New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices
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Precise measurement of soil erosion over large areas is a crucial part of learning sustainable farming practices, but is notoriously hard to do given the variability of nature. (Paul Bierman, University of Vermont)","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_21281":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_21281","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"21281","found":true},"title":"Rockfish","publishDate":1409704299,"status":"inherit","parent":21280,"modified":1438123446,"caption":"A vermillion rockfish, one of the species that is now rated a \"good alternative\" under Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch program. 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Andrew Alden photos","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate-top.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"laurensommer":{"type":"authors","id":"239","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"239","found":true},"name":"Lauren Sommer","firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Sommer","slug":"laurensommer","email":"lsommer@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Lauren is a radio reporter formerly covering environment, water, and energy for KQED Science. As part of her day job, she has scaled Sierra Nevada peaks, run from charging elephant seals, and desperately tried to get her sea legs - all in pursuit of good radio. Her work has appeared on Marketplace, Living on Earth, Science Friday and NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered. You can find her on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesommer\">@lesommer\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor","manage_content_types","manage_taxonomies"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Sommer | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/laurensommer"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_26067":{"type":"posts","id":"science_26067","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"26067","score":null,"sort":[1420749613000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-soil-erosion-study-may-help-sustainable-farming-practices","title":"New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices","publishDate":1420749613,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\" alt=\"Muddy floodwater\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26068\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After Hurricane Isabel in 2003, Great Falls on the Potomac River was overwhelmed by muddy floodwater carrying soil washed from historic upland farms. Precise measurement of soil erosion over large areas is a crucial part of learning sustainable farming practices, but is notoriously hard to do given the variability of nature. (Paul Bierman, University of Vermont)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A study of rivers in the southeastern United States shows that as American cotton and tobacco farmers occupied once-forested lands, they wasted those fertile soils by causing them to wash away 100 times faster than the natural rate of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/01/07/G36272.1.abstract\">published online yesterday by the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, describes a new method that lets us learn the rate of soil erosion in “the forest primeval,” during the thousands of years before European farmers arrived. Having a single consistent laboratory test for this geological yardstick can help make agriculture sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a region’s rate of natural erosion is known, farm agencies can teach farmers ways to tame erosion until it matches the primeval rate. That will almost automatically ensure that the area’s soil remains permanently fertile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, by two geologists at the University of Vermont and a colleague at Lawrence Livermore Lab, looked at ten river watersheds in the Appalachian Mountains ranging from Virginia to Alabama. These went through a typical historical pattern—the forest was cleared by loggers beginning in the 1700s and then the land was farmed for cotton and tobacco. Traditional farming practices, which included tilling the fields each year with animal-drawn plows, led to rapid erosion and wore out the soil within a few generations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This history is well known, but measuring that erosion isn’t easy. Regulators often use a formula based on the volume of sediment carried by a river. That method assumes the river system is in a steady state, with eroding dirt in the headwater area balancing the sediment passing out the river’s mouth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But careful surveys have shown that most of the eroded sediment from these old farmlands is still sitting upstream on the valley floors, where it has smothered existing bottomland soils, or trapped behind hundreds of old dams that once drove watermills. Another complication is that a large amount of sediment transportation, perhaps even most of it, happens in rare big floods rather than ordinary river flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a way around the problem of relying on sediment volumes. They zeroed in on the sand-size quartz grains in that river-mouth sediment and directly measured their exposure ages—the time the minerals had been within a few meters of the ground surface—using the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium-10\">beryllium-10\u003c/a> technique. (\u003csup>10\u003c/sup>Be forms from oxygen in the quartz by exposure to cosmic rays.) By treating the sand as a sample of the whole watershed, the scientists could estimate the average age of the soil when it originally washed out of the hillsides. From the average exposure age, they could then determine the primeval erosion rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beryllium-10 evidence told the authors that natural erosion in pre-colonial days was an almost imperceptible 8 millimeters per thousand years. During the several decades around 1900, at the climax of cotton/tobacco farming, erosion was 100 times faster at around 950 mm/ky. That is, two generations of farming caused thousands of years worth of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\" alt=\"Soil erosion in 10 Appalachian watersheds\" width=\"600\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26069\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erosion rates in ten Appalachian river basins. Notice the logarithmic scale on the left, with each level being 10 times greater than the one below it. The black bars are the primeval rates determined by the beryllium-10 data. The tall gray bars are measured erosion rates of the hillslope soils from an earlier study. The bars in the middle are erosion rates according to the volume of sediment being carried today by the rivers—a method that is clearly very inaccurate. Figure 3 of Reusser et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>, doi:10.1130/G36272.1 (Geol. Soc. America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The historian Will Durant was fond of telling audiences that “civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice.” He typically was referring to natural catastrophes, but his successors have shown that loss of good soil is another change, happening without anyone noticing, that seems to limit the life span of human civilizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the late 1900s, agricultural practices have changed to reduce soil erosion. The best techniques can lower erosion to natural levels and even build up the soil, according to geologist David Montgomery, the author of \u003ci>Dirt: Erosion of Civilizations\u003c/i>. “The good news is that there are examples of societies (which I talk about in the book) that did indeed build fertile soil far faster than nature,” he said. “The bad news is that the types of agricultural practices that would lead to that result are presently called alternative agriculture,” such as no-till practices and organic farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montgomery’s open-access paper in \u003ci>GSA Today\u003c/i>, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/17/10/pdf/i1052-5173-17-10-4.pdf\">Is agriculture eroding civilization’s foundation?\u003c/a>” is essential reading on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new way of measuring soil erosion in the geologically recent past, before modern civilization, may help put sustainable agriculture on a firmer footing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932427,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":846},"headData":{"title":"New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices | KQED","description":"A new way of measuring soil erosion in the geologically recent past, before modern civilization, may help put sustainable agriculture on a firmer footing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/26067/new-soil-erosion-study-may-help-sustainable-farming-practices","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\" alt=\"Muddy floodwater\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26068\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After Hurricane Isabel in 2003, Great Falls on the Potomac River was overwhelmed by muddy floodwater carrying soil washed from historic upland farms. Precise measurement of soil erosion over large areas is a crucial part of learning sustainable farming practices, but is notoriously hard to do given the variability of nature. (Paul Bierman, University of Vermont)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A study of rivers in the southeastern United States shows that as American cotton and tobacco farmers occupied once-forested lands, they wasted those fertile soils by causing them to wash away 100 times faster than the natural rate of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/01/07/G36272.1.abstract\">published online yesterday by the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, describes a new method that lets us learn the rate of soil erosion in “the forest primeval,” during the thousands of years before European farmers arrived. Having a single consistent laboratory test for this geological yardstick can help make agriculture sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a region’s rate of natural erosion is known, farm agencies can teach farmers ways to tame erosion until it matches the primeval rate. That will almost automatically ensure that the area’s soil remains permanently fertile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, by two geologists at the University of Vermont and a colleague at Lawrence Livermore Lab, looked at ten river watersheds in the Appalachian Mountains ranging from Virginia to Alabama. These went through a typical historical pattern—the forest was cleared by loggers beginning in the 1700s and then the land was farmed for cotton and tobacco. Traditional farming practices, which included tilling the fields each year with animal-drawn plows, led to rapid erosion and wore out the soil within a few generations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This history is well known, but measuring that erosion isn’t easy. Regulators often use a formula based on the volume of sediment carried by a river. That method assumes the river system is in a steady state, with eroding dirt in the headwater area balancing the sediment passing out the river’s mouth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But careful surveys have shown that most of the eroded sediment from these old farmlands is still sitting upstream on the valley floors, where it has smothered existing bottomland soils, or trapped behind hundreds of old dams that once drove watermills. Another complication is that a large amount of sediment transportation, perhaps even most of it, happens in rare big floods rather than ordinary river flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a way around the problem of relying on sediment volumes. They zeroed in on the sand-size quartz grains in that river-mouth sediment and directly measured their exposure ages—the time the minerals had been within a few meters of the ground surface—using the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium-10\">beryllium-10\u003c/a> technique. (\u003csup>10\u003c/sup>Be forms from oxygen in the quartz by exposure to cosmic rays.) By treating the sand as a sample of the whole watershed, the scientists could estimate the average age of the soil when it originally washed out of the hillsides. From the average exposure age, they could then determine the primeval erosion rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beryllium-10 evidence told the authors that natural erosion in pre-colonial days was an almost imperceptible 8 millimeters per thousand years. During the several decades around 1900, at the climax of cotton/tobacco farming, erosion was 100 times faster at around 950 mm/ky. That is, two generations of farming caused thousands of years worth of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\" alt=\"Soil erosion in 10 Appalachian watersheds\" width=\"600\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26069\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erosion rates in ten Appalachian river basins. Notice the logarithmic scale on the left, with each level being 10 times greater than the one below it. The black bars are the primeval rates determined by the beryllium-10 data. The tall gray bars are measured erosion rates of the hillslope soils from an earlier study. The bars in the middle are erosion rates according to the volume of sediment being carried today by the rivers—a method that is clearly very inaccurate. Figure 3 of Reusser et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>, doi:10.1130/G36272.1 (Geol. Soc. America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The historian Will Durant was fond of telling audiences that “civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice.” He typically was referring to natural catastrophes, but his successors have shown that loss of good soil is another change, happening without anyone noticing, that seems to limit the life span of human civilizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the late 1900s, agricultural practices have changed to reduce soil erosion. The best techniques can lower erosion to natural levels and even build up the soil, according to geologist David Montgomery, the author of \u003ci>Dirt: Erosion of Civilizations\u003c/i>. “The good news is that there are examples of societies (which I talk about in the book) that did indeed build fertile soil far faster than nature,” he said. “The bad news is that the types of agricultural practices that would lead to that result are presently called alternative agriculture,” such as no-till practices and organic farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montgomery’s open-access paper in \u003ci>GSA Today\u003c/i>, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/17/10/pdf/i1052-5173-17-10-4.pdf\">Is agriculture eroding civilization’s foundation?\u003c/a>” is essential reading on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/26067/new-soil-erosion-study-may-help-sustainable-farming-practices","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_35","science_38"],"tags":["science_392","science_1452","science_218","science_1201","science_275"],"featImg":"science_26068","label":"science"},"science_21280":{"type":"posts","id":"science_21280","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"21280","score":null,"sort":[1409757927000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"west-coast-fish-upgraded-to-sustainable-seafood-choice","title":"West Coast Fish Upgraded to Sustainable Seafood Choice","publishDate":1409757927,"format":"standard","headTitle":"West Coast Fish Upgraded to Sustainable Seafood Choice | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>One of the key fisheries on the West Coast is coming back after years of decline. That’s prompting a sustainable seafood group \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">change their consumer ratings\u003c/a> for almost two dozen fish species from “avoid” to “good” or “best” choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The species are all considered groundfish, fish that show up on restaurant menus as rock cod, pacific snapper, black cod and sole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the fishery was declared a federal disaster because catches were so low. The fishery has experienced dramatic changes since then, including stringent new fishing rules under a “catch share” program and the closure of fishing grounds in favor of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/\">marine protected areas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a lot of effort over the last decade and a half to improve management and make sure the problem species were put onto recovery plans,” says Santi Roberts of the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a> program. “There’s been an increase in those species, which is a really positive thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">ratings for 21 fish\u003c/a> are going from “avoid” to “good alternative” or “best choice.” In all, 84 percent of the fish caught in the commercial groundfish fishery have those ratings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably the single greatest number of species that have moved up,” Roberts says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a catch share fishing system, each fisherman is given a quota for each species he or she fishes for. On-board observers count every fish that’s caught in order to reduce the amount of by-catch, fish that are accidentally caught and thrown overboard. Fishermen will be responsible for paying for the full cost for the observers by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system#commentBlock\">system was controversial\u003c/a> when it was implemented in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/07/07_19_12catch_shares.html\">results from NOAA\u003c/a>, by-catch is down and revenue is up under the system. While it could take decades for many rockfish species to bounce back, some, like bocaccio, are expected to recover in half the amount of time that was originally forecast.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the key fisheries on the West Coast is coming back after years of decline.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933030,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":355},"headData":{"title":"West Coast Fish Upgraded to Sustainable Seafood Choice | KQED","description":"One of the key fisheries on the West Coast is coming back after years of decline.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"KQED Science","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/21280/west-coast-fish-upgraded-to-sustainable-seafood-choice","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the key fisheries on the West Coast is coming back after years of decline. That’s prompting a sustainable seafood group \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">change their consumer ratings\u003c/a> for almost two dozen fish species from “avoid” to “good” or “best” choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The species are all considered groundfish, fish that show up on restaurant menus as rock cod, pacific snapper, black cod and sole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the fishery was declared a federal disaster because catches were so low. The fishery has experienced dramatic changes since then, including stringent new fishing rules under a “catch share” program and the closure of fishing grounds in favor of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/\">marine protected areas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a lot of effort over the last decade and a half to improve management and make sure the problem species were put onto recovery plans,” says Santi Roberts of the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a> program. “There’s been an increase in those species, which is a really positive thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">ratings for 21 fish\u003c/a> are going from “avoid” to “good alternative” or “best choice.” In all, 84 percent of the fish caught in the commercial groundfish fishery have those ratings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably the single greatest number of species that have moved up,” Roberts says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a catch share fishing system, each fisherman is given a quota for each species he or she fishes for. On-board observers count every fish that’s caught in order to reduce the amount of by-catch, fish that are accidentally caught and thrown overboard. Fishermen will be responsible for paying for the full cost for the observers by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system#commentBlock\">system was controversial\u003c/a> when it was implemented in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/07/07_19_12catch_shares.html\">results from NOAA\u003c/a>, by-catch is down and revenue is up under the system. While it could take decades for many rockfish species to bounce back, some, like bocaccio, are expected to recover in half the amount of time that was originally forecast.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/21280/west-coast-fish-upgraded-to-sustainable-seafood-choice","authors":["239"],"series":["science_2625"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_205","science_248","science_64","science_843","science_275"],"featImg":"science_21281","label":"source_science_21280"},"science_4034":{"type":"posts","id":"science_4034","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"4034","score":null,"sort":[1370505620000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-pending-sand-and-gravel-crunch","title":"California's Looming Sand-and-Gravel Crunch","publishDate":1370505620,"format":"aside","headTitle":"California’s Looming Sand-and-Gravel Crunch | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate-top.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4035\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate-top.jpg\" alt=\"Gravel piles at the Tiechert quarry near Yuba City\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graded gravel piles at the Tiechert quarry near Yuba City. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Civilization runs on refined energy and refined materials. While refined energy needs no introduction these days, most people need reminding that there is no economy without steady supplies of the most basic refined material of all: aggregate. A new map from the state government’s geologists is alerting us that California cities and regions must keep thinking locally to keep prospering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big three commodities that define aggregate are sand, gravel and crushed stone. They are essential for modern roads, whether white concrete or black asphalt, and for the deep roadbeds beneath them. They underlie foundations of all kinds: railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers and apartment blocks, gas station tanks, stadiums. Every pothole filled requires aggregate from somewhere, usually fresh from a quarry. Recycling is important, but limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t use any old sand and gravel. Some deposits have chemically active minerals like pyrite; others are too weak or full of dust. Every construction project specifies a tightly controlled grade of material, and concrete, the mixture of aggregate and portland cement holding it together, is the most demanding. Concrete is 80 percent aggregate. The numbers that follow refer to concrete-grade aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4036\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate.jpg\" alt=\"crushed stone\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4036\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crushed stone makes up the bulk of concrete\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, the state goes through more than 200 million tons of high-grade aggregate every year, the equivalent of more than 7 million trips by large diesel trucks. Take a minute and consider the wear and tear those 7 million truckloads put on the roads; beyond that, trucking aggregate produces a huge amount of carbon emissions. And it adds 15 cents per mile to the cost of every ton delivered, or $7.50 per ton for the typical 50-mile haul on straight roads with little traffic. The material itself costs around $10 per ton for mining, crushing and other processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s population rises, local regions must plan to reduce their waste output, decrease their water usage, and manage many other aspects of environmentally sustainable practices. Aggregate, too, needs to remain sustainable. The transportation costs of aggregate mean that it must always have a local source. Whether that source is artisanal aggregate from a boutique rock quarry or a big pit of good cheap river gravel—either is fine—is up to your local and regional jurisdictions. And quarries aren’t awful things; \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">once played out they can be repurposed for all sorts of uses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where does the new map fit in this picture? The California Geological Survey has been classifying the state’s mineral lands, based strictly on geological data, since 1975, and it follows the aggregate industry closely. The CGS has found that population is the best gauge of demand for aggregate, so it’s a straightforward if intricate exercise to work out which regions are doing fine and which need to issue more quarry permits to keep up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CGS issued its first statewide map of aggregate supply and demand in 2002 and updated it in 2006 and 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/minerals/mlc/Pages/Index.aspx\">The latest edition, Map Sheet 52, was released this spring\u003c/a> and covers about 85 percent of the total market. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregatemap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4037\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregatemap.png\" alt=\"part of CGS map sheet 52\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4037\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of CGS Map Sheet 52. Pie charts represent total demand for aggregate (circles) and permitted reserves (darker wedges). Triangles are aggregate suppliers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today four “aggregate study areas” of California have aggregate reserves—bodies of suitable material with companies permitted to produce them—that will last less than 10 years. They are important, fast-growing regions: San Diego, Sacramento, Fresno and the San Fernando Valley. Only a little behind, with 11- to 20-year reserves, are 13 other areas that encompass the Bay Area and most of the Los Angeles conurbation. Placer County and the Yuba City–Marysville area are set for life with enormous reserves, but as I mentioned, transport costs limit where they can be profitably marketed. It seems to me that nearby Sacramento is probably OK if a dedicated rail connection can be set up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the distance of quarries from their markets continues to grow, the costs of aggregate will keep rising. Sooner or later those costs will hit limits that force hard choices. Surges in demand, such as those after a large earthquake or a Delta levee failure, could stress and fracture the system. It behooves our leaders, and citizens who care, to stay farsighted about this basic matter. Meanwhile \u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/eposters/eposter/gc11b-0996/\">the CGS is considering more sophisticated maps\u003c/a> to help decision-makers. The aggregate industry is weighing in too; the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcima.org/\">calcima.org\u003c/a> sends mixed messages (imported Chinese cement is not related to the aggregate supply), but its \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcima.org/html/links.html\">links page\u003c/a> is useful background.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new map of sand and gravel resources from government geologists is alerting us that California cities and regions must keep thinking locally to keep prospering.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935662,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":788},"headData":{"title":"California's Looming Sand-and-Gravel Crunch | KQED","description":"A new map of sand and gravel resources from government geologists is alerting us that California cities and regions must keep thinking locally to keep prospering.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/4034/californias-pending-sand-and-gravel-crunch","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate-top.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4035\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate-top.jpg\" alt=\"Gravel piles at the Tiechert quarry near Yuba City\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graded gravel piles at the Tiechert quarry near Yuba City. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Civilization runs on refined energy and refined materials. While refined energy needs no introduction these days, most people need reminding that there is no economy without steady supplies of the most basic refined material of all: aggregate. A new map from the state government’s geologists is alerting us that California cities and regions must keep thinking locally to keep prospering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big three commodities that define aggregate are sand, gravel and crushed stone. They are essential for modern roads, whether white concrete or black asphalt, and for the deep roadbeds beneath them. They underlie foundations of all kinds: railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers and apartment blocks, gas station tanks, stadiums. Every pothole filled requires aggregate from somewhere, usually fresh from a quarry. Recycling is important, but limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t use any old sand and gravel. Some deposits have chemically active minerals like pyrite; others are too weak or full of dust. Every construction project specifies a tightly controlled grade of material, and concrete, the mixture of aggregate and portland cement holding it together, is the most demanding. Concrete is 80 percent aggregate. The numbers that follow refer to concrete-grade aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4036\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregate.jpg\" alt=\"crushed stone\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4036\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crushed stone makes up the bulk of concrete\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, the state goes through more than 200 million tons of high-grade aggregate every year, the equivalent of more than 7 million trips by large diesel trucks. Take a minute and consider the wear and tear those 7 million truckloads put on the roads; beyond that, trucking aggregate produces a huge amount of carbon emissions. And it adds 15 cents per mile to the cost of every ton delivered, or $7.50 per ton for the typical 50-mile haul on straight roads with little traffic. The material itself costs around $10 per ton for mining, crushing and other processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s population rises, local regions must plan to reduce their waste output, decrease their water usage, and manage many other aspects of environmentally sustainable practices. Aggregate, too, needs to remain sustainable. The transportation costs of aggregate mean that it must always have a local source. Whether that source is artisanal aggregate from a boutique rock quarry or a big pit of good cheap river gravel—either is fine—is up to your local and regional jurisdictions. And quarries aren’t awful things; \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">once played out they can be repurposed for all sorts of uses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where does the new map fit in this picture? The California Geological Survey has been classifying the state’s mineral lands, based strictly on geological data, since 1975, and it follows the aggregate industry closely. The CGS has found that population is the best gauge of demand for aggregate, so it’s a straightforward if intricate exercise to work out which regions are doing fine and which need to issue more quarry permits to keep up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CGS issued its first statewide map of aggregate supply and demand in 2002 and updated it in 2006 and 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/minerals/mlc/Pages/Index.aspx\">The latest edition, Map Sheet 52, was released this spring\u003c/a> and covers about 85 percent of the total market. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregatemap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4037\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/aggregatemap.png\" alt=\"part of CGS map sheet 52\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4037\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of CGS Map Sheet 52. Pie charts represent total demand for aggregate (circles) and permitted reserves (darker wedges). Triangles are aggregate suppliers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today four “aggregate study areas” of California have aggregate reserves—bodies of suitable material with companies permitted to produce them—that will last less than 10 years. They are important, fast-growing regions: San Diego, Sacramento, Fresno and the San Fernando Valley. Only a little behind, with 11- to 20-year reserves, are 13 other areas that encompass the Bay Area and most of the Los Angeles conurbation. Placer County and the Yuba City–Marysville area are set for life with enormous reserves, but as I mentioned, transport costs limit where they can be profitably marketed. It seems to me that nearby Sacramento is probably OK if a dedicated rail connection can be set up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the distance of quarries from their markets continues to grow, the costs of aggregate will keep rising. Sooner or later those costs will hit limits that force hard choices. Surges in demand, such as those after a large earthquake or a Delta levee failure, could stress and fracture the system. It behooves our leaders, and citizens who care, to stay farsighted about this basic matter. Meanwhile \u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/eposters/eposter/gc11b-0996/\">the CGS is considering more sophisticated maps\u003c/a> to help decision-makers. The aggregate industry is weighing in too; the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcima.org/\">calcima.org\u003c/a> sends mixed messages (imported Chinese cement is not related to the aggregate supply), but its \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcima.org/html/links.html\">links page\u003c/a> is useful background.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/4034/californias-pending-sand-and-gravel-crunch","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_38"],"tags":["science_271","science_275"],"featImg":"science_4035","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/OOW_Tile_Final.png","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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