NASA to Launch a Telescope Bigger and More Powerful Than Hubble
Close-Up Video Shows Turbulent Gas Covering the Sun’s Surface in New Detail
Greatest Discoveries of the Best Space Telescope You've Never Heard Of
Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Shows Us Something New: A Disintegrating Asteroid
The Cigar Galaxy Lights Up: Supernova 2014J
Comet ISON: Celestial Popcorn That's Ready to Pop?
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universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally scheduled to launch on Dec. 18, NASA experienced a hiccup during its launch preparations — what the agency is describing as an “\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/launch-of-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-delayed-after-incident/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incident”\u003c/a> — and delayed liftoff until no earlier than Dec. 22 to give engineers time to ensure flight readiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s destination is a million miles from Earth, a long voyage to a lofty vantage point from where it will peer farther into the universe than we have ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many mission goals, the James Webb Space Telescope will explore how \u003ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">early galaxies formed\u003c/a> and evolved, probe the atmospheres of distant \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> looking for the chemical signatures of life, observe the \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/hubble-30th-anniversary/hubbles-exciting-universe/beholding-the-birth-and-death-of-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">birth of new stars\u003c/a>, and stare down the ominous darkness of galactic \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucr.edu/articles/2021/06/16/how-supermassive-black-hole-originates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">supermassive black holes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977778 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1340\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1536x1005.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1920x1256.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The primary mirror of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, a multi-mirror array of 18 hexagonal sections, which combined are 6.5 meters across. The mirror array will capture more than five times as much light as the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/Desiree Stover)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The observatory is named after \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html\">James E. Webb\u003c/a>, who led NASA from 1961 to 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A high bar for discovery\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> has operated for over three decades, orbiting close to home at roughly 300 miles from Earth’s surface and setting\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/2017/highlights-of-hubble-s-exploration-of-the-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a high bar\u003c/a> for future space discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope made thousands of observations with its \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/mission-and-telescope/the-telescope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2.4-meter telescope\u003c/a>, delivering jaw-dropping revelations about the size, age, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/mystery-of-the-universe-s-expansion-rate-widens-with-new-hubble-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expansion\u003c/a>, and evolution of the universe. As well as the birth and death of stars, the formation of planets, and many hidden wonders spread across our own solar system. It’s fair to say that no other observatory, ground- or space-based, has revealed more about the cosmos than Hubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/ote/mirrors/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">telescope mirror\u003c/a> is much larger than Hubble’s at 6.5-meters and can collect over five times the amount of light, enabling it to probe distances and scales of the universe where Hubble sees only darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telescopes let us look back in time, since it takes the light emitted by distant objects time to reach us. Hubble captured images of distant galaxies as they appeared about 13.5 billion years ago, when the universe — which \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast25may99_1\">Hubble itself determined\u003c/a> to be 13.8 billion years old — was still in the early stages of forming galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb telescope will look further and deeper into the past, observing infant galaxies as they were only 200 million years after the universe was born in the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Big Bang\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within our galaxy, it will probe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2021/hubble-spots-swirls-of-dust-in-the-flame-nebula\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">giant molecular clouds\u003c/a> to see as never before how primordial star systems and planets formed, providing insight to how our own solar system and planet came to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even closer to home, NASA’s new flagship space telescope will follow up on new discoveries of \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1674/nasas-tess-discovers-new-worlds-in-a-river-of-young-stars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> by measuring their atmospheres, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1577/a-new-view-of-exoplanets-with-webb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">looking for signs\u003c/a> of water and the chemical telltales of possible extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA developed the James Webb telescope in partnership with the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Not just a larger Hubble\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new telescope is different from Hubble in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977777\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a molecular cloud in which new stars are being born. The left image was captured in visible light, while the right is an infrared image revealing heat sources that penetrate obscuring dust, allowing us to peer within. Both images were captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Hubble focused on the visible light emitted by stars, nebulas, galaxies and more, the Webb telescope will specialize in \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/webb-science/the-observatory/infrared-astronomy\">infrared astronomy\u003c/a>, collecting and analyzing lower energy electromagnetic radiation. Not only will this allow the study of cooler objects and materials, like atmospheres of distant planets and clouds of gas and dust that give birth to new star systems, it will open a window on an infrared universe. Here, observations from Earth’s surface cannot access since the atmosphere blocks most wavelengths of infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will not orbit Earth as Hubble does. Instead, it will circle the sun at Earth’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Herschel/L2_the_second_Lagrangian_Point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> “L2” Lagrangian point\u003c/a>, where the gravitational pull of Earth and sun cancel each other, forming a stable pocket of space where a spacecraft can loiter indefinitely. The location offers a double advantage, holding the observatory within easy communication range while keeping it away from Earth’s intense electromagnetic interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-768x960.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, folded into its launch configuration, which will allow it to be packed into the payload compartment of its Ariane 5 launch rocket. \u003ccite>(NASA/Chris Gunn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Engineers designed Webb’s primary mirror, which is almost three times the diameter of Hubble’s, to fit compactly within its launch rocket. The telescope’s light-collecting apparatus comprises 18 individual hexagonal mirrors that will be unfolded after launch during the monthslong journey to its destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operators expect the observatory will be ready for scientific observations about six months after launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What will we see?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back in 1995, researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope made an observation that expanded our vision of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1045px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977775 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1045\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg 1045w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-800x784.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-1020x1000.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-768x753.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1045px) 100vw, 1045px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The original Hubble Deep Field image, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995. Within this tiny pinpoint on the sky, Hubble revealed over 3,000 distant galaxies never before seen. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/STScI/Robert Williams)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They focused Hubble’s powerful eye on a patch of space where other observatories could perceive only darkness. The telescope zoomed in on a spot of sky no larger than Franklin Roosevelt’s eyeball on a dime’s surface and captured an image now known as the “\u003ca href=\"https://esahubble.org/science/deep_fields/\">Hubble Deep Field\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This famous picture revealed over 3,000 distant, never-before-seen galaxies. From this image and others like it, astronomers were able to estimate that there are about 2 trillion galaxies within the observable universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine what the far more discerning eye of the James Webb Space Telescope will reveal of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch on Dec. 18, beginning a career of cosmic observation that may far exceed the venerable Hubble Space Telescope. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846357,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1062},"headData":{"title":"NASA to Launch a Telescope Bigger and More Powerful Than Hubble | KQED","description":"NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch on Dec. 18, beginning a career of cosmic observation that may far exceed the venerable Hubble Space Telescope. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1977771/nasa-to-launch-a-telescope-bigger-and-more-powerful-than-hubble","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA is performing the final physical exam on its James Webb Space Telescope, the long-awaited successor of the venerable Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will launch the telescope on a European \u003ca href=\"https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/ariane-5/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Ariane 5 rocket\u003c/a> from French Guiana, sending it into space on a historic mission to probe currently unobservable reaches of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally scheduled to launch on Dec. 18, NASA experienced a hiccup during its launch preparations — what the agency is describing as an “\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/launch-of-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-delayed-after-incident/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incident”\u003c/a> — and delayed liftoff until no earlier than Dec. 22 to give engineers time to ensure flight readiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s destination is a million miles from Earth, a long voyage to a lofty vantage point from where it will peer farther into the universe than we have ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many mission goals, the James Webb Space Telescope will explore how \u003ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">early galaxies formed\u003c/a> and evolved, probe the atmospheres of distant \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> looking for the chemical signatures of life, observe the \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/hubble-30th-anniversary/hubbles-exciting-universe/beholding-the-birth-and-death-of-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">birth of new stars\u003c/a>, and stare down the ominous darkness of galactic \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucr.edu/articles/2021/06/16/how-supermassive-black-hole-originates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">supermassive black holes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977778 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1340\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1536x1005.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1920x1256.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The primary mirror of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, a multi-mirror array of 18 hexagonal sections, which combined are 6.5 meters across. The mirror array will capture more than five times as much light as the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/Desiree Stover)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The observatory is named after \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html\">James E. Webb\u003c/a>, who led NASA from 1961 to 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A high bar for discovery\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> has operated for over three decades, orbiting close to home at roughly 300 miles from Earth’s surface and setting\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/2017/highlights-of-hubble-s-exploration-of-the-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a high bar\u003c/a> for future space discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope made thousands of observations with its \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/mission-and-telescope/the-telescope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2.4-meter telescope\u003c/a>, delivering jaw-dropping revelations about the size, age, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/mystery-of-the-universe-s-expansion-rate-widens-with-new-hubble-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expansion\u003c/a>, and evolution of the universe. As well as the birth and death of stars, the formation of planets, and many hidden wonders spread across our own solar system. It’s fair to say that no other observatory, ground- or space-based, has revealed more about the cosmos than Hubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/ote/mirrors/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">telescope mirror\u003c/a> is much larger than Hubble’s at 6.5-meters and can collect over five times the amount of light, enabling it to probe distances and scales of the universe where Hubble sees only darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telescopes let us look back in time, since it takes the light emitted by distant objects time to reach us. Hubble captured images of distant galaxies as they appeared about 13.5 billion years ago, when the universe — which \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast25may99_1\">Hubble itself determined\u003c/a> to be 13.8 billion years old — was still in the early stages of forming galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb telescope will look further and deeper into the past, observing infant galaxies as they were only 200 million years after the universe was born in the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Big Bang\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within our galaxy, it will probe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2021/hubble-spots-swirls-of-dust-in-the-flame-nebula\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">giant molecular clouds\u003c/a> to see as never before how primordial star systems and planets formed, providing insight to how our own solar system and planet came to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even closer to home, NASA’s new flagship space telescope will follow up on new discoveries of \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1674/nasas-tess-discovers-new-worlds-in-a-river-of-young-stars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> by measuring their atmospheres, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1577/a-new-view-of-exoplanets-with-webb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">looking for signs\u003c/a> of water and the chemical telltales of possible extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA developed the James Webb telescope in partnership with the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Not just a larger Hubble\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new telescope is different from Hubble in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977777\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a molecular cloud in which new stars are being born. The left image was captured in visible light, while the right is an infrared image revealing heat sources that penetrate obscuring dust, allowing us to peer within. Both images were captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Hubble focused on the visible light emitted by stars, nebulas, galaxies and more, the Webb telescope will specialize in \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/webb-science/the-observatory/infrared-astronomy\">infrared astronomy\u003c/a>, collecting and analyzing lower energy electromagnetic radiation. Not only will this allow the study of cooler objects and materials, like atmospheres of distant planets and clouds of gas and dust that give birth to new star systems, it will open a window on an infrared universe. Here, observations from Earth’s surface cannot access since the atmosphere blocks most wavelengths of infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will not orbit Earth as Hubble does. Instead, it will circle the sun at Earth’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Herschel/L2_the_second_Lagrangian_Point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> “L2” Lagrangian point\u003c/a>, where the gravitational pull of Earth and sun cancel each other, forming a stable pocket of space where a spacecraft can loiter indefinitely. The location offers a double advantage, holding the observatory within easy communication range while keeping it away from Earth’s intense electromagnetic interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-768x960.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, folded into its launch configuration, which will allow it to be packed into the payload compartment of its Ariane 5 launch rocket. \u003ccite>(NASA/Chris Gunn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Engineers designed Webb’s primary mirror, which is almost three times the diameter of Hubble’s, to fit compactly within its launch rocket. The telescope’s light-collecting apparatus comprises 18 individual hexagonal mirrors that will be unfolded after launch during the monthslong journey to its destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operators expect the observatory will be ready for scientific observations about six months after launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What will we see?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back in 1995, researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope made an observation that expanded our vision of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1045px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977775 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1045\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg 1045w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-800x784.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-1020x1000.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-768x753.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1045px) 100vw, 1045px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The original Hubble Deep Field image, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995. Within this tiny pinpoint on the sky, Hubble revealed over 3,000 distant galaxies never before seen. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/STScI/Robert Williams)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They focused Hubble’s powerful eye on a patch of space where other observatories could perceive only darkness. The telescope zoomed in on a spot of sky no larger than Franklin Roosevelt’s eyeball on a dime’s surface and captured an image now known as the “\u003ca href=\"https://esahubble.org/science/deep_fields/\">Hubble Deep Field\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This famous picture revealed over 3,000 distant, never-before-seen galaxies. From this image and others like it, astronomers were able to estimate that there are about 2 trillion galaxies within the observable universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine what the far more discerning eye of the James Webb Space Telescope will reveal of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1977771/nasa-to-launch-a-telescope-bigger-and-more-powerful-than-hubble","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1216","science_4414","science_833"],"featImg":"science_1977774","label":"source_science_1977771"},"science_1956395":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956395","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956395","score":null,"sort":[1580752733000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"close-up-video-shows-turbulent-gas-covering-the-suns-surface-in-new-detail","title":"Close-Up Video Shows Turbulent Gas Covering the Sun’s Surface in New Detail","publishDate":1580752733,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Close-Up Video Shows Turbulent Gas Covering the Sun’s Surface in New Detail | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nieF-e0OOs&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s largest and most powerful solar telescope has captured the highest-resolution images of the sun’s surface ever taken, say scientists at the National Solar Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The images show roiling plasma transporting heat from inside the sun to its surface.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>They’re the first to be released from the National Science Foundation’s \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawaii. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Researchers say the new telescope will generate a revolution in the scientific\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>understanding of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The new technology will improve researchers’ understanding of what drives space weather, says Matt Mountain, president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, which manages the telescope. It also will help forecasters predict solar storms that can cause power blackouts and other disruptions on Earth, \u003cspan class=\"s2\">93 million miles away\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“On Earth, we can predict if it is going to rain pretty much anywhere in the world very accurately, and space weather just isn’t there yet,” he said in a statement. “Our predictions lag behind terrestrial weather by 50 years, if not more. What we need is to grasp the underlying physics behind space weather, and this starts at the sun, which is what the Inouye Solar Telescope will study over the next decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In another statement, France Córdova, director of the National Science Foundation, said,“NSF’s Inouye Solar Telescope will be able to map the magnetic fields within the sun’s corona, where solar eruptions occur that can impact life on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“The world’s most powerful solar telescope has opened its eyes,” Alexandra Witze \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00224-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">wrote\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Nature.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">The telescope captured the images in December. Read more about it in the \u003cspan class=\"s4\">National Solar Observatory’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nso.edu/press-release/inouye-solar-telescope-first-light/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">release\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The images were the first to be taken by the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawaii, the world’s largest and most powerful solar telescope. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847832,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":316},"headData":{"title":"Close-Up Video Shows Turbulent Gas Covering the Sun’s Surface in New Detail | KQED","description":"The images were the first to be taken by the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawaii, the world’s largest and most powerful solar telescope. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956395/close-up-video-shows-turbulent-gas-covering-the-suns-surface-in-new-detail","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4nieF-e0OOs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4nieF-e0OOs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s largest and most powerful solar telescope has captured the highest-resolution images of the sun’s surface ever taken, say scientists at the National Solar Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The images show roiling plasma transporting heat from inside the sun to its surface.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>They’re the first to be released from the National Science Foundation’s \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawaii. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Researchers say the new telescope will generate a revolution in the scientific\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>understanding of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The new technology will improve researchers’ understanding of what drives space weather, says Matt Mountain, president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, which manages the telescope. It also will help forecasters predict solar storms that can cause power blackouts and other disruptions on Earth, \u003cspan class=\"s2\">93 million miles away\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“On Earth, we can predict if it is going to rain pretty much anywhere in the world very accurately, and space weather just isn’t there yet,” he said in a statement. “Our predictions lag behind terrestrial weather by 50 years, if not more. What we need is to grasp the underlying physics behind space weather, and this starts at the sun, which is what the Inouye Solar Telescope will study over the next decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In another statement, France Córdova, director of the National Science Foundation, said,“NSF’s Inouye Solar Telescope will be able to map the magnetic fields within the sun’s corona, where solar eruptions occur that can impact life on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“The world’s most powerful solar telescope has opened its eyes,” Alexandra Witze \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00224-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">wrote\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Nature.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">The telescope captured the images in December. Read more about it in the \u003cspan class=\"s4\">National Solar Observatory’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nso.edu/press-release/inouye-solar-telescope-first-light/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">release\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956395/close-up-video-shows-turbulent-gas-covering-the-suns-surface-in-new-detail","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1073","science_3840","science_934","science_833"],"featImg":"science_1956398","label":"science"},"science_1943667":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1943667","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1943667","score":null,"sort":[1561496571000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"greatest-discoveries-of-the-best-space-telescope-youve-never-heard-of","title":"Greatest Discoveries of the Best Space Telescope You've Never Heard Of","publishDate":1561496571,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Greatest Discoveries of the Best Space Telescope You’ve Never Heard Of | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When you hear the phrase space telescope, you probably think of NASA’s venerable \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html\">Hubble\u003c/a>, which has brought us decades of unique and breathtaking images of the most distant reaches of space, cosmic discoveries of universe-shaking magnitude, and a nice gallery of stunning computer wallpaper selections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quietly working in tandem, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> has been making equally compelling cosmic discoveries through observations of the infrared light emitted by celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven’t heard about it, now may be a good time to take a look at its work. After over 15 years on the job, Spitzer is scheduled to retire next January, passing the torch to the next generation of eyes in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Spitzer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/mission/32-The-Mission\">Spitzer\u003c/a> was launched in 2003 on a Delta II rocket and placed into an Earth-trailing solar orbit, following behind the Earth at an ever-growing distance instead of orbiting around it like Hubble does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each year of operation, Spitzer has moved over 9 million miles farther away. Today, though it still shares the same orbit around the sun with Earth, it is over 160 million miles from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the location of the Spitzer Space Telescope as it has grown steadily farther from Earth over the 15 years since its launch. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the location of the Spitzer Space Telescope as it has grown steadily farther from Earth over the 15 years since its launch. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keeping Earth at a distance has advantages for an infrared telescope like Spitzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, Spitzer’s sensitive observations are not interfered with by Earth’s heat glow. Spitzer’s forte is sensing faint infrared emissions from distant celestial objects, so being located near an enormous glowing heat-ball like Earth would be like trying to see a landscape against the blinding glare of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/mission/36-Technology\">0.85-meter telescope and three infrared instruments\u003c/a>, Spitzer helps us appreciate what we can learn about the universe by observing the heat radiation emitted by celestial objects, as opposed to their visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spitzer’s Greatest Hits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitzer’s list of accomplishments is long, but here are a few highlights of discoveries made possible by this space-based\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> infrared-only telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the Light: In 2005 scientists using Spitzer announced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=757\">first detection of light from an extrasolar planet \u003c/a>— a planet orbiting another star. Before this, exoplanets were detected indirectly, by the pull of their gravity on a star or their blocking of starlight. Visible light reflected by exoplanets is very faint compared to their stars, but Spitzer spotted two hot gas giant planets — dubbed “hot Jupiters” — orbiting so close to their stars that they glow brightly with infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943678\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943678\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a “hot Jupiter”: a gas giant exoplanet that orbits very close to its star. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/StSci/G. Bacon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Catching a Whiff of Hot Jupiters: In 2007 Spitzer’s infrared spectrometer was used to make the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=1297\">first identification of chemicals\u003c/a> in the atmosphere of an exoplanet — two different exoplanets, a pair of gas giants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Extrasolar Weather Report: In 2009, Spitzer produced the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2007-055\">“weather map” of an extrasolar planet\u003c/a>. A heat-map of the gas giant exoplanet HD 189733b revealed variations in temperature across its surface, as well as conditions for extreme atmosphere winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Most Earth-sized Exoplanets Orbiting a Star: Spitzer revealed a whopping \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7052\">seven Earth-sized exoplanets\u003c/a> orbiting the same tiny star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years away. Though we don’t yet know much more about them than their sizes and distances from their star, we know that three of them orbit within the system’s “habitable zone,” where it is possible for liquid water to exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Most Distant Exoplanet: While most exoplanets have been found orbiting stars within about a thousand light years of Earth (our local neighborhood in the Milky Way galaxy), Spitzer helped detect an \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4550\">exoplanet 13,000 light years away\u003c/a>. The detection was made by a technique called “gravitational lensing,” where the exoplanet’s gravity bends and distorts the light of a more distant star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Biggest, Farthest Black Holes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitzer detected two of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=2520\">most distant supermassive black holes\u003c/a> ever discovered, at the cores of a pair of young active galaxies located near the edge of the observable universe. These active galaxies, or quasars, are so far away that it took the light that Spitzer captured 13 billion years to reach us, showing us these objects as they were in the very early universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943686\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared map of the core of the Milky Way galaxy, captured by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Images like this were used to create a complete infrared mosaic of the Milky Way, composed of more than 2 million images. \" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-1020x736.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-1200x865.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-1920x1385.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared map of the core of the Milky Way galaxy, captured by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Images like this were used to create a complete infrared mosaic of the Milky Way, composed of more than 2 million images. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map of the Hidden Reaches of the Milky Way\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the greater Milky Way galaxy is hidden from our eyes and telescopes by great clouds of interstellar dust. Infrared light, however, can penetrate clouds of dust that visible light cannot, affording Spitzer a view of objects and structures otherwise obscured, such as “baby” stars still enshrouded in the cocoons of gas and dust they were born from. Over two million infrared images captured by Spitzer were assembled in 2013 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4085\">most extensive map of the Milky Way galaxy\u003c/a> every created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Retirement?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hubble Space Telescope has been operating for almost 30 years — so why is Spitzer being \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7424\">retired after only half that time\u003c/a>? The answer, in part, is that Spitzer is losing its cool, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To function as a detector of distant infrared radiation, Spitzer’s sensitive instruments must be kept at very cold temperatures — close to absolute zero, in fact; almost -460 Fahrenheit. This is so the instrument’s own heat emissions won’t interfere with the detection of the faint infrared signals from distant celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine if you tried to find your way around a dark room with a spotlight shining in your eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liquid helium was used to supercool Spitzer’s infrared detectors — however the helium supply was depleted in 2009. Since then Spitzer has operated without cryogenic cooling, relying only on the passive cooling of its “sun shade” and its distance from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of Spitzer’s shorter wavelength instruments, however, can still be used, and in fact have made some of Spitzer’s more pivotal discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Passing of the Torch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Spitzer Space Telescope gets ready for its final shutdown, and the much older Hubble faces an eventual end of mission and de-orbiting sometime in the next decade or so, the successor to the great space telescope dynasty will be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, a much larger, solar-orbiting observatory geared to observe the universe at infrared wavelengths of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as one era of unique cosmic perspective ends, another begins.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope will retire in January, after 15 years of stunning observations of the universe. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848562,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1161},"headData":{"title":"Greatest Discoveries of the Best Space Telescope You've Never Heard Of | KQED","description":"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope will retire in January, after 15 years of stunning observations of the universe. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1943667/greatest-discoveries-of-the-best-space-telescope-youve-never-heard-of","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you hear the phrase space telescope, you probably think of NASA’s venerable \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html\">Hubble\u003c/a>, which has brought us decades of unique and breathtaking images of the most distant reaches of space, cosmic discoveries of universe-shaking magnitude, and a nice gallery of stunning computer wallpaper selections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quietly working in tandem, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> has been making equally compelling cosmic discoveries through observations of the infrared light emitted by celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven’t heard about it, now may be a good time to take a look at its work. After over 15 years on the job, Spitzer is scheduled to retire next January, passing the torch to the next generation of eyes in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Spitzer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/mission/32-The-Mission\">Spitzer\u003c/a> was launched in 2003 on a Delta II rocket and placed into an Earth-trailing solar orbit, following behind the Earth at an ever-growing distance instead of orbiting around it like Hubble does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each year of operation, Spitzer has moved over 9 million miles farther away. Today, though it still shares the same orbit around the sun with Earth, it is over 160 million miles from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the location of the Spitzer Space Telescope as it has grown steadily farther from Earth over the 15 years since its launch. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzers-orbit2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the location of the Spitzer Space Telescope as it has grown steadily farther from Earth over the 15 years since its launch. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keeping Earth at a distance has advantages for an infrared telescope like Spitzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, Spitzer’s sensitive observations are not interfered with by Earth’s heat glow. Spitzer’s forte is sensing faint infrared emissions from distant celestial objects, so being located near an enormous glowing heat-ball like Earth would be like trying to see a landscape against the blinding glare of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/mission/36-Technology\">0.85-meter telescope and three infrared instruments\u003c/a>, Spitzer helps us appreciate what we can learn about the universe by observing the heat radiation emitted by celestial objects, as opposed to their visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spitzer’s Greatest Hits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitzer’s list of accomplishments is long, but here are a few highlights of discoveries made possible by this space-based\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> infrared-only telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the Light: In 2005 scientists using Spitzer announced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=757\">first detection of light from an extrasolar planet \u003c/a>— a planet orbiting another star. Before this, exoplanets were detected indirectly, by the pull of their gravity on a star or their blocking of starlight. Visible light reflected by exoplanets is very faint compared to their stars, but Spitzer spotted two hot gas giant planets — dubbed “hot Jupiters” — orbiting so close to their stars that they glow brightly with infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943678\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943678\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/hot-jupiter-nasa-esa-g.bacon-stsci.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a “hot Jupiter”: a gas giant exoplanet that orbits very close to its star. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/StSci/G. Bacon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Catching a Whiff of Hot Jupiters: In 2007 Spitzer’s infrared spectrometer was used to make the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=1297\">first identification of chemicals\u003c/a> in the atmosphere of an exoplanet — two different exoplanets, a pair of gas giants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Extrasolar Weather Report: In 2009, Spitzer produced the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2007-055\">“weather map” of an extrasolar planet\u003c/a>. A heat-map of the gas giant exoplanet HD 189733b revealed variations in temperature across its surface, as well as conditions for extreme atmosphere winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Most Earth-sized Exoplanets Orbiting a Star: Spitzer revealed a whopping \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7052\">seven Earth-sized exoplanets\u003c/a> orbiting the same tiny star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years away. Though we don’t yet know much more about them than their sizes and distances from their star, we know that three of them orbit within the system’s “habitable zone,” where it is possible for liquid water to exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Most Distant Exoplanet: While most exoplanets have been found orbiting stars within about a thousand light years of Earth (our local neighborhood in the Milky Way galaxy), Spitzer helped detect an \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4550\">exoplanet 13,000 light years away\u003c/a>. The detection was made by a technique called “gravitational lensing,” where the exoplanet’s gravity bends and distorts the light of a more distant star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Biggest, Farthest Black Holes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitzer detected two of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=2520\">most distant supermassive black holes\u003c/a> ever discovered, at the cores of a pair of young active galaxies located near the edge of the observable universe. These active galaxies, or quasars, are so far away that it took the light that Spitzer captured 13 billion years to reach us, showing us these objects as they were in the very early universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943686\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared map of the core of the Milky Way galaxy, captured by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Images like this were used to create a complete infrared mosaic of the Milky Way, composed of more than 2 million images. \" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-1020x736.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-1200x865.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5-1920x1385.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/spitzer-milkywaycore5.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared map of the core of the Milky Way galaxy, captured by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Images like this were used to create a complete infrared mosaic of the Milky Way, composed of more than 2 million images. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map of the Hidden Reaches of the Milky Way\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the greater Milky Way galaxy is hidden from our eyes and telescopes by great clouds of interstellar dust. Infrared light, however, can penetrate clouds of dust that visible light cannot, affording Spitzer a view of objects and structures otherwise obscured, such as “baby” stars still enshrouded in the cocoons of gas and dust they were born from. Over two million infrared images captured by Spitzer were assembled in 2013 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4085\">most extensive map of the Milky Way galaxy\u003c/a> every created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Retirement?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hubble Space Telescope has been operating for almost 30 years — so why is Spitzer being \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7424\">retired after only half that time\u003c/a>? The answer, in part, is that Spitzer is losing its cool, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To function as a detector of distant infrared radiation, Spitzer’s sensitive instruments must be kept at very cold temperatures — close to absolute zero, in fact; almost -460 Fahrenheit. This is so the instrument’s own heat emissions won’t interfere with the detection of the faint infrared signals from distant celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine if you tried to find your way around a dark room with a spotlight shining in your eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liquid helium was used to supercool Spitzer’s infrared detectors — however the helium supply was depleted in 2009. Since then Spitzer has operated without cryogenic cooling, relying only on the passive cooling of its “sun shade” and its distance from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of Spitzer’s shorter wavelength instruments, however, can still be used, and in fact have made some of Spitzer’s more pivotal discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Passing of the Torch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Spitzer Space Telescope gets ready for its final shutdown, and the much older Hubble faces an eventual end of mission and de-orbiting sometime in the next decade or so, the successor to the great space telescope dynasty will be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, a much larger, solar-orbiting observatory geared to observe the universe at infrared wavelengths of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as one era of unique cosmic perspective ends, another begins.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1943667/greatest-discoveries-of-the-best-space-telescope-youve-never-heard-of","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_3832","science_3834","science_5175","science_577","science_833"],"featImg":"science_1943713","label":"source_science_1943667"},"science_1147097":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1147097","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1147097","score":null,"sort":[1478828248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","title":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water","publishDate":1478828248,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter’s Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The possibility of an ocean under the frozen surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has tantalized scientists for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2016/09/26/hubble-possible-water-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa\">are reporting\u003c/a> further evidence of that ocean’s existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On at least three out of ten separate occasions in 2014, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore report they spotted plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon’s icy surface. The first ever observation of these suspected plumes was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1150687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1150687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet Hubble images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-768x256.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-960x320.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-240x80.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-375x125.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-520x173.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Hubble telescope images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface (outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk.) \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is exciting news. If the water plumes are real, and supplied by the ocean believed to be hidden under Europa’s icy crust, they may offer a way to probe and analyze the ocean’s composition directly. That could also pave the way for detecting any evidence of life deep below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likely existence of water on Europa makes it one of NASA’s hotspots in the quest to discover extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Direct exploration of a distant and deep ocean buried beneath layers of ice is currently beyond our capabilities, but missions to send probes through the plumes erupting from Jupiter’s moon are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA’s Europa mission\u003c/a> is set to launch in the 2020’s and the European “\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer” (JUICE)\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2101px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147103\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the European Space Agency's "JUICE" mission to explore Jupiter's icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \" width=\"2101\" height=\"1620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg 2101w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-800x617.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-768x592.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1020x786.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1920x1480.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1180x910.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-960x740.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-520x401.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2101px) 100vw, 2101px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the European Space Agency’s “JUICE” mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/cassini-plunged-into-icy-plumes-of-enceladus/\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> has already flown through and analyzed similar plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s moon, Enceladus. That’s another hotspot location in NASA’s quest to discover whether life exists elsewhere in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence of Wate\u003c/strong>r\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists first speculated about the existence of an ocean on Europa when they observed the icy composition of its surface in the late 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, pictures taken by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft of Europa’s so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3266.html\">chaos terrain\u003c/a>” showed a peculiar jumbling of cracks and streaks in the ice. These were interpreted as being formed by an icy crust floating atop a deep liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147104\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg\" alt=\"Image of "chaos terrain" in Europa's icy crust--visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-960x424.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-240x106.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-375x166.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-520x230.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of “chaos terrain” in Europa’s icy crust–visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \u003ccite>(Galileo/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An even stronger piece of evidence for a hidden ocean comes from NASA’s Galileo mission, which detected a disturbance in Jupiter’s magnetic field coming from Europa. The disturbance could be explained by the interaction of Jupiter’s magnetic field with an electrically conductive fluid inside Europa–such as a saltwater ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Possibility of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With what’s believed to be a salty ocean thirty or more miles deep and containing two or three times the water of Earth’s oceans, Europa may have the conditions needed to sustain life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png\" alt=\"Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa's icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-375x281.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa’s icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it’s not a huge stretch to imagine an environment similar to certain places on Earth where life forms thrive under extremely harsh conditions. We call those organisms “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">extremophiles\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether in the coldest bottoms of Antarctic or alpine lakes, or in the scalding hot and toxic waters of geothermal pools, or in pitch blackness on the ocean floor surrounding hydro-thermal vents, Earth’s “extremophiles” have proven they can flourish under extreme conditions that could mirror those on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Arthur C. Clarke’s 2010: Odyssey 2, involving a mission to Jupiter and a side-trip to Europa?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie\u003cem> \u003c/em>version gave us a brief glimpse of something green emerging from Europa’s ice — the enormous tendril-like vines described in the book that pulled a doomed Chinese spacecraft into the cold dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark’s science fiction account of Europa made some of us thirsty to explore the moon’s mysterious ocean depths. Yet today, almost thirty-five years later, direct exploration of those waters–say with some form of ice-boring submarine robot–isn’t on the horizon. But scientists \u003cem>are\u003c/em> zeroing in on a better understanding of what lies beneath Europa’s frozen surface. As NASA’s life-searching mantra goes, “Follow the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists have dipped another toe into the mysterious dark waters of Jupiter's moon Europa. Observations made using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have turned up strong evidence of the existence of plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon's icy surface.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929427,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":831},"headData":{"title":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water | KQED","description":"Scientists have dipped another toe into the mysterious dark waters of Jupiter's moon Europa. Observations made using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have turned up strong evidence of the existence of plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon's icy surface.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1147097/vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The possibility of an ocean under the frozen surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has tantalized scientists for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2016/09/26/hubble-possible-water-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa\">are reporting\u003c/a> further evidence of that ocean’s existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On at least three out of ten separate occasions in 2014, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore report they spotted plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon’s icy surface. The first ever observation of these suspected plumes was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1150687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1150687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet Hubble images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-768x256.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-960x320.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-240x80.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-375x125.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-520x173.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Hubble telescope images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface (outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk.) \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is exciting news. If the water plumes are real, and supplied by the ocean believed to be hidden under Europa’s icy crust, they may offer a way to probe and analyze the ocean’s composition directly. That could also pave the way for detecting any evidence of life deep below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likely existence of water on Europa makes it one of NASA’s hotspots in the quest to discover extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Direct exploration of a distant and deep ocean buried beneath layers of ice is currently beyond our capabilities, but missions to send probes through the plumes erupting from Jupiter’s moon are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA’s Europa mission\u003c/a> is set to launch in the 2020’s and the European “\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer” (JUICE)\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2101px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147103\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the European Space Agency's "JUICE" mission to explore Jupiter's icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \" width=\"2101\" height=\"1620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg 2101w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-800x617.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-768x592.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1020x786.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1920x1480.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1180x910.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-960x740.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-520x401.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2101px) 100vw, 2101px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the European Space Agency’s “JUICE” mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/cassini-plunged-into-icy-plumes-of-enceladus/\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> has already flown through and analyzed similar plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s moon, Enceladus. That’s another hotspot location in NASA’s quest to discover whether life exists elsewhere in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence of Wate\u003c/strong>r\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists first speculated about the existence of an ocean on Europa when they observed the icy composition of its surface in the late 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, pictures taken by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft of Europa’s so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3266.html\">chaos terrain\u003c/a>” showed a peculiar jumbling of cracks and streaks in the ice. These were interpreted as being formed by an icy crust floating atop a deep liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147104\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg\" alt=\"Image of "chaos terrain" in Europa's icy crust--visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-960x424.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-240x106.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-375x166.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-520x230.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of “chaos terrain” in Europa’s icy crust–visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \u003ccite>(Galileo/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An even stronger piece of evidence for a hidden ocean comes from NASA’s Galileo mission, which detected a disturbance in Jupiter’s magnetic field coming from Europa. The disturbance could be explained by the interaction of Jupiter’s magnetic field with an electrically conductive fluid inside Europa–such as a saltwater ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Possibility of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With what’s believed to be a salty ocean thirty or more miles deep and containing two or three times the water of Earth’s oceans, Europa may have the conditions needed to sustain life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png\" alt=\"Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa's icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-375x281.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa’s icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it’s not a huge stretch to imagine an environment similar to certain places on Earth where life forms thrive under extremely harsh conditions. We call those organisms “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">extremophiles\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether in the coldest bottoms of Antarctic or alpine lakes, or in the scalding hot and toxic waters of geothermal pools, or in pitch blackness on the ocean floor surrounding hydro-thermal vents, Earth’s “extremophiles” have proven they can flourish under extreme conditions that could mirror those on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Arthur C. Clarke’s 2010: Odyssey 2, involving a mission to Jupiter and a side-trip to Europa?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie\u003cem> \u003c/em>version gave us a brief glimpse of something green emerging from Europa’s ice — the enormous tendril-like vines described in the book that pulled a doomed Chinese spacecraft into the cold dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark’s science fiction account of Europa made some of us thirsty to explore the moon’s mysterious ocean depths. Yet today, almost thirty-five years later, direct exploration of those waters–say with some form of ice-boring submarine robot–isn’t on the horizon. But scientists \u003cem>are\u003c/em> zeroing in on a better understanding of what lies beneath Europa’s frozen surface. As NASA’s life-searching mantra goes, “Follow the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1147097/vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2356","science_498","science_1064","science_5175","science_843","science_833","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1147099","label":"science"},"science_16111":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16111","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16111","score":null,"sort":[1396620054000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-hubble-space-telescope-shows-us-something-new-a-disintegrating-asteroid","title":"NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Shows Us Something New: A Disintegrating Asteroid","publishDate":1396620054,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Shows Us Something New: A Disintegrating Asteroid | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16112\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/hst_p2013r3.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16112\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/hst_p2013r3.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of asteroid P/2013 R3 break-up. (STScI/NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of asteroid P/2013 R3 break-up. (STScI/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Upholding a long-standing tradition of showing us things in space that we have never seen before, the Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca title=\"Hubble Space Telescope witnesses breakup of an asteroid\" href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1405a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently witnessed the break-up\u003c/a> of an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid P/2013 R3 was discovered in the Catalina and PanSTARRS sky survey data on September 15th last year. When follow-up observations were made by the giant \u003ca title=\"Keck Observatory\" href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keck telescope\u003c/a> in Hawaii, three separate objects traveling together within a cloud of dust the size of Earth were revealed. This elevated the level of interest in the object to warrant a look at it through Hubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the looking glass of Hubble’s optics, things grew curiouser and curiouser….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble’s perceptive eye made out not three, but 10 distinct objects moving in a pack, the four largest chunks as big as 400 meters across. Also, the fragments are separating from each other at a stately one mile per hour. This could only mean one thing: the small mountain of rock was caught in the act of disintegrating, an event that we had previously only observed in the more fragile and heat-sensitive objects we classify as comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”1adde2713924ab8b3f162f1d59794f07″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, our rudimentary ideal of \u003ca title=\"Asteroids: Formation, Discovery and Exploration\" href=\"http://www.space.com/51-asteroids-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroids \u003c/a>was of giant rocks wheeling through space, ranging from house-sized bits to megaliths hundreds of miles across. Most of them are found in the Asteroid Belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, though many have been found roving outside of those bounds and even interloping on Earth’s orbit. Over time we have discovered many thousands, and expect their actual numbers to be in the millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we think of giant rocks, we tend to imagine singularly solid objects, maybe like El Capitan or Half Dome in Yosemite: robust geological titans that stand up to time, gravity, and the forces of weathering with enduring strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time, and lots of observations by spacecraft like Hubble, robotic probes and ground-based telescopes, have taught us that asteroids, like many things, are usually more nuanced, complicated and just plain interesting than our initial simplistic ideals. We already knew about an asteroid named \u003ca title=\"3200 Phaethon\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/27nov_rockcomet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3200 Phaethon\u003c/a> that exudes a trail of dust as comets do, earning it the moniker “rock comet.” Another asteroid, P/2013 P5, was recently observed to\u003ca title=\"Asteroid sprouts six tails\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/space-telescope-spots-unprecedented-asteroid-with-six-tails/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> spout six comet-like tails\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spewing out dust and comet-esque tails is unusual behavior for asteroids, but what happened to P/2013 R3 to cause it to completely break apart?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it collide with another asteroid? Not likely. Though asteroids do occasionally collide with each other, the fragments of P/2013 R3 should be flying apart much faster if a violent collision were the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did internal forces pry it to pieces? On Earth weathering, the action of water, wind, and expanding ice, will gradually disintegrate a big rock like Half Dome or El Capitan. And, the \u003ca title=\"Regolith of small asteroids are formed by thermal fatigue\" href=\"http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/regolith-of-small-asteroids-are-formed-by-thermal-fatigue_922023.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heating and vaporizing of ices\u003c/a> within an asteroid may be a mechanism related to the dust outbursts from 3200 Phaethon or the tail-growing behavior of P/2013 P5. But the complete crumbling of an asteroid by the expansion of internal vapor is also thought to be unlikely in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that leave, short of a scenario out of science fiction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you believe sunlight?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the nutshell of this idea: Uneven sunlight pressure gradually accelerates an asteroid’s rotation to the point where stresses from centripetal forces cause it to “gently” fly apart, especially if the asteroid’s structure was already weakened, perhaps due to a collision with another object sometime in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever seen one of those sunlight-driven propellers (“radiometers”) with the black and white colored sides then you’ve seen how an imbalance of solar radiance can make something move. “Solar sail” spacecraft have been envisioned that take advantage of sunlight pressure for propulsion, and even existing spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"Mariner 10\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1973-085A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 10\u003c/a> for one) have employed the technique to turn. NASA may also use sunlight pressure to stabilize the attitude of the broken \u003ca title=\"Kepler\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/kepler/a-sunny-outlook-for-nasa-keplers-second-light/#.Uz25MahdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not sure that this is what happened to P/2013 R3, but it’s a plausible scenario that matches up well with observations of the breakup. At least, Hubble didn’t spot any Death Star space stations lurking in the area.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Upholding a long-standing tradition of showing us things in space that we have never seen before, the Hubble Space Telescope recently witnessed the break-up of an asteroid. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933892,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":748},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Shows Us Something New: A Disintegrating Asteroid | KQED","description":"Upholding a long-standing tradition of showing us things in space that we have never seen before, the Hubble Space Telescope recently witnessed the break-up of an asteroid. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/16111/nasas-hubble-space-telescope-shows-us-something-new-a-disintegrating-asteroid","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16112\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/hst_p2013r3.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16112\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/hst_p2013r3.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of asteroid P/2013 R3 break-up. (STScI/NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of asteroid P/2013 R3 break-up. (STScI/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Upholding a long-standing tradition of showing us things in space that we have never seen before, the Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca title=\"Hubble Space Telescope witnesses breakup of an asteroid\" href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1405a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently witnessed the break-up\u003c/a> of an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid P/2013 R3 was discovered in the Catalina and PanSTARRS sky survey data on September 15th last year. When follow-up observations were made by the giant \u003ca title=\"Keck Observatory\" href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keck telescope\u003c/a> in Hawaii, three separate objects traveling together within a cloud of dust the size of Earth were revealed. This elevated the level of interest in the object to warrant a look at it through Hubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the looking glass of Hubble’s optics, things grew curiouser and curiouser….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble’s perceptive eye made out not three, but 10 distinct objects moving in a pack, the four largest chunks as big as 400 meters across. Also, the fragments are separating from each other at a stately one mile per hour. This could only mean one thing: the small mountain of rock was caught in the act of disintegrating, an event that we had previously only observed in the more fragile and heat-sensitive objects we classify as comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, our rudimentary ideal of \u003ca title=\"Asteroids: Formation, Discovery and Exploration\" href=\"http://www.space.com/51-asteroids-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroids \u003c/a>was of giant rocks wheeling through space, ranging from house-sized bits to megaliths hundreds of miles across. Most of them are found in the Asteroid Belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, though many have been found roving outside of those bounds and even interloping on Earth’s orbit. Over time we have discovered many thousands, and expect their actual numbers to be in the millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we think of giant rocks, we tend to imagine singularly solid objects, maybe like El Capitan or Half Dome in Yosemite: robust geological titans that stand up to time, gravity, and the forces of weathering with enduring strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time, and lots of observations by spacecraft like Hubble, robotic probes and ground-based telescopes, have taught us that asteroids, like many things, are usually more nuanced, complicated and just plain interesting than our initial simplistic ideals. We already knew about an asteroid named \u003ca title=\"3200 Phaethon\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/27nov_rockcomet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3200 Phaethon\u003c/a> that exudes a trail of dust as comets do, earning it the moniker “rock comet.” Another asteroid, P/2013 P5, was recently observed to\u003ca title=\"Asteroid sprouts six tails\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/space-telescope-spots-unprecedented-asteroid-with-six-tails/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> spout six comet-like tails\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spewing out dust and comet-esque tails is unusual behavior for asteroids, but what happened to P/2013 R3 to cause it to completely break apart?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it collide with another asteroid? Not likely. Though asteroids do occasionally collide with each other, the fragments of P/2013 R3 should be flying apart much faster if a violent collision were the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did internal forces pry it to pieces? On Earth weathering, the action of water, wind, and expanding ice, will gradually disintegrate a big rock like Half Dome or El Capitan. And, the \u003ca title=\"Regolith of small asteroids are formed by thermal fatigue\" href=\"http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/regolith-of-small-asteroids-are-formed-by-thermal-fatigue_922023.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heating and vaporizing of ices\u003c/a> within an asteroid may be a mechanism related to the dust outbursts from 3200 Phaethon or the tail-growing behavior of P/2013 P5. But the complete crumbling of an asteroid by the expansion of internal vapor is also thought to be unlikely in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that leave, short of a scenario out of science fiction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you believe sunlight?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the nutshell of this idea: Uneven sunlight pressure gradually accelerates an asteroid’s rotation to the point where stresses from centripetal forces cause it to “gently” fly apart, especially if the asteroid’s structure was already weakened, perhaps due to a collision with another object sometime in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever seen one of those sunlight-driven propellers (“radiometers”) with the black and white colored sides then you’ve seen how an imbalance of solar radiance can make something move. “Solar sail” spacecraft have been envisioned that take advantage of sunlight pressure for propulsion, and even existing spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"Mariner 10\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1973-085A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 10\u003c/a> for one) have employed the technique to turn. NASA may also use sunlight pressure to stabilize the attitude of the broken \u003ca title=\"Kepler\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/kepler/a-sunny-outlook-for-nasa-keplers-second-light/#.Uz25MahdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not sure that this is what happened to P/2013 R3, but it’s a plausible scenario that matches up well with observations of the breakup. At least, Hubble didn’t spot any Death Star space stations lurking in the area.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16111/nasas-hubble-space-telescope-shows-us-something-new-a-disintegrating-asteroid","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_144","science_145","science_5175","science_1471","science_577","science_833"],"featImg":"science_16112","label":"science"},"science_13879":{"type":"posts","id":"science_13879","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"13879","score":null,"sort":[1391785243000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-cigar-galaxy-lights-up-supernova-2014j","title":"The Cigar Galaxy Lights Up: Supernova 2014J","publishDate":1391785243,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Cigar Galaxy Lights Up: Supernova 2014J | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014) pictures. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014). Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time in a galaxy 12 million light years away, a tiny white dwarf star went supernova, and for a few fleeting weeks was elevated in brightness to outshine the rest of the stars in its galaxy combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far, far away galaxy is called \u003ca title=\"Messier 82\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/47071/messier-82/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Messier 82\u003c/a> and lies in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major (Big Bear, Big Dipper). Also known as the “Cigar Galaxy,” owing to its long narrow shape and maybe its ashy appearance in small telescopes, M-82 has been known to us since the late 18th century when \u003ca title=\"Charles Messier\" href=\"http://www.seasky.org/space-exploration/astronomers-charles-messier.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Messier\u003c/a> observed and cataloged it during his search for comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, 2014-J, was first noticed on January 21st, though may have been visible to us as early as the 14th. Appearing now as a bright dot set in the glow of the Cigar, 2014J has been captured by many telescopes the world around. \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center’s\u003c/a> 36-inch reflector, \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center's 36-inch reflector, "Nellie"\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/nellie.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nellie\u003c/a>, has also been affording visitors a peek through the eyepiece during our Friday and Saturday night observing hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J has been identified as \u003ca title=\"Hubblesite: Type 1A Supernovae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-type_ia_supernovae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Type 1A supernova\u003c/a>, a special and very useful kind of stellar explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “ordinary” \u003ca title=\"Supernova\" href=\"http://www.space.com/6638-supernova.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supernova\u003c/a> occurs when a massive star runs out of fuel and can no longer support its bulk against its own gravity. With the forces of nuclear fusion in its core suddenly snuffed out, it collapses and ignites the leftover core material in a sudden frenzied burst of fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Type 1A supernova arises not from a massive star shoving off its mortal coil, but from the remnant of a dead, sun-sized star that has become a sort of ticking time bomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"White Dwarf\" href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/dwarfs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">white dwarf\u003c/a> is the remnant core of a dead star that in its life was around the size of our sun. In the after-life scenario for such a star, its outer layers of gas are blown gently into space as an expanding “\u003ca title=\"Planetary Nebulae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planetary nebula\u003c/a>“. Its extinguished, but still hot core contracts into a dense ball of mostly carbon and oxygen roughly the size of the Earth. It’s hot because it retains the original core’s heat energy, though over time will cool down like a fading ember and go dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes a white dwarf belongs to a binary star system: a pair of stars dancing in mutual orbits. If the white dwarf and its companion star are close enough to each other the dwarf can draw material from the other, slowly adding to its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just like the load capacity of a standard elevator, a white dwarf has a maximum mass limit equivalent to 1.38 times the mass of our sun (called the Chandrasekhar Limit, after Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar). If a white dwarf’s mass exceeds this limit…well, not to put too fine a point in it, boom! The straw breaks the camel’s back; the overweight white dwarf experiences a sudden, rapid, and violent collapse, stoking the fusion of much of the carbon and oxygen in its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a Type 1A supernova is born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since each and every white dwarf that blows in this fashion has exactly that same critical mass, the power of all Type 1A supernovas are always exactly the same—in contrast to those “ordinary” stellar supernovas whose strengths vary depending on the mass or the dying star, among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovas, then, are very useful as standard reference beacons for measuring the distances to the galaxies that host them. All we have to do is measure a Type 1A supernova’s apparent brightness, compare it to the known absolute brightness for one, then we can calculate its distance with good accuracy. In fact, it is this technique that has allowed us to determine the size and structure, and ultimately the age, of the universe itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J will be fading in the week or so ahead. If you come by Chabot on a Friday or Saturday evening in the near future you may be lucky enough to glimpse the final epitaph for what is now a long dead star — dare I say death star — in a galaxy far, far away…. Go rebels!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Once upon a time in a galaxy 12 million light years away, a tiny white dwarf star went supernova, and for a few fleeting weeks was elevated in brightness to outshine the rest of the stars in its galaxy combined.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934243,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":740},"headData":{"title":"The Cigar Galaxy Lights Up: Supernova 2014J | KQED","description":"Once upon a time in a galaxy 12 million light years away, a tiny white dwarf star went supernova, and for a few fleeting weeks was elevated in brightness to outshine the rest of the stars in its galaxy combined.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/13879/the-cigar-galaxy-lights-up-supernova-2014j","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014) pictures. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014). Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time in a galaxy 12 million light years away, a tiny white dwarf star went supernova, and for a few fleeting weeks was elevated in brightness to outshine the rest of the stars in its galaxy combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far, far away galaxy is called \u003ca title=\"Messier 82\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/47071/messier-82/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Messier 82\u003c/a> and lies in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major (Big Bear, Big Dipper). Also known as the “Cigar Galaxy,” owing to its long narrow shape and maybe its ashy appearance in small telescopes, M-82 has been known to us since the late 18th century when \u003ca title=\"Charles Messier\" href=\"http://www.seasky.org/space-exploration/astronomers-charles-messier.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Messier\u003c/a> observed and cataloged it during his search for comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, 2014-J, was first noticed on January 21st, though may have been visible to us as early as the 14th. Appearing now as a bright dot set in the glow of the Cigar, 2014J has been captured by many telescopes the world around. \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center’s\u003c/a> 36-inch reflector, \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center's 36-inch reflector, "Nellie"\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/nellie.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nellie\u003c/a>, has also been affording visitors a peek through the eyepiece during our Friday and Saturday night observing hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J has been identified as \u003ca title=\"Hubblesite: Type 1A Supernovae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-type_ia_supernovae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Type 1A supernova\u003c/a>, a special and very useful kind of stellar explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “ordinary” \u003ca title=\"Supernova\" href=\"http://www.space.com/6638-supernova.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supernova\u003c/a> occurs when a massive star runs out of fuel and can no longer support its bulk against its own gravity. With the forces of nuclear fusion in its core suddenly snuffed out, it collapses and ignites the leftover core material in a sudden frenzied burst of fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Type 1A supernova arises not from a massive star shoving off its mortal coil, but from the remnant of a dead, sun-sized star that has become a sort of ticking time bomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"White Dwarf\" href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/dwarfs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">white dwarf\u003c/a> is the remnant core of a dead star that in its life was around the size of our sun. In the after-life scenario for such a star, its outer layers of gas are blown gently into space as an expanding “\u003ca title=\"Planetary Nebulae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planetary nebula\u003c/a>“. Its extinguished, but still hot core contracts into a dense ball of mostly carbon and oxygen roughly the size of the Earth. It’s hot because it retains the original core’s heat energy, though over time will cool down like a fading ember and go dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes a white dwarf belongs to a binary star system: a pair of stars dancing in mutual orbits. If the white dwarf and its companion star are close enough to each other the dwarf can draw material from the other, slowly adding to its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just like the load capacity of a standard elevator, a white dwarf has a maximum mass limit equivalent to 1.38 times the mass of our sun (called the Chandrasekhar Limit, after Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar). If a white dwarf’s mass exceeds this limit…well, not to put too fine a point in it, boom! The straw breaks the camel’s back; the overweight white dwarf experiences a sudden, rapid, and violent collapse, stoking the fusion of much of the carbon and oxygen in its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a Type 1A supernova is born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since each and every white dwarf that blows in this fashion has exactly that same critical mass, the power of all Type 1A supernovas are always exactly the same—in contrast to those “ordinary” stellar supernovas whose strengths vary depending on the mass or the dying star, among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovas, then, are very useful as standard reference beacons for measuring the distances to the galaxies that host them. All we have to do is measure a Type 1A supernova’s apparent brightness, compare it to the known absolute brightness for one, then we can calculate its distance with good accuracy. In fact, it is this technique that has allowed us to determine the size and structure, and ultimately the age, of the universe itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J will be fading in the week or so ahead. If you come by Chabot on a Friday or Saturday evening in the near future you may be lucky enough to glimpse the final epitaph for what is now a long dead star — dare I say death star — in a galaxy far, far away…. Go rebels!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/13879/the-cigar-galaxy-lights-up-supernova-2014j","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_833"],"featImg":"science_13880","label":"science"},"science_10081":{"type":"posts","id":"science_10081","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"10081","score":null,"sort":[1382108429000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"comet-ison-celestial-popcorn-thats-ready-to-pop","title":"Comet ISON: Celestial Popcorn That's Ready to Pop?","publishDate":1382108429,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Comet ISON: Celestial Popcorn That’s Ready to Pop? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10156\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/ison-chabot-oct132013.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10156\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/ison-chabot-oct132013.jpg\" alt=\"Comet ISON - Sept 8 2013 - Chabot Space & Science Center, Photo by Conrad Jung\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10156\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet ISON – October 13 2013 – Chabot Space & Science Center, Photo by Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Comet ISON has entered the inner solar system!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On about October 1st, the comet that has attracted so much attention and prompted many projections, prognostications and probably a few wagers, crossed the orbit of the planet Mars to begin its final sprint to the center of the solar system. It’s the last and fastest dog-leg of its long journey from the cold dark reaches of outer space to its potentially fateful close encounter with the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovered in September 2012 by Vitali Nevski and Artyom Novichonok with a telescope of the International Sky Observer Network, Comet ISON has since been tracked by telescopes around the world—including the one that actually goes around the world: the Hubble Space Telescope. It has even been scoped out by cameras on \u003ca title=\"ISON Seen by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/releases/ison.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> when it sailed close to Mars a couple of weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this scrutiny is aimed at learning as much about the physical nature of this ancient time capsule as possible before it reaches a crucial point in its flight through the solar system: perihelion, the point where it passes closest to the sun, on November 28. Crucial, because at that time it will be less than a single solar diameter from the Sun’s surface, and exposed to intense radiation that could vaporize it and gravitational tidal forces that will work to tear it apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What have all of these observations told us about the betting odds of the comet’s survival, or whether we’ll be able to see with our eyes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, the Hubble Space Telescope determined that ISON’s rotation is slow—so slow that, so far, \u003ca title=\"ISON's Dark Side\" href=\"http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/10/11/comet-ison-plays-coy-with-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only one side of it has been exposed to sunlight\u003c/a>. Day by day, as the comet draws closer to the sun, the heating of its sunward size grows stronger. Its surface ices are transformed into gases that envelop the icy nucleus in a vast shroud called a coma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a comet gets close to the sun, its coma is blown away from the nucleus by sunlight into the familiar shape of the comet’s tail. Key to how bright and fluffy (or flat and ho-hum) a comet becomes is how big a coma it develops, how much ice is converted into gas, and how quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that this comet has shown only one face to the sun is intriguing. It means that it has a dark side, cold and protected, yet to feel the touch of solar rays. Sheltered on the shady side of ISON is likely to be a load of frozen but highly volatile ices. While the sunlit side of ISON has been warming and leaking away materials for at least a year now, the dark side remains pristine, a reservoir of untapped volatile material that awaits release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a week before perihelion, the dark side of ISON is expected to begin turning into the sunlight. The sudden exposure to the intense radiation could cause a strong outburst of gases into the coma–like a celestial popcorn kernel suddenly bursting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another observation critical to predicting of the fate of ISON is its size. How big a comet is becomes an important factor when its orbital path is to carry it so scorching-close to the sun. As ISON has fallen closer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/104818/comet-ison-a-viewing-guide-from-now-to-perihelion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more and better data\u003c/a> has been collected by telescopes, starting with the Hubble’s observations in April, continued by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter earlier this month and ongoing by many telescopes around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From these observations ISON is estimated to be between 1 and 4 kilometers (0.6 to 2.5 miles) in diameter, roughly the size of Mount Diablo at the upper end—large enough, it is expected, to survive its close encounter with the sun on Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will it blossom or sputter? Will the popcorn kernel be a dud, or will it blow the lid off the pot? There has been speculation in both directions, based on observational evidence and past experiences with the fickle and often temperamental nature of comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth is, we won’t know until we know, likely in the week or so following the end of November, but my hopes—and my money—are on a good show in December.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Maybe a week before it passes closest to the sun, the dark side of Comet ISON is expected to begin turning into the sunlight. The sudden exposure to the intense radiation could cause a strong outburst of gases into the coma--like a celestial popcorn kernel suddenly bursting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934858,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":742},"headData":{"title":"Comet ISON: Celestial Popcorn That's Ready to Pop? | KQED","description":"Maybe a week before it passes closest to the sun, the dark side of Comet ISON is expected to begin turning into the sunlight. The sudden exposure to the intense radiation could cause a strong outburst of gases into the coma--like a celestial popcorn kernel suddenly bursting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/10081/comet-ison-celestial-popcorn-thats-ready-to-pop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10156\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/ison-chabot-oct132013.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10156\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/ison-chabot-oct132013.jpg\" alt=\"Comet ISON - Sept 8 2013 - Chabot Space & Science Center, Photo by Conrad Jung\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10156\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet ISON – October 13 2013 – Chabot Space & Science Center, Photo by Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Comet ISON has entered the inner solar system!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On about October 1st, the comet that has attracted so much attention and prompted many projections, prognostications and probably a few wagers, crossed the orbit of the planet Mars to begin its final sprint to the center of the solar system. It’s the last and fastest dog-leg of its long journey from the cold dark reaches of outer space to its potentially fateful close encounter with the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovered in September 2012 by Vitali Nevski and Artyom Novichonok with a telescope of the International Sky Observer Network, Comet ISON has since been tracked by telescopes around the world—including the one that actually goes around the world: the Hubble Space Telescope. It has even been scoped out by cameras on \u003ca title=\"ISON Seen by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/releases/ison.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> when it sailed close to Mars a couple of weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this scrutiny is aimed at learning as much about the physical nature of this ancient time capsule as possible before it reaches a crucial point in its flight through the solar system: perihelion, the point where it passes closest to the sun, on November 28. Crucial, because at that time it will be less than a single solar diameter from the Sun’s surface, and exposed to intense radiation that could vaporize it and gravitational tidal forces that will work to tear it apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What have all of these observations told us about the betting odds of the comet’s survival, or whether we’ll be able to see with our eyes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, the Hubble Space Telescope determined that ISON’s rotation is slow—so slow that, so far, \u003ca title=\"ISON's Dark Side\" href=\"http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/10/11/comet-ison-plays-coy-with-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only one side of it has been exposed to sunlight\u003c/a>. Day by day, as the comet draws closer to the sun, the heating of its sunward size grows stronger. Its surface ices are transformed into gases that envelop the icy nucleus in a vast shroud called a coma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a comet gets close to the sun, its coma is blown away from the nucleus by sunlight into the familiar shape of the comet’s tail. Key to how bright and fluffy (or flat and ho-hum) a comet becomes is how big a coma it develops, how much ice is converted into gas, and how quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that this comet has shown only one face to the sun is intriguing. It means that it has a dark side, cold and protected, yet to feel the touch of solar rays. Sheltered on the shady side of ISON is likely to be a load of frozen but highly volatile ices. While the sunlit side of ISON has been warming and leaking away materials for at least a year now, the dark side remains pristine, a reservoir of untapped volatile material that awaits release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a week before perihelion, the dark side of ISON is expected to begin turning into the sunlight. The sudden exposure to the intense radiation could cause a strong outburst of gases into the coma–like a celestial popcorn kernel suddenly bursting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another observation critical to predicting of the fate of ISON is its size. How big a comet is becomes an important factor when its orbital path is to carry it so scorching-close to the sun. As ISON has fallen closer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/104818/comet-ison-a-viewing-guide-from-now-to-perihelion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more and better data\u003c/a> has been collected by telescopes, starting with the Hubble’s observations in April, continued by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter earlier this month and ongoing by many telescopes around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From these observations ISON is estimated to be between 1 and 4 kilometers (0.6 to 2.5 miles) in diameter, roughly the size of Mount Diablo at the upper end—large enough, it is expected, to survive its close encounter with the sun on Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will it blossom or sputter? Will the popcorn kernel be a dud, or will it blow the lid off the pot? There has been speculation in both directions, based on observational evidence and past experiences with the fickle and often temperamental nature of comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth is, we won’t know until we know, likely in the week or so following the end of November, but my hopes—and my money—are on a good show in December.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/10081/comet-ison-celestial-popcorn-thats-ready-to-pop","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_145","science_5179","science_5175","science_577","science_833"],"featImg":"science_10089","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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