direct potable use is widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Water agencies like Santa Clara Valley Water District are moving slowly. “It’s not an overnight process, it’s taken years of education,” said Lugo. “It has only been in the last year and a half that we have moved to aggressively talking about recycled water for drinking water supplies – either for groundwater replenishment or for direct use. It’s a process, but for the most part, the community has been very supportive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on Water Deeply, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/06/how-california-is-learning-to-love-drinking-recycled-water\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can sign up to the \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It wasn’t too long ago that the so-called “yuck factor” associated with recycled water was a deal breaker for many communities. But new research shows that Californians are warming to the concept.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1091},"headData":{"title":"How California Is Learning to Love Drinking Recycled Water | KQED","description":"It wasn’t too long ago that the so-called “yuck factor” associated with recycled water was a deal breaker for many communities. But new research shows that Californians are warming to the concept.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Tara Lohan \u003c/br> Water Deeply","path":"/science/1053884/how-california-is-learning-to-love-drinking-recycled-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Would you rather drink a cup of recycled wastewater or advanced purified water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, that’s a trick question – both terms are often used to talk about the same thing. But when it comes to public acceptance of the practice, the language you use makes a big difference. And so does education about how the process works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are some of the things that have helped shift attitudes in California around potable reuse (drinking wastewater that has been purified for drinking). But it’s been a long road to get there and a few bumps remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago, the idea of treating wastewater to drinking water standards was met with resistance and it earned the unfortunate moniker of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.kpbs.org/news/2010/aug/04/political-analysis-legacy-toilet-tap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toilet to tap\u003c/a>” in 1995, which became widely touted in defeating proposals to purify recycled water for drinking in Southern California in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_620612\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-620612\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A purple colored hydrant designates a recycled water fill station in Mountain View, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/purple-hydrant.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A purple colored hydrant designates a recycled water fill station in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County\u003c/a> paved a different way forward for California by using indirect potable reuse – treating wastewater to drinking water standards and then putting it back underground to mingle with water in the aquifer before being pumped back out for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the equation another multi-year drought (just entering year six) and increased pressure on water sources from climate change and competing interests, and many Californians now seem ready to welcome recycled water into their homes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiego.gov/water/purewater/purewatersd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley\u003c/a> are both on their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Just Don’t Call It Wastewater\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the water technology company Xylem conducted a survey of 3,000 Californians to gauge their support of water recycling. Water recycling can mean water treated for non-potable purposes, such as industrial uses and irrigation, but in this survey it was defined to mean wastewater that had been treated and purified for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those surveyed, 42 percent were very willing to use recycled water in their everyday lives and 41 percent were somewhat willing. The numbers increase with more information. The survey found that 89 percent of people were willing to use recycled water after receiving information about how the treatment process works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are similar to what Santa Clara Valley Water District has found as they have tested their customers on the concept as well. The water district has a facility, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>, that can treat wastewater to drinking water standards, but currently the water is only used to supplement recycled water for non-potable uses such as irrigation. In the near future (likely the next two to three years), the agency may be using the water for indirect potable reuse to supplement groundwater for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With enough information and education, you can change people’s understanding and perception.’\u003ccite>Marta Lugo, Santa Clara Valley Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A survey the agency conducted in Santa Clara County in 2010 found that initially, people were pretty opposed to the idea of one day drinking recycled water – only 31 percent were in favor of it. But after being read information about how the treatment and purification process works, 53 percent were supportive. And then after being given additional information about why it’s good for the environment and helps support groundwater supplies, support rose to 69 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we learned from that is with enough information and education you can change people’s understanding and perception,” said Marta Lugo, a public information representative of Santa Clara Valley Water District. Since education is key, in 2014 when the water district opened their water purification center, they immediately kicked off a public tour program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tasting is Believing\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If seeing is believing, then tasting usually seals the deal. Lugo said an open-house event last October drew 900 people from the community, and more than 90 percent took a taste test. “Many were surprised when they saw, smelled and tasted it,” said Lugo. “If people see their neighbors taking a taste, or their friends and peers, they get over a psychological barrier – it becomes normalized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that acceptance has also grown during California’s drought, and being in Silicon Valley, they are aided by having many tech-minded residents. But a 2014 survey found that the biggest factor driving public acceptance of drinking recycled water is actually concern for the environment — the fact that recycled water is good for rivers, streams, fish, plants and wildlife, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The language is also important, said Lugo. People are more accepting when it is referred to as “highly” or “advanced purified water.” It’s not just semantics but an important distinction. Many Californians are already familiar with recycled water that is transported in purple pipes for irrigation and industrial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1054003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1054003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A view inside the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, Calif.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Santa-Clara-water.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view inside the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, Calif. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan/Water Deeply)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They are also repeatedly cautioned not to drink purple pipe water. “We had to find a way to disassociate from that, because even though we are recycling water, it is not the same water in the purple pipes. It’s a step ahead of that recycled water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center goes through three main processes – microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet light. If it was to be used for drinking water, it would also receive advanced oxidation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the California legislature is likely to begin addressing regulations for \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/20/wastewater-a-new-frontier-for-water-recycling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">direct potable reuse\u003c/a>, which will give another boost to the idea of wastewater as part of the water supply. But it will likely be many more years before direct potable use is widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Water agencies like Santa Clara Valley Water District are moving slowly. “It’s not an overnight process, it’s taken years of education,” said Lugo. “It has only been in the last year and a half that we have moved to aggressively talking about recycled water for drinking water supplies – either for groundwater replenishment or for direct use. It’s a process, but for the most part, the community has been very supportive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on Water Deeply, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/06/how-california-is-learning-to-love-drinking-recycled-water\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can sign up to the \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1053884/how-california-is-learning-to-love-drinking-recycled-water","authors":["byline_science_1053884"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_2581"],"featImg":"science_1053998","label":"science"},"science_77769":{"type":"posts","id":"science_77769","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"77769","score":null,"sort":[1435582854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","title":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities","publishDate":1435582854,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing record-low water supplies and a dry summer ahead, some California farmers are getting creative in looking for new sources of water. In one community, they’re planning to buy water from cities — after it’s already been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through flushing toilets and running faucets, the city of Modesto produces millions of gallons of wastewater a day, just a stone’s throw from some of the driest agricultural areas in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Will Wong, city of Modesto\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a few years, that wastewater — treated and disinfected — could flow to farms in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanislauslafco.org/info/PDF/SOI/Districts/DelPuertoWD.pdf\">Del Puerto Water District\u003c/a>, in what would be the largest urban-to-agriculture water recycling project in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t go fast enough,” says Anthea Hansen, who runs the Del Puerto Water District. “Any water would be welcomed at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason is right outside her office window. “This field across the street is about 350 acres,” Hansen says, looking out at bare ground. “This land would typically be farmed in, probably, tomatoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the district’s 45,000 acres are fallowed this year, but half of the district is planted in permanent crops, like almonds, that require water every year to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Crazy’ wouldn’t adequately describe what we’re going through here,” Hansen says. “Having zero water available, we’ve been in survival and crisis mode for, literally, 24 months now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\" alt=\"A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s district relies entirely on water from federal reservoirs in the state, through the Central Valley Project. But with record-low snowpack during the drought, that supply has been cut off completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t have water rights to local rivers, and lacks groundwater to pump, as many other agricultural areas have turned to doing this year. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/23/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">Buying water\u003c/a> on the open market has been Hansen’s only option, but prices have gone through the roof.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought-Proof Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even during the drought, around 240,000 Modesto residents produce a steady stream of water — in the form of sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is water,” says Will Wong, engineering division manager for the city of Modesto. “As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s wastewater treatment plant is undergoing a $150 million upgrade to meet new water quality requirements. Currently, most of its wastewater is discharged into the San Joaquin River, and to protect the river, the city is being required to meet higher, “tertiary,” standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\" alt=\"New filtering equipment is installed at the Modesto wastewater treament plant, part of a $150 million upgrade.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New filtering equipment is being installed at the Modesto wastewater treatment plant, part of a $150 million upgrade. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The nice thing is that we have technology on our side here,” Wong says, “to take water that has some solids and whatnot, and essentially strip everything away and bring back pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New equipment will filter and disinfect the wastewater with ultraviolet light. It won’t be drinking water quality, but, according to state standards, it’ll be clean enough to use on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program\u003c/a>, the Del Puerto Water District would construct a six-mile, $100 million pipeline to carry the wastewater from the city to the Delta Mendota Canal. From there, it would go to the district’s farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really, really, really, truly hope that we can bring it across the line because it will be a model for others,” Hansen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would be expensive for farmers, four to five times normal prices, but Hansen says that’s the cost of reliability. Growers like Jim Jasper are more than willing to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like this comes up, you don’t have to think about it twice,” says Jasper, who owns Stewart & Jasper Orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California.”\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Most farmers are internal optimists and I like to be optimistic,” Jasper says, “but without something like this, the future for my son and grandson and family — we’re into this third generation — I don’t know if we can keep our business going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would meet about one-third of the water district’s “hardened” demand, or the minimal supply it can get by on. The cities of Turlock and Ceres are also looking at joining the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Recycling on the Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Other agricultural areas are taking notice, as they face their own drought shortfalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California,” says Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water think tank in Oakland. According to her \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">analysis\u003c/a>, California could be using two to three times more recycled water for many purposes, including urban landscape and golf course irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling urban wastewater in coastal cities would have added benefits, she says. When wastewater is discharged into the ocean, it creates pollution problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aQvcv7vl2ZQvV94UBJ1YzNZnE2UqDnYU”]But in inland areas, treated wastewater is usually released into rivers, so removing that source of water from the river by recycling it could impact the river itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to understand where that water would have gone,” Cooley says. “Is it providing important environmental flows? Is it providing water to a downstream community such that if you’re recycling it, there’s no longer water for that community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Challenges From Other Farmers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two agricultural water districts are protesting the North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program, saying it could harm the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District, the largest irrigation district in the country, is challenging the project for its possible effects on the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river is used so heavily by the region that it \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\">runs completely dry\u003c/a> in some years. As a result, minimal standards have been put in place to ensure enough water is flowing to protect water quality and the endangered salmon that use the river. When those standards aren’t met, water pumping to local irrigation districts must be slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wastewater from Modesto and Turlock makes up only a tiny fraction of the overall flow of the San Joaquin River, but Westlands would rather see it go into the river, instead of being recycled, to help meet water quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\" alt=\"A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto's wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District's farms.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto’s wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District’s farms. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In terms of San Joaquin River flow, we are at a point where every acre-foot is important,” Tom Birmingham, General Manager of Westlands Water District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Turlock Irrigation District say they’d rather see the wastewater used to replenish local groundwater, and to combat overpumping in the area. The City of Turlock relies on groundwater for its water supply, and after it’s treated, it’s discharged into the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is the primary source of water available to help achieve groundwater sustainability,” Calvin Curtin, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Silver Bullet\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Recycled wastewater projects are currently used in Monterey and Sonoma Counties, where urban areas are close to farm fields. But much of the Central Valley is far from large urban areas, and moving wastewater long distances quickly becomes cost-prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the single silver bullet solution for agriculture,” Cooley says. “Agriculture is going to have to do a lot of things to adapt to a future of less water availability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Del Puerto Water District, farmers see water recycling as a way to survive that future. The project still needs a range of permits from local and state authorities, but if it’s approved, the taps could open up in just three years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Farmers are turning to a new drought-proof water supply--tapping what goes down the drain in nearby cities.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931641,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1419},"headData":{"title":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities | KQED","description":"Farmers are turning to a new drought-proof water supply--tapping what goes down the drain in nearby cities.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/77769/parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing record-low water supplies and a dry summer ahead, some California farmers are getting creative in looking for new sources of water. In one community, they’re planning to buy water from cities — after it’s already been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through flushing toilets and running faucets, the city of Modesto produces millions of gallons of wastewater a day, just a stone’s throw from some of the driest agricultural areas in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Will Wong, city of Modesto\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a few years, that wastewater — treated and disinfected — could flow to farms in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanislauslafco.org/info/PDF/SOI/Districts/DelPuertoWD.pdf\">Del Puerto Water District\u003c/a>, in what would be the largest urban-to-agriculture water recycling project in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t go fast enough,” says Anthea Hansen, who runs the Del Puerto Water District. “Any water would be welcomed at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason is right outside her office window. “This field across the street is about 350 acres,” Hansen says, looking out at bare ground. “This land would typically be farmed in, probably, tomatoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the district’s 45,000 acres are fallowed this year, but half of the district is planted in permanent crops, like almonds, that require water every year to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Crazy’ wouldn’t adequately describe what we’re going through here,” Hansen says. “Having zero water available, we’ve been in survival and crisis mode for, literally, 24 months now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\" alt=\"A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s district relies entirely on water from federal reservoirs in the state, through the Central Valley Project. But with record-low snowpack during the drought, that supply has been cut off completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t have water rights to local rivers, and lacks groundwater to pump, as many other agricultural areas have turned to doing this year. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/23/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">Buying water\u003c/a> on the open market has been Hansen’s only option, but prices have gone through the roof.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought-Proof Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even during the drought, around 240,000 Modesto residents produce a steady stream of water — in the form of sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is water,” says Will Wong, engineering division manager for the city of Modesto. “As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s wastewater treatment plant is undergoing a $150 million upgrade to meet new water quality requirements. Currently, most of its wastewater is discharged into the San Joaquin River, and to protect the river, the city is being required to meet higher, “tertiary,” standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\" alt=\"New filtering equipment is installed at the Modesto wastewater treament plant, part of a $150 million upgrade.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New filtering equipment is being installed at the Modesto wastewater treatment plant, part of a $150 million upgrade. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The nice thing is that we have technology on our side here,” Wong says, “to take water that has some solids and whatnot, and essentially strip everything away and bring back pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New equipment will filter and disinfect the wastewater with ultraviolet light. It won’t be drinking water quality, but, according to state standards, it’ll be clean enough to use on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program\u003c/a>, the Del Puerto Water District would construct a six-mile, $100 million pipeline to carry the wastewater from the city to the Delta Mendota Canal. From there, it would go to the district’s farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really, really, really, truly hope that we can bring it across the line because it will be a model for others,” Hansen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would be expensive for farmers, four to five times normal prices, but Hansen says that’s the cost of reliability. Growers like Jim Jasper are more than willing to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like this comes up, you don’t have to think about it twice,” says Jasper, who owns Stewart & Jasper Orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California.”\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Most farmers are internal optimists and I like to be optimistic,” Jasper says, “but without something like this, the future for my son and grandson and family — we’re into this third generation — I don’t know if we can keep our business going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would meet about one-third of the water district’s “hardened” demand, or the minimal supply it can get by on. The cities of Turlock and Ceres are also looking at joining the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Recycling on the Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Other agricultural areas are taking notice, as they face their own drought shortfalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California,” says Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water think tank in Oakland. According to her \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">analysis\u003c/a>, California could be using two to three times more recycled water for many purposes, including urban landscape and golf course irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling urban wastewater in coastal cities would have added benefits, she says. When wastewater is discharged into the ocean, it creates pollution problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But in inland areas, treated wastewater is usually released into rivers, so removing that source of water from the river by recycling it could impact the river itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to understand where that water would have gone,” Cooley says. “Is it providing important environmental flows? Is it providing water to a downstream community such that if you’re recycling it, there’s no longer water for that community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Challenges From Other Farmers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two agricultural water districts are protesting the North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program, saying it could harm the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District, the largest irrigation district in the country, is challenging the project for its possible effects on the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river is used so heavily by the region that it \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\">runs completely dry\u003c/a> in some years. As a result, minimal standards have been put in place to ensure enough water is flowing to protect water quality and the endangered salmon that use the river. When those standards aren’t met, water pumping to local irrigation districts must be slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wastewater from Modesto and Turlock makes up only a tiny fraction of the overall flow of the San Joaquin River, but Westlands would rather see it go into the river, instead of being recycled, to help meet water quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\" alt=\"A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto's wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District's farms.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto’s wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District’s farms. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In terms of San Joaquin River flow, we are at a point where every acre-foot is important,” Tom Birmingham, General Manager of Westlands Water District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Turlock Irrigation District say they’d rather see the wastewater used to replenish local groundwater, and to combat overpumping in the area. The City of Turlock relies on groundwater for its water supply, and after it’s treated, it’s discharged into the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is the primary source of water available to help achieve groundwater sustainability,” Calvin Curtin, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Silver Bullet\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Recycled wastewater projects are currently used in Monterey and Sonoma Counties, where urban areas are close to farm fields. But much of the Central Valley is far from large urban areas, and moving wastewater long distances quickly becomes cost-prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the single silver bullet solution for agriculture,” Cooley says. “Agriculture is going to have to do a lot of things to adapt to a future of less water availability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Del Puerto Water District, farmers see water recycling as a way to survive that future. The project still needs a range of permits from local and state authorities, but if it’s approved, the taps could open up in just three years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/77769/parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","authors":["239"],"series":["science_87","science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_572","science_2581","science_201","science_997","science_1194"],"featImg":"science_77771","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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supply Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3180,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/california-water-supply"},"science_87":{"type":"terms","id":"science_87","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"87","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","slug":"ca-delta","taxonomy":"series","description":"\u003cp>[caption id=\"attachment_11894\" width=\"1180px\"]\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/deltadiablo.jpg\" alt=\"The Delta at sunset.\" align=\"none\" width=\"1180px\"/> The Delta at sunset. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/artolog/315963076/\">Art Siegel/Flickr\u003c/a>)[/caption]\u003c/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp>If you live in California, chances are that the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta matters to you. It’s the hub for California’s water supply. Two-thirds of Californians get their water from the vast inland Delta, which lies east of San Francisco Bay, at the confluence of California's two largest rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The water reaches cities from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and supplies millions of acres of Central Valley farmland through sprawling infrastructure projects built over the past century.But the Delta’s natural ecosystem has declined and it's become ground zero for the state’s most contentious battles over water and endangered species.\u003c/p>\u003cstrong>The Problem\u003c/strong>\u003cp>The Delta is home to a number of threatened or endangered species, including Delta smelt and Chinook salmon. Biologists point to a number of reasons for their decline. After the gold rush, farms replaced what was once a rich network of tidal wetlands. About \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">95 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat\u003c/a> has been lost. Upstream dams have altered the rivers’ flow, and fish die when they’re drawn toward the large pumps that divert water to the Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\u003cstrong>The Latest\u003c/strong>\u003cp>To protect fish species, limits were placed on how much water could be pumped out of the Delta. Now, Governor Jerry Brown is proposing a $24.5 billion fix, known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan. Two 35-mile water tunnels would cross the Delta, bypassing the ecosystem from below. More than 100,000 acres of habitat would be restored. The majority of the costs would be covered by the water users.Concerns remain about whether the plan would help the Delta’s ecosystem recover. Farmers and other residents in the Delta region fear permanent changes to their way of life. And water consumers south of the Delta are reluctant to pay for the project if it doesn’t include assurances that adequate volumes of water are delivered.\u003c/p> \r\n","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Archives | KQED Science","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_11894\" width=\"1180px\"] The Delta at sunset. (Art Siegel/Flickr)[/caption] If you live in California, chances are that the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta matters to you. It’s the hub for California’s water supply. Two-thirds of Californians get their water from the vast inland Delta, which lies east of San Francisco Bay, at the confluence of California's two largest rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The water reaches cities from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and supplies millions of acres of Central Valley farmland through sprawling infrastructure projects built over the past century.But the Delta’s natural ecosystem has declined and it's become ground zero for the state’s most contentious battles over water and endangered species.The ProblemThe Delta is home to a number of threatened or endangered species, including Delta smelt and Chinook salmon. Biologists point to a number of reasons for their decline. After the gold rush, farms replaced what was once a rich network of tidal wetlands. About 95 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat has been lost. Upstream dams have altered the rivers’ flow, and fish die when they’re drawn toward the large pumps that divert water to the Bay Area and Southern California.The LatestTo protect fish species, limits were placed on how much water could be pumped out of the Delta. Now, Governor Jerry Brown is proposing a $24.5 billion fix, known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan. Two 35-mile water tunnels would cross the Delta, bypassing the ecosystem from below. More than 100,000 acres of habitat would be restored. The majority of the costs would be covered by the water users.Concerns remain about whether the plan would help the Delta’s ecosystem recover. Farmers and other residents in the Delta region fear permanent changes to their way of life. And water consumers south of the Delta are reluctant to pay for the project if it doesn’t include assurances that adequate volumes of water are delivered.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":90,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/ca-delta"},"science_1151":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1151","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1151","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Drought Watch","slug":"california-drought-watch","taxonomy":"series","description":"\u003cem>What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n[iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"]\r\n\r\n\u003cem>We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the \u003ca href=\"#background\">background\u003c/a> and rounding up \u003ca href=\"#river\">all the stories\u003c/a> we’ve produced.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Relief at Last\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science","description":"What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. 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