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Imagine that…[/pullquote]Call it a fossil hunt. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7539\">NASA plans to send\u003c/a> its soon-to-launch Mars 2020 rover to a spot researchers hope will yield direct evidence of past life there. It may turn up in the form of mineral residues of once-living creatures, or possibly in physical formations, like stromatolites — \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7541&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20191115-1\">rocks formed by the activity of ancient microbes\u003c/a> that thrived in shallow, sun-drenched water. On Earth, stromatolites are among the oldest extant remnants of the earliest terrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color map of the Isidis Basin and the location of Jezero Crater on Mars. Colors indicate altitude, where red is higher elevations and violet the lowest. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jezero Crater: Fossil-hunting Site?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020’s target of interest is the 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8387/nasa-announces-landing-site-for-mars-2020-rover/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a>, an impact feature at the edge of Isidis Basin. Through measurements and images the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>took from orbit, Jezero has shown great promise in the search for signs of past life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. Center in this image is a fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 3.5 billion years ago, when a more Earth-like environment existed on Mars, Jezero Crater was probably flooded with water. A fanning complex of delta-like deposits sprouting from a likely river inlet promises to be a repository of sediments washed down from higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, maybe most tantalizing of all, researchers have discovered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencealert.com/the-next-mars-rover-is-set-to-checkout-the-perfect-place-for-preserving-fossils\">layer of carbonate minerals\u003c/a> ringing what once upon a time would have been a shoreline of the ancient lake, like a chalk outline of a body of water that has dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geologists find calcium carbonate in the fossils of ancient seashells, coral and stromatolite formations, as well as layers of sedimentary limestone that form over time from accumulations of these remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ancient lake waters filling Jezero Crater, showing the river inlet (top) and the fan of water-deposited sediments (underwater in this illustration) that have been captured in images by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, imagine astrobiologists’ excitement at finding concentrations of carbonates tracing the shoreline of an ancient lake, where sunny, shallow waters may have once provided a life-nurturing environment. Accordingly, Mars 2020 plans to visit this vestige of shoreline during its exploration of Jezero Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheduled for launch in 2020 and a landing on Feb. 18, 2021, Mars 2020 is the first spacecraft NASA has designed to search for signs of Martian life since the twin Vikings landed 43 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vikings tested scoops of Martian soil for the chemical signatures of biological respiration, signs of microscopic organisms alive on Mars today. The \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/im-convinced-we-found-evidence-of-life-on-mars-in-the-1970s/\">results remain controversial \u003c/a>and inconclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 is equipped with an instrument called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/sherloc/\">SHERLOC\u003c/a> (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals), mounted at the end of its robotic arm. With a magnifying camera to examine fine-scale mineralogical features, and an ultraviolet laser and spectrometer for detecting and classifying minerals, SHERLOC will get up close and personal with the rocks in Jezero Crater to look for shapes and chemicals ancient life may have left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the layer of carbonates lining the ancient shoreline of Jezero Crater’s now-dry lake bed harbors chemical residues or mineral structures that are the fossilized remains of Martians, then the long anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA plans to search for the remains of life that may have existed on Mars 3.5 billion years ago.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848149,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":714},"headData":{"title":"NASA Hopes to Find Direct Evidence of Past Life on Mars With 2021 Landing | KQED","description":"NASA plans to search for the remains of life that may have existed on Mars 3.5 billion years ago.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Hopes to Find Direct Evidence of Past Life on Mars With 2021 Landing","datePublished":"2019-11-21T18:03:12.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:55:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Mars Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1950956/nasa-hopes-to-find-direct-evidence-of-past-life-on-mars-with-2021-landing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time in over 40 years, NASA plans to search for Martians — not living ones but the very long dead remains of life forms that may have thrived on a watery planet 3.5 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"If the ancient shoreline of a now-dry lake bed harbors the fossilized remains of Martian life, then the long-anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away. Imagine that…","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Call it a fossil hunt. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7539\">NASA plans to send\u003c/a> its soon-to-launch Mars 2020 rover to a spot researchers hope will yield direct evidence of past life there. It may turn up in the form of mineral residues of once-living creatures, or possibly in physical formations, like stromatolites — \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7541&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20191115-1\">rocks formed by the activity of ancient microbes\u003c/a> that thrived in shallow, sun-drenched water. On Earth, stromatolites are among the oldest extant remnants of the earliest terrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color map of the Isidis Basin and the location of Jezero Crater on Mars. Colors indicate altitude, where red is higher elevations and violet the lowest. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jezero Crater: Fossil-hunting Site?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020’s target of interest is the 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8387/nasa-announces-landing-site-for-mars-2020-rover/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a>, an impact feature at the edge of Isidis Basin. Through measurements and images the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>took from orbit, Jezero has shown great promise in the search for signs of past life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. Center in this image is a fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 3.5 billion years ago, when a more Earth-like environment existed on Mars, Jezero Crater was probably flooded with water. A fanning complex of delta-like deposits sprouting from a likely river inlet promises to be a repository of sediments washed down from higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, maybe most tantalizing of all, researchers have discovered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencealert.com/the-next-mars-rover-is-set-to-checkout-the-perfect-place-for-preserving-fossils\">layer of carbonate minerals\u003c/a> ringing what once upon a time would have been a shoreline of the ancient lake, like a chalk outline of a body of water that has dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geologists find calcium carbonate in the fossils of ancient seashells, coral and stromatolite formations, as well as layers of sedimentary limestone that form over time from accumulations of these remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ancient lake waters filling Jezero Crater, showing the river inlet (top) and the fan of water-deposited sediments (underwater in this illustration) that have been captured in images by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, imagine astrobiologists’ excitement at finding concentrations of carbonates tracing the shoreline of an ancient lake, where sunny, shallow waters may have once provided a life-nurturing environment. Accordingly, Mars 2020 plans to visit this vestige of shoreline during its exploration of Jezero Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheduled for launch in 2020 and a landing on Feb. 18, 2021, Mars 2020 is the first spacecraft NASA has designed to search for signs of Martian life since the twin Vikings landed 43 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vikings tested scoops of Martian soil for the chemical signatures of biological respiration, signs of microscopic organisms alive on Mars today. The \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/im-convinced-we-found-evidence-of-life-on-mars-in-the-1970s/\">results remain controversial \u003c/a>and inconclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 is equipped with an instrument called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/sherloc/\">SHERLOC\u003c/a> (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals), mounted at the end of its robotic arm. With a magnifying camera to examine fine-scale mineralogical features, and an ultraviolet laser and spectrometer for detecting and classifying minerals, SHERLOC will get up close and personal with the rocks in Jezero Crater to look for shapes and chemicals ancient life may have left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the layer of carbonates lining the ancient shoreline of Jezero Crater’s now-dry lake bed harbors chemical residues or mineral structures that are the fossilized remains of Martians, then the long anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1950956/nasa-hopes-to-find-direct-evidence-of-past-life-on-mars-with-2021-landing","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_2356","science_3370","science_5179","science_3616","science_5175","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1950960","label":"source_science_1950956"},"science_1944981":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1944981","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1944981","score":null,"sort":[1563894033000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nine-major-innovations-you-can-thank-space-program-for","title":"Nine Major Innovations You Can Thank Space Program For","publishDate":1563894033,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nine Major Innovations You Can Thank Space Program For | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The rewards of our nation’s ventures in space go beyond astonishing scientific discoveries and breathtaking human drama on the stage of the cosmos. Not to be overlooked are a multitude of down-to-earth technological “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/nasa-spinoffs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spin-offs\u003c/a>” that we all share in and enjoy in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All modern technological conveniences have roots somewhere in the past, whether stemming from great need, from a military conflict, or simply by happy accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of life-saving penicillin was a laboratory accident. Early mechanical “logic machines,” like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/business/alan-turing-50-pound-note/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Turing\u003c/a>‘s Nazi code breaker in World War II, paved the way for digital computers in the decades that followed. Microwave ovens emerged from post-World-War-II military radar technology (the first microwave model was called the ‘Radarange’ for a reason).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945252\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg\" alt=\"NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \" width=\"638\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg 638w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some cases, that useful gadget in your home is a true \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/feature/Going_to_the_Moon_Was_Hard_But_the_Benefits_Were_Huge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space-age miracle\u003c/a>. Many of the materials, devices, and processes originally invented for the moon landings and other space ventures were later commercially developed to deliver “space-age” conveniences and applications into our communities, work places, and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://physics.info/photoelectric/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a>, when light knocks electrons off of certain types of atoms to create an electrical current, has been known to us for over a century. Early light-sensitive detectors and meters made use of this phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But photoelectric technology didn’t become advanced enough to produce useful quantities of electrical power until the space age, when the need to power orbital satellites and space probes challenged engineers to action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells were first used in space on the United States’ Vanguard spacecraft in 1958 to extend the life of the battery-powered satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the \u003ca href=\"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-004A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explorer 6\u003c/a> satellite was launched, carrying large wing-like arrays of solar panels that enabled it to operate for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, solar panels are found everywhere, from giant collector arrays on building rooftops to small panels (or cells) powering all manner of gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold-Weather Wearables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1992, NASA contracted Aspen Technologies to develop “\u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2010/cg_2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aerogel\u003c/a>” fabrics for thermal insulation material. Aerogel, first invented in 1931, is created by removing the liquid components from a gel and leaving behind the thin skeleton of its solid structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely sparse material is a very poor conductor of heat, making it perfect as a lightweight thermal insulator. NASA employed the insulators developed from aerogel in the heat shields of spacecraft and also the swaddling layers of its astronauts’ spacesuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professional explorers and serious wilderness enthusiasts on Earth have benefited from commercial spinoffs of these insulators, in the form of glove liners, boot insoles, and even lightweight insulated jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One climber who summited Mount Everest with a pair of “\u003ca href=\"https://backpackinglight.com/polar_wrap_toasty_feet_insole_spotlite_review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Toasty Feet\u003c/a>” insoles inside her boots reported that her feet remained warm and comfortable throughout her climb, despite wearing only a single pair of socks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foil Blankets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silvery-foiled “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/40-years-of-nasa-spinoff/emergency-blankets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space blanket\u003c/a>” you may have used on camping trips, or keep in the emergency roadside kit in your car, was another product of the Apollo program, developed in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A "space blanket" deployed to control solar heating of NASA's Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1200x803.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “space blanket” deployed to control solar heating of NASA’s Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The multi-layer, aluminized-mylar material was created to address the need for lightweight and compactly stored thermal insulation to protect astronauts from temperature extremes in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scratch-Resistant Glasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scratch resistant coating you may have on your sunglasses, eyeglasses, or ski mask also stems from the development of spacesuit materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s NASA’S Ames Research Center came up with a material to prevent astronauts’ spacesuit helmet visors from becoming scratched — a serious consideration during space walks and other maneuvers where clear vision is essential, and scratch-covered lenses and visors cannot be readily replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miniature, Inexpensive Digital Cameras\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have marveled at the detailed, rich, and colorful pictures that tiny little camera on your smart phone takes — or are just glad to have such a small and portable camera with you at all times — you can thank NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMOS sensor\u003c/a> in 1995, a photographic chip tailored for the reliability, image quality, and low power consumption required aboard robotic space probes with limited power budgets and the need to take many thousands of pictures each day. CMOS stands for “complementary metal-oxide semiconductor,” a solid-state technology previously developed for use in microprocessors and other computer applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This space-camera innovation later spun off a family of smaller, cheaper imaging chips for a range of commercial applications, including smart phones, sport cams, web cams, compact digital and DSLR cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fireproof Clothing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might not be a firefighter, astronaut, or airplane pilot, but it should comfort you to know that many of society’s professional first responders and other heroic personnel won’t easily catch fire if put into an incendiary situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fatal \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/17338-apollo-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 1 training drill fire\u003c/a> that killed three astronauts in 1967 pressed NASA engineers to \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/ps_3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rethink the use of combustible materials\u003c/a> in spacesuits and other furnishings on board their spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with a synthetic fiber called \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/10671-space-spinoff-technology-fireproof-clothing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polybenzimidazole, \u003c/a>NASA developed a fabric that would not catch fire, especially in the high-oxygen environment of an Apollo space capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This innovation bestowed fire protection not only upon Apollo astronauts of later missions, it also protects post-Apollo astronauts to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology quickly branched out into other government and commercial applications, from the outer fire-resistant shells of firefighter gear, to sporting applications such as clothing worn by race car drivers, to uniforms and protective clothing for workers in industrial settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vac-Packed Food\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You go to your kitchen’s pantry shelf and select a rigid plastic-wrapped food item, slit the plastic, and hear that little “phhht!” as the package seems to melt into softness. Then, time to cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may appreciate how the vacuum-packaging keeps your food shelf-safe for months (or even years) without refrigeration, but did you know that the technique was developed for use in space by astronauts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA developed a process for freeze-drying and vacuum-packaging food for astronauts in space as early as Gemini missions. It has been used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Food_for_Space_Flight.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supply or supplement the food\u003c/a> of all human space missions since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacterial contamination and growth is prevented by the hermetic seal and the low-pressure and -oxygen environment inside. Vacuum-sealing also reduces the volume of the package, making for more compact storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of this space innovation came improvements to the preparation of commercially supplied food on Earth. Extending the shelf-life of food means less waste from spoilage, greater ease of transportation and distribution, and increased food safety and public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have your running shoes lost their springy step? Does that old mattress welcome you to bed each night with the hug of a permanent body-formed declivity? Do you have a favorite sitting spot on your couch because the rest of it is just too firm and supportive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like a job for \u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\">m\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emory foam\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developed under a contract by NASA/Ames Research Center in 1966 to cushion test pilots pulling high-G maneuvers in jet aircraft, the springy, resilient, always-snaps-back-to-the-same-shape material that we have come to know as memory foam has found many commercial and domestic applications over the last few decades. Your happy feet, good night’s sleep, and general couch-potatoing enjoyment are proof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cordless Power Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are an Apollo astronaut on the moon’s surface, assembling the lunar rover, setting up scientific instruments, and collecting rock specimens. You could really use an electric-powered tool. The problem: you’re on the moon and there are no electrical outlets for a quarter of a million miles. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945249\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg\" alt=\"Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \" width=\"588\" height=\"752\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg 588w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC-160x205.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you were NASA, you teamed up with the Black and Decker company to develop the specialized motors and batteries needed for completely cordless hand-tools that can operate in the airless, sometimes weightless environments of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black and Decker had already invented battery-powered hand tools, but coming up with the very specialized devices NASA needed required some innovation. For the Gemini missions, the company produced an electric wrench that could turn a bolt in Zero-G without sending the astronaut into a spin of their own. For the Apollo missions, a special hammering rock drill was developed for astronauts to collect rock samples on the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinning off the technology for commercial applications, Black and Decker later developed the light-weight, high-speed motor that powered their “Dustbuster” hand-held vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The technology we use every day originated from some extraordinary challenge -- like NASA's effort 50 years ago to put humans on the moon. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848481,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":49,"wordCount":1556},"headData":{"title":"Nine Major Innovations You Can Thank Space Program For | KQED","description":"The technology we use every day originated from some extraordinary challenge -- like NASA's effort 50 years ago to put humans on the moon. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nine Major Innovations You Can Thank Space Program For","datePublished":"2019-07-23T15:00:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:01:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sourceUrl":"Space","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1944981/nine-major-innovations-you-can-thank-space-program-for","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rewards of our nation’s ventures in space go beyond astonishing scientific discoveries and breathtaking human drama on the stage of the cosmos. Not to be overlooked are a multitude of down-to-earth technological “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/nasa-spinoffs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spin-offs\u003c/a>” that we all share in and enjoy in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All modern technological conveniences have roots somewhere in the past, whether stemming from great need, from a military conflict, or simply by happy accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of life-saving penicillin was a laboratory accident. Early mechanical “logic machines,” like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/business/alan-turing-50-pound-note/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Turing\u003c/a>‘s Nazi code breaker in World War II, paved the way for digital computers in the decades that followed. Microwave ovens emerged from post-World-War-II military radar technology (the first microwave model was called the ‘Radarange’ for a reason).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945252\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg\" alt=\"NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \" width=\"638\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg 638w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some cases, that useful gadget in your home is a true \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/feature/Going_to_the_Moon_Was_Hard_But_the_Benefits_Were_Huge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space-age miracle\u003c/a>. Many of the materials, devices, and processes originally invented for the moon landings and other space ventures were later commercially developed to deliver “space-age” conveniences and applications into our communities, work places, and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://physics.info/photoelectric/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a>, when light knocks electrons off of certain types of atoms to create an electrical current, has been known to us for over a century. Early light-sensitive detectors and meters made use of this phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But photoelectric technology didn’t become advanced enough to produce useful quantities of electrical power until the space age, when the need to power orbital satellites and space probes challenged engineers to action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells were first used in space on the United States’ Vanguard spacecraft in 1958 to extend the life of the battery-powered satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the \u003ca href=\"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-004A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explorer 6\u003c/a> satellite was launched, carrying large wing-like arrays of solar panels that enabled it to operate for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, solar panels are found everywhere, from giant collector arrays on building rooftops to small panels (or cells) powering all manner of gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold-Weather Wearables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1992, NASA contracted Aspen Technologies to develop “\u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2010/cg_2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aerogel\u003c/a>” fabrics for thermal insulation material. Aerogel, first invented in 1931, is created by removing the liquid components from a gel and leaving behind the thin skeleton of its solid structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely sparse material is a very poor conductor of heat, making it perfect as a lightweight thermal insulator. NASA employed the insulators developed from aerogel in the heat shields of spacecraft and also the swaddling layers of its astronauts’ spacesuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professional explorers and serious wilderness enthusiasts on Earth have benefited from commercial spinoffs of these insulators, in the form of glove liners, boot insoles, and even lightweight insulated jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One climber who summited Mount Everest with a pair of “\u003ca href=\"https://backpackinglight.com/polar_wrap_toasty_feet_insole_spotlite_review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Toasty Feet\u003c/a>” insoles inside her boots reported that her feet remained warm and comfortable throughout her climb, despite wearing only a single pair of socks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foil Blankets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silvery-foiled “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/40-years-of-nasa-spinoff/emergency-blankets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space blanket\u003c/a>” you may have used on camping trips, or keep in the emergency roadside kit in your car, was another product of the Apollo program, developed in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A "space blanket" deployed to control solar heating of NASA's Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1200x803.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “space blanket” deployed to control solar heating of NASA’s Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The multi-layer, aluminized-mylar material was created to address the need for lightweight and compactly stored thermal insulation to protect astronauts from temperature extremes in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scratch-Resistant Glasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scratch resistant coating you may have on your sunglasses, eyeglasses, or ski mask also stems from the development of spacesuit materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s NASA’S Ames Research Center came up with a material to prevent astronauts’ spacesuit helmet visors from becoming scratched — a serious consideration during space walks and other maneuvers where clear vision is essential, and scratch-covered lenses and visors cannot be readily replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miniature, Inexpensive Digital Cameras\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have marveled at the detailed, rich, and colorful pictures that tiny little camera on your smart phone takes — or are just glad to have such a small and portable camera with you at all times — you can thank NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMOS sensor\u003c/a> in 1995, a photographic chip tailored for the reliability, image quality, and low power consumption required aboard robotic space probes with limited power budgets and the need to take many thousands of pictures each day. CMOS stands for “complementary metal-oxide semiconductor,” a solid-state technology previously developed for use in microprocessors and other computer applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This space-camera innovation later spun off a family of smaller, cheaper imaging chips for a range of commercial applications, including smart phones, sport cams, web cams, compact digital and DSLR cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fireproof Clothing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might not be a firefighter, astronaut, or airplane pilot, but it should comfort you to know that many of society’s professional first responders and other heroic personnel won’t easily catch fire if put into an incendiary situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fatal \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/17338-apollo-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 1 training drill fire\u003c/a> that killed three astronauts in 1967 pressed NASA engineers to \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/ps_3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rethink the use of combustible materials\u003c/a> in spacesuits and other furnishings on board their spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with a synthetic fiber called \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/10671-space-spinoff-technology-fireproof-clothing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polybenzimidazole, \u003c/a>NASA developed a fabric that would not catch fire, especially in the high-oxygen environment of an Apollo space capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This innovation bestowed fire protection not only upon Apollo astronauts of later missions, it also protects post-Apollo astronauts to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology quickly branched out into other government and commercial applications, from the outer fire-resistant shells of firefighter gear, to sporting applications such as clothing worn by race car drivers, to uniforms and protective clothing for workers in industrial settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vac-Packed Food\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You go to your kitchen’s pantry shelf and select a rigid plastic-wrapped food item, slit the plastic, and hear that little “phhht!” as the package seems to melt into softness. Then, time to cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may appreciate how the vacuum-packaging keeps your food shelf-safe for months (or even years) without refrigeration, but did you know that the technique was developed for use in space by astronauts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA developed a process for freeze-drying and vacuum-packaging food for astronauts in space as early as Gemini missions. It has been used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Food_for_Space_Flight.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supply or supplement the food\u003c/a> of all human space missions since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacterial contamination and growth is prevented by the hermetic seal and the low-pressure and -oxygen environment inside. Vacuum-sealing also reduces the volume of the package, making for more compact storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of this space innovation came improvements to the preparation of commercially supplied food on Earth. Extending the shelf-life of food means less waste from spoilage, greater ease of transportation and distribution, and increased food safety and public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have your running shoes lost their springy step? Does that old mattress welcome you to bed each night with the hug of a permanent body-formed declivity? Do you have a favorite sitting spot on your couch because the rest of it is just too firm and supportive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like a job for \u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\">m\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emory foam\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developed under a contract by NASA/Ames Research Center in 1966 to cushion test pilots pulling high-G maneuvers in jet aircraft, the springy, resilient, always-snaps-back-to-the-same-shape material that we have come to know as memory foam has found many commercial and domestic applications over the last few decades. Your happy feet, good night’s sleep, and general couch-potatoing enjoyment are proof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cordless Power Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are an Apollo astronaut on the moon’s surface, assembling the lunar rover, setting up scientific instruments, and collecting rock specimens. You could really use an electric-powered tool. The problem: you’re on the moon and there are no electrical outlets for a quarter of a million miles. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945249\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg\" alt=\"Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \" width=\"588\" height=\"752\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg 588w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC-160x205.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you were NASA, you teamed up with the Black and Decker company to develop the specialized motors and batteries needed for completely cordless hand-tools that can operate in the airless, sometimes weightless environments of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black and Decker had already invented battery-powered hand tools, but coming up with the very specialized devices NASA needed required some innovation. For the Gemini missions, the company produced an electric wrench that could turn a bolt in Zero-G without sending the astronaut into a spin of their own. For the Apollo missions, a special hammering rock drill was developed for astronauts to collect rock samples on the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinning off the technology for commercial applications, Black and Decker later developed the light-weight, high-speed motor that powered their “Dustbuster” hand-held vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1944981/nine-major-innovations-you-can-thank-space-program-for","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_628","science_3370","science_3832","science_5175","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1945234","label":"source_science_1944981"},"science_1941092":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1941092","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1941092","score":null,"sort":[1561273268000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change","title":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change","publishDate":1561273268,"format":"image","headTitle":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a> magazine and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science\u003c/a> examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he disrupters of Silicon Valley and its tributaries have trained their GPS on the most fundamental of all human needs — food. In San Francisco earlier this spring, 1,300 venture capitalists, gene scientists, bio-tech visionaries and startup aspirants gathered to probe what they consider to be the nearly digitally virgin terrain of agriculture. It’s a terrain that’s being profoundly transformed by the biggest disrupter of all: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Howard Yana-Shapiro, Mars Corporation']‘Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.’[/pullquote]As attendees at the fifth annual World Agri-Tech Innovation Summit trooped from ballroom to ballroom at the Hilton, plotting the future of agriculture, more than half a million acres of Central Valley fields, once filled with tomatoes, lettuce, almonds, and other crops sat empty for another day of nothing happening. They are fields out of commission, fallowed by two symptoms of climate volatility that are challenging the agricultural practices in the Central Valley and across the country — too little water, or water that’s too salty for cultivating crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Reckoning in the Central Valley' link1='https://baynature.org/article/a-time-of-reckoning-in-the-central-valley/,How a Hotter, Drier, Saltier Central Valley Is Upending Ag and Spurring Conservation' link2='https://baynature.org/2019/06/21/photos-climate-change-arrives-in-the-central-valley/,Photo Essay: Climate Change Arrives in the Central Valley' hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BAY20NATURE20LOGO20SUMMER-no20tag.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone at the summit, who paid almost $2,400 to be there for two days, is well aware that climate change is reshaping agriculture: Temperature, rainfall and the imbalances that lead to extreme weather are all in a kind of atmospheric free-for-all, as greenhouse gases accumulate and volatility accelerates. And that’s just the beginning, as the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> told us last year: There is more turbulence to come. Losses will likely \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/114/12/E2285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accelerate\u003c/a> as the weather changes; new pests and diseases that were wholly unanticipated a decade ago are heading north across the US, following the heat; extreme destructive events multiply in their number and intensity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit convened, the Midwest was reeling from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather-floods-exclusive/exclusive-more-than-1-million-acres-of-us-cropland-ravaged-by-floods-idUSKCN1RA2AW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">devastating cyclone \u003c/a>that left hundreds of thousand of acres underwater. A team of scientists of scientists from UC Merced \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sounded the alarm\u003c/a> last year in the peer-reviewed journal\u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> agronomy\u003c/a>: “Adaptation,” they said, “was a matter of the utmost urgency.” For farmers in California, they warned, there is accelerating volatility — year after year of never-before-experienced deviations from what had been the norms of heat and rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, as Howard Yana-Shapiro, chief Agricultural Officer for the Mars Corporation, put it in an interview at the Hilton, “Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Women work in a cacao beans workshop in Soubre, Ivory Coast, in 2017. \u003ccite>(SIA KAMBOU/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s sobering news for Big Ag, which requires predictability above all. Mainstream food production counts on using the same seeds across vastly different ecological zones, sustained by a set of identical and reproducible chemical inputs. But the rate of disruption in the fundamental elements that foster food growth\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>sun, rain, soil\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">outpacing\u003c/a> the ability of even major seed breeders to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not knowing what’s coming that haunts the attendees at the Ag-Tech Summit. Mars was at the summit because the three main ingredients the company relies on for its candy — peanuts, \u003ca href=\"https://impactforestry.org/2016/09/13/the-ivory-coast-a-case-study-on-climate-change-and-the-chocolate-we-eat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cacao\u003c/a> and mint — are experiencing devastating losses, and Yana-Shapiro is running test plots in Davis to find more resilient ways of growing them. Land O’Lakes was there because \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/how-climate-change-will-affect-dairy-cows-and-milk-production-in-the-uk-new-study-101843\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dairy farmers\u003c/a> face a combination of plunging prices and shifting conditions for the silage they grow for their cows. Driscoll’s was there out of concern for how much water they’ll be able to supply for their berries. And two giant grain traders, Cargill and ADM, were anxious about destabilization of their cereal and grain supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Reckoning in the Central Valley' link1='https://wp.me/p6iq8L-89Dx,Centers of Insurrection: Central Valley Farmers Reckon With Climate Change' link2='https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2019/06/23/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change,The Disrupters Meet the Disruption: How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change' hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/kqed-logo-black.jpg']\u003cb>How, Then, Will We Grow Food?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>nto this whirlpool of disruption come the disrupters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about a hundred miles from the Hilton in San Francisco to the heart of the Central Valley, around Modesto, but it might as well be a million. There was barely a farmer in sight, among the men and women boasting name tags like Amazon Web Services, Google Launchpad, Rabo AgriFinance (a bank), Lazard (financiers), Microsoft, Immarsat (satellites that provide ag-related imagery), IBM, Wells Fargo, and Evogene (specializing in gene sequencing).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-titled Captain of Moonshots Astro Teller, who is CEO of X, the company in charge of Google’s advanced technology division, launched the proceedings with a brief staccato call for a ‘moonshot’ for agriculture. He wasn’t overly specific as to what that would be — it was a roomful of potential competitors and start-ups seeking cash — but he came to the Continental Ballroom with a portfolio of already-launched initiatives by X of what the company calls “computational agriculture.” That means applying \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610549/exclusive-alphabet-x-is-exploring-new-ways-to-use-ai-in-food-production/?utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&utm_content=2018-03-27&utm_campaign=Technology+Review\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">artificial intelligence\u003c/a> to the hurly-burly hard work of conjuring food from the earth — from sensors that can signal the prime time for harvest to autonomous vehicles capable of harvesting crops or applying pesticides at record-breaking speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing about food, you start talking about the moon but you always end up closer to Earth. In the hallways of the Hilton, under the wannabe chandeliers, came the buzzwords, like mantras: sustainability, resilience, good for the planet, ROI (return on investment), and, soon enough, win-win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Charles Baron, Farmers Business Network']‘A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate.’[/pullquote]Prowling the conversations and presentations, never seen but omnipresent, was the “unicorn,” the billion dollar company-to-be that would transform farm fields and enable them to withstand the onrushing changes — the way Uber transformed the taxi business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was the unicorn a new robot capable of traversing apple orchards and plucking fruit without human intervention? Could it be the new hyper-sensitive pest monitor which can provide a stream of acre-by-acre data about pest populations and narrow the target for spraying insecticides? Or was it the microbe dropped into the soil that encourages crop-friendly nematodes (aka, worms) to reproduce and populate the fields, but kills the nematodes hostile to crops?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s the new genetic interventions that can sterilize pest populations and \u003cem>— Hey! — genetic interventions could even someday allow plants to flourish in a drought!\u003c/em> (This one is nowhere near any horizon, however distant, due to the complex genetics of how plants integrate and use water — but this was a conference of relentless optimists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top of the list was more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if all of the data we have access to today is a grain of sand,” Matt Crisp, Vice President of Benson Hill Bio Systems, a leading bio-tech firm, intoned from the dais. “Then in 10 years we’ll be walking on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943800\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1200x794.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1920x1270.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker digs a ditch next to a fallow field in 2015 in Hanford, about 35 miles south of Fresno. As California entered its fourth year of severe drought, farmers in the Central Valley struggled to keep crops watered as wells run dry and government water allocations were reduced or terminated. Many opted to leave acres of their fields fallow. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example: Install pest-tracking sensors that use an algorithm to identify which insect species in a field threaten the crop, and which don’t. Insert sensors into the soil to monitor water absorption, and identify where additional irrigation might be essential. Or, suggested an executive at the European airplane manufacturer Airbus: Hire our satellite fleet to capture photos that can tell you where fields are drying and whether cover crops are enriching soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the more advanced ideas actually signaled a return to earlier knowledge: the soil. After a half a century in which soil has been treated as a kind of platform for an environment constructed from synthetic agri-chemicals, attention is returning to how plant crops might draw what they need from soil itself. In other words, a 10,000-year-old idea dating to the domestication of agriculture is in vogue once again, with a Silicon Valley bio-tech twist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is the next building material to solve the challenges of agriculture,” Karsten Temme, CEO and co-founder of Pivot-Bio, commented in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pivotbio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pivot-Bio\u003c/a> has looked inside the genomes of microbes that spend their life in soil, and figured out a way to unlock their ability to turn nitrogen into mineral nourishment for plants. Which means unlocking capacities they used to have before industrial agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When modern fertilizers came along,” Temme said, “the microbes lost their ability to metabolize nitrogen in a way that was beneficial to the plants. They went into hibernation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His genetic intervention is aimed at triggering that nascent function back into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Disrupting What? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>ver the two days, a question hung in the air: What precisely are the disrupters aiming to disrupt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were promises of small-scale disruption to be sure, including those non-chemical soil treatments designed to short-circuit the reproductive capacity of nematodes\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aka, worms\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>that attack crops; the sensors for identifying already moist areas in fields and thus guide more targeted irrigation; and Pivot Bio’s nitrogen stimulant for micro-organisms, reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications. All could conceivably reduce the need for synthetic chemicals and ensure less wasted water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his keynote, Neal Gutterson, the Chief Technology Officer of Corteva, the agri-chemical division of the two merged chemical giants DowDuPont, offered five company goals on PowerPoint\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aphorisms for agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job,” he said, “is simplifying the life of farmers and consumers. Consumers want cleaner labels, less waste, environmental sustainability, increasing yields, and to reduce our environmental footprint.” For America’s largest agri-chemical company, that meant, for one, more efficient ways of delivering the company’s agri-chemicals. For example, more use of drones to identify areas of insect infestation — and thus target the application of pesticides. It also meant more active bio-tech initiatives, including genome alterations aimed at increasing yields. Gutterson highlighted the company’s development of a new herbicide, called Enlist Duo, that he claimed is less “prone to drift” onto a neighbor’s field than the herbicides of their competitors, such as the glyphosate weedkiller produced by competitors like Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a bigger picture. Climate change strains the half-century of agricultural practices that are based on fighting nature, breeding seeds that require pesticides to survive, or geoengineering them to enable resistance to the company’s own herbicides, as in the case with glyphosate, hence insulating the seed through chemical interventions from the environment around them. It’s a system heavily dependent on fossil fuels, synthetic fertilizers and mono-cropping, and contributes greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s three dominant agri-chemical companies — Monsanto/Bayer, Corteva (the renamed agricultural chemical and seed division of the merged DowDuPont), and Syngenta, now owned by ChemChina, the largest chemical company in China — were among the ‘Platinum’ sponsors of the conference, their logos plastered behind the speakers on the dais, speakers who were there to consider how to shake up the status quo that those companies contributed mightily to creating over the last half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, several big disruptions were already happening far from the Hilton and independent of any of the initiatives suggested there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather/historic-floods-hit-nebraska-after-bomb-cyclone-storm-idUSKCN1QY00Y\">‘bomb cyclone’\u003c/a> that hit Nebraska and elsewhere in the Midwest left hundreds of thousands of acres of farm fields and crops underwater, demonstrating the fragile status of the Midwest’s commodity agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the very same day the summit commenced at the Hilton, a federal judge in San Francisco, in a courtroom barely a mile from the Hilton, declared Monsanto’s corporate parent Bayer liable for the cancer caused by its weedkiller Roundup to a 70-year-old man who had applied it to his property outside Santa Rosa for several decades. That verdict presents a direct threat to the financial stability of Monsanto’s new corporate parent, and to the practice of tying a seed so closely to a chemical. (One week later, the court ruled that the man, Charles Hardeman, was entitled to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$80 million\u003c/a>) in damages. Bayer/Monsanto is appealing the verdict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate,” quipped Charles Baron, a co-founder and Vice President of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbn.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmers Business Network\u003c/a>, which provides data to farmers independent of the major seed and chemical companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the billions of dollars in the room and the sharpest technical minds were thinking of how to bulletproof the status quo with greater and greater levels of technological intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference, like the phenomenon we all face, had a poignant ring of sci-fi — as some of the world’s most sophisticated players in agriculture, high-tech, and venture capital, accustomed to a playing field they can shape, contended with a new global playing field already shifting in a million ways they cannot guide and over which they have little control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For its part, Bayer celebrated its participation in the summit by announcing its latest innovation — a newly hybridized broccoli with a higher crown that simplifies the machine harvesting of broccoli. It’s name: High-Rise broccoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit ended. The search for the unicorn continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mark Schapiro is an investigative journalist specializing in the environment. His most recent book is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Seeds-Resistance-Fight-Save-Supply/dp/1510705767/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Seeds+of+Resistance%2C+Mark+Schapiro&qid=1561401325&s=books&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seeds of Resistance: The Fight To Save Our Food Supply,\u003c/a>” \u003ci>an investigation into the \u003c/i>\u003ci>seeds needed to survive climate disruption and the fight to control them. His previous book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Stationarity-Searching-Normal-Carbon/dp/1603586806/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1561403133&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The End of Stationarity: \u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci>Searching for the New Normal in the Age of Carbon Shock” \u003c/i>\u003ci>reveals the hidden costs of climate change. Schapiro\u003c/i> is also a lecturer at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. You can find him on Twitter, @schapiro.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between KQED Science and Bay Nature magazine, examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature magazine\u003c/a> is an independent, nonprofit publication that reports on the environment in the greater Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the sharpest technical minds of Silicon Valley gathered with venture capitalists and agriculture CEOs to search for a great idea.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848577,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":2632},"headData":{"title":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change | KQED","description":"In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the sharpest technical minds of Silicon Valley gathered with venture capitalists and agriculture CEOs to search for a great idea.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change","datePublished":"2019-06-23T07:01:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:02:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Mark Schapiro\u003c/strong>","path":"/science/1941092/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a> magazine and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science\u003c/a> examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he disrupters of Silicon Valley and its tributaries have trained their GPS on the most fundamental of all human needs — food. In San Francisco earlier this spring, 1,300 venture capitalists, gene scientists, bio-tech visionaries and startup aspirants gathered to probe what they consider to be the nearly digitally virgin terrain of agriculture. It’s a terrain that’s being profoundly transformed by the biggest disrupter of all: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Howard Yana-Shapiro, Mars Corporation","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As attendees at the fifth annual World Agri-Tech Innovation Summit trooped from ballroom to ballroom at the Hilton, plotting the future of agriculture, more than half a million acres of Central Valley fields, once filled with tomatoes, lettuce, almonds, and other crops sat empty for another day of nothing happening. They are fields out of commission, fallowed by two symptoms of climate volatility that are challenging the agricultural practices in the Central Valley and across the country — too little water, or water that’s too salty for cultivating crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reckoning in the Central Valley ","link1":"https://baynature.org/article/a-time-of-reckoning-in-the-central-valley/,How a Hotter, Drier, Saltier Central Valley Is Upending Ag and Spurring Conservation","link2":"https://baynature.org/2019/06/21/photos-climate-change-arrives-in-the-central-valley/,Photo Essay: Climate Change Arrives in the Central Valley","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BAY20NATURE20LOGO20SUMMER-no20tag.jpg"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone at the summit, who paid almost $2,400 to be there for two days, is well aware that climate change is reshaping agriculture: Temperature, rainfall and the imbalances that lead to extreme weather are all in a kind of atmospheric free-for-all, as greenhouse gases accumulate and volatility accelerates. And that’s just the beginning, as the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> told us last year: There is more turbulence to come. Losses will likely \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/114/12/E2285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accelerate\u003c/a> as the weather changes; new pests and diseases that were wholly unanticipated a decade ago are heading north across the US, following the heat; extreme destructive events multiply in their number and intensity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit convened, the Midwest was reeling from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather-floods-exclusive/exclusive-more-than-1-million-acres-of-us-cropland-ravaged-by-floods-idUSKCN1RA2AW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">devastating cyclone \u003c/a>that left hundreds of thousand of acres underwater. A team of scientists of scientists from UC Merced \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sounded the alarm\u003c/a> last year in the peer-reviewed journal\u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> agronomy\u003c/a>: “Adaptation,” they said, “was a matter of the utmost urgency.” For farmers in California, they warned, there is accelerating volatility — year after year of never-before-experienced deviations from what had been the norms of heat and rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, as Howard Yana-Shapiro, chief Agricultural Officer for the Mars Corporation, put it in an interview at the Hilton, “Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Women work in a cacao beans workshop in Soubre, Ivory Coast, in 2017. \u003ccite>(SIA KAMBOU/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s sobering news for Big Ag, which requires predictability above all. Mainstream food production counts on using the same seeds across vastly different ecological zones, sustained by a set of identical and reproducible chemical inputs. But the rate of disruption in the fundamental elements that foster food growth\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>sun, rain, soil\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">outpacing\u003c/a> the ability of even major seed breeders to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not knowing what’s coming that haunts the attendees at the Ag-Tech Summit. Mars was at the summit because the three main ingredients the company relies on for its candy — peanuts, \u003ca href=\"https://impactforestry.org/2016/09/13/the-ivory-coast-a-case-study-on-climate-change-and-the-chocolate-we-eat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cacao\u003c/a> and mint — are experiencing devastating losses, and Yana-Shapiro is running test plots in Davis to find more resilient ways of growing them. Land O’Lakes was there because \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/how-climate-change-will-affect-dairy-cows-and-milk-production-in-the-uk-new-study-101843\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dairy farmers\u003c/a> face a combination of plunging prices and shifting conditions for the silage they grow for their cows. Driscoll’s was there out of concern for how much water they’ll be able to supply for their berries. And two giant grain traders, Cargill and ADM, were anxious about destabilization of their cereal and grain supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reckoning in the Central Valley ","link1":"https://wp.me/p6iq8L-89Dx,Centers of Insurrection: Central Valley Farmers Reckon With Climate Change","link2":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2019/06/23/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change,The Disrupters Meet the Disruption: How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/kqed-logo-black.jpg"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cb>How, Then, Will We Grow Food?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>nto this whirlpool of disruption come the disrupters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about a hundred miles from the Hilton in San Francisco to the heart of the Central Valley, around Modesto, but it might as well be a million. There was barely a farmer in sight, among the men and women boasting name tags like Amazon Web Services, Google Launchpad, Rabo AgriFinance (a bank), Lazard (financiers), Microsoft, Immarsat (satellites that provide ag-related imagery), IBM, Wells Fargo, and Evogene (specializing in gene sequencing).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-titled Captain of Moonshots Astro Teller, who is CEO of X, the company in charge of Google’s advanced technology division, launched the proceedings with a brief staccato call for a ‘moonshot’ for agriculture. He wasn’t overly specific as to what that would be — it was a roomful of potential competitors and start-ups seeking cash — but he came to the Continental Ballroom with a portfolio of already-launched initiatives by X of what the company calls “computational agriculture.” That means applying \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610549/exclusive-alphabet-x-is-exploring-new-ways-to-use-ai-in-food-production/?utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&utm_content=2018-03-27&utm_campaign=Technology+Review\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">artificial intelligence\u003c/a> to the hurly-burly hard work of conjuring food from the earth — from sensors that can signal the prime time for harvest to autonomous vehicles capable of harvesting crops or applying pesticides at record-breaking speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing about food, you start talking about the moon but you always end up closer to Earth. In the hallways of the Hilton, under the wannabe chandeliers, came the buzzwords, like mantras: sustainability, resilience, good for the planet, ROI (return on investment), and, soon enough, win-win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Charles Baron, Farmers Business Network","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Prowling the conversations and presentations, never seen but omnipresent, was the “unicorn,” the billion dollar company-to-be that would transform farm fields and enable them to withstand the onrushing changes — the way Uber transformed the taxi business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was the unicorn a new robot capable of traversing apple orchards and plucking fruit without human intervention? Could it be the new hyper-sensitive pest monitor which can provide a stream of acre-by-acre data about pest populations and narrow the target for spraying insecticides? Or was it the microbe dropped into the soil that encourages crop-friendly nematodes (aka, worms) to reproduce and populate the fields, but kills the nematodes hostile to crops?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s the new genetic interventions that can sterilize pest populations and \u003cem>— Hey! — genetic interventions could even someday allow plants to flourish in a drought!\u003c/em> (This one is nowhere near any horizon, however distant, due to the complex genetics of how plants integrate and use water — but this was a conference of relentless optimists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top of the list was more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if all of the data we have access to today is a grain of sand,” Matt Crisp, Vice President of Benson Hill Bio Systems, a leading bio-tech firm, intoned from the dais. “Then in 10 years we’ll be walking on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943800\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1200x794.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1920x1270.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker digs a ditch next to a fallow field in 2015 in Hanford, about 35 miles south of Fresno. As California entered its fourth year of severe drought, farmers in the Central Valley struggled to keep crops watered as wells run dry and government water allocations were reduced or terminated. Many opted to leave acres of their fields fallow. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example: Install pest-tracking sensors that use an algorithm to identify which insect species in a field threaten the crop, and which don’t. Insert sensors into the soil to monitor water absorption, and identify where additional irrigation might be essential. Or, suggested an executive at the European airplane manufacturer Airbus: Hire our satellite fleet to capture photos that can tell you where fields are drying and whether cover crops are enriching soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the more advanced ideas actually signaled a return to earlier knowledge: the soil. After a half a century in which soil has been treated as a kind of platform for an environment constructed from synthetic agri-chemicals, attention is returning to how plant crops might draw what they need from soil itself. In other words, a 10,000-year-old idea dating to the domestication of agriculture is in vogue once again, with a Silicon Valley bio-tech twist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is the next building material to solve the challenges of agriculture,” Karsten Temme, CEO and co-founder of Pivot-Bio, commented in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pivotbio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pivot-Bio\u003c/a> has looked inside the genomes of microbes that spend their life in soil, and figured out a way to unlock their ability to turn nitrogen into mineral nourishment for plants. Which means unlocking capacities they used to have before industrial agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When modern fertilizers came along,” Temme said, “the microbes lost their ability to metabolize nitrogen in a way that was beneficial to the plants. They went into hibernation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His genetic intervention is aimed at triggering that nascent function back into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Disrupting What? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>ver the two days, a question hung in the air: What precisely are the disrupters aiming to disrupt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were promises of small-scale disruption to be sure, including those non-chemical soil treatments designed to short-circuit the reproductive capacity of nematodes\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aka, worms\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>that attack crops; the sensors for identifying already moist areas in fields and thus guide more targeted irrigation; and Pivot Bio’s nitrogen stimulant for micro-organisms, reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications. All could conceivably reduce the need for synthetic chemicals and ensure less wasted water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his keynote, Neal Gutterson, the Chief Technology Officer of Corteva, the agri-chemical division of the two merged chemical giants DowDuPont, offered five company goals on PowerPoint\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aphorisms for agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job,” he said, “is simplifying the life of farmers and consumers. Consumers want cleaner labels, less waste, environmental sustainability, increasing yields, and to reduce our environmental footprint.” For America’s largest agri-chemical company, that meant, for one, more efficient ways of delivering the company’s agri-chemicals. For example, more use of drones to identify areas of insect infestation — and thus target the application of pesticides. It also meant more active bio-tech initiatives, including genome alterations aimed at increasing yields. Gutterson highlighted the company’s development of a new herbicide, called Enlist Duo, that he claimed is less “prone to drift” onto a neighbor’s field than the herbicides of their competitors, such as the glyphosate weedkiller produced by competitors like Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a bigger picture. Climate change strains the half-century of agricultural practices that are based on fighting nature, breeding seeds that require pesticides to survive, or geoengineering them to enable resistance to the company’s own herbicides, as in the case with glyphosate, hence insulating the seed through chemical interventions from the environment around them. It’s a system heavily dependent on fossil fuels, synthetic fertilizers and mono-cropping, and contributes greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s three dominant agri-chemical companies — Monsanto/Bayer, Corteva (the renamed agricultural chemical and seed division of the merged DowDuPont), and Syngenta, now owned by ChemChina, the largest chemical company in China — were among the ‘Platinum’ sponsors of the conference, their logos plastered behind the speakers on the dais, speakers who were there to consider how to shake up the status quo that those companies contributed mightily to creating over the last half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, several big disruptions were already happening far from the Hilton and independent of any of the initiatives suggested there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather/historic-floods-hit-nebraska-after-bomb-cyclone-storm-idUSKCN1QY00Y\">‘bomb cyclone’\u003c/a> that hit Nebraska and elsewhere in the Midwest left hundreds of thousands of acres of farm fields and crops underwater, demonstrating the fragile status of the Midwest’s commodity agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the very same day the summit commenced at the Hilton, a federal judge in San Francisco, in a courtroom barely a mile from the Hilton, declared Monsanto’s corporate parent Bayer liable for the cancer caused by its weedkiller Roundup to a 70-year-old man who had applied it to his property outside Santa Rosa for several decades. That verdict presents a direct threat to the financial stability of Monsanto’s new corporate parent, and to the practice of tying a seed so closely to a chemical. (One week later, the court ruled that the man, Charles Hardeman, was entitled to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$80 million\u003c/a>) in damages. Bayer/Monsanto is appealing the verdict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate,” quipped Charles Baron, a co-founder and Vice President of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbn.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmers Business Network\u003c/a>, which provides data to farmers independent of the major seed and chemical companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the billions of dollars in the room and the sharpest technical minds were thinking of how to bulletproof the status quo with greater and greater levels of technological intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference, like the phenomenon we all face, had a poignant ring of sci-fi — as some of the world’s most sophisticated players in agriculture, high-tech, and venture capital, accustomed to a playing field they can shape, contended with a new global playing field already shifting in a million ways they cannot guide and over which they have little control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For its part, Bayer celebrated its participation in the summit by announcing its latest innovation — a newly hybridized broccoli with a higher crown that simplifies the machine harvesting of broccoli. It’s name: High-Rise broccoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit ended. The search for the unicorn continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mark Schapiro is an investigative journalist specializing in the environment. His most recent book is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Seeds-Resistance-Fight-Save-Supply/dp/1510705767/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Seeds+of+Resistance%2C+Mark+Schapiro&qid=1561401325&s=books&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seeds of Resistance: The Fight To Save Our Food Supply,\u003c/a>” \u003ci>an investigation into the \u003c/i>\u003ci>seeds needed to survive climate disruption and the fight to control them. His previous book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Stationarity-Searching-Normal-Carbon/dp/1603586806/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1561403133&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The End of Stationarity: \u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci>Searching for the New Normal in the Age of Carbon Shock” \u003c/i>\u003ci>reveals the hidden costs of climate change. Schapiro\u003c/i> is also a lecturer at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. You can find him on Twitter, @schapiro.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between KQED Science and Bay Nature magazine, examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature magazine\u003c/a> is an independent, nonprofit publication that reports on the environment in the greater Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1941092/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change","authors":["byline_science_1941092"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_40"],"tags":["science_392","science_194","science_4203","science_3370","science_3832","science_3834","science_968","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1941174","label":"source_science_1941092"},"science_1934484":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1934484","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1934484","score":null,"sort":[1542618049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-firefighters-use-supercomputers-to-forecast-wildfires","title":"California Firefighters Use Supercomputers to Forecast Wildfires","publishDate":1542618049,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Firefighters Use Supercomputers to Forecast Wildfires | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The deadly blazes burning in California have put a spotlight on the crucial role of evacuation. To save lives and property, firefighters must predict where a fire will spread within moments after it starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California firefighters are getting some help from a powerful new tool: supercomputers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crunching real-time data from satellites and weather stations, banks of servers are providing forecasts of how wildfires could behave over the next few hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those predictions could help fire agencies add crucial minutes to evacuation orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other recent fires fanned by extreme weather and a warming climate, the still-burning Camp Fire in Butte County spread at a terrifying speed,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The abnormal is the new normal,” says Jonathan Cox, division chief with Cal Fire. “It’s something that 30-year firefighters have never seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, fire agencies predict how a fire will move by looking at the weather, terrain and fuel moisture, as well as relying on the decades of experience of fire analysts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an inexact science that is having to be done during the middle of an emergency,” says Cox. “So it can be extremely difficult to get a really precise idea of where a fire is going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1934490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-768x630.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1020x836.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1180x968.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-240x197.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-375x308.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-520x426.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Comet supercomputer at the San Diego Supercomputer Center. \u003ccite>(San Diego Supercomputer Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For years, many fire agencies have used basic software that can produce projections of the fire on laptop computers. But in recent years, the availability of real-time fire data has mushroomed. NASA satellites are providing detailed images of fire perimeters. Weather stations, field cameras and aerial reconnaissance flights provide even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where supercomputers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our current supercomputer is called Comet,” says Ilkay Altintas of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdsc.edu/about_sdsc/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Supercomputer Center\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. Comet has 2.76 petaflops of computing power — about the same as two million smartphones stuck together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supercomputer center has developed \u003ca href=\"https://wifire.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WIFIRE\u003c/a>, a fire behavior model that builds on existing models and adds in real-time data. It can run many simulations simultaneously, as soon as a fire breaks out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand where the fire will be, its rate of spread, its direction for the next couple of hours,” Altintas says. “Having that information in a matter of minutes, in your hand, as fast as possible, is very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Comet has been churning out forecasts for the \u003ca href=\"https://la.curbed.com/2018/11/9/18080362/woolsey-fire-map-ventura-los-angeles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Woolsey Fire\u003c/a> burning in Southern California, and turning them over to Cal Fire. The agency has been reluctant to talk about their efficacy, saying use of the model is still experimental, but it’s part of a growing trend of more technology in firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we can get and decisions we can make based on technology is obviously the future,” Cox says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he doesn’t think machines will take the place of human judgment on the fire lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one more way that we can make decisions, but I don’t think it will ever replace the human factor because of the dynamics that come with these fires,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicting Erratic Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some wildfires that today’s computer models can’t predict well: in particular those that create their own weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California firefighters saw this back in July, battling the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689687/deadly-carr-fire-fully-contained-but-work-is-far-from-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> near Redding. It was “unpredictable,” according to Cal Fire, spreading erratically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1020x626.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1200x736.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-960x589.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-240x147.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-375x230.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-520x319.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New fire computer models could help provide precious extra minutes for evacuation. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also produced a massive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” with winds over 160 miles per hour. It claimed the life of fire inspector Jeremy Stoke of the Redding Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen a lot of fires that are driven primarily by these winds that are created by the fire itself,” says Janice Coen, scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these “plume-dominated” conditions, fire-generated winds propel the flames forward. Those winds can top 50 miles per hour, even though the winds outside may be much weaker. Current fire behavior models don’t account for that in their forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some of the most destructive, most important cases, they come up short,” Coen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coen is working on a computer model that simulates fire-driven weather, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ral.ucar.edu/solutions/products/coupled-atmosphere-wildland-fire-environment-cawfe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAWFE\u003c/a>. She says it’s shown promise, but the hard part is rolling it out to fire agencies, because adopting new technology is risky for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to integrate new technology in firefighting in particular,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential, she says, is that communities in fire-prone areas will be a bit safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a lot of hope that we’ll be able to understand fires and anticipate their behavior,” says Coen, “so that we can learn from it and avoid more catastrophes in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They can harness a flood of real-time data to make better forecasts for wildfires. But getting fire agencies to trust them is a challenge.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927308,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":840},"headData":{"title":"California Firefighters Use Supercomputers to Forecast Wildfires | KQED","description":"They can harness a flood of real-time data to make better forecasts for wildfires. But getting fire agencies to trust them is a challenge.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Firefighters Use Supercomputers to Forecast Wildfires","datePublished":"2018-11-19T09:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:55:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfires","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1934484/california-firefighters-use-supercomputers-to-forecast-wildfires","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The deadly blazes burning in California have put a spotlight on the crucial role of evacuation. To save lives and property, firefighters must predict where a fire will spread within moments after it starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California firefighters are getting some help from a powerful new tool: supercomputers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crunching real-time data from satellites and weather stations, banks of servers are providing forecasts of how wildfires could behave over the next few hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those predictions could help fire agencies add crucial minutes to evacuation orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other recent fires fanned by extreme weather and a warming climate, the still-burning Camp Fire in Butte County spread at a terrifying speed,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The abnormal is the new normal,” says Jonathan Cox, division chief with Cal Fire. “It’s something that 30-year firefighters have never seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, fire agencies predict how a fire will move by looking at the weather, terrain and fuel moisture, as well as relying on the decades of experience of fire analysts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an inexact science that is having to be done during the middle of an emergency,” says Cox. “So it can be extremely difficult to get a really precise idea of where a fire is going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1934490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-768x630.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1020x836.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1180x968.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-240x197.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-375x308.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-520x426.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Comet supercomputer at the San Diego Supercomputer Center. \u003ccite>(San Diego Supercomputer Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For years, many fire agencies have used basic software that can produce projections of the fire on laptop computers. But in recent years, the availability of real-time fire data has mushroomed. NASA satellites are providing detailed images of fire perimeters. Weather stations, field cameras and aerial reconnaissance flights provide even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where supercomputers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our current supercomputer is called Comet,” says Ilkay Altintas of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdsc.edu/about_sdsc/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Supercomputer Center\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. Comet has 2.76 petaflops of computing power — about the same as two million smartphones stuck together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supercomputer center has developed \u003ca href=\"https://wifire.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WIFIRE\u003c/a>, a fire behavior model that builds on existing models and adds in real-time data. It can run many simulations simultaneously, as soon as a fire breaks out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand where the fire will be, its rate of spread, its direction for the next couple of hours,” Altintas says. “Having that information in a matter of minutes, in your hand, as fast as possible, is very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Comet has been churning out forecasts for the \u003ca href=\"https://la.curbed.com/2018/11/9/18080362/woolsey-fire-map-ventura-los-angeles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Woolsey Fire\u003c/a> burning in Southern California, and turning them over to Cal Fire. The agency has been reluctant to talk about their efficacy, saying use of the model is still experimental, but it’s part of a growing trend of more technology in firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we can get and decisions we can make based on technology is obviously the future,” Cox says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he doesn’t think machines will take the place of human judgment on the fire lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one more way that we can make decisions, but I don’t think it will ever replace the human factor because of the dynamics that come with these fires,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicting Erratic Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some wildfires that today’s computer models can’t predict well: in particular those that create their own weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California firefighters saw this back in July, battling the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689687/deadly-carr-fire-fully-contained-but-work-is-far-from-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> near Redding. It was “unpredictable,” according to Cal Fire, spreading erratically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1020x626.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1200x736.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-960x589.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-240x147.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-375x230.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-520x319.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New fire computer models could help provide precious extra minutes for evacuation. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also produced a massive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” with winds over 160 miles per hour. It claimed the life of fire inspector Jeremy Stoke of the Redding Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen a lot of fires that are driven primarily by these winds that are created by the fire itself,” says Janice Coen, scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these “plume-dominated” conditions, fire-generated winds propel the flames forward. Those winds can top 50 miles per hour, even though the winds outside may be much weaker. Current fire behavior models don’t account for that in their forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some of the most destructive, most important cases, they come up short,” Coen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coen is working on a computer model that simulates fire-driven weather, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ral.ucar.edu/solutions/products/coupled-atmosphere-wildland-fire-environment-cawfe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAWFE\u003c/a>. She says it’s shown promise, but the hard part is rolling it out to fire agencies, because adopting new technology is risky for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to integrate new technology in firefighting in particular,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential, she says, is that communities in fire-prone areas will be a bit safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a lot of hope that we’ll be able to understand fires and anticipate their behavior,” says Coen, “so that we can learn from it and avoid more catastrophes in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1934484/california-firefighters-use-supercomputers-to-forecast-wildfires","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_5194","science_3820","science_3370","science_5175","science_461","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1934486","label":"source_science_1934484"},"science_1933667":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933667","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933667","score":null,"sort":[1540590700000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-self-driving-cars-have-ethics","title":"Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics?","publishDate":1540590700,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In the not-too-distant future, fully autonomous vehicles will drive our streets. These cars will need to make split-second decisions to avoid endangering human lives — both inside and outside of the vehicles.[contextly_sidebar id=”A72R30LrDpzQR8fTZBZlpUjzNz65l8Ib”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine attitudes toward these decisions a group of researchers created a variation on the classic philosophical exercise known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/would-you-kill-the-fat-man-and-the-trolley-problem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Trolley problem\u003c/a>.” They posed a series of moral dilemmas involving a self-driving car with brakes that suddenly give out: Should the car swerve to avoid a group of pedestrians, killing the driver? Or should it kill the people on foot, but spare the driver? Does it matter if the pedestrians are men or women? Children or older people? Doctors or bank robbers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To pose these questions to a large range of people, the researchers built a website called \u003ca href=\"http://moralmachine.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moral Machine\u003c/a>, where anyone could click through the scenarios and say what the car should do. “Help us learn how to make machines moral,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=44&v=XCO8ET66xE4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a video\u003c/a> implores on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grim game went viral, multiple times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really beyond our wildest expectations,” says Iyad Rahwan, an associate professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, who was one of the researchers. “At some point we were getting 300 decisions per second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found was a series of near-universal preferences, regardless of where someone was taking the quiz. On aggregate, people everywhere believed the moral thing for the car to do was to spare the young over the old, spare humans over animals, and spare the lives of many over the few. Their findings, led by by MIT’s Edmond Awad, were \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0637-6.epdf?referrer_access_token=uU4x-rhlVAN5T3IHKOMA49RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OR8PKa5Kws8ZzsJ9c7-2Qp8nbIwouAM66OQiCFCUYXQcLjiRp8hq1Mu0OOkJm9KQNIIgiR_QnHTgfkYXdiYutiyp5ICo21HAmgq0VHt9U28RB0yiBu-JbVZDOiCsUlIOEq0rzBQzY3TMkqbs2JWr1fd2DaznfOPEMcs85CSUlgLHsk8py2Ok2vXJZM6-1e2Wo%3D&tracking_referrer=seamus.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.[contextly_sidebar id=”5UDJZzcQefNHiXDmvuIEJ4VrY3JR2DLV”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using geolocation, researchers found that the 130 countries with more than 100 respondents could be grouped into three clusters that showed similar moral preferences. Here, they found some variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the preference for sparing younger people over older ones was much stronger in the Southern cluster (which includes Latin America, as well as France, Hungary, and the Czech Republic) than it was in the Eastern cluster (which includes many Asian and Middle Eastern nations). And the preference for sparing humans over pets was weaker in the Southern cluster than in the Eastern or Western clusters (the latter includes, for instance, the U.S., Canada, Kenya, and much of Europe).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they found that those variations seemed to correlate with other observed cultural differences. Respondents from collectivistic cultures, which “emphasize the respect that is due to older members of the community,” showed a weaker preference for sparing younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rawhan emphasized that the study’s results should be used with extreme caution, and they shouldn’t be considered the final word on societal preferences — especially since respondents were not a representative sample. (Though the researchers did conduct statistical correction for demographic distortions, reweighing the responses to match a country’s demographics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does this add up to? The paper’s authors argue that if we’re going to let these vehicles on our streets, their operating systems should take moral preferences into account. “Before we allow our cars to make ethical decisions, we need to have a global conversation to express our preferences to the companies that will design moral algorithms, and to the policymakers that will regulate them,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s just say, for a moment, that a society \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have general moral preferences on these scenarios. Should automakers or regulators actually take those into account?[contextly_sidebar id=”F0nDLEzm6wiL5JufuTONw4pUFNCemFGB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Germany’s Ethics Commission on Automated Driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/EN/PressRelease/2017/084-ethic-commission-report-automated-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created initial guidelines\u003c/a> for automated vehicles. One of their key dictates? A prohibition against such decision-making by a car’s operating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the event of unavoidable accident situations, any distinction between individuals based on personal features (age, gender, physical or mental constitution) is strictly prohibited,” the report says. “General programming to reduce the number of personal injuries may be justifiable. Those parties involved in the generation of mobility risks must not sacrifice non-involved parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Daniel Sperling, founding director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at University of California – Davis and author of \u003ca href=\"https://islandpress.org/books/three-revolutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book on autonomous and shared vehicles\u003c/a>, these moral dilemmas are far from the most pressing questions about these cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important problem is just making them safe,” he tells NPR. “They’re going to be much safer than human drivers: They don’t drink, they don’t smoke, they don’t sleep, they aren’t distracted.” So then the question is: How safe do they need to be before we let them on our roads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Self-Driving+Cars+Have+Ethics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"To design a \"moral machine,\" researchers updated a classic thought experiment for the autonomous vehicle age. But do we really want artificial intelligence making decisions on who lives or dies?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927353,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":825},"headData":{"title":"Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics? | KQED","description":"To design a "moral machine," researchers updated a classic thought experiment for the autonomous vehicle age. But do we really want artificial intelligence making decisions on who lives or dies?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics?","datePublished":"2018-10-26T21:51:40.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:55:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Technology","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Andreas Arnold","nprByline":"Laurel Wamsley, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Bloomberg via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"660775910","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=660775910&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/26/660775910/should-self-driving-cars-have-ethics?ft=nprml&f=660775910","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 26 Oct 2018 16:36:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 26 Oct 2018 16:36:05 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 26 Oct 2018 16:36:05 -0400","path":"/science/1933667/should-self-driving-cars-have-ethics","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the not-too-distant future, fully autonomous vehicles will drive our streets. These cars will need to make split-second decisions to avoid endangering human lives — both inside and outside of the vehicles.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine attitudes toward these decisions a group of researchers created a variation on the classic philosophical exercise known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/would-you-kill-the-fat-man-and-the-trolley-problem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Trolley problem\u003c/a>.” They posed a series of moral dilemmas involving a self-driving car with brakes that suddenly give out: Should the car swerve to avoid a group of pedestrians, killing the driver? Or should it kill the people on foot, but spare the driver? Does it matter if the pedestrians are men or women? Children or older people? Doctors or bank robbers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To pose these questions to a large range of people, the researchers built a website called \u003ca href=\"http://moralmachine.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moral Machine\u003c/a>, where anyone could click through the scenarios and say what the car should do. “Help us learn how to make machines moral,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=44&v=XCO8ET66xE4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a video\u003c/a> implores on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grim game went viral, multiple times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really beyond our wildest expectations,” says Iyad Rahwan, an associate professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, who was one of the researchers. “At some point we were getting 300 decisions per second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found was a series of near-universal preferences, regardless of where someone was taking the quiz. On aggregate, people everywhere believed the moral thing for the car to do was to spare the young over the old, spare humans over animals, and spare the lives of many over the few. Their findings, led by by MIT’s Edmond Awad, were \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0637-6.epdf?referrer_access_token=uU4x-rhlVAN5T3IHKOMA49RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OR8PKa5Kws8ZzsJ9c7-2Qp8nbIwouAM66OQiCFCUYXQcLjiRp8hq1Mu0OOkJm9KQNIIgiR_QnHTgfkYXdiYutiyp5ICo21HAmgq0VHt9U28RB0yiBu-JbVZDOiCsUlIOEq0rzBQzY3TMkqbs2JWr1fd2DaznfOPEMcs85CSUlgLHsk8py2Ok2vXJZM6-1e2Wo%3D&tracking_referrer=seamus.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using geolocation, researchers found that the 130 countries with more than 100 respondents could be grouped into three clusters that showed similar moral preferences. Here, they found some variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the preference for sparing younger people over older ones was much stronger in the Southern cluster (which includes Latin America, as well as France, Hungary, and the Czech Republic) than it was in the Eastern cluster (which includes many Asian and Middle Eastern nations). And the preference for sparing humans over pets was weaker in the Southern cluster than in the Eastern or Western clusters (the latter includes, for instance, the U.S., Canada, Kenya, and much of Europe).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they found that those variations seemed to correlate with other observed cultural differences. Respondents from collectivistic cultures, which “emphasize the respect that is due to older members of the community,” showed a weaker preference for sparing younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rawhan emphasized that the study’s results should be used with extreme caution, and they shouldn’t be considered the final word on societal preferences — especially since respondents were not a representative sample. (Though the researchers did conduct statistical correction for demographic distortions, reweighing the responses to match a country’s demographics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does this add up to? The paper’s authors argue that if we’re going to let these vehicles on our streets, their operating systems should take moral preferences into account. “Before we allow our cars to make ethical decisions, we need to have a global conversation to express our preferences to the companies that will design moral algorithms, and to the policymakers that will regulate them,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s just say, for a moment, that a society \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have general moral preferences on these scenarios. Should automakers or regulators actually take those into account?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Germany’s Ethics Commission on Automated Driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/EN/PressRelease/2017/084-ethic-commission-report-automated-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created initial guidelines\u003c/a> for automated vehicles. One of their key dictates? A prohibition against such decision-making by a car’s operating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the event of unavoidable accident situations, any distinction between individuals based on personal features (age, gender, physical or mental constitution) is strictly prohibited,” the report says. “General programming to reduce the number of personal injuries may be justifiable. Those parties involved in the generation of mobility risks must not sacrifice non-involved parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Daniel Sperling, founding director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at University of California – Davis and author of \u003ca href=\"https://islandpress.org/books/three-revolutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book on autonomous and shared vehicles\u003c/a>, these moral dilemmas are far from the most pressing questions about these cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important problem is just making them safe,” he tells NPR. “They’re going to be much safer than human drivers: They don’t drink, they don’t smoke, they don’t sleep, they aren’t distracted.” So then the question is: How safe do they need to be before we let them on our roads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Self-Driving+Cars+Have+Ethics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933667/should-self-driving-cars-have-ethics","authors":["byline_science_1933667"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_2592","science_2889","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1933668","label":"source_science_1933667"},"science_1933116":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933116","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933116","score":null,"sort":[1539872972000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earthquake-warning-system-launches-for-select-groups","title":"Earthquake Warning System Launches for Select Groups","publishDate":1539872972,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Earthquake Warning System Launches for Select Groups | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Automated alerts from the fledgling West Coast earthquake early warning system are ready to be used broadly by businesses, utilities, schools and other entities but not for mass public notification, officials said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re making a large change from a production prototype in pilot mode to an open-for-business operational mode,” Doug Given, earthquake early warning coordinator for the U.S. Geological Survey, told a press conference at the California Institute of Technology.[contextly_sidebar id=”Xh474iiSEySqxJ8pXcMETbpRyT0h84YL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system being built for California, Oregon and Washington detects that an earthquake is occurring, quickly analyzes the data and sends out alerts that may give warnings of several seconds to a minute before strong shaking arrives at locations away from the epicenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can be enough time to automatically slow trains, stop industrial processes, start backup generators, pause a surgery or send students scrambling for protection under desks and table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pilot programs involving select users have been underway for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system is not yet finished, it’s not complete, there is a lot of work to be done, however there is a lot of capability in the system as it exists today to the point it can definitely be used,” Given said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor network is about 50 percent complete and funding has been secured to complete it in California in the next two years and get two-thirds of the way built out in the Pacific Northwest, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key development occurred Sept. 28 when a new generation of ShakeAlert software was deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given said among its important improvements is reduction of false and missed alerts. False alerts typically have occurred when a large quake elsewhere in the world is detected by a sensor and is mistaken for a local temblor.[contextly_sidebar id=”t3dsgv37NVfYGaerNstscpxP5oBgtniJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system performs now much better than it did in the past to the point where it is much more reliable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials now want to open ShakeAlert to a wide array of applications and are encouraging potential users to contact the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t yet include mass public notifications for several reasons, including the fact that current cellphone technology is too slow for timely delivery of notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most folks expect to get the alerts on their phone and that is of course is the preferred way that we’d like to get it into everybody’s hands,” Given said. “Unfortunately the technology that is built into your phone to send you notifications was not designed with earthquake early warning in mind.”[contextly_sidebar id=”rjk2ipBhG2N3U4nE9noBqVOtJW00ZDfG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Adam Schiff, D-Calif., who has championed funding of the system, said it will also be important to make sure people know what the alerts mean, what to do when they get them, what not to do and to understand there may be false alarms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The education component is going to be very, very important, but this is a wonderful milestone,” he said. “We can now see the end, I hope, in two or three years where the system is fully built out and funded and in operation.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Automated alerts from the fledgling earthquake early warning system will be available to businesses, utilities, schools and other entities but not yet for mass public notification.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927378,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":540},"headData":{"title":"Earthquake Warning System Launches for Select Groups | KQED","description":"Automated alerts from the fledgling earthquake early warning system will be available to businesses, utilities, schools and other entities but not yet for mass public notification.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Earthquake Warning System Launches for Select Groups","datePublished":"2018-10-18T14:29:32.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:56:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Technology","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/science/1933116/earthquake-warning-system-launches-for-select-groups","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Automated alerts from the fledgling West Coast earthquake early warning system are ready to be used broadly by businesses, utilities, schools and other entities but not for mass public notification, officials said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re making a large change from a production prototype in pilot mode to an open-for-business operational mode,” Doug Given, earthquake early warning coordinator for the U.S. Geological Survey, told a press conference at the California Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system being built for California, Oregon and Washington detects that an earthquake is occurring, quickly analyzes the data and sends out alerts that may give warnings of several seconds to a minute before strong shaking arrives at locations away from the epicenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can be enough time to automatically slow trains, stop industrial processes, start backup generators, pause a surgery or send students scrambling for protection under desks and table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pilot programs involving select users have been underway for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system is not yet finished, it’s not complete, there is a lot of work to be done, however there is a lot of capability in the system as it exists today to the point it can definitely be used,” Given said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor network is about 50 percent complete and funding has been secured to complete it in California in the next two years and get two-thirds of the way built out in the Pacific Northwest, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key development occurred Sept. 28 when a new generation of ShakeAlert software was deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given said among its important improvements is reduction of false and missed alerts. False alerts typically have occurred when a large quake elsewhere in the world is detected by a sensor and is mistaken for a local temblor.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system performs now much better than it did in the past to the point where it is much more reliable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials now want to open ShakeAlert to a wide array of applications and are encouraging potential users to contact the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t yet include mass public notifications for several reasons, including the fact that current cellphone technology is too slow for timely delivery of notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most folks expect to get the alerts on their phone and that is of course is the preferred way that we’d like to get it into everybody’s hands,” Given said. “Unfortunately the technology that is built into your phone to send you notifications was not designed with earthquake early warning in mind.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Adam Schiff, D-Calif., who has championed funding of the system, said it will also be important to make sure people know what the alerts mean, what to do when they get them, what not to do and to understand there may be false alarms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The education component is going to be very, very important, but this is a wonderful milestone,” he said. “We can now see the end, I hope, in two or three years where the system is fully built out and funded and in operation.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933116/earthquake-warning-system-launches-for-select-groups","authors":["byline_science_1933116"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_257","science_192","science_461","science_838"],"featImg":"science_1933119","label":"source_science_1933116"},"science_1931350":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931350","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931350","score":null,"sort":[1536878219000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-flapping-robot-sheds-light-on-how-fruit-flies-move","title":"WATCH: Flapping Robot Sheds Light On How Fruit Flies Move","publishDate":1536878219,"format":"aside","headTitle":"WATCH: Flapping Robot Sheds Light On How Fruit Flies Move | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEhu-FePBC0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists in the Netherlands tried to figure out how to build a super-agile flying robot, they took inspiration from one of nature’s most acrobatic flyers: The humble fruit fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by building this robot, they’ve gained new insights into how the fly carries out one of its flashiest maneuvers.[contextly_sidebar id=”nE6ftGB2mfu8h31ka2UZ5Q7cfJLyNXwM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot is called the DelFly Nimble. Its wingspan is about a foot wide. It has four wings that can beat at 17 times per second, which appear very delicate because they’re made of the same material as space blankets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the DelFly Nimble in action:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, it does \u003cem>not\u003c/em> have a tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The previous designs, they always had a tail, like a conventional airplane tail,” said the robot’s main designer Matěj Karásek. He’s based at the Micro Air Vehicle Laboratory at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, and he and his colleagues released their \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau7350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings on Thursday in Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In previous generations, he said, flapping wings propelled the robot forward while the tail helped to steer and stabilize it. The DelFly Nimble is completely controlled by the wings. “The challenge was actually integrate the control into the wing motion, and that’s what we achieved,” Karásek said.[contextly_sidebar id=”Pbwe7U1XcURTsTqZt7XJ4Mr2mBuPUfyw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wings can each move individually or rotate around the center axis — the body of the robot — in order to maximize the machine’s agility. It can either be controlled manually or the researchers can pre-program the maneuvers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot can hover for about five minutes on a full battery, or fly for more than a kilometer, Karásek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the scientists built it and are controlling all the movements, they can use it to learn more about how fruit flies actually carry out their breakneck maneuvers. That caught the attention of biologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I first saw the robot flying, I was amazed at how closely its flight resembled that of insects, especially when maneuvering,” experimental zoologist Florian Muijres of Wageningen University & Research said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tried to get the robot to replicate how they think fruit flies move during what they call “high-agility escape manoeuvres, such as those used when we try to swat them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as they replicated what Karásek calls a “rapid banked turn,” they noticed something interesting – a “new passive aerodynamic mechanism” that helps the fly steer. Basically, the fly is effectively turning around three different axes around the body as it quickly changes direction. But Karásek says they found that one of those three rotations happened passively, so they didn’t actually need to program the robot to turn on that axis.[contextly_sidebar id=”FfWjXAwJB3HRRf4FT3bKQiD2ejnMkVsj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karásek sees this type of robot carrying out all kinds of tasks in the future. They want to make them smaller, and more autonomous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it is now, it can already carry a small camera that can send live video feed to the operator,” he said. “Our goal is to make them aware of what is around them, able to avoid hitting obstacles or flying into humans, make them able to explore remote areas, fly through openings like windows and doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the long term vision is to have them working in a swarm to complete tasks, such as pollinating an entire greenhouse or completing a search and rescue operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WATCH%3A+Flapping+Robot+Sheds+Light+On+How+Fruit+Flies+Move&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The scientists were inspired by the super-agile fruit fly. And by designing this robot, they've figured out some of the mysteries of one of the fly's fanciest maneuvers. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927492,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":630},"headData":{"title":"WATCH: Flapping Robot Sheds Light On How Fruit Flies Move | KQED","description":"The scientists were inspired by the super-agile fruit fly. And by designing this robot, they've figured out some of the mysteries of one of the fly's fanciest maneuvers. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"WATCH: Flapping Robot Sheds Light On How Fruit Flies Move","datePublished":"2018-09-13T22:36:59.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Technology","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Henri Werij","nprByline":"Merrit Kennedy, NPR","nprImageAgency":"TU Delft ","nprStoryId":"647390261","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=647390261&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/13/647390261/watch-flapping-robot-sheds-light-on-how-fruit-flies-move?ft=nprml&f=647390261","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 13 Sep 2018 14:28:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 13 Sep 2018 14:02:41 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 13 Sep 2018 14:28:12 -0400","path":"/science/1931350/watch-flapping-robot-sheds-light-on-how-fruit-flies-move","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/CEhu-FePBC0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/CEhu-FePBC0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>As scientists in the Netherlands tried to figure out how to build a super-agile flying robot, they took inspiration from one of nature’s most acrobatic flyers: The humble fruit fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by building this robot, they’ve gained new insights into how the fly carries out one of its flashiest maneuvers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot is called the DelFly Nimble. Its wingspan is about a foot wide. It has four wings that can beat at 17 times per second, which appear very delicate because they’re made of the same material as space blankets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the DelFly Nimble in action:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, it does \u003cem>not\u003c/em> have a tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The previous designs, they always had a tail, like a conventional airplane tail,” said the robot’s main designer Matěj Karásek. He’s based at the Micro Air Vehicle Laboratory at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, and he and his colleagues released their \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau7350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings on Thursday in Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In previous generations, he said, flapping wings propelled the robot forward while the tail helped to steer and stabilize it. The DelFly Nimble is completely controlled by the wings. “The challenge was actually integrate the control into the wing motion, and that’s what we achieved,” Karásek said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wings can each move individually or rotate around the center axis — the body of the robot — in order to maximize the machine’s agility. It can either be controlled manually or the researchers can pre-program the maneuvers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot can hover for about five minutes on a full battery, or fly for more than a kilometer, Karásek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the scientists built it and are controlling all the movements, they can use it to learn more about how fruit flies actually carry out their breakneck maneuvers. That caught the attention of biologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I first saw the robot flying, I was amazed at how closely its flight resembled that of insects, especially when maneuvering,” experimental zoologist Florian Muijres of Wageningen University & Research said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tried to get the robot to replicate how they think fruit flies move during what they call “high-agility escape manoeuvres, such as those used when we try to swat them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as they replicated what Karásek calls a “rapid banked turn,” they noticed something interesting – a “new passive aerodynamic mechanism” that helps the fly steer. Basically, the fly is effectively turning around three different axes around the body as it quickly changes direction. But Karásek says they found that one of those three rotations happened passively, so they didn’t actually need to program the robot to turn on that axis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karásek sees this type of robot carrying out all kinds of tasks in the future. They want to make them smaller, and more autonomous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it is now, it can already carry a small camera that can send live video feed to the operator,” he said. “Our goal is to make them aware of what is around them, able to avoid hitting obstacles or flying into humans, make them able to explore remote areas, fly through openings like windows and doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the long term vision is to have them working in a swarm to complete tasks, such as pollinating an entire greenhouse or completing a search and rescue operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WATCH%3A+Flapping+Robot+Sheds+Light+On+How+Fruit+Flies+Move&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931350/watch-flapping-robot-sheds-light-on-how-fruit-flies-move","authors":["byline_science_1931350"],"categories":["science_89","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_3315","science_388","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1931351","label":"source_science_1931350"},"science_1931034":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931034","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931034","score":null,"sort":[1536617344000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"giant-trash-collecting-device-to-be-deployed-in-the-pacific-ocean","title":"Giant Trash Collecting Device To Be Deployed in the Pacific Ocean","publishDate":1536617344,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Giant Trash Collecting Device To Be Deployed in the Pacific Ocean | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Engineers are deploying a trash collection device to corral plastic litter floating between California and Hawaii in an attempt to clean up the world’s largest garbage patch in the heart of the Pacific Ocean.[contextly_sidebar id=”ExPcTJVxDRlo48dyas0ULQBwRiF1WAjq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,000-foot long floating boom is being towed from San Francisco to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — an island of trash twice the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system was created by The Ocean Cleanup, an organization founded by Boyan Slat, a 24-year-old innovator from the Netherlands who first became passionate about cleaning the oceans when he went scuba diving at age 16 in the Mediterranean Sea and saw more plastic bags than fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plastic is really persistent and it doesn’t go away by itself and the time to act is now,” Slat said, adding that researchers with his organization found plastic going back to the 1960s and 1970s bobbing in the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The buoyant, U-shaped barrier made of plastic and with a tapered 10-foot deep screen, is intended to act like a coastline, trapping some of the 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic that scientists estimate are swirling in that gyre but allowing marine life to safely swim beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitted with solar power lights, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, the cleanup system will communicate its position at all times, allowing a support vessel to fish out the collected plastic every few months and transport it to dry land where it will be recycled, said Slat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipping containers filled with the fishing nets, plastic bottles, laundry baskets and other plastic refuse scooped up by the system being deployed Saturday are expected to be back on land within a year, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he and his team will pay close attention to whether the system works efficiently and withstands harsh ocean conditions, including huge waves. He said he’s most looking forward to a ship loaded with plastic coming back to port.[contextly_sidebar id=”HEddLyWKjztJ783eMOy5VlBtKi6DphNB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have to prove the technology… which will then allow us to scale up a fleet of systems,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ocean Cleanup, which has raised $35 million in donations to fund the project, including from Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff and PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, will deploy 60 free-floating barriers in the Pacific Ocean by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our goals is to remove 50 percent of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years,” Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The free-floating barriers are made to withstand harsh weather conditions and constant wear and tear. They will stay in the water for two decades and in that time collect 90 percent of the trash in the patch, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Leonard, chief scientist of the Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group, said he’s skeptical Slat can achieve that goal because even if plastic trash can be taken out of the ocean, a lot more is pouring in each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We at the Ocean Conservancy are highly skeptical but we hope it works,” he said. “The ocean needs all the help it can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard said 9 million tons of plastic waste enter the ocean annually and that a solution must include a multi-pronged approach, including stopping plastic from reaching the ocean and more education so people reduce consumption of single use plastic containers and bottles.[contextly_sidebar id=”4iprbOctg89xEZy7VIqjdqBwvJKYxjhg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t stop plastics from flowing into the ocean, it will be a Sisyphean task,” Leonard said, citing the Greek myth of a task never completed. He added that on September 15 about 1 million volunteers around the world will collect trash from beaches and waterways as part of the Ocean Conservancy’s annual International Coastal Cleanup. Volunteers last year collected about 10,000 tons of plastics worldwide over two hours, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard also raised concerns that marine and wildlife could be entangled by the net that will hang below the surface. He said he hopes Slat’s group is transparent with its data and shares information with the public about what happens with the first deployment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He has set a very large and lofty goal and we certainly hope it works but we really are not going to know until it is deployed,” Leonard said. “We have to wait and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system will act as a “big boat that stands still in the water” and will have a screen and not a net so that there is nothing for marine life to get entangled with. As an extra precautionary measure, a boat carrying experienced marine biologists will be deployed to make sure the device is not harming wildlife, Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the first to acknowledge this has never done before and that it is important to collect plastic on land and close the taps on plastic entering into the ocean, but I also think humanity can do more than one thing at a time to tackle this problem,” Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A massive buoyant trash-collecting device is en route from San Francisco to the Pacific Ocean. Once deployed, it will form a U-shaped barrier to trap plastic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927514,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":868},"headData":{"title":"Giant Trash Collecting Device To Be Deployed in the Pacific Ocean | KQED","description":"A massive buoyant trash-collecting device is en route from San Francisco to the Pacific Ocean. Once deployed, it will form a U-shaped barrier to trap plastic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Giant Trash Collecting Device To Be Deployed in the Pacific Ocean","datePublished":"2018-09-10T22:09:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Oceans","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Olga R. Rodriguez\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1931034/giant-trash-collecting-device-to-be-deployed-in-the-pacific-ocean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Engineers are deploying a trash collection device to corral plastic litter floating between California and Hawaii in an attempt to clean up the world’s largest garbage patch in the heart of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,000-foot long floating boom is being towed from San Francisco to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — an island of trash twice the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system was created by The Ocean Cleanup, an organization founded by Boyan Slat, a 24-year-old innovator from the Netherlands who first became passionate about cleaning the oceans when he went scuba diving at age 16 in the Mediterranean Sea and saw more plastic bags than fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plastic is really persistent and it doesn’t go away by itself and the time to act is now,” Slat said, adding that researchers with his organization found plastic going back to the 1960s and 1970s bobbing in the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The buoyant, U-shaped barrier made of plastic and with a tapered 10-foot deep screen, is intended to act like a coastline, trapping some of the 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic that scientists estimate are swirling in that gyre but allowing marine life to safely swim beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitted with solar power lights, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, the cleanup system will communicate its position at all times, allowing a support vessel to fish out the collected plastic every few months and transport it to dry land where it will be recycled, said Slat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipping containers filled with the fishing nets, plastic bottles, laundry baskets and other plastic refuse scooped up by the system being deployed Saturday are expected to be back on land within a year, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he and his team will pay close attention to whether the system works efficiently and withstands harsh ocean conditions, including huge waves. He said he’s most looking forward to a ship loaded with plastic coming back to port.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have to prove the technology… which will then allow us to scale up a fleet of systems,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ocean Cleanup, which has raised $35 million in donations to fund the project, including from Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff and PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, will deploy 60 free-floating barriers in the Pacific Ocean by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our goals is to remove 50 percent of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years,” Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The free-floating barriers are made to withstand harsh weather conditions and constant wear and tear. They will stay in the water for two decades and in that time collect 90 percent of the trash in the patch, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Leonard, chief scientist of the Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group, said he’s skeptical Slat can achieve that goal because even if plastic trash can be taken out of the ocean, a lot more is pouring in each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We at the Ocean Conservancy are highly skeptical but we hope it works,” he said. “The ocean needs all the help it can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard said 9 million tons of plastic waste enter the ocean annually and that a solution must include a multi-pronged approach, including stopping plastic from reaching the ocean and more education so people reduce consumption of single use plastic containers and bottles.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t stop plastics from flowing into the ocean, it will be a Sisyphean task,” Leonard said, citing the Greek myth of a task never completed. He added that on September 15 about 1 million volunteers around the world will collect trash from beaches and waterways as part of the Ocean Conservancy’s annual International Coastal Cleanup. Volunteers last year collected about 10,000 tons of plastics worldwide over two hours, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard also raised concerns that marine and wildlife could be entangled by the net that will hang below the surface. He said he hopes Slat’s group is transparent with its data and shares information with the public about what happens with the first deployment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He has set a very large and lofty goal and we certainly hope it works but we really are not going to know until it is deployed,” Leonard said. “We have to wait and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system will act as a “big boat that stands still in the water” and will have a screen and not a net so that there is nothing for marine life to get entangled with. As an extra precautionary measure, a boat carrying experienced marine biologists will be deployed to make sure the device is not harming wildlife, Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the first to acknowledge this has never done before and that it is important to collect plastic on land and close the taps on plastic entering into the ocean, but I also think humanity can do more than one thing at a time to tackle this problem,” Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931034/giant-trash-collecting-device-to-be-deployed-in-the-pacific-ocean","authors":["byline_science_1931034"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_192","science_1155","science_1189","science_554","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1931037","label":"source_science_1931034"},"science_1930212":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930212","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930212","score":null,"sort":[1535043657000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-tech-giants-work-together-against-their-common-enemies","title":"Can Tech Giants Put Squabbles Aside And Band Together Against Security Threats?","publishDate":1535043657,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Can Tech Giants Put Squabbles Aside And Band Together Against Security Threats? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Facebook, Twitter and Google routinely squabble for users, engineers and advertising money. Yet it makes sense for these tech giants to work together on security threats, elections meddling and other common ills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cooperation was evident Tuesday when Facebook announced that it had \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/c1581fb125644e6db3e934d5a1c3f993\">removed 652 suspicious pages, groups and accounts\u003c/a> linked to Russia and Iran. This was followed by similar news from Twitter. On Monday, meanwhile, Microsoft reported a new Russian effort to impersonate conservative U.S. websites, potentially as part of an espionage campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooperation makes it easier for tech companies to combat fraudulent use of their services. It also makes them look good in the eyes of their users and regulators by showing that they take the threats seriously enough to set aside competitive differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have little other choice if they want to avoid regulation and stay ahead of — or just keep up with — the malicious actors, who are getting smarter and smarter at evading the tech companies’ controls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: While Facebook said there was no evidence that Russian and Iranian actors cooperated with each other in the latest efforts to create fake accounts to mislead users, the company said their tactics were similar. In other words, if the bad guys are learning from each other, the companies fighting them would need to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook has significantly stepped up policing of its services since last year, when it acknowledged that Russian agents successfully used Facebook to run political influence operations aimed at swaying the 2016 presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other social media companies have done likewise and continue to turn up fresh evidence of political disinformation campaigns. While some of the 2016 disruptions seemed to support certain candidates, more recent campaigns appear \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/08b334e5e07d4d579de25c5c5d59f4e7\">aimed at sowing discord\u003c/a> and driving people to more extreme sides of the political stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tech companies already share information to fight terrorism, child pornography, malware and spam. They are now adding global political threats from nation-states. In congressional hearings earlier this year, Facebook General Counsel Colin Stretch said Facebook, Twitter and Google have a “long history” of working together on such threats. He expressed hope that sharing information becomes “industry standard practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the threat requires understanding how the malicious actors communicate, operate and move among various services, Facebook said in a blog post on Tuesday. “To help gather this information, we often share intelligence with other companies once we have a basic grasp of what’s happening,” the company wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with all the cooperation, disagreements exist. The companies don’t always agree on when and how to go public with threats they uncover, for example. And while critics have called for a formal industry body to address issues such as elections meddling, misinformation and hate speech on social networks, no such broad-reaching organization exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The closest is the Cybersecurity Tech Accord, which Microsoft, Facebook and other companies formed to protect businesses and users from internet crime. But bigshots such as Google and Twitter were noticeably missing. (Those companies did not respond to messages Wednesday asking if they have joined since).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, cooperation has helped other industries stave off regulation. For example, the movie industry banded together to develop its own ratings system in the 1960s to ward off government censorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Bardin, chief information officer at the security firm Treadstone 71, said cooperation is one way to combat fake accounts without imposing tighter verification when users sign up. Of course, if Facebook started asking potential members for a government-issued ID and a home address, it would drive people away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no way they will do that upfront,” he said. So, what’s left is to continue to play the cat-and-mouse game, catching and removing the enemy and then learning its new tactics as it changes them.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While critics have called for a formal industry body to address issues such as elections meddling, no such broad-reaching organization exists. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927553,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":652},"headData":{"title":"Can Tech Giants Put Squabbles Aside And Band Together Against Security Threats? | KQED","description":"While critics have called for a formal industry body to address issues such as elections meddling, no such broad-reaching organization exists. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Tech Giants Put Squabbles Aside And Band Together Against Security Threats?","datePublished":"2018-08-23T17:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:59:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Technology","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Barbara Ortutay\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1930212/can-tech-giants-work-together-against-their-common-enemies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Facebook, Twitter and Google routinely squabble for users, engineers and advertising money. Yet it makes sense for these tech giants to work together on security threats, elections meddling and other common ills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cooperation was evident Tuesday when Facebook announced that it had \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/c1581fb125644e6db3e934d5a1c3f993\">removed 652 suspicious pages, groups and accounts\u003c/a> linked to Russia and Iran. This was followed by similar news from Twitter. On Monday, meanwhile, Microsoft reported a new Russian effort to impersonate conservative U.S. websites, potentially as part of an espionage campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooperation makes it easier for tech companies to combat fraudulent use of their services. It also makes them look good in the eyes of their users and regulators by showing that they take the threats seriously enough to set aside competitive differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have little other choice if they want to avoid regulation and stay ahead of — or just keep up with — the malicious actors, who are getting smarter and smarter at evading the tech companies’ controls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: While Facebook said there was no evidence that Russian and Iranian actors cooperated with each other in the latest efforts to create fake accounts to mislead users, the company said their tactics were similar. In other words, if the bad guys are learning from each other, the companies fighting them would need to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook has significantly stepped up policing of its services since last year, when it acknowledged that Russian agents successfully used Facebook to run political influence operations aimed at swaying the 2016 presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other social media companies have done likewise and continue to turn up fresh evidence of political disinformation campaigns. While some of the 2016 disruptions seemed to support certain candidates, more recent campaigns appear \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/08b334e5e07d4d579de25c5c5d59f4e7\">aimed at sowing discord\u003c/a> and driving people to more extreme sides of the political stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tech companies already share information to fight terrorism, child pornography, malware and spam. They are now adding global political threats from nation-states. In congressional hearings earlier this year, Facebook General Counsel Colin Stretch said Facebook, Twitter and Google have a “long history” of working together on such threats. He expressed hope that sharing information becomes “industry standard practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the threat requires understanding how the malicious actors communicate, operate and move among various services, Facebook said in a blog post on Tuesday. “To help gather this information, we often share intelligence with other companies once we have a basic grasp of what’s happening,” the company wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with all the cooperation, disagreements exist. The companies don’t always agree on when and how to go public with threats they uncover, for example. And while critics have called for a formal industry body to address issues such as elections meddling, misinformation and hate speech on social networks, no such broad-reaching organization exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The closest is the Cybersecurity Tech Accord, which Microsoft, Facebook and other companies formed to protect businesses and users from internet crime. But bigshots such as Google and Twitter were noticeably missing. (Those companies did not respond to messages Wednesday asking if they have joined since).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, cooperation has helped other industries stave off regulation. For example, the movie industry banded together to develop its own ratings system in the 1960s to ward off government censorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Bardin, chief information officer at the security firm Treadstone 71, said cooperation is one way to combat fake accounts without imposing tighter verification when users sign up. Of course, if Facebook started asking potential members for a government-issued ID and a home address, it would drive people away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no way they will do that upfront,” he said. So, what’s left is to continue to play the cat-and-mouse game, catching and removing the enemy and then learning its new tactics as it changes them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930212/can-tech-giants-work-together-against-their-common-enemies","authors":["byline_science_1930212"],"categories":["science_3151","science_40"],"tags":["science_697","science_461"],"featImg":"science_690353","label":"source_science_1930212"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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