If You're Offered the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine, Take It, Experts Say. Here's Why
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Previously, she produced the daily statewide California Report, edited newscasts, and covered health and education stories. Before returning to the Bay Area in 2016, she worked in Los Angeles as a wire reporter and one-woman-band video journalist for the Associated Press, where she shot, edited and reported breaking news and features across the West. Her work has appeared online and in print around the globe, and also on NPR’s Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Here and Now, Marketplace, On The Media, and Studio 360. She previously edited and mentored up-and-coming reporters at KALW, produced social videos for Timeline.com, and was a local TV news videographer for KTVU and digital producer for KNTV. She got her start as a Radio News Trainee at KQED, produced a weekly public affairs roundtable show for OPB, and covered health and politics at New Hampshire Public Radio. She has a BA in political science from Barnard College and a MA in video journalism from UC Berkeley, where she was awarded the Faith Fancher Scholarship and a Student Emmy. She has received numerous local awards from the Associated Press and the Society of Professional Journalists.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b8e02ae982913d0950df605910267c1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"RaquelMDillon","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Raquel Maria Dillon | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b8e02ae982913d0950df605910267c1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b8e02ae982913d0950df605910267c1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rdillon"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1974265":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1974265","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1974265","score":null,"sort":[1619718490000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"if-youre-offered-the-johnson-johnson-vaccine-take-it-experts-say-heres-why","title":"If You're Offered the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine, Take It, Experts Say. Here's Why","publishDate":1619718490,"format":"audio","headTitle":"If You’re Offered the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine, Take It, Experts Say. Here’s Why | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This week, news of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/news/11871298/bay-area-man-treated-for-rare-blood-clot-after-receiving-jj-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rare blood clot\u003c/a> in a patient at UCSF, after he received the Johnson & Johnson coronavirus vaccine, brought this very small risk close to home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chance of developing these blood clots is tiny \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> only 2 in 1 million. And UCSF reported Monday that the patient is doing well and expected to go home in a few days. Still, knowing there is a risk at all is upsetting and confusing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts agree Johnson & Johnson is still a great vaccine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.susanaramirez.net/\">\u003cb>Professor Susana Ramírez\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a UC Merced expert in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.communicationculturehealth.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">communication, culture and public health\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, recently shared some guidelines with KQED’s \u003c/span>Raquel Maria Dillon\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about how to evaluate risks around these vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There have been 16 of these rare blood clot cases out of about 8 million Johnson & Johnson doses given out in the U.S. Can you put that overall risk of this vaccine in context for us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Susana Ramírez: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>The extraordinarily rare events that we are seeing, with these blood clotting disorders are tragic and sad, but they’re extremely rare. But the potential to be infected with the coronavirus is much higher than the potential to get one of these severe side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As humans, we really want to avoid bad outcomes. And so it’s really easy for us to focus on the negative outcomes that we might be hearing about, even when those outcomes are so very rare. And the risks from the coronavirus are not so obvious. Some people get very sick and they are hospitalized, and some people die, but other people may not get a very significant disease. I think what we need to focus on is the relative risk here is much lower for side effects than of getting the actual coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We’ve heard from our audience that they have concerns that the J&J shot is for homeless people or people who don’t have time to come back for a second shot. They’re basically worried it’s a lower quality option. How do you address that? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the very most important fact to remember is that all three of the vaccines that are available to people in the United States have incredibly high efficacy rates. The very best vaccine is the one that you can get in your arm as soon as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. And all three of these vaccines are effective at preventing those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>But the problem with trying to compare [efficacy rates] is that these three vaccines were developed at different times, and they were developed and tested with essentially different groups of people. The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines were tested really at the early end of the pandemic over a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J clinical trials finished very recently. And by that time, we’d been engaging in behavioral measures like wearing masks and social distancing. So those things had been in place for months when the J&J vaccine was tested. So we were a different population, and the disease itself was different by this point. We had more variants that were circulating. And so it was really tested under very different conditions. So there’s not an apples to apples comparison that you can do, although it’s tempting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, even though we see a lower effectiveness, it’s really among a disease that had evolved and changed and adapted to our conditions. And so the fact that the vaccine is still effective in that context, I think is a real strength and plus in the J&J column. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I don’t think by any stretch of the imagination that we should think about it as a lesser kind of vaccine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think that there is definitely a kernel of truth to the idea that folks are talking about the two-dose vaccines, the Pfizer and Moderna, being for more privileged people. You have to have certain privileges like a flexible job, transportation to the vaccination site twice, a stable residence and a phone number to make those follow-up appointments, and then the ability to take some time off if you’re not feeling well after the vaccine. But that doesn’t make any of the vaccines better from a disease prevention perspective. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are you concerned that the appeal of the J&J shot — convenience — might not be enough to convince people to get it at this point? And what would that mean for getting to herd immunity, which is the broader societal goal? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: You’re absolutely right. The number one goal is we want everybody to get a vaccine as soon as possible. We need to think about really messaging on that convenience. I think there are people like me who are terrified of needles. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We would prefer just having to go one time. And that convenience — it’s not just about the needle. You have to take time off to get the vaccine. We may have localized side effects, which is not a big deal. But if you’re feeling kind of yucky or you have a headache, you don’t really want to go back to work the next day. And so that would be twice that you have to do that for the other two vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the convenience of a one-shot vaccine is really something that we need to be talking up and selling because it’s a big deal. It’s a positive condition of this particular vaccine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In my opinion, I don’t see a clear clinical reason to prefer one vaccine over another vaccine. So it’s really about the convenience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> I think people want to make rational decisions, especially when it comes to their health, but there are a lot of numbers being thrown around. You’ve got Pfizer and Moderna with efficacy rates in the 90s and Johnson & Johnson’s lower. So why is this so confusing? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the key number that we should be looking at as individuals is which of these vaccines is going to prevent me from getting this disease? And then which one of those is going to prevent such a severe case that I’m hospitalized or die from it? All of these have been tested in slightly different ways. And they’ve considered efficacy and measured it in different ways, like having some symptoms, any symptoms, having a positive test, or being hospitalized. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The takeaway is all three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The numbers are really confusing. Even highly educated people have a really hard time making sense of risk because it’s not just a number, it’s a value and a set of values. We’re talking about our own health and the health of our loved ones. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So, again, it’s hard to compare, but [the three vaccines are] all incredibly good. The Moderna and the Pfizer vaccines were tested early on in the pandemic and they had different clinical outcomes. And now that they’ve been out in the real world, the other comparisons of efficacy are hard to make.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s hard to give people what they want, which is a really concrete answer to the question, How risky is this vaccine? I think the best answer that we can give is the risk of the vaccines is much, much, much lower than the risk of serious complications from the coronavirus, should you not be vaccinated. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This whole thing — the pandemic and the vaccines — is kind of a science experiment taking place on a world stage. What can people learn about science from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: \u003c/span>The fact that we have three vaccines in the U.S. and seven in the world that are already authorized for preventing a disease that no one knew about 18 months ago — that is amazing! And millions of people have already been vaccinated. I think it’s really important that we appreciate the incredible scientific achievement and the logistical feats that were involved in getting to this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we stop to appreciate the fact that we have this global health crisis and we already have, and have had for months, the ability to control it — I think that should inspire confidence in science. And I also think that the temporary pause that occurred with the distribution of the J&J vaccine should also be applauded and celebrated as a way of increasing our confidence in science, because that pause shows that the real-world tracking and monitoring of the vaccines is is working.\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The risk of a blood clot developing after a J&J vaccine is tiny, but it's also scary and confusing. We break down ways to evaluate vaccine options.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846642,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1531},"headData":{"title":"If You're Offered the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine, Take It, Experts Say. Here's Why | KQED","description":"The risk of a blood clot developing after a J&J vaccine is tiny, but it's also scary and confusing. We break down ways to evaluate vaccine options.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"If You're Offered the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine, Take It, Experts Say. Here's Why","datePublished":"2021-04-29T17:48:10.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:30:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"COVID-19 Vaccines","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2021/04/VaxRisk5302wayRMDRamirez210428.mp3","sticky":false,"adSlotOverride":"kqed300x250_deeplook","path":"/science/1974265/if-youre-offered-the-johnson-johnson-vaccine-take-it-experts-say-heres-why","audioDuration":222000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, news of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/news/11871298/bay-area-man-treated-for-rare-blood-clot-after-receiving-jj-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rare blood clot\u003c/a> in a patient at UCSF, after he received the Johnson & Johnson coronavirus vaccine, brought this very small risk close to home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chance of developing these blood clots is tiny \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> only 2 in 1 million. And UCSF reported Monday that the patient is doing well and expected to go home in a few days. Still, knowing there is a risk at all is upsetting and confusing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts agree Johnson & Johnson is still a great vaccine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.susanaramirez.net/\">\u003cb>Professor Susana Ramírez\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a UC Merced expert in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.communicationculturehealth.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">communication, culture and public health\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, recently shared some guidelines with KQED’s \u003c/span>Raquel Maria Dillon\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about how to evaluate risks around these vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There have been 16 of these rare blood clot cases out of about 8 million Johnson & Johnson doses given out in the U.S. Can you put that overall risk of this vaccine in context for us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Susana Ramírez: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>The extraordinarily rare events that we are seeing, with these blood clotting disorders are tragic and sad, but they’re extremely rare. But the potential to be infected with the coronavirus is much higher than the potential to get one of these severe side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As humans, we really want to avoid bad outcomes. And so it’s really easy for us to focus on the negative outcomes that we might be hearing about, even when those outcomes are so very rare. And the risks from the coronavirus are not so obvious. Some people get very sick and they are hospitalized, and some people die, but other people may not get a very significant disease. I think what we need to focus on is the relative risk here is much lower for side effects than of getting the actual coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We’ve heard from our audience that they have concerns that the J&J shot is for homeless people or people who don’t have time to come back for a second shot. They’re basically worried it’s a lower quality option. How do you address that? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the very most important fact to remember is that all three of the vaccines that are available to people in the United States have incredibly high efficacy rates. The very best vaccine is the one that you can get in your arm as soon as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. And all three of these vaccines are effective at preventing those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>But the problem with trying to compare [efficacy rates] is that these three vaccines were developed at different times, and they were developed and tested with essentially different groups of people. The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines were tested really at the early end of the pandemic over a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J clinical trials finished very recently. And by that time, we’d been engaging in behavioral measures like wearing masks and social distancing. So those things had been in place for months when the J&J vaccine was tested. So we were a different population, and the disease itself was different by this point. We had more variants that were circulating. And so it was really tested under very different conditions. So there’s not an apples to apples comparison that you can do, although it’s tempting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, even though we see a lower effectiveness, it’s really among a disease that had evolved and changed and adapted to our conditions. And so the fact that the vaccine is still effective in that context, I think is a real strength and plus in the J&J column. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I don’t think by any stretch of the imagination that we should think about it as a lesser kind of vaccine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think that there is definitely a kernel of truth to the idea that folks are talking about the two-dose vaccines, the Pfizer and Moderna, being for more privileged people. You have to have certain privileges like a flexible job, transportation to the vaccination site twice, a stable residence and a phone number to make those follow-up appointments, and then the ability to take some time off if you’re not feeling well after the vaccine. But that doesn’t make any of the vaccines better from a disease prevention perspective. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are you concerned that the appeal of the J&J shot — convenience — might not be enough to convince people to get it at this point? And what would that mean for getting to herd immunity, which is the broader societal goal? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: You’re absolutely right. The number one goal is we want everybody to get a vaccine as soon as possible. We need to think about really messaging on that convenience. I think there are people like me who are terrified of needles. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We would prefer just having to go one time. And that convenience — it’s not just about the needle. You have to take time off to get the vaccine. We may have localized side effects, which is not a big deal. But if you’re feeling kind of yucky or you have a headache, you don’t really want to go back to work the next day. And so that would be twice that you have to do that for the other two vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the convenience of a one-shot vaccine is really something that we need to be talking up and selling because it’s a big deal. It’s a positive condition of this particular vaccine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In my opinion, I don’t see a clear clinical reason to prefer one vaccine over another vaccine. So it’s really about the convenience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> I think people want to make rational decisions, especially when it comes to their health, but there are a lot of numbers being thrown around. You’ve got Pfizer and Moderna with efficacy rates in the 90s and Johnson & Johnson’s lower. So why is this so confusing? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the key number that we should be looking at as individuals is which of these vaccines is going to prevent me from getting this disease? And then which one of those is going to prevent such a severe case that I’m hospitalized or die from it? All of these have been tested in slightly different ways. And they’ve considered efficacy and measured it in different ways, like having some symptoms, any symptoms, having a positive test, or being hospitalized. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The takeaway is all three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The numbers are really confusing. Even highly educated people have a really hard time making sense of risk because it’s not just a number, it’s a value and a set of values. We’re talking about our own health and the health of our loved ones. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So, again, it’s hard to compare, but [the three vaccines are] all incredibly good. The Moderna and the Pfizer vaccines were tested early on in the pandemic and they had different clinical outcomes. And now that they’ve been out in the real world, the other comparisons of efficacy are hard to make.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s hard to give people what they want, which is a really concrete answer to the question, How risky is this vaccine? I think the best answer that we can give is the risk of the vaccines is much, much, much lower than the risk of serious complications from the coronavirus, should you not be vaccinated. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This whole thing — the pandemic and the vaccines — is kind of a science experiment taking place on a world stage. What can people learn about science from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: \u003c/span>The fact that we have three vaccines in the U.S. and seven in the world that are already authorized for preventing a disease that no one knew about 18 months ago — that is amazing! And millions of people have already been vaccinated. I think it’s really important that we appreciate the incredible scientific achievement and the logistical feats that were involved in getting to this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we stop to appreciate the fact that we have this global health crisis and we already have, and have had for months, the ability to control it — I think that should inspire confidence in science. And I also think that the temporary pause that occurred with the distribution of the J&J vaccine should also be applauded and celebrated as a way of increasing our confidence in science, because that pause shows that the real-world tracking and monitoring of the vaccines is is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1974265/if-youre-offered-the-johnson-johnson-vaccine-take-it-experts-say-heres-why","authors":["11495"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_43","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4417","science_4414","science_410"],"featImg":"science_1973732","label":"source_science_1974265"},"science_1972824":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972824","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972824","score":null,"sort":[1614220208000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"covid-19-vaccine-your-questions-answered","title":"Your COVID-19 Vaccine Questions, From Side Effects to Safety","publishDate":1614220208,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Your COVID-19 Vaccine Questions, From Side Effects to Safety | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated April 26, 2021, 5:53 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11870973/cdc-vaccine-committee-votes-to-recommend-jj-vaccine-use-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lifted a 10-day pause\u003c/a> of Johnson & Johnson’s coronavirus vaccine. Bay Area counties followed suit, announcing they would resume using the single-dose shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/13/world/johnson-vaccine-blood-clots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> halted\u003c/a> the use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine on April 13 “out of an abundance of caution” after a rare type of \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blood-clots-and-the-johnson-johnson-vaccine-what-we-know-so-far/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">blood clot\u003c/a> showed up in 6 women within about two weeks of receiving the vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Safety is our top priority. This pause was an example of our extensive safety monitoring working as they were designed to work — identifying even these small number of cases,” said Acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Janet Woodcock in a statement. “We’ve lifted the pause based on the FDA and CDC’s review of all available data and in consultation with medical experts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, the CDC updated the total to 15 women, ages 18 to 59, who experienced a combination of rare blood clots and low platelets between 6 and 15 days after vaccination. Over the weekend, UCSF announced that it was treating a male patient in his 30s for the condition, which is known as vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11869210]In the U.S., roughly eight million people have received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relative risk is really, really low for these severe blood clots,” said Dr. Catherine Blish, infectious disease specialist at Stanford Medicine. If you develop a severe headache, abdominal pain, leg pain, or shortness of breath within three weeks of receiving the vaccine, seek medical treatment with your health care provider or an urgent care clinic or hospital emergency room, and let the provider know you received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said in a statement earlier this month that one purpose of the pause was to let health care providers know what to do. The usual treatment for blood clots, a blood-thinning medication called heparin, can be dangerous used for this type of clot, and the CDC is alerting health providers to be prepared to offer alternate treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11855623,news_11861322]We’ve searched for and compiled answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about the vaccine. Our answers come from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/after-dark-online-covid-catchup?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=Social&UTM_campaign=FY21AfterDark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">live Q&A\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> featuring Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the UCSF Department of Medicine, and Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, chair of the UCSF Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. We also consulted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the World Health Organization and various other medical associations and journal articles. For those of you who want to dig deeper, we’ve linked to some of those.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"backtotop\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Jump to a question:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question1\">How were the vaccines developed so quickly?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question2\">How do people know the vaccines are safe and effective?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question3\">What are the possible side effects of getting a vaccine?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question4\">But the FDA approved this vaccine after two months of observation; isn’t there a chance a really bad side effect could show up much later?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question11\">Why do you need multiple doses and how long does your immunity last?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question5\">Do the vaccines give me the virus?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question6\">Do the vaccines work against the variants?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question7\">Can you still get and transmit COVID-19 if you’ve been vaccinated?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question8\">Should you get vaccinated if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question9\">Were the vaccines tested on racially and ethnically diverse populations? Were they effective for a range of races/ethnicities?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question10\">What are the differences between the vaccines? Is one better than the others?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question12\">Are the vaccines safe for all ages? When will children be eligible?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question13\">Why should people in their 20s and 30s get vaccinated?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question14\">Should I get vaccinated if I already had COVID-19? And how long should I wait after I’ve had COVID-19 to get it?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question15\">If I’m vaccinated, can I stop wearing a mask and get close to people again?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question16\">I am immunosuppressed, should I still get the vaccine?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question17\">Do the COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question18\">Does the vaccine allow any authority to track me?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question19\">How do I get the vaccine?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question1\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: How were the vaccines developed so quickly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. government agencies and private companies collaborated on a project called \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Operation-Warp-Speed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a> to fast-track the coronavirus vaccine. This accelerated timeline doesn’t mean any steps were skipped in the testing stages for the vaccines. The shortcuts related to funding and to dialogue and planning, which went quickly since everyone had the same goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, companies hesitate to manufacture a vaccine until they’re in the FDA approval process. It’s a big risk to invest a lot of money in manufacturing without knowing whether the vaccine will be approved. But under Operation Warp Speed, governments pre-paid for the vaccines to eliminate the financial risk for the companies involved. This allowed them to manufacture the vaccine at the same time they were doing the testing. So when the testing was complete, a lot of doses were already available to distribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason for how quickly these vaccines were developed is that the processes used for making the vaccines aren’t new. mRNA had already been studied for years, and and was being developed for other infectious diseases. Because of this, researchers already knew how to make an mRNA vaccine and could customize development and testing for SARS-CoV-2. Adenovirus vaccines, the method used by Johnson & Johnson, are common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA authorized the emergency use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a thorough analysis of the data, the FDA’s scientists and physicians have determined that the vaccine meets the FDA’s expectations for safety and effectiveness appropriate for theauthorization of a vaccine for emergency use,” Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D. and director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA paused the use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine on April 13 to investigate 6 cases in which a rare blood clot developed, out of the roughly 7 million people who’d received the vaccine in the U.S. to that point. Medical experts say that the risk of developing a blood clot from COVID-19 is \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33254369/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50 times higher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The halt on Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen coronavirus vaccine was lifted 10 days later on April 23 after a review of the initial six cases and 9 additional cases by the FDA and CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have concluded that the known and potential benefits of the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine outweigh its known and potential risks in individuals 18 years of age and older,” said Acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Janet Woodcock in a statement. “We are confident that this vaccine continues to meet our standards for safety, effectiveness and quality. We recommend people with questions about which vaccine is right for them have those discussions with their health care provider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question2\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: How do people know the vaccines are safe and effective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.modernatx.com/sites/default/files/content_documents/mRNA-1273-Update-11-16-20-Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-third-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johnson & Johnson\u003c/a> conducted full trials and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/media/143890/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">didn’t skip any steps\u003c/a> in the stages of testing for the vaccines’ safety and efficacy. The \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Aug/13/2002476369/-1/-1/0/200813-D-ZZ999-100.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stages\u003c/a> included testing in animals and an application for FDA approval to test in humans. Then the drug companies tested the vaccine in a small number of individuals before conducting tests in tens of thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only part of this process that was shorter than usual was in how long drug companies observed people for long-term side effects before requesting FDA authorization to distribute the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would normally wait, let’s say, six months after testing of the vaccine,” Wachter said. “They waited two months, and why? Because this was an absolute emergency and a catastrophe. And so in waiting extra months, there would have been hundreds of thousands of people that would have died.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA recently resumed the rollout of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine after a short pause to investigate incidents of a rare blood clot showing up in a small percentage of people in the U.S. who received this vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a pause like this is normal when a new medication or vaccine becomes available to the public, and does not indicate that the Johnson & Johnson vaccine is dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relative risk is really, really low for these severe blood clots,” said Dr. Catherine Blish, infectious disease specialist at Stanford Medicine after the initial reports. “So we’ve had the six cases out of almost seven million vaccines delivered, which is about one in a million. And while this has been hugely controversial, the birth control pills are associated with about one in 1000-100 rate of blood clots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA was asking for a minimum of 50% efficacy against the coronavirus. After two doses, Pfizer-BioNTech’s vaccine is 95% effective at preventing the symptoms of COVID-19 and Moderna’s is a little over 94%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine is about 77% effective in preventing severe/critical COVID-19 occurring at least 14 days after vaccination and 85% effective in preventing severe/critical COVID-19 occurring at least 28 days after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those results and the safety records are why the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained#:~:text=An%20Emergency%20Use%20Authorization%20(EUA)%20is%20a%20mechanism%20to%20facilitate,the%20current%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authorized\u003c/a> the emergency use of these vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question3\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: What are the possible side effects of getting a vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possible short-term side effects for all the vaccines include pain, swelling and redness at the injection site, as well as tiredness, chills and headaches. If you get side effects, they would typically start within a day or two of injection and last a few days. The side effects, experts note, are your immune system telling you the vaccine is working and your body is creating antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself experiencing these side effects, consult your doctor before taking over-the-counter medication such as ibuprofen, aspirin, antihistamines or acetaminophen. Also, don’t take these medications before you get the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC reports that a December study found that a small fraction of people — 11.1 recipients per million doses administered — had a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, which can be lethal. The CDC has listed a few allergies that could \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prevent\u003c/a> someone from getting the vaccine. The agency also recommends people get screened for allergies before receiving the vaccine, and that vaccine sites have epinephrine injections available. If you have allergies, you may wish to consult your doctor about the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two systems that allow you or your doctor to report any unusual side effects to officials at the CDC and elsewhere: \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/vsafe.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">V-safe\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://vaers.hhs.gov/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">VAERS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 15 cases confirmed by the CDC in which blood clots developed, it happened within three weeks after receiving the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. If you develop a severe headache, abdominal pain, leg pain, or shortness of breath within three weeks of receiving the vaccine, seek medical treatment with your health care provider or an urgent care clinic or hospital emergency room, and let the provider know you received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question4\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: But the FDA approved this vaccine after two months of observation; isn’t there a chance a really bad side effect could show up much later?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to experts, says Wachter, in the history of vaccines there have been no instances of a serious, worrisome side effect that didn’t show up in the first two months. So while no one is saying it’s impossible for a long-term side effect to emerge later, both Wachter and Bibbins-Domingo say the risk of that is not even close to the risk of contracting COVID-19 and dying or ending up with long-term physical problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly not a close call, especially when you look at the surge in California, and also when you look at how much we really are still learning about how much the coronavirus affects the body,” said Bibbins-Domingo. “People should talk to their doctors, they should ask questions, but really the balance is in favor of getting this vaccine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While regulators don’t yet know whether there’s a link between the vaccine and the extremely rare cases of blood clots. \u003cem>If there is\u003c/em>, it could be an example of the kind of thing that only occurs one in a million times. This type of case, then, typically only shows up once the number of vaccinated people rises above one million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23640658/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">many medications\u003c/a> including birth control pills, carry a higher risk for blood clots. And the risk of developing a blood clot from COVID-19 is \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33254369/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50 times higher\u003c/a> than if you get the Johnson and Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question11\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Why do you need multiple doses for some of the vaccines and how long does your immunity last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines, the first dose gives you most of the protection against severe disease, and the second dose takes you all the way there. Plus experts think the second dose may extend how long the vaccine lasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourteen days after your first dose of either vaccine, you are 80% protected on average, says Wachter. In case that makes you think about skipping the second dose, remember that the vaccine trials were two doses, so what we know about how well the vaccine works depends on two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still don’t know exactly how long your immunity will last after receiving both doses. Only a few months of data on the vaccines exist so far. But, says Bibbins-Domingo, there are indications they will provide longer-term immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who received the Johnson & Johnson single dose vaccine before the FDA halted its use, it becomes more effective after 28 days at preventing severe or critical illness, at 85%; overall protection stays about the same, at 66% after 14 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question5\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Do the vaccines give me the coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. None of the vaccines contain live coronavirus or synthetic coronavirus. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/how-they-work.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">They train\u003c/a> your immune system to make antibodies against the coronavirus and then disappears. You cannot get COVID-19 from the vaccine. Also, mRNA vaccines do not interact with your DNA because the mRNA does not enter the cell nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antibodies your immune system creates protect you from the symptoms of COVID-19, especially severe symptoms. It’s important to keep in mind, however, that the time between getting the vaccine and producing these antibodies is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">several weeks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mRNA vaccine is the newer technology; Marla Broadfoot, a Ph.D. geneticist who’s also an independent journalist, likes to compare mRNA to scratch paper on which you write a note then throw away when you’re done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“mRNA is a kind of molecular scratch paper that carries these instructions around the cell where they can be used to construct proteins,” she \u003ca href=\"https://healthjournalism.org/blog/2021/02/when-writing-about-sars-cov-2-variants-utilize-metaphors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told\u003c/a> the \u003ca href=\"https://healthjournalism.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Association of Health Care Journalists\u003c/a>. “In the case of the COVID-19 vaccines, the mRNA is giving our cells instructions for making the spike protein, a harmless bit of the coronavirus. Our cells recognize the protein as foreign and make antibodies against it and against the virus. In the meantime, the mRNA scratch paper disintegrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses a common virus, engineered so it cannot infect you, to prompt your body to make the spike protein and the antibodies against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question6\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Do the vaccines work against the variants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. You may have heard otherwise, but the important point is that the vaccines are highly effective against the variants in preventing severe disease — that is, preventing hospitalizations and deaths. It’s true the vaccines were less \u003cem>potent \u003c/em>against the variants in lab tests, meaning they generated fewer antibodies. However, the vaccines trigger a range of immune responses in addition to antibodies, and the immune response is so robust that it can lose a good bit of potency and still be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts think a vaccinated person who contracts a variant of the coronavirus may experience mild or moderate symptoms a little more than they would with the original coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s normal for viruses to mutate, and scientists expected it. The important point is that every infection the vaccines prevent denies the coronavirus a chance to mutate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question7\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Can you still get and transmit COVID-19 if you’ve been vaccinated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial trials tested vaccines on how effective they are at preventing severe disease. These studies did not examine whether the vaccines prevent infection or transmission of that infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early evidence suggests that the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines may be able prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/p0329-COVID-19-Vaccines.html\">recent CDC study\u003c/a> with roughly 4,000 participants showed that mRNA vaccines were effective at preventing coronavirus infections in real-world conditions. Results showed that after partial vaccination, the risk of infection was reduced by 80 percent. Two weeks or more following the second dose of the vaccine, the risk of infection was reduced by 90 percent. More research is needed to confirm these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo says that all indications are that vaccines have the ability to prevent infection, but this is still being studied. The uncertainty about this is why people who’ve had the vaccine are advised to continue to wear masks and socially distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question8\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Should you get vaccinated if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccines were not studied in pregnant and nursing women. Based on the review of the data on how the mRNA vaccines work and on the side effects, says Bibbins-Domingo, medical authorities say pregnant and nursing women should consider getting the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women are at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/pregnancy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher risk\u003c/a> than other women of having severe illness if they contract COVID-19, according to the CDC, and might be at higher risk of preterm birth or other complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-moderna-covid-19-mrna-1273-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">World Health Organization\u003c/a> says women who are at high risk of exposure or who have underlying health conditions may receive the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/vaccinating-pregnant-and-lactating-patients-against-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/cdn.smfm.org/media/2591/SMFM_Vaccine_Statement_12-1-20_(final).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine \u003c/a>say the vaccine should not be withheld from pregnant women who wish to receive it. Both organizations objected to excluding pregnant and lactating women from the vaccine trials, and they are pressing for future trials to include these groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question9\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Were the vaccines tested on racially and ethnically diverse populations? Were they effective for a range of races/ethnicities?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. And yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies gathered demographic information from participants in the study. Both of the vaccine clinical trials included a smaller percentage of Blacks and Asians than in the U.S. population and a roughly similar percentage of Latinos. Here’s where you can find the demographic information for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna’s\u003c/a> vaccine, and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer-BioNTech’s\u003c/a>. And here’s the \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. population\u003c/a> from the census as of 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus has hit certain populations much harder: Black, Latino, Indigenous and lower-income people are suffering high rates of COVID-19 and are among the most important groups to be vaccinated. At the same time, says Bibbins-Domingo, they may have serious questions about the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes these same communities have very legitimate concerns about trusting government, trusting the medical establishment, trusting science, because of historical instances where, really, there is basis for that mistrust,” said Bibbins-Domingo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States’ history of medical exploitation, especially of minorities, includes incidents like the widely condemned \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013281q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tuskegee experiment\u003c/a> on Black men with syphilis, from 1932-1972, and the forced sterilization of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449330/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ihpi.umich.edu/news/forced-sterilization-policies-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-disabilities-and-lasted-21st\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">African American\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2015.1083229?journalCode=rwhr20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Native American\u003c/a> women as late as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449330/\">1970s\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are many examples of racist treatment throughout the history of health care, there are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11861322/were-learning-the-wrong-lessons-from-the-tuskegee-experiment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failures\u003c/a> in America’s current health care system that reinforce structures of racism and drive distrust. And the country’s immigration debate can also show \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/04/why-can-t-i-micro-chip-an-illegal/340979/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">why it’s hard\u003c/a> for people of color to trust government health projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo encourages people to seek answers to their questions, particularly from doctors or organizations they trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area organizations such as \u003ca href=\"https://rootsclinic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Roots Community Health Center\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://chaaweb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Health for Asian Americans\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://thelatinacenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Latina Center\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nativehealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Native American Health Center\u003c/a> serve their communities and understand the historical factors and current struggles that influence perceptions of the health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question11\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: What are the differences between the vaccines? Is one better than the others?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are essentially the same; they are both mRNA vaccines, with the same side effects and the same effectiveness. The way they prompt your immune system to respond and make antibodies is the same. The main difference is which fat globule they use to get the mRNA into the cell. Both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses a different delivery system involving \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a disabled adenovirus\u003c/a> to trigger your immune system to make antibodies against the coronavirus. It requires only on shot. Its use was halted on April 13, 2021, as the CDC and FDA review 6 cases of women who developed blood clots within a couple of weeks of receiving the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/press-release-03-15-2021-Bay-Area-health-officers-statement-COVID19-vaccine.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A joint statement\u003c/a> signed by all of the Bay Area’s health officers in March noted that the vaccines are “100 percent effective in preventing deaths from COVID-19. Our collective medical advice is this: the best vaccine is the one you can get the soonest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question12\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Are the vaccines safe for all ages? When will children be eligible?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer-BioNTech’s vaccine was tested and found safe for ages 16 and up. The Moderna vaccine was authorized for ages 18 and up. Before the FDA halted its use, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was authorized for ages 18 and up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug companies have to test the vaccine in an age group before they can show it’s safe for those ages. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna are currently testing the vaccine in both young children and adolescents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer-BioNTech recently announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210331005503/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">results of a Phase 3 clinical trial\u003c/a> that showed the vaccine was effective and well-tolerated in adolescents aged 12-15. However, the vaccine has not yet been authorized by the FDA for use in adolescents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-will-kids-get-covid-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Some health experts\u003c/a> say vaccines could be authorized for adolescents this summer and for young children in early 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people 65 and older, the risk from COVID-19 is much higher than the risk of the vaccine. Very elderly and frail people with underlying health conditions should be evaluated before receiving the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question13\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Why should people in their 20s and 30s get vaccinated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While young people are less likely to get really sick from COVID-19, they can still get and spread the virus. Also, many young people are in contact with parents, grandparents and others who are older and more at risk. Finally, while the likelihood of a young person getting a serious case requiring hospitalization is lower, some have become seriously ill or died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question14\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Should I get vaccinated if I already had COVID-19? And how long should I wait after I’ve had COVID-19 to get it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yes.\u003c/a> The level of protection you receive from the vaccine is higher than what you get from having had COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC\u003c/a>, once you’ve recovered and completed your isolation requirements, you can get the vaccine. However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC says\u003c/a> people who were treated for COVID-19 with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma should wait 90 days before getting the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question15\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: If I’m vaccinated, can I stop wearing a mask and get close to people again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">No\u003c/a>. Even if you’re vaccinated, you can still get and transmit the disease. Remember, the trials only thoroughly tested how well the vaccine protects against the symptoms of COVID-19. Researchers are still studying whether the vaccine prevents infection and transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question16\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: I am immunosuppressed; should I still get the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunocompromised people are at a higher risk for severe COVID-19. While there is no data on mRNA vaccines in people who are immunocompromised, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC\u003c/a> does not recommend against it, but does recommend people be counseled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question17\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Do the COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/10/technology/pfizer-vaccine-infertility-disinformation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no evidence\u003c/a> that COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility. In early December, an internet post spread a false rumor about this, but it was proven \u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/dec/10/blog-posting/no-pfizers-head-research-didnt-say-covid-19-vaccin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to be untrue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question18\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Does the vaccine allow any authority to track me?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-microchip-not-injected-covi/fact-check-covid-19-vaccine-labels-would-not-microchip-or-track-individuals-but-serve-logistical-purpose-idUSKBN28O1TM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">No\u003c/a>. There is a microchip on the syringe’s label (not inside the actual vaccine) that tracks the vaccine’s expiration date and whether it has been used. It does not track who receives the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question19\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: How do I get the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11855623/where-can-i-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-in-the-bay-area-your-questions-answered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Where Can I Get a COVID-19 Vaccine in the Bay Area? \u003c/a>” post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MyTurn\u003c/a> website will tell you if you’re eligible for the vaccine and when appointments are available. If you’re not eligible, you can register to receive a notification when you become eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*If you are wondering whether you should get a vaccine, contact your health provider.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Answers to some of the most frequently asked questions health experts are hearing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846737,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":119,"wordCount":4328},"headData":{"title":"Your COVID-19 Vaccine Questions, From Side Effects to Safety | KQED","description":"Answers to some of the most frequently asked questions health experts are hearing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Your COVID-19 Vaccine Questions, From Side Effects to Safety","datePublished":"2021-02-25T02:30:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:32:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Coronavirus","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Carolina Cuellar, Peter Arcuni","path":"/science/1972824/covid-19-vaccine-your-questions-answered","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated April 26, 2021, 5:53 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11870973/cdc-vaccine-committee-votes-to-recommend-jj-vaccine-use-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lifted a 10-day pause\u003c/a> of Johnson & Johnson’s coronavirus vaccine. Bay Area counties followed suit, announcing they would resume using the single-dose shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/13/world/johnson-vaccine-blood-clots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> halted\u003c/a> the use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine on April 13 “out of an abundance of caution” after a rare type of \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blood-clots-and-the-johnson-johnson-vaccine-what-we-know-so-far/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">blood clot\u003c/a> showed up in 6 women within about two weeks of receiving the vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Safety is our top priority. This pause was an example of our extensive safety monitoring working as they were designed to work — identifying even these small number of cases,” said Acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Janet Woodcock in a statement. “We’ve lifted the pause based on the FDA and CDC’s review of all available data and in consultation with medical experts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, the CDC updated the total to 15 women, ages 18 to 59, who experienced a combination of rare blood clots and low platelets between 6 and 15 days after vaccination. Over the weekend, UCSF announced that it was treating a male patient in his 30s for the condition, which is known as vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11869210","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In the U.S., roughly eight million people have received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relative risk is really, really low for these severe blood clots,” said Dr. Catherine Blish, infectious disease specialist at Stanford Medicine. If you develop a severe headache, abdominal pain, leg pain, or shortness of breath within three weeks of receiving the vaccine, seek medical treatment with your health care provider or an urgent care clinic or hospital emergency room, and let the provider know you received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said in a statement earlier this month that one purpose of the pause was to let health care providers know what to do. The usual treatment for blood clots, a blood-thinning medication called heparin, can be dangerous used for this type of clot, and the CDC is alerting health providers to be prepared to offer alternate treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11855623,news_11861322","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>We’ve searched for and compiled answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about the vaccine. Our answers come from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/after-dark-online-covid-catchup?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=Social&UTM_campaign=FY21AfterDark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">live Q&A\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> featuring Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the UCSF Department of Medicine, and Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, chair of the UCSF Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. We also consulted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the World Health Organization and various other medical associations and journal articles. For those of you who want to dig deeper, we’ve linked to some of those.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"backtotop\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Jump to a question:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question1\">How were the vaccines developed so quickly?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question2\">How do people know the vaccines are safe and effective?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question3\">What are the possible side effects of getting a vaccine?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question4\">But the FDA approved this vaccine after two months of observation; isn’t there a chance a really bad side effect could show up much later?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question11\">Why do you need multiple doses and how long does your immunity last?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question5\">Do the vaccines give me the virus?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question6\">Do the vaccines work against the variants?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question7\">Can you still get and transmit COVID-19 if you’ve been vaccinated?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question8\">Should you get vaccinated if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question9\">Were the vaccines tested on racially and ethnically diverse populations? Were they effective for a range of races/ethnicities?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question10\">What are the differences between the vaccines? Is one better than the others?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question12\">Are the vaccines safe for all ages? When will children be eligible?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question13\">Why should people in their 20s and 30s get vaccinated?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question14\">Should I get vaccinated if I already had COVID-19? And how long should I wait after I’ve had COVID-19 to get it?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question15\">If I’m vaccinated, can I stop wearing a mask and get close to people again?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question16\">I am immunosuppressed, should I still get the vaccine?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question17\">Do the COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question18\">Does the vaccine allow any authority to track me?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#question19\">How do I get the vaccine?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question1\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: How were the vaccines developed so quickly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. government agencies and private companies collaborated on a project called \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Operation-Warp-Speed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a> to fast-track the coronavirus vaccine. This accelerated timeline doesn’t mean any steps were skipped in the testing stages for the vaccines. The shortcuts related to funding and to dialogue and planning, which went quickly since everyone had the same goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, companies hesitate to manufacture a vaccine until they’re in the FDA approval process. It’s a big risk to invest a lot of money in manufacturing without knowing whether the vaccine will be approved. But under Operation Warp Speed, governments pre-paid for the vaccines to eliminate the financial risk for the companies involved. This allowed them to manufacture the vaccine at the same time they were doing the testing. So when the testing was complete, a lot of doses were already available to distribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason for how quickly these vaccines were developed is that the processes used for making the vaccines aren’t new. mRNA had already been studied for years, and and was being developed for other infectious diseases. Because of this, researchers already knew how to make an mRNA vaccine and could customize development and testing for SARS-CoV-2. Adenovirus vaccines, the method used by Johnson & Johnson, are common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA authorized the emergency use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a thorough analysis of the data, the FDA’s scientists and physicians have determined that the vaccine meets the FDA’s expectations for safety and effectiveness appropriate for theauthorization of a vaccine for emergency use,” Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D. and director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA paused the use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine on April 13 to investigate 6 cases in which a rare blood clot developed, out of the roughly 7 million people who’d received the vaccine in the U.S. to that point. Medical experts say that the risk of developing a blood clot from COVID-19 is \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33254369/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50 times higher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The halt on Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen coronavirus vaccine was lifted 10 days later on April 23 after a review of the initial six cases and 9 additional cases by the FDA and CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have concluded that the known and potential benefits of the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine outweigh its known and potential risks in individuals 18 years of age and older,” said Acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Janet Woodcock in a statement. “We are confident that this vaccine continues to meet our standards for safety, effectiveness and quality. We recommend people with questions about which vaccine is right for them have those discussions with their health care provider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question2\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: How do people know the vaccines are safe and effective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.modernatx.com/sites/default/files/content_documents/mRNA-1273-Update-11-16-20-Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-third-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johnson & Johnson\u003c/a> conducted full trials and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/media/143890/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">didn’t skip any steps\u003c/a> in the stages of testing for the vaccines’ safety and efficacy. The \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Aug/13/2002476369/-1/-1/0/200813-D-ZZ999-100.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stages\u003c/a> included testing in animals and an application for FDA approval to test in humans. Then the drug companies tested the vaccine in a small number of individuals before conducting tests in tens of thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only part of this process that was shorter than usual was in how long drug companies observed people for long-term side effects before requesting FDA authorization to distribute the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would normally wait, let’s say, six months after testing of the vaccine,” Wachter said. “They waited two months, and why? Because this was an absolute emergency and a catastrophe. And so in waiting extra months, there would have been hundreds of thousands of people that would have died.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA recently resumed the rollout of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine after a short pause to investigate incidents of a rare blood clot showing up in a small percentage of people in the U.S. who received this vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a pause like this is normal when a new medication or vaccine becomes available to the public, and does not indicate that the Johnson & Johnson vaccine is dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relative risk is really, really low for these severe blood clots,” said Dr. Catherine Blish, infectious disease specialist at Stanford Medicine after the initial reports. “So we’ve had the six cases out of almost seven million vaccines delivered, which is about one in a million. And while this has been hugely controversial, the birth control pills are associated with about one in 1000-100 rate of blood clots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA was asking for a minimum of 50% efficacy against the coronavirus. After two doses, Pfizer-BioNTech’s vaccine is 95% effective at preventing the symptoms of COVID-19 and Moderna’s is a little over 94%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine is about 77% effective in preventing severe/critical COVID-19 occurring at least 14 days after vaccination and 85% effective in preventing severe/critical COVID-19 occurring at least 28 days after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those results and the safety records are why the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained#:~:text=An%20Emergency%20Use%20Authorization%20(EUA)%20is%20a%20mechanism%20to%20facilitate,the%20current%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authorized\u003c/a> the emergency use of these vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question3\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: What are the possible side effects of getting a vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possible short-term side effects for all the vaccines include pain, swelling and redness at the injection site, as well as tiredness, chills and headaches. If you get side effects, they would typically start within a day or two of injection and last a few days. The side effects, experts note, are your immune system telling you the vaccine is working and your body is creating antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself experiencing these side effects, consult your doctor before taking over-the-counter medication such as ibuprofen, aspirin, antihistamines or acetaminophen. Also, don’t take these medications before you get the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC reports that a December study found that a small fraction of people — 11.1 recipients per million doses administered — had a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, which can be lethal. The CDC has listed a few allergies that could \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prevent\u003c/a> someone from getting the vaccine. The agency also recommends people get screened for allergies before receiving the vaccine, and that vaccine sites have epinephrine injections available. If you have allergies, you may wish to consult your doctor about the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two systems that allow you or your doctor to report any unusual side effects to officials at the CDC and elsewhere: \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/vsafe.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">V-safe\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://vaers.hhs.gov/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">VAERS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 15 cases confirmed by the CDC in which blood clots developed, it happened within three weeks after receiving the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. If you develop a severe headache, abdominal pain, leg pain, or shortness of breath within three weeks of receiving the vaccine, seek medical treatment with your health care provider or an urgent care clinic or hospital emergency room, and let the provider know you received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question4\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: But the FDA approved this vaccine after two months of observation; isn’t there a chance a really bad side effect could show up much later?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to experts, says Wachter, in the history of vaccines there have been no instances of a serious, worrisome side effect that didn’t show up in the first two months. So while no one is saying it’s impossible for a long-term side effect to emerge later, both Wachter and Bibbins-Domingo say the risk of that is not even close to the risk of contracting COVID-19 and dying or ending up with long-term physical problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly not a close call, especially when you look at the surge in California, and also when you look at how much we really are still learning about how much the coronavirus affects the body,” said Bibbins-Domingo. “People should talk to their doctors, they should ask questions, but really the balance is in favor of getting this vaccine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While regulators don’t yet know whether there’s a link between the vaccine and the extremely rare cases of blood clots. \u003cem>If there is\u003c/em>, it could be an example of the kind of thing that only occurs one in a million times. This type of case, then, typically only shows up once the number of vaccinated people rises above one million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23640658/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">many medications\u003c/a> including birth control pills, carry a higher risk for blood clots. And the risk of developing a blood clot from COVID-19 is \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33254369/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50 times higher\u003c/a> than if you get the Johnson and Johnson vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question11\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Why do you need multiple doses for some of the vaccines and how long does your immunity last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines, the first dose gives you most of the protection against severe disease, and the second dose takes you all the way there. Plus experts think the second dose may extend how long the vaccine lasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourteen days after your first dose of either vaccine, you are 80% protected on average, says Wachter. In case that makes you think about skipping the second dose, remember that the vaccine trials were two doses, so what we know about how well the vaccine works depends on two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still don’t know exactly how long your immunity will last after receiving both doses. Only a few months of data on the vaccines exist so far. But, says Bibbins-Domingo, there are indications they will provide longer-term immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who received the Johnson & Johnson single dose vaccine before the FDA halted its use, it becomes more effective after 28 days at preventing severe or critical illness, at 85%; overall protection stays about the same, at 66% after 14 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question5\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Do the vaccines give me the coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. None of the vaccines contain live coronavirus or synthetic coronavirus. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/how-they-work.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">They train\u003c/a> your immune system to make antibodies against the coronavirus and then disappears. You cannot get COVID-19 from the vaccine. Also, mRNA vaccines do not interact with your DNA because the mRNA does not enter the cell nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antibodies your immune system creates protect you from the symptoms of COVID-19, especially severe symptoms. It’s important to keep in mind, however, that the time between getting the vaccine and producing these antibodies is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">several weeks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mRNA vaccine is the newer technology; Marla Broadfoot, a Ph.D. geneticist who’s also an independent journalist, likes to compare mRNA to scratch paper on which you write a note then throw away when you’re done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“mRNA is a kind of molecular scratch paper that carries these instructions around the cell where they can be used to construct proteins,” she \u003ca href=\"https://healthjournalism.org/blog/2021/02/when-writing-about-sars-cov-2-variants-utilize-metaphors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told\u003c/a> the \u003ca href=\"https://healthjournalism.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Association of Health Care Journalists\u003c/a>. “In the case of the COVID-19 vaccines, the mRNA is giving our cells instructions for making the spike protein, a harmless bit of the coronavirus. Our cells recognize the protein as foreign and make antibodies against it and against the virus. In the meantime, the mRNA scratch paper disintegrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses a common virus, engineered so it cannot infect you, to prompt your body to make the spike protein and the antibodies against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question6\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Do the vaccines work against the variants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. You may have heard otherwise, but the important point is that the vaccines are highly effective against the variants in preventing severe disease — that is, preventing hospitalizations and deaths. It’s true the vaccines were less \u003cem>potent \u003c/em>against the variants in lab tests, meaning they generated fewer antibodies. However, the vaccines trigger a range of immune responses in addition to antibodies, and the immune response is so robust that it can lose a good bit of potency and still be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts think a vaccinated person who contracts a variant of the coronavirus may experience mild or moderate symptoms a little more than they would with the original coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s normal for viruses to mutate, and scientists expected it. The important point is that every infection the vaccines prevent denies the coronavirus a chance to mutate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question7\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Can you still get and transmit COVID-19 if you’ve been vaccinated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial trials tested vaccines on how effective they are at preventing severe disease. These studies did not examine whether the vaccines prevent infection or transmission of that infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early evidence suggests that the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines may be able prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/p0329-COVID-19-Vaccines.html\">recent CDC study\u003c/a> with roughly 4,000 participants showed that mRNA vaccines were effective at preventing coronavirus infections in real-world conditions. Results showed that after partial vaccination, the risk of infection was reduced by 80 percent. Two weeks or more following the second dose of the vaccine, the risk of infection was reduced by 90 percent. More research is needed to confirm these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo says that all indications are that vaccines have the ability to prevent infection, but this is still being studied. The uncertainty about this is why people who’ve had the vaccine are advised to continue to wear masks and socially distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question8\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Should you get vaccinated if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccines were not studied in pregnant and nursing women. Based on the review of the data on how the mRNA vaccines work and on the side effects, says Bibbins-Domingo, medical authorities say pregnant and nursing women should consider getting the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women are at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/pregnancy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher risk\u003c/a> than other women of having severe illness if they contract COVID-19, according to the CDC, and might be at higher risk of preterm birth or other complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-moderna-covid-19-mrna-1273-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">World Health Organization\u003c/a> says women who are at high risk of exposure or who have underlying health conditions may receive the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/vaccinating-pregnant-and-lactating-patients-against-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/cdn.smfm.org/media/2591/SMFM_Vaccine_Statement_12-1-20_(final).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine \u003c/a>say the vaccine should not be withheld from pregnant women who wish to receive it. Both organizations objected to excluding pregnant and lactating women from the vaccine trials, and they are pressing for future trials to include these groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question9\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Were the vaccines tested on racially and ethnically diverse populations? Were they effective for a range of races/ethnicities?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. And yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies gathered demographic information from participants in the study. Both of the vaccine clinical trials included a smaller percentage of Blacks and Asians than in the U.S. population and a roughly similar percentage of Latinos. Here’s where you can find the demographic information for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna’s\u003c/a> vaccine, and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer-BioNTech’s\u003c/a>. And here’s the \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. population\u003c/a> from the census as of 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus has hit certain populations much harder: Black, Latino, Indigenous and lower-income people are suffering high rates of COVID-19 and are among the most important groups to be vaccinated. At the same time, says Bibbins-Domingo, they may have serious questions about the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes these same communities have very legitimate concerns about trusting government, trusting the medical establishment, trusting science, because of historical instances where, really, there is basis for that mistrust,” said Bibbins-Domingo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States’ history of medical exploitation, especially of minorities, includes incidents like the widely condemned \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013281q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tuskegee experiment\u003c/a> on Black men with syphilis, from 1932-1972, and the forced sterilization of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449330/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ihpi.umich.edu/news/forced-sterilization-policies-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-disabilities-and-lasted-21st\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">African American\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2015.1083229?journalCode=rwhr20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Native American\u003c/a> women as late as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449330/\">1970s\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are many examples of racist treatment throughout the history of health care, there are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11861322/were-learning-the-wrong-lessons-from-the-tuskegee-experiment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failures\u003c/a> in America’s current health care system that reinforce structures of racism and drive distrust. And the country’s immigration debate can also show \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/04/why-can-t-i-micro-chip-an-illegal/340979/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">why it’s hard\u003c/a> for people of color to trust government health projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo encourages people to seek answers to their questions, particularly from doctors or organizations they trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area organizations such as \u003ca href=\"https://rootsclinic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Roots Community Health Center\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://chaaweb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Health for Asian Americans\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://thelatinacenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Latina Center\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nativehealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Native American Health Center\u003c/a> serve their communities and understand the historical factors and current struggles that influence perceptions of the health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question11\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: What are the differences between the vaccines? Is one better than the others?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are essentially the same; they are both mRNA vaccines, with the same side effects and the same effectiveness. The way they prompt your immune system to respond and make antibodies is the same. The main difference is which fat globule they use to get the mRNA into the cell. Both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses a different delivery system involving \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a disabled adenovirus\u003c/a> to trigger your immune system to make antibodies against the coronavirus. It requires only on shot. Its use was halted on April 13, 2021, as the CDC and FDA review 6 cases of women who developed blood clots within a couple of weeks of receiving the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/press-release-03-15-2021-Bay-Area-health-officers-statement-COVID19-vaccine.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A joint statement\u003c/a> signed by all of the Bay Area’s health officers in March noted that the vaccines are “100 percent effective in preventing deaths from COVID-19. Our collective medical advice is this: the best vaccine is the one you can get the soonest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question12\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Are the vaccines safe for all ages? When will children be eligible?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer-BioNTech’s vaccine was tested and found safe for ages 16 and up. The Moderna vaccine was authorized for ages 18 and up. Before the FDA halted its use, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was authorized for ages 18 and up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug companies have to test the vaccine in an age group before they can show it’s safe for those ages. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna are currently testing the vaccine in both young children and adolescents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer-BioNTech recently announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210331005503/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">results of a Phase 3 clinical trial\u003c/a> that showed the vaccine was effective and well-tolerated in adolescents aged 12-15. However, the vaccine has not yet been authorized by the FDA for use in adolescents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-will-kids-get-covid-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Some health experts\u003c/a> say vaccines could be authorized for adolescents this summer and for young children in early 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people 65 and older, the risk from COVID-19 is much higher than the risk of the vaccine. Very elderly and frail people with underlying health conditions should be evaluated before receiving the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question13\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Why should people in their 20s and 30s get vaccinated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While young people are less likely to get really sick from COVID-19, they can still get and spread the virus. Also, many young people are in contact with parents, grandparents and others who are older and more at risk. Finally, while the likelihood of a young person getting a serious case requiring hospitalization is lower, some have become seriously ill or died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question14\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Should I get vaccinated if I already had COVID-19? And how long should I wait after I’ve had COVID-19 to get it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yes.\u003c/a> The level of protection you receive from the vaccine is higher than what you get from having had COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC\u003c/a>, once you’ve recovered and completed your isolation requirements, you can get the vaccine. However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC says\u003c/a> people who were treated for COVID-19 with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma should wait 90 days before getting the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question15\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: If I’m vaccinated, can I stop wearing a mask and get close to people again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">No\u003c/a>. Even if you’re vaccinated, you can still get and transmit the disease. Remember, the trials only thoroughly tested how well the vaccine protects against the symptoms of COVID-19. Researchers are still studying whether the vaccine prevents infection and transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question16\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: I am immunosuppressed; should I still get the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunocompromised people are at a higher risk for severe COVID-19. While there is no data on mRNA vaccines in people who are immunocompromised, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC\u003c/a> does not recommend against it, but does recommend people be counseled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question17\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Do the COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/10/technology/pfizer-vaccine-infertility-disinformation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no evidence\u003c/a> that COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility. In early December, an internet post spread a false rumor about this, but it was proven \u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/dec/10/blog-posting/no-pfizers-head-research-didnt-say-covid-19-vaccin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to be untrue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question18\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: Does the vaccine allow any authority to track me?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-microchip-not-injected-covi/fact-check-covid-19-vaccine-labels-would-not-microchip-or-track-individuals-but-serve-logistical-purpose-idUSKBN28O1TM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">No\u003c/a>. There is a microchip on the syringe’s label (not inside the actual vaccine) that tracks the vaccine’s expiration date and whether it has been used. It does not track who receives the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"question19\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Q: How do I get the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11855623/where-can-i-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-in-the-bay-area-your-questions-answered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Where Can I Get a COVID-19 Vaccine in the Bay Area? \u003c/a>” post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MyTurn\u003c/a> website will tell you if you’re eligible for the vaccine and when appointments are available. If you’re not eligible, you can register to receive a notification when you become eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*If you are wondering whether you should get a vaccine, contact your health provider.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972824/covid-19-vaccine-your-questions-answered","authors":["byline_science_1972824"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_43","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4368","science_4417","science_4414","science_5181","science_410"],"featImg":"science_1972844","label":"source_science_1972824"},"science_1972130":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972130","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972130","score":null,"sort":[1610151448000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heres-how-the-u-s-can-jump-start-its-sluggish-covid-19-vaccine-rollout","title":"Here's How the U.S. Can Jump-Start Its Sluggish COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout","publishDate":1610151448,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Here’s How the U.S. Can Jump-Start Its Sluggish COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This time last year, the world was heading into a pandemic that would upend everything and cost 1.9 million lives — and counting. The promise of the new year is that vaccines are finally here and offer a way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vaccination campaign has gotten off to a sluggish start in the U.S. Instead of 20 million people vaccinated by the end of 2020 — a frequent promise of the Trump administration — only around \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations\">6 million people\u003c/a> have gotten their first dose so far. Explanations for this include \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/01/07/954324536/december-was-pandemics-deadliest-month-vaccine-process-has-been-slow\">the holidays\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/31/952208601/u-s-likely-will-miss-goal-of-vaccinating-20-million-by-the-new-year\">snowstorms\u003c/a> and the need to train health care workers to give the shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But case and death counts keep rising, making widespread vaccination more urgent than ever. So how can the U.S. jump-start the COVID-19 vaccination campaign?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR talked to more than a dozen public health experts to get their views. Here are their takeaways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Get the money flowing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the way back in September, CDC Director Robert Redfield \u003ca href=\"https://www.c-span.org/video/?475764-1/coronavirus-vaccine-widely-late-2021-cdc-director\">testified in Congress\u003c/a> that “the time is now” to get billions of dollars for COVID-19 vaccine distribution out to states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that didn’t happen, and public health officials say the delay in federal funding is in part to blame for the slow start of the vaccination campaign. This week, the federal government announced that some of the nearly $9 billion included in the December COVID-19 relief package is \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2021/01/06/hhs-announces-22-billion-in-funding-to-support-expanded-testing-vaccination-distribution.html\">on its way to states\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking forward to getting that money, which will be critical for several aspects of our response,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.health.pa.gov/About/Pages/Leadership.aspx\">Dr. Rachel Levine\u003c/a>, Pennsylvania’s secretary of health and president of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, told NPR in a press briefing. She says the money will be used to contract companies to run community vaccination clinics and execute on a vaccine public awareness campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kansas health secretary \u003ca href=\"https://www.kdheks.gov/administration/\">Dr. Lee Norman\u003c/a> says the money will allow his state “to purchase some vehicles for mobile vaccination, to bring on additional personnel” and do outreach to communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials expect that it’s going to take at least three weeks for that money to get \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cdc-funding-covid-19-vaccination-activities.pdf\">from the CDC to the states\u003c/a>, and then more time to get to the front line of the vaccine effort. When it arrives, experts expect the campaign to ramp up quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Bring in more vaccines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two vaccines currently authorized in the U.S. — made by Pfizer and Moderna — are complicated to handle. They’re both frozen — one requires storage at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">ultracold temperatures\u003c/a> and dilution in the field — they require patients to be observed for at least 15 minutes after getting their shot, and patients need to return several weeks later for a second dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complexity has slowed things down, and new, simpler vaccine candidates on the horizon could help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Providers point out that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fcovid-19%2Finfo-by-product%2Fpfizer%2Fclinical-considerations.html\">clinical guidance\u003c/a> for how to properly administer the two available vaccines came out at the same time that doses were arriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not that the vaccines are rolling off the trucks and we’re able to administer it immediately,” says \u003ca href=\"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/16dhmh/html/dhmh.html\">Dr. Jinlene Chan\u003c/a>, deputy secretary of public health services at the Maryland Department of Health. “Training is important to make sure that we deliver the right amount of vaccines for every individual and do it in a safe manner and as efficiently as possible without waste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as health care workers get the hang of handling these Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, officials are looking ahead to other promising vaccine candidates that would add to the available supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have heard that both Johnson & Johnson as well as AstraZeneca plan to submit their proposals for an [Emergency Use Authorization] by the end of this month or in February,” says Levine of ASTHO. “We’ll see how the science is and what the FDA and the CDC decide — but potentially the distribution of more vaccines, especially the one-dose Johnson and Johnson [vaccine], would ramp things up significantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither of these vaccines have the ultracold storage requirements that the Pfizer vaccine does — they can be kept at refrigerator or freezer temperatures for longer, giving planners much more flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://hshm.yale.edu/people/jason-schwartz\">Jason Schwartz\u003c/a>, health policy professor at Yale University, agrees that there’s a lot of enthusiasm for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. “A one-dose vaccine would be a game changer for the vaccination program here in the United States in the months ahead,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since many vaccine candidates are already being manufactured and can be ready to go once federal health agencies give the green light, the stock of vaccine that’s available could increase very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once there are more vaccine doses to go around, “we can distribute more generously to doctors’ offices, federally qualified health care centers, rural health centers, chain pharmacies, retail pharmacies, community pharmacies — we can’t distribute to all of those places if we don’t have enough quantity,” says Kentucky public health commissioner Dr. Steven Stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Open up the ‘mega-sites’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the vaccines have been mostly delivered to hospitals to reach front-line health workers and long-term care facilities for residents and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several states, including \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org/articles/nj-coronavirus-update-fraction-of-vaccines-distributed-two-mega-sites-to-open-friday/\">New Jersey\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/public-health/2021/01/07/dallas-countys-first-mega-public-covid-vaccination-site-will-be-at-fair-park/\">Texas\u003c/a>, are starting up “mega-sites” — vaccination clinics designed to vaccinate hundreds or thousands of people each day. More of these venues will likely crop up across the country as federal funding allows health officials to hire temporary staff and pay for space and supplies, and as soon as the supply of vaccine is steady enough to keep these clinics stocked at full volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There should be “mass vaccination clinics in high school gymnasiums, convention centers, and mall parking lots in every county in America,” says Schwartz. These types of sites will be essential as the pool of people eligible to get vaccinated expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to making this work at the scale needed is federal funding and logistical support, Schwartz argues, since hospitals are already overstretched caring for COVID-19 patients, and local and state governments don’t have the money to pull it off on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Make the supply more predictable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If vaccine providers have doses of vaccine ready to go, but no one is scheduled to receive them, that’s a problem. It’s also a problem if there are patients scheduled — but no vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Once], our Moderna shipment just didn’t show up; we have no idea where it went,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/182920\">Dr. Grace Lee\u003c/a>, a medical officer at Stanford Children’s Hospital who serves as a vaccine adviser for the CDC and California. “We were planning around those doses, so we had to slow down for a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A match between supply and demand is key to making the vaccination campaign go smoothly. There was a major hiccup at the federal level early on: General Gus Perna, the logistics lead of Operation Warp Speed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/19/948349851/warp-speed-official-7-9-million-doses-of-vaccine-ready-for-distribution-next-wee\">had to apologize\u003c/a> for telling states that more vaccine would be available than was actually ready to go. State and local officials say predictability has gotten better, but there are still inconsistencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A steadier supply of vaccine doses would help vaccine providers plan so that there are patients ready to go for every dose that comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Unleash the public awareness campaigns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one more key to a speedy vaccine rollout: a public ready and eager to get vaccinated. Health officials in Kentucky, Ohio and other states say that hesitancy has slowed down their vaccination campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To combat misinformation and reassure the public that the vaccines are safe and effective, comprehensive public awareness campaigns will be crucial. That includes national efforts from the \u003ca href=\"https://joebiden.com/covid-plan/\">incoming Biden administration\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/04/943151549/and-now-for-an-important-message-convincing-you-to-get-the-coronavirus-vaccine\">$50 million ad campaign\u003c/a> planned by the Ad Council, alongside state and local efforts to get the word out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States need to have vaccine confidence outreach teams that are fully resourced to go out into communities and educate members of the public about the importance of these vaccines,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.immunize.org/aboutus/iacstaff.asp\">Dr. Kelly Moore\u003c/a>, deputy director of the nonprofit advocacy group the Immunization Action Coalition. Those teams will need “to answer their questions, to dispel myths, to encourage them to make a decision to be vaccinated and to communicate with them about how they receive the vaccine in their own state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort needs to be state-specific since every state has a slightly different distribution plan, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.naccho.org/about/staff\">Adriane Casalotti\u003c/a>, chief of government and public affairs at NACCHO, the National Association of County and City Health Officials. Otherwise, “people are watching the nightly news and really trying to figure out, ‘Why do these people have access but these people [in another state] don’t?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Michigan, at the Washtenaw County Health Department, there’s a team dedicated to answering emails and calls about vaccine distribution. “We’ve been inundated for weeks now with questions about ‘When and where can I get my vaccine?’ ” says spokesperson \u003ca href=\"https://www.washtenaw.org/directory.aspx?EID=222\">Susan Ringler-Cerniglia\u003c/a>. “It’s been a challenge because people want and expect us to be able to tell them this date and this time, and we’re just not there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the long-awaited federal funding comes in and health departments are able to ramp up vaccine administration and activate their communication plans, they’re hoping to be able to get those answers out to the public soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rob Stein and Allison Aubrey contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+How+The+U.S.+Can+Jump+Start+Its+Sluggish+COVID-19+Vaccine+Rollout&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With case and death counts still surging, the pressure is on to vaccinate as many people as possible. Here's what it will take to get more Americans their shots, fast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846846,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":1647},"headData":{"title":"Here's How the U.S. Can Jump-Start Its Sluggish COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout | KQED","description":"With case and death counts still surging, the pressure is on to vaccinate as many people as possible. Here's what it will take to get more Americans their shots, fast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Here's How the U.S. Can Jump-Start Its Sluggish COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout","datePublished":"2021-01-09T00:17:28.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:34:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Joseph Prezioso","nprByline":"Pien Huang\u003cbr />NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"954662748","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=954662748&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/08/954662748/heres-how-the-u-s-can-jump-start-its-sluggish-covid-19-vaccine-rollout?ft=nprml&f=954662748","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 08 Jan 2021 11:15:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 08 Jan 2021 06:00:42 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 08 Jan 2021 11:15:17 -0500","path":"/science/1972130/heres-how-the-u-s-can-jump-start-its-sluggish-covid-19-vaccine-rollout","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This time last year, the world was heading into a pandemic that would upend everything and cost 1.9 million lives — and counting. The promise of the new year is that vaccines are finally here and offer a way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vaccination campaign has gotten off to a sluggish start in the U.S. Instead of 20 million people vaccinated by the end of 2020 — a frequent promise of the Trump administration — only around \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations\">6 million people\u003c/a> have gotten their first dose so far. Explanations for this include \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/01/07/954324536/december-was-pandemics-deadliest-month-vaccine-process-has-been-slow\">the holidays\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/31/952208601/u-s-likely-will-miss-goal-of-vaccinating-20-million-by-the-new-year\">snowstorms\u003c/a> and the need to train health care workers to give the shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But case and death counts keep rising, making widespread vaccination more urgent than ever. So how can the U.S. jump-start the COVID-19 vaccination campaign?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR talked to more than a dozen public health experts to get their views. Here are their takeaways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Get the money flowing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the way back in September, CDC Director Robert Redfield \u003ca href=\"https://www.c-span.org/video/?475764-1/coronavirus-vaccine-widely-late-2021-cdc-director\">testified in Congress\u003c/a> that “the time is now” to get billions of dollars for COVID-19 vaccine distribution out to states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that didn’t happen, and public health officials say the delay in federal funding is in part to blame for the slow start of the vaccination campaign. This week, the federal government announced that some of the nearly $9 billion included in the December COVID-19 relief package is \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2021/01/06/hhs-announces-22-billion-in-funding-to-support-expanded-testing-vaccination-distribution.html\">on its way to states\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking forward to getting that money, which will be critical for several aspects of our response,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.health.pa.gov/About/Pages/Leadership.aspx\">Dr. Rachel Levine\u003c/a>, Pennsylvania’s secretary of health and president of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, told NPR in a press briefing. She says the money will be used to contract companies to run community vaccination clinics and execute on a vaccine public awareness campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kansas health secretary \u003ca href=\"https://www.kdheks.gov/administration/\">Dr. Lee Norman\u003c/a> says the money will allow his state “to purchase some vehicles for mobile vaccination, to bring on additional personnel” and do outreach to communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials expect that it’s going to take at least three weeks for that money to get \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cdc-funding-covid-19-vaccination-activities.pdf\">from the CDC to the states\u003c/a>, and then more time to get to the front line of the vaccine effort. When it arrives, experts expect the campaign to ramp up quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Bring in more vaccines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two vaccines currently authorized in the U.S. — made by Pfizer and Moderna — are complicated to handle. They’re both frozen — one requires storage at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">ultracold temperatures\u003c/a> and dilution in the field — they require patients to be observed for at least 15 minutes after getting their shot, and patients need to return several weeks later for a second dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complexity has slowed things down, and new, simpler vaccine candidates on the horizon could help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Providers point out that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fcovid-19%2Finfo-by-product%2Fpfizer%2Fclinical-considerations.html\">clinical guidance\u003c/a> for how to properly administer the two available vaccines came out at the same time that doses were arriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not that the vaccines are rolling off the trucks and we’re able to administer it immediately,” says \u003ca href=\"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/16dhmh/html/dhmh.html\">Dr. Jinlene Chan\u003c/a>, deputy secretary of public health services at the Maryland Department of Health. “Training is important to make sure that we deliver the right amount of vaccines for every individual and do it in a safe manner and as efficiently as possible without waste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as health care workers get the hang of handling these Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, officials are looking ahead to other promising vaccine candidates that would add to the available supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have heard that both Johnson & Johnson as well as AstraZeneca plan to submit their proposals for an [Emergency Use Authorization] by the end of this month or in February,” says Levine of ASTHO. “We’ll see how the science is and what the FDA and the CDC decide — but potentially the distribution of more vaccines, especially the one-dose Johnson and Johnson [vaccine], would ramp things up significantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither of these vaccines have the ultracold storage requirements that the Pfizer vaccine does — they can be kept at refrigerator or freezer temperatures for longer, giving planners much more flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://hshm.yale.edu/people/jason-schwartz\">Jason Schwartz\u003c/a>, health policy professor at Yale University, agrees that there’s a lot of enthusiasm for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. “A one-dose vaccine would be a game changer for the vaccination program here in the United States in the months ahead,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since many vaccine candidates are already being manufactured and can be ready to go once federal health agencies give the green light, the stock of vaccine that’s available could increase very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once there are more vaccine doses to go around, “we can distribute more generously to doctors’ offices, federally qualified health care centers, rural health centers, chain pharmacies, retail pharmacies, community pharmacies — we can’t distribute to all of those places if we don’t have enough quantity,” says Kentucky public health commissioner Dr. Steven Stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Open up the ‘mega-sites’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the vaccines have been mostly delivered to hospitals to reach front-line health workers and long-term care facilities for residents and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several states, including \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org/articles/nj-coronavirus-update-fraction-of-vaccines-distributed-two-mega-sites-to-open-friday/\">New Jersey\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/public-health/2021/01/07/dallas-countys-first-mega-public-covid-vaccination-site-will-be-at-fair-park/\">Texas\u003c/a>, are starting up “mega-sites” — vaccination clinics designed to vaccinate hundreds or thousands of people each day. More of these venues will likely crop up across the country as federal funding allows health officials to hire temporary staff and pay for space and supplies, and as soon as the supply of vaccine is steady enough to keep these clinics stocked at full volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There should be “mass vaccination clinics in high school gymnasiums, convention centers, and mall parking lots in every county in America,” says Schwartz. These types of sites will be essential as the pool of people eligible to get vaccinated expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to making this work at the scale needed is federal funding and logistical support, Schwartz argues, since hospitals are already overstretched caring for COVID-19 patients, and local and state governments don’t have the money to pull it off on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Make the supply more predictable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If vaccine providers have doses of vaccine ready to go, but no one is scheduled to receive them, that’s a problem. It’s also a problem if there are patients scheduled — but no vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Once], our Moderna shipment just didn’t show up; we have no idea where it went,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/182920\">Dr. Grace Lee\u003c/a>, a medical officer at Stanford Children’s Hospital who serves as a vaccine adviser for the CDC and California. “We were planning around those doses, so we had to slow down for a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A match between supply and demand is key to making the vaccination campaign go smoothly. There was a major hiccup at the federal level early on: General Gus Perna, the logistics lead of Operation Warp Speed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/19/948349851/warp-speed-official-7-9-million-doses-of-vaccine-ready-for-distribution-next-wee\">had to apologize\u003c/a> for telling states that more vaccine would be available than was actually ready to go. State and local officials say predictability has gotten better, but there are still inconsistencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A steadier supply of vaccine doses would help vaccine providers plan so that there are patients ready to go for every dose that comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Unleash the public awareness campaigns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one more key to a speedy vaccine rollout: a public ready and eager to get vaccinated. Health officials in Kentucky, Ohio and other states say that hesitancy has slowed down their vaccination campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To combat misinformation and reassure the public that the vaccines are safe and effective, comprehensive public awareness campaigns will be crucial. That includes national efforts from the \u003ca href=\"https://joebiden.com/covid-plan/\">incoming Biden administration\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/04/943151549/and-now-for-an-important-message-convincing-you-to-get-the-coronavirus-vaccine\">$50 million ad campaign\u003c/a> planned by the Ad Council, alongside state and local efforts to get the word out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States need to have vaccine confidence outreach teams that are fully resourced to go out into communities and educate members of the public about the importance of these vaccines,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.immunize.org/aboutus/iacstaff.asp\">Dr. Kelly Moore\u003c/a>, deputy director of the nonprofit advocacy group the Immunization Action Coalition. Those teams will need “to answer their questions, to dispel myths, to encourage them to make a decision to be vaccinated and to communicate with them about how they receive the vaccine in their own state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort needs to be state-specific since every state has a slightly different distribution plan, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.naccho.org/about/staff\">Adriane Casalotti\u003c/a>, chief of government and public affairs at NACCHO, the National Association of County and City Health Officials. Otherwise, “people are watching the nightly news and really trying to figure out, ‘Why do these people have access but these people [in another state] don’t?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Michigan, at the Washtenaw County Health Department, there’s a team dedicated to answering emails and calls about vaccine distribution. “We’ve been inundated for weeks now with questions about ‘When and where can I get my vaccine?’ ” says spokesperson \u003ca href=\"https://www.washtenaw.org/directory.aspx?EID=222\">Susan Ringler-Cerniglia\u003c/a>. “It’s been a challenge because people want and expect us to be able to tell them this date and this time, and we’re just not there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the long-awaited federal funding comes in and health departments are able to ramp up vaccine administration and activate their communication plans, they’re hoping to be able to get those answers out to the public soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rob Stein and Allison Aubrey contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+How+The+U.S.+Can+Jump+Start+Its+Sluggish+COVID-19+Vaccine+Rollout&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972130/heres-how-the-u-s-can-jump-start-its-sluggish-covid-19-vaccine-rollout","authors":["byline_science_1972130"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_4368","science_5181","science_410"],"featImg":"science_1972131","label":"source_science_1972130"},"science_1970329":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1970329","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1970329","score":null,"sort":[1602695080000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"facebook-bans-anti-vaccine-ads-but-keeps-pages-where-falsehoods-thrive","title":"Facebook Bans Anti-Vaccine Ads but Keeps Pages Where Falsehoods Thrive","publishDate":1602695080,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Facebook Bans Anti-Vaccine Ads but Keeps Pages Where Falsehoods Thrive | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Facebook rolled out a new policy on Tuesday aimed at cracking down on vaccine falsehoods, a ballooning problem for the social network as a growing number of users with neutral views about vaccines appear to turn into vocal opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy prohibits formal advertisements that discourage people from getting vaccinated, reversing a yearslong trend in which such ads were widely permitted. The site also said it will amplify factual messages from international public health authorities including the World Health Organization, as well as direct users in the U.S. to locations where they can get a flu shot. Those updates follow a number of other features released in recent months in a bid to combat misinformation about the pandemic and vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the policies released this week and updates issued over the summer do not address Facebook’s most virulent sources of health-related falsehoods: pages and groups. Vaccine misinformation has taken an increasingly strong foothold in those spaces in recent months, with some individuals using them to peddle and profit from falsehoods while flying under the radar of policies designed to police advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have identified pages and groups — not formal advertisements — as misinformation superspreaders. In \u003ca href=\"https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_7aa1bf9819904295a0493a013b285a6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a July report\u003c/a> assessing anti-vaccine rhetoric on Facebook, the nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate concluded that people using pages to make money off of vaccine misinformation had collectively attracted 28 million followers by June 2020. The analysis, which looked at 409 English-language social media accounts, found that such “anti-vaccination entrepreneurs” had seen their followers grow by 854,000 between May and June of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups are another large source of fuel for the vaccine misinformation fire. In these spaces, where members come together over a shared love of anything from organic foods to cats, conversations about nearly any subject can rapidly shift into discussions about vaccines, with people opposed to vaccines largely dominating the conversation. With more people physically distancing during the pandemic, more discussions are moving online — giving misinformation a place to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically like if you injected adrenaline into them,” Neil Johnson, professor of physics and researcher at the Institute for Data, Democracy & Politics at George Washington University, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2281-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published in Nature\u003c/a> in May, Johnson and his colleagues documented a sizable rise between February and October of 2019 in the number of users following Facebook pages that promoted anti-vaccine content. The research turned up a particularly troubling trend: While pages spreading vaccine falsehoods had fewer followers than pages that shared factual vaccine content, pages spreading falsehoods were more numerous, faster-growing, and increasingly more connected to neutral pages where people did not yet have a clear leaning one way or the other. To Johnson, the findings suggested that anti-vaccination rhetoric would dominate online discussion within the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCDH researchers identified a similar problem among Facebook groups, finding 64 that regularly shared vaccine misinformation. The groups garnered a collective following of 1 million people, and that figure is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when much of the world is approaching flu season and the possible rollout of a COVID-19 vaccination, the problem appears increasingly dire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 misinformation is the equivalent of an ideological dirty bomb: It has the capacity to hurt tens of thousands of people when it detonates in the moment that vaccines are available,” Imran Ahmed, founder and chief executive officer of the CCDH, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The new policy prohibits formal advertisements that discourage people from getting vaccinated, but does not address Facebook’s most virulent sources of health-related falsehoods: pages and groups.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846995,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":615},"headData":{"title":"Facebook Bans Anti-Vaccine Ads but Keeps Pages Where Falsehoods Thrive | KQED","description":"The new policy prohibits formal advertisements that discourage people from getting vaccinated, but does not address Facebook’s most virulent sources of health-related falsehoods: pages and groups.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Facebook Bans Anti-Vaccine Ads but Keeps Pages Where Falsehoods Thrive","datePublished":"2020-10-14T17:04:40.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:36:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"STAT","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Erin Brodwin\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/science/1970329/facebook-bans-anti-vaccine-ads-but-keeps-pages-where-falsehoods-thrive","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Facebook rolled out a new policy on Tuesday aimed at cracking down on vaccine falsehoods, a ballooning problem for the social network as a growing number of users with neutral views about vaccines appear to turn into vocal opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy prohibits formal advertisements that discourage people from getting vaccinated, reversing a yearslong trend in which such ads were widely permitted. The site also said it will amplify factual messages from international public health authorities including the World Health Organization, as well as direct users in the U.S. to locations where they can get a flu shot. Those updates follow a number of other features released in recent months in a bid to combat misinformation about the pandemic and vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the policies released this week and updates issued over the summer do not address Facebook’s most virulent sources of health-related falsehoods: pages and groups. Vaccine misinformation has taken an increasingly strong foothold in those spaces in recent months, with some individuals using them to peddle and profit from falsehoods while flying under the radar of policies designed to police advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have identified pages and groups — not formal advertisements — as misinformation superspreaders. In \u003ca href=\"https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_7aa1bf9819904295a0493a013b285a6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a July report\u003c/a> assessing anti-vaccine rhetoric on Facebook, the nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate concluded that people using pages to make money off of vaccine misinformation had collectively attracted 28 million followers by June 2020. The analysis, which looked at 409 English-language social media accounts, found that such “anti-vaccination entrepreneurs” had seen their followers grow by 854,000 between May and June of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups are another large source of fuel for the vaccine misinformation fire. In these spaces, where members come together over a shared love of anything from organic foods to cats, conversations about nearly any subject can rapidly shift into discussions about vaccines, with people opposed to vaccines largely dominating the conversation. With more people physically distancing during the pandemic, more discussions are moving online — giving misinformation a place to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically like if you injected adrenaline into them,” Neil Johnson, professor of physics and researcher at the Institute for Data, Democracy & Politics at George Washington University, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2281-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published in Nature\u003c/a> in May, Johnson and his colleagues documented a sizable rise between February and October of 2019 in the number of users following Facebook pages that promoted anti-vaccine content. The research turned up a particularly troubling trend: While pages spreading vaccine falsehoods had fewer followers than pages that shared factual vaccine content, pages spreading falsehoods were more numerous, faster-growing, and increasingly more connected to neutral pages where people did not yet have a clear leaning one way or the other. To Johnson, the findings suggested that anti-vaccination rhetoric would dominate online discussion within the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCDH researchers identified a similar problem among Facebook groups, finding 64 that regularly shared vaccine misinformation. The groups garnered a collective following of 1 million people, and that figure is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when much of the world is approaching flu season and the possible rollout of a COVID-19 vaccination, the problem appears increasingly dire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 misinformation is the equivalent of an ideological dirty bomb: It has the capacity to hurt tens of thousands of people when it detonates in the moment that vaccines are available,” Imran Ahmed, founder and chief executive officer of the CCDH, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1970329/facebook-bans-anti-vaccine-ads-but-keeps-pages-where-falsehoods-thrive","authors":["byline_science_1970329"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5181","science_410"],"featImg":"science_1970334","label":"source_science_1970329"},"science_1969199":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1969199","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1969199","score":null,"sort":[1599548503000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"we-all-want-the-covid-vaccine-to-fix-everything-but","title":"Yes, We All Want a COVID Vaccine to Fix Everything. But That's Unlikely","publishDate":1599548503,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Yes, We All Want a COVID Vaccine to Fix Everything. But That’s Unlikely | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p2\">With a mounting death toll, declining mental health, mandatory Zoom classrooms, fried parents and mass unemployment, the nation’s hopes have crystallized around the one thing that will make it all go away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">A vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Perhaps you’re imagining schools once again teeming with kids, stores full of shoppers, people ripping off their masks …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But that’s likely more of a Hollywood ending than what actually lies ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Experts cite potential hurdles in manufacturing and distribution, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">public distrust\u003c/span>, and the sheer scale required of any successful inoculation program as reasons the vaccine will not be a panacea for the current crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I don’t think we’re going to get a magic bullet,” said Dr. Arthur L. Caplan, professor of bioethics at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">While President Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-vaccine/trump-says-coronavirus-vaccine-possible-before-nov-3-idUSKCN25221Q\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">said\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last month a vaccine could be available before the election in November, more conservative estimates peg a possible early launch at the beginning of next year. If a drug company manages to successfully manufacture an effective immunization by then, it would be the fastest vaccine rollout in history. The speediest development to date occurred for the mumps vaccine — about four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Shortening that timeline is theoretically possible only because the entire scientific establishment, including more than 100 pharmaceutical and biotech companies, are on a quest to prevent the same disease. Yet, even a proven vaccine may only be the beginning of getting back to something approaching normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Even FDA approval is not the green light to say, ‘We’ve got a vaccine and everything’s over,'” said Caplan. “It would be very, very surprising if we got a very highly effective vaccine, first one out of the box for this particular virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Not All Vaccines Are Alike\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Even for those first in line for a shot, protection from the virus won’t be immediate — it takes weeks for the immune system to marshal its biological forces in the form of disease-fighting antibodies. And a vaccine that creates immunity for some people may not protect others. When a vaccine is approved for the general public, it will be the first time it’s administered on higher-risk groups, which are not typically enrolled in safety trials due to the difficulty of determining the cause of adverse reactions in those populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“People tend to look for what’s called a clean baseline in a study sample,” Caplan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">(After a vaccine is released, the Food and Drug Administration closely monitors any negative effects to determine if higher-risk groups are responding poorly.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In addition, evidence exists that vaccines do not work in some sub-populations. For example, people over 60 do not build much of an immune response to the flu shot. The immune system of people with cancer often prevents a vaccine from working, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547886/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">limited data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> suggests obesity reduces the effectiveness of immunizations.\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> These groups are also the most susceptible to the worst consequences of contracting the coronavirus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">T\u003c/span>he efficacy of vaccines has a wide range. The annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/vaccineeffect.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">flu shot\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is at one end of the spectrum, working 40% to 60% of the time. At the other end, the measles \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/measles/index.html#:~:text=Two%20doses%20of%20MMR%20vaccine%20are%20about%2097%25%20effective%20at,through%2012%20years%20of%20age.\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">vaccine\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is about 93% effective with a single shot and 97% with two doses. The National Institutes of Health is aiming for 50% effectiveness for a COVID-19 immunization, though scientists do not know how long that immunity will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Vaccinologists say there’s a good chance a coronavirus shot will not give you lifetime immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Logistical Obstacles\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Even once a vaccine exists, a drug company will need to manufacture billions of doses to treat populations around the world. That’s if it’s just one shot. Many vaccines require more than one, spaced at least a month apart to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“In the history of vaccines, anything like cholera, cervical cancer, anything that’s been a two‐shot vaccine has turned out to be a pain in the neck,” said Caplan. “People don’t comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">It’s difficult to make billions of anything safe and reliable. Plants go offline. Parts malfunction. Shortages will likely crop up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Making sure there is adequate access to syringes, vials, stoppers, gloves and even alcohol swabs is “going to be a challenge,” said Dr. Georges C. Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">More bottlenecks can unfold in distribution. Shipping, trucking or flying vaccines around the globe often requires deep refrigeration, at temperatures 112 degrees below zero. Successful transport will require technical expertise and thorough planning, both of which will be a challenge in poorer nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The troubled \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11806695/coronavirus-report-why-did-it-take-so-long-to-get-rapid-test-kits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rollout\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of coronavirus tests at the beginning of the pandemic shows just how difficult carrying out a mass vaccination program could be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember that we are going to be vaccinating everyone in the world, so that means, just like testing, there’s going to be supply chain issues that we’ve got to work through early in the process,” Benjamin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Vaccine Hesitancy\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Once a truck delivers the vaccine to doctors’ offices, there’s still no guarantee people will get it. A recent NBC News \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/poll-less-half-americans-say-they-ll-get-coronavirus-vaccine-n1236971\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a> found less than half of people in the U.S. would get a government-approved vaccine, with 22% saying they wouldn’t and 32% unsure. In 2019, the World Health Organization called vaccine hesitancy a \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/vietnam/news/feature-stories/detail/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">threat\u003c/a> to global health, and the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">antivaccine movement\u003c/span> has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01423-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">spreading disinformation\u003c/a> since the beginning of the outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Some people believe doctors push immunizations because they receive extra government subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Most [people] do not seem to understand that vaccines in most practices is at best a break-even proposition,” said Dr. Margot Savoy, professor of family and community medicine at Temple University. “For some practices it is actually a money-losing proposition. People are doing it because of the health of the public, not because they’re making a lot of money on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Savoy says many of her low-income patients worry the vaccine will be pushed on poor\u003ci> \u003c/i>people to test it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Your ongoing experiences with systemic racism that continues to exist in the medical system means that you’re not necessarily going to trust the new vaccine that just came out,” Savoy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">If some communities are hesitant or if supplies run short, then case counts will rise even after scientists and officials celebrate success — which could give the false impression it doesn’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Early branding of the federal vaccine initiative may not have helped matters. The government called the effort \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-explaining-operation-warp-speed.html#:~:text=Operation%20Warp%20Speed%20(OWS)%20aims,(collectively%20known%20as%20countermeasures).\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I think it has given people an impression that corners will be cut,” said Dr. Walter A. Orenstein, professor of medicine at Emory University. “It has raised concerns that these vaccines are going to get by with a far lower standard than other vaccines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The problem is the terminology, he says, not fewer formal safety protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>In It Together\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Even a slight reduction in vaccination rates can impede a successful immunization program. Vaccines only work if nearly everyone is on board. A measles outbreak in northeastern New York last year is a case in point: The virus took hold in a highly unvaccinated community of Orthodox Jews, leading to the longest documented \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6819a4.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">outbreak\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the U.S. since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Doctors estimate about 60% to 70% of the human population will have to become inoculated to stop the coronavirus, which will require sophisticated planning, governmental cohesion, and extensive public health education. When exactly all that will come together is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“I’d like to firmly come down on, ‘Beats me,’” said Dr. Paul Offit, the director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. “I am no longer making guesses about this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While a lot can go wrong, he hopes a lot will go right, because a vaccine is our best option to develop community immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If you look at smallpox, polio, measles, you can see the dramatic impact we’ve had in terms of reduction of disease,” said Dr. Julie Morita, executive vice president at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “We have had major successes with vaccines, and that’s why there is so much great hope for this COVID vaccine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In the meantime, the pandemic drudgery of masking up, social distancing and quarantining will have to continue if we are to prevent the deadly coronavirus from spiraling out of control … again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the beginning of the pandemic, hopes have hinged on the development of a vaccine. But the reality is the complexities of vaccine manufacturing, distribution and human response and behavior make it unlikely it will be a magic bullet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847062,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":1462},"headData":{"title":"Yes, We All Want a COVID Vaccine to Fix Everything. But That's Unlikely | KQED","description":"Since the beginning of the pandemic, hopes have hinged on the development of a vaccine. But the reality is the complexities of vaccine manufacturing, distribution and human response and behavior make it unlikely it will be a magic bullet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Yes, We All Want a COVID Vaccine to Fix Everything. But That's Unlikely","datePublished":"2020-09-08T07:01:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:37:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Coronavirus","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/6d4a5822-8829-4470-9dc5-ac380127e16b/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1969199/we-all-want-the-covid-vaccine-to-fix-everything-but","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p2\">With a mounting death toll, declining mental health, mandatory Zoom classrooms, fried parents and mass unemployment, the nation’s hopes have crystallized around the one thing that will make it all go away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">A vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Perhaps you’re imagining schools once again teeming with kids, stores full of shoppers, people ripping off their masks …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But that’s likely more of a Hollywood ending than what actually lies ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Experts cite potential hurdles in manufacturing and distribution, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">public distrust\u003c/span>, and the sheer scale required of any successful inoculation program as reasons the vaccine will not be a panacea for the current crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I don’t think we’re going to get a magic bullet,” said Dr. Arthur L. Caplan, professor of bioethics at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">While President Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-vaccine/trump-says-coronavirus-vaccine-possible-before-nov-3-idUSKCN25221Q\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">said\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last month a vaccine could be available before the election in November, more conservative estimates peg a possible early launch at the beginning of next year. If a drug company manages to successfully manufacture an effective immunization by then, it would be the fastest vaccine rollout in history. The speediest development to date occurred for the mumps vaccine — about four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Shortening that timeline is theoretically possible only because the entire scientific establishment, including more than 100 pharmaceutical and biotech companies, are on a quest to prevent the same disease. Yet, even a proven vaccine may only be the beginning of getting back to something approaching normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Even FDA approval is not the green light to say, ‘We’ve got a vaccine and everything’s over,'” said Caplan. “It would be very, very surprising if we got a very highly effective vaccine, first one out of the box for this particular virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Not All Vaccines Are Alike\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Even for those first in line for a shot, protection from the virus won’t be immediate — it takes weeks for the immune system to marshal its biological forces in the form of disease-fighting antibodies. And a vaccine that creates immunity for some people may not protect others. When a vaccine is approved for the general public, it will be the first time it’s administered on higher-risk groups, which are not typically enrolled in safety trials due to the difficulty of determining the cause of adverse reactions in those populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“People tend to look for what’s called a clean baseline in a study sample,” Caplan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">(After a vaccine is released, the Food and Drug Administration closely monitors any negative effects to determine if higher-risk groups are responding poorly.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In addition, evidence exists that vaccines do not work in some sub-populations. For example, people over 60 do not build much of an immune response to the flu shot. The immune system of people with cancer often prevents a vaccine from working, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547886/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">limited data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> suggests obesity reduces the effectiveness of immunizations.\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> These groups are also the most susceptible to the worst consequences of contracting the coronavirus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">T\u003c/span>he efficacy of vaccines has a wide range. The annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/vaccineeffect.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">flu shot\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is at one end of the spectrum, working 40% to 60% of the time. At the other end, the measles \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/measles/index.html#:~:text=Two%20doses%20of%20MMR%20vaccine%20are%20about%2097%25%20effective%20at,through%2012%20years%20of%20age.\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">vaccine\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is about 93% effective with a single shot and 97% with two doses. The National Institutes of Health is aiming for 50% effectiveness for a COVID-19 immunization, though scientists do not know how long that immunity will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Vaccinologists say there’s a good chance a coronavirus shot will not give you lifetime immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Logistical Obstacles\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Even once a vaccine exists, a drug company will need to manufacture billions of doses to treat populations around the world. That’s if it’s just one shot. Many vaccines require more than one, spaced at least a month apart to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“In the history of vaccines, anything like cholera, cervical cancer, anything that’s been a two‐shot vaccine has turned out to be a pain in the neck,” said Caplan. “People don’t comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">It’s difficult to make billions of anything safe and reliable. Plants go offline. Parts malfunction. Shortages will likely crop up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Making sure there is adequate access to syringes, vials, stoppers, gloves and even alcohol swabs is “going to be a challenge,” said Dr. Georges C. Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">More bottlenecks can unfold in distribution. Shipping, trucking or flying vaccines around the globe often requires deep refrigeration, at temperatures 112 degrees below zero. Successful transport will require technical expertise and thorough planning, both of which will be a challenge in poorer nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The troubled \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11806695/coronavirus-report-why-did-it-take-so-long-to-get-rapid-test-kits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rollout\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of coronavirus tests at the beginning of the pandemic shows just how difficult carrying out a mass vaccination program could be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember that we are going to be vaccinating everyone in the world, so that means, just like testing, there’s going to be supply chain issues that we’ve got to work through early in the process,” Benjamin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Vaccine Hesitancy\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Once a truck delivers the vaccine to doctors’ offices, there’s still no guarantee people will get it. A recent NBC News \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/poll-less-half-americans-say-they-ll-get-coronavirus-vaccine-n1236971\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a> found less than half of people in the U.S. would get a government-approved vaccine, with 22% saying they wouldn’t and 32% unsure. In 2019, the World Health Organization called vaccine hesitancy a \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/vietnam/news/feature-stories/detail/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">threat\u003c/a> to global health, and the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">antivaccine movement\u003c/span> has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01423-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">spreading disinformation\u003c/a> since the beginning of the outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Some people believe doctors push immunizations because they receive extra government subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Most [people] do not seem to understand that vaccines in most practices is at best a break-even proposition,” said Dr. Margot Savoy, professor of family and community medicine at Temple University. “For some practices it is actually a money-losing proposition. People are doing it because of the health of the public, not because they’re making a lot of money on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Savoy says many of her low-income patients worry the vaccine will be pushed on poor\u003ci> \u003c/i>people to test it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Your ongoing experiences with systemic racism that continues to exist in the medical system means that you’re not necessarily going to trust the new vaccine that just came out,” Savoy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">If some communities are hesitant or if supplies run short, then case counts will rise even after scientists and officials celebrate success — which could give the false impression it doesn’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Early branding of the federal vaccine initiative may not have helped matters. The government called the effort \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-explaining-operation-warp-speed.html#:~:text=Operation%20Warp%20Speed%20(OWS)%20aims,(collectively%20known%20as%20countermeasures).\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I think it has given people an impression that corners will be cut,” said Dr. Walter A. Orenstein, professor of medicine at Emory University. “It has raised concerns that these vaccines are going to get by with a far lower standard than other vaccines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The problem is the terminology, he says, not fewer formal safety protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>In It Together\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Even a slight reduction in vaccination rates can impede a successful immunization program. Vaccines only work if nearly everyone is on board. A measles outbreak in northeastern New York last year is a case in point: The virus took hold in a highly unvaccinated community of Orthodox Jews, leading to the longest documented \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6819a4.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">outbreak\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the U.S. since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Doctors estimate about 60% to 70% of the human population will have to become inoculated to stop the coronavirus, which will require sophisticated planning, governmental cohesion, and extensive public health education. When exactly all that will come together is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“I’d like to firmly come down on, ‘Beats me,’” said Dr. Paul Offit, the director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. “I am no longer making guesses about this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While a lot can go wrong, he hopes a lot will go right, because a vaccine is our best option to develop community immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If you look at smallpox, polio, measles, you can see the dramatic impact we’ve had in terms of reduction of disease,” said Dr. Julie Morita, executive vice president at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “We have had major successes with vaccines, and that’s why there is so much great hope for this COVID vaccine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In the meantime, the pandemic drudgery of masking up, social distancing and quarantining will have to continue if we are to prevent the deadly coronavirus from spiraling out of control … again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1969199/we-all-want-the-covid-vaccine-to-fix-everything-but","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_5181","science_410"],"featImg":"science_1969205","label":"source_science_1969199"},"science_5296":{"type":"posts","id":"science_5296","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"5296","score":null,"sort":[1373443249000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whooping-cough-staging-comeback-in-california","title":"Whooping Cough Staging Comeback in California","publishDate":1373443249,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Whooping Cough Staging Comeback in California | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 209px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/childpertussis-209x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/childpertussis-209x162.jpg\" alt=\"child with pertussis\" width=\"209\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: CDC\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the frustrating ironies of modern vaccination campaigns. When widespread immunization works as intended, people tend to forget the trauma of infectious diseases. Long gone are the days when parents saw neighborhood kids paralyzed by polio or left with hearing loss or brain damage—if they survived—after contracting rubella, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/about/complications.html\">Hib meningitis\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/complications.html\">measles\u003c/a>. When memories of the suffering wrought by vaccine-preventable diseases fade, it’s easier to view vaccines as optional or to consider potentially life-threatening illnesses a childhood ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccination programs have proven so successful against once-common diseases that even doctors sometimes lose sight of their value. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fah4yOYTEYk\">2011 survey of 551 physicians\u003c/a> found that although doctors generally support vaccination, younger doctors were more likely than their older counterparts to question the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. Saad Omer, an infectious disease epidemiologist at Emory Vaccine Center who led the study, \u003ca href=\"http://newsatjama.jama.com/2011/10/20/studies-probe-attitudes-of-physicians-toward-vaccines-and-patients-who-shun-vaccines/\">suggested that some younger doctors’ perceptions of vaccines\u003c/a>, like those of contemporary parents, are shaded by their inexperience with the diseases they target. Vaccines, public health officials often lament, have become victims of their own success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, maintaining that success requires constant vigilance. Whooping cough, one of the deadliest childhood diseases, has been increasing since the 1980s, with outbreaks peaking every three to five years. In 2010, the United States saw 27,550 pertussis cases, the most since 1959, when health officials logged 40,000 cases. Following the cyclical nature of the disease, incidence dropped the next year (with 18,719 cases reported) but then exploded to 41,000 in 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks/trends.html\">when 49 states reported disease spikes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5304\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/pertussisage-1024x695.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5304\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/pertussisage-1024x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"695\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most pertussis cases continue to occur in infants and children under 18 years old. But this year, the disease has infected more older adolescents (blue bars), based on reported cases, than it did during the epidemic in 2010 (black bars). (Source: California Department of Public Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than 9,000 Californians caught pertussis during the 2010 epidemic. Ten infants died. The latest figures from state health officials are not encouraging. As of the end of June, the state had recorded 739 cases—likely an underestimate due to reporting delays—up from the same time last year. Several San Francisco Bay Area counties have reported spikes in pertussis in recent months, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/PertussisReport%202013-06-28.pdf\">Marin and Santa Clara\u003c/a> reported more cases than any other county in the state. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tragically, the sporadic nature of these outbreaks—and that fact that epidemics affect tens of thousands rather than hundreds of thousands of people, thanks to vaccination—means that doctors who haven’t treated vaccine-preventable diseases can miss their symptoms. Last May, a couple in Michigan \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2317767/Francesca-McNally-Heart-breaking-story-parents-baby-girl-died-whooping-cough-doctors-failed-recognise-didnt-jab.html\">lost their three-month-old daughter\u003c/a> to whooping cough after four doctors failed to recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Persisting despite vaccination\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen vaccine coverage is generally high, infectious disease outbreaks tend to cluster in unprotected pockets, where parents choose not to vaccinate their children. Health officials blame vaccine refusal for the \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323820304578410473739308256.html\">measles outbreak in the United Kingdom\u003c/a> this year and the \u003ca href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/childrens-health/articles/2011/10/20/unvaccinated-kids-behind-largest-us-measles-outbreak-in-years-study\">largest measles outbreak in 15 years in the United States\u003c/a> in 2011. But experts don’t think vaccine refusal is driving recent pertussis epidemics, although children who failed to receive all their shots are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/faqs.html#travelers\">least eight times more likel\u003c/a>y to get the disease. And it turns out that \u003cem>Bordetella pertussis\u003c/em>, the bacterium that causes pertussis, can persist even in the face of widespread vaccination. Experts think several factors may be at play. Vaccine-induced immunity to pertussis appears to weaken faster than expected. The vaccine might be targeting less prevalent strains of the bacterium. Or circulating strains could have adapted to the vaccine, allowing it to flourish even after vaccination. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though more infants contract pertussis—and die of it—than any other age group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680566/\">anyone can contract, and transmit,\u003c/a> the disease. But because pertussis tends to be milder in older children and adults, and can present with odd symptoms like disturbed sleep, sweats and sneezing attacks, it \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16562532\">can be difficult to identify\u003c/a>, even for doctors familiar with the disease. As a result, undiagnosed older children and adults can pose a serious threat to infants too young to have received all five recommended vaccine doses. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680566/\">Experts recommend that children receive five shots of the DTaP vaccine\u003c/a>, which inoculates against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, between the ages of two months and six years.) The Michigan mother who lost her baby girl to pertussis \u003ca href=\"http://www.mlive.com/health/index.ssf/2012/07/after_losing_their_baby_to_who.html\">told an online news site\u003c/a> that she may have unwittingly infected her daughter because she didn’t know a booster shot could have protected her baby. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The best protection\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe good news is that pertussis rates in California are much lower than those seen during the 2010 epidemic and no deaths have been reported since then. Still, the disease hit more kids between the ages of 12 and 17 this year than during the 2010 epidemic, according to state health records. And that’s just reported cases. It’s impossible to know how many adolescents or adults with persistent coughs remain undiagnosed—placing their baby brothers, sisters or other susceptible people at risk. And we’re just at the beginning of the next three- to five-year peak, which is why \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\">state health officials\u003c/a> continue to urge parents to vaccinate their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all parents are heeding the call. The number of California kids going to kindergarten with all of their recommended vaccinations has \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\">been declining steadily since 2008\u003c/a>–even for polio–state records show. That drop tracks another California trend: the percentage of parents securing a personal beliefs exemption has increased from 1.9% in the 2008-09 school year to 2.8% this year. That may explain why several Bay Area counties reported outbreaks in schools. In keeping with past trends, parents who send their kids to private schools were more likely to opt out of vaccination. Starting January 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizeca.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/FactSheetAB2109-PersonalBeliefExemption.pdf\">a personal beliefs exemption will require a health care provider’s signature\u003c/a>, indicating that the parent understands the risks of refusing vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/exemptions-1024x565.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5328\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/exemptions-1024x565.png\" alt='The percentage of students receiving a \"personal beliefs exemption\" in California has increased since the 2008-09 school year among all reporting schools, from 1.9% to 2.8% this school year. Public schools have consistently reported a lower percentage of students with personal beliefs exemptions compared with private schools. (Source: California Department of Public Health)' width=\"1024\" height=\"565\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5328\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The percentage of students receiving a “personal beliefs exemption” has increased since the 2008-09 school year among all reporting schools, from 1.9% to 2.8% this school year. Public schools have consistently reported a lower percentage of students with personal beliefs exemptions compared with private schools. (Source: California Department of Public Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most recent state reports also show that vaccine coverage for pertussis among Bay Area kindergartners was generally high, except for Marin County, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\">just 86 percent of kids\u003c/a> received their recommended shots. Marin has reported the second highest number of pertussis cases in the state this year, with 96. The only way to prevent pertussis and other infectious diseases is through vaccination. Those too young or sick to get vaccinated benefit from what’s called herd, or community, immunity, which requires a certain proportion of immunized people to stop the spread of disease from person to person. That threshold varies depending on how quickly a disease spreads. Pertussis has the highest threshold, \u003ca href=\"http://op12no2.me/stuff/herdhis.pdf\">requiring between 92 and 94 percent immunization\u003c/a> to block transmission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highly toxic, contagious and adaptable pertussis pathogen will easily exploit any holes in community immunity. No one can say for sure when the next epidemic might hit. But now’s the time to make sure your child is fully vaccinated. And if you spend time with young children, get a booster shot. I did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Protect your Children From Pertussis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccinate yourself. Protection after vaccination or infection wears off over time. Check with your doctor to see if you need a booster shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccinate your children. Young children need five doses of DTaP (PDF) by kindergarten (ages 4-6). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in 7th grade in California need to have met the requirement for a Tdap (PDF) booster. (See http://shotsforschool.org.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should receive a Tdap booster during their third trimester of each pregnancy, even if they got it before pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adults should also receive a Tdap booster, especially if they are in contact with infants or work in health care. Most adults have not yet received Tdap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Source: California Department of Public Health)\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Despite widespread vaccination, whooping cough continues to circulate among vaccinated populations, placing infants too young to be fully vaccinated at high risk of serious disease or death. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935507,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1377},"headData":{"title":"Whooping Cough Staging Comeback in California | KQED","description":"Despite widespread vaccination, whooping cough continues to circulate among vaccinated populations, placing infants too young to be fully vaccinated at high risk of serious disease or death. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Whooping Cough Staging Comeback in California","datePublished":"2013-07-10T08:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:11:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/5296/whooping-cough-staging-comeback-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 209px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/childpertussis-209x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/childpertussis-209x162.jpg\" alt=\"child with pertussis\" width=\"209\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: CDC\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the frustrating ironies of modern vaccination campaigns. When widespread immunization works as intended, people tend to forget the trauma of infectious diseases. Long gone are the days when parents saw neighborhood kids paralyzed by polio or left with hearing loss or brain damage—if they survived—after contracting rubella, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/about/complications.html\">Hib meningitis\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/complications.html\">measles\u003c/a>. When memories of the suffering wrought by vaccine-preventable diseases fade, it’s easier to view vaccines as optional or to consider potentially life-threatening illnesses a childhood ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccination programs have proven so successful against once-common diseases that even doctors sometimes lose sight of their value. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fah4yOYTEYk\">2011 survey of 551 physicians\u003c/a> found that although doctors generally support vaccination, younger doctors were more likely than their older counterparts to question the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. Saad Omer, an infectious disease epidemiologist at Emory Vaccine Center who led the study, \u003ca href=\"http://newsatjama.jama.com/2011/10/20/studies-probe-attitudes-of-physicians-toward-vaccines-and-patients-who-shun-vaccines/\">suggested that some younger doctors’ perceptions of vaccines\u003c/a>, like those of contemporary parents, are shaded by their inexperience with the diseases they target. Vaccines, public health officials often lament, have become victims of their own success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, maintaining that success requires constant vigilance. Whooping cough, one of the deadliest childhood diseases, has been increasing since the 1980s, with outbreaks peaking every three to five years. In 2010, the United States saw 27,550 pertussis cases, the most since 1959, when health officials logged 40,000 cases. Following the cyclical nature of the disease, incidence dropped the next year (with 18,719 cases reported) but then exploded to 41,000 in 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks/trends.html\">when 49 states reported disease spikes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5304\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/pertussisage-1024x695.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5304\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/pertussisage-1024x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"695\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most pertussis cases continue to occur in infants and children under 18 years old. But this year, the disease has infected more older adolescents (blue bars), based on reported cases, than it did during the epidemic in 2010 (black bars). (Source: California Department of Public Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than 9,000 Californians caught pertussis during the 2010 epidemic. Ten infants died. The latest figures from state health officials are not encouraging. As of the end of June, the state had recorded 739 cases—likely an underestimate due to reporting delays—up from the same time last year. Several San Francisco Bay Area counties have reported spikes in pertussis in recent months, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/PertussisReport%202013-06-28.pdf\">Marin and Santa Clara\u003c/a> reported more cases than any other county in the state. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tragically, the sporadic nature of these outbreaks—and that fact that epidemics affect tens of thousands rather than hundreds of thousands of people, thanks to vaccination—means that doctors who haven’t treated vaccine-preventable diseases can miss their symptoms. Last May, a couple in Michigan \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2317767/Francesca-McNally-Heart-breaking-story-parents-baby-girl-died-whooping-cough-doctors-failed-recognise-didnt-jab.html\">lost their three-month-old daughter\u003c/a> to whooping cough after four doctors failed to recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Persisting despite vaccination\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen vaccine coverage is generally high, infectious disease outbreaks tend to cluster in unprotected pockets, where parents choose not to vaccinate their children. Health officials blame vaccine refusal for the \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323820304578410473739308256.html\">measles outbreak in the United Kingdom\u003c/a> this year and the \u003ca href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/childrens-health/articles/2011/10/20/unvaccinated-kids-behind-largest-us-measles-outbreak-in-years-study\">largest measles outbreak in 15 years in the United States\u003c/a> in 2011. But experts don’t think vaccine refusal is driving recent pertussis epidemics, although children who failed to receive all their shots are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/faqs.html#travelers\">least eight times more likel\u003c/a>y to get the disease. And it turns out that \u003cem>Bordetella pertussis\u003c/em>, the bacterium that causes pertussis, can persist even in the face of widespread vaccination. Experts think several factors may be at play. Vaccine-induced immunity to pertussis appears to weaken faster than expected. The vaccine might be targeting less prevalent strains of the bacterium. Or circulating strains could have adapted to the vaccine, allowing it to flourish even after vaccination. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though more infants contract pertussis—and die of it—than any other age group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680566/\">anyone can contract, and transmit,\u003c/a> the disease. But because pertussis tends to be milder in older children and adults, and can present with odd symptoms like disturbed sleep, sweats and sneezing attacks, it \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16562532\">can be difficult to identify\u003c/a>, even for doctors familiar with the disease. As a result, undiagnosed older children and adults can pose a serious threat to infants too young to have received all five recommended vaccine doses. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680566/\">Experts recommend that children receive five shots of the DTaP vaccine\u003c/a>, which inoculates against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, between the ages of two months and six years.) The Michigan mother who lost her baby girl to pertussis \u003ca href=\"http://www.mlive.com/health/index.ssf/2012/07/after_losing_their_baby_to_who.html\">told an online news site\u003c/a> that she may have unwittingly infected her daughter because she didn’t know a booster shot could have protected her baby. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The best protection\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe good news is that pertussis rates in California are much lower than those seen during the 2010 epidemic and no deaths have been reported since then. Still, the disease hit more kids between the ages of 12 and 17 this year than during the 2010 epidemic, according to state health records. And that’s just reported cases. It’s impossible to know how many adolescents or adults with persistent coughs remain undiagnosed—placing their baby brothers, sisters or other susceptible people at risk. And we’re just at the beginning of the next three- to five-year peak, which is why \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\">state health officials\u003c/a> continue to urge parents to vaccinate their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all parents are heeding the call. The number of California kids going to kindergarten with all of their recommended vaccinations has \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\">been declining steadily since 2008\u003c/a>–even for polio–state records show. That drop tracks another California trend: the percentage of parents securing a personal beliefs exemption has increased from 1.9% in the 2008-09 school year to 2.8% this year. That may explain why several Bay Area counties reported outbreaks in schools. In keeping with past trends, parents who send their kids to private schools were more likely to opt out of vaccination. Starting January 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizeca.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/FactSheetAB2109-PersonalBeliefExemption.pdf\">a personal beliefs exemption will require a health care provider’s signature\u003c/a>, indicating that the parent understands the risks of refusing vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/exemptions-1024x565.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5328\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/exemptions-1024x565.png\" alt='The percentage of students receiving a \"personal beliefs exemption\" in California has increased since the 2008-09 school year among all reporting schools, from 1.9% to 2.8% this school year. Public schools have consistently reported a lower percentage of students with personal beliefs exemptions compared with private schools. (Source: California Department of Public Health)' width=\"1024\" height=\"565\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5328\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The percentage of students receiving a “personal beliefs exemption” has increased since the 2008-09 school year among all reporting schools, from 1.9% to 2.8% this school year. Public schools have consistently reported a lower percentage of students with personal beliefs exemptions compared with private schools. (Source: California Department of Public Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most recent state reports also show that vaccine coverage for pertussis among Bay Area kindergartners was generally high, except for Marin County, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\">just 86 percent of kids\u003c/a> received their recommended shots. Marin has reported the second highest number of pertussis cases in the state this year, with 96. The only way to prevent pertussis and other infectious diseases is through vaccination. Those too young or sick to get vaccinated benefit from what’s called herd, or community, immunity, which requires a certain proportion of immunized people to stop the spread of disease from person to person. That threshold varies depending on how quickly a disease spreads. Pertussis has the highest threshold, \u003ca href=\"http://op12no2.me/stuff/herdhis.pdf\">requiring between 92 and 94 percent immunization\u003c/a> to block transmission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highly toxic, contagious and adaptable pertussis pathogen will easily exploit any holes in community immunity. No one can say for sure when the next epidemic might hit. But now’s the time to make sure your child is fully vaccinated. And if you spend time with young children, get a booster shot. I did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Protect your Children From Pertussis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccinate yourself. Protection after vaccination or infection wears off over time. Check with your doctor to see if you need a booster shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccinate your children. Young children need five doses of DTaP (PDF) by kindergarten (ages 4-6). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in 7th grade in California need to have met the requirement for a Tdap (PDF) booster. (See http://shotsforschool.org.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should receive a Tdap booster during their third trimester of each pregnancy, even if they got it before pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adults should also receive a Tdap booster, especially if they are in contact with infants or work in health care. Most adults have not yet received Tdap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Source: California Department of Public Health)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/5296/whooping-cough-staging-comeback-in-california","authors":["6322"],"categories":["science_30","science_39"],"tags":["science_664","science_64","science_410"],"featImg":"science_5387","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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