Are You in the Severe Damage Zone for the Bay Area's Next Big Earthquake?
NASA's InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars
Something You Probably Didn't Expect From the Huge Sierra Snowpack: Earthquakes
The One-Minute Drill That Could Save Your Life
Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises
Scientists Tune in to the Earth’s Ambient Hum
Napa Quake Forces Redrawing of Fault Maps
Sponsored
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. 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He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1946505":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946505","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946505","score":null,"sort":[1566334879000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-insight-lander-detects-its-first-marsquake","title":"NASA's InSight Lander Detects its First Marsquake","publishDate":1566334879,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s InSight Lander Detects its First Marsquake | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Since the recent Mojave Desert and \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/blogs/corelogic/2019/08/08/535205.htm\">Ridgecrest earthquakes\u003c/a>, tremors in the ground have been on people’s minds. And the approaching 30th anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1989lomaprieta/\">Loma Prieta earthquake \u003c/a>reminds the Bay Area that we all live on shaky ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists —not just those who listen to Earth’s restless rumbling crust with their global arrays of seismometers — have seismic activity on their minds, too. At NASA they’ve put their ears to the ground on the planet Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-800x800.gif\" alt=\"Picture showing the InSight lander's seismic detection instrument, SEIS, deployed on Mars' surface. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-800x800.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-160x160.gif 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-768x768.gif 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-1020x1020.gif 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture showing the InSight lander’s seismic detection instrument, SEIS, deployed on Mars’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/\">NASA’s InSight\u003c/a> lander made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7383\">debut “marsquake” detection\u003c/a> on April 6th, with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/spacecraft/instruments/seis/\">Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure\u003c/a> (SEIS) instrument. Like a doctor’s stethoscope, SEIS is placed against the Martian surface to listen for faint sounds from deep within the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Feel a Marsquake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You would not have felt the marsquake SEIS detected even had you been standing near the lander when it happened. Like the thousands of “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/15mar_moonquakes\">moonquakes\u003c/a>” that Apollo mission seismometers detected on the moon between 1969 and 1977, the April 6 Mars-tremor was little more than a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/22429/first-likely-marsquake-heard-by-nasas-insight/?site=insight\">faint and distant murmur\u003c/a> picked up by the highly sensitive SEIS detector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a feel for the dynamics of the marsquake, experimenters at the Swiss university \u003ca href=\"https://ethz.ch/en.html\">ETH Zurich\u003c/a> ran the SEIS tremor data through a “\u003ca href=\"https://focusterra.ethz.ch/en/museum/earthquake-simulator.html\">shake room\u003c/a>,” a simulator that replicates the motion of earthquakes from recorded seismometer data. A shake room offers a more visceral quake-replay experience than you would get simply by studying tables of figures and graphs of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to make the marsquake even noticeable to people in the shake room, the experiment crew really had to crank up the volume on the SEIS signals–10 million times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Study Marsquakes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The characteristic motions of quakes—the direction of shaking, the frequency of vibrations, the duration and strength of the seismic event—all tell scientists about the materials and geologic structures the seismic waves passed through on their way to the detector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"Comparing the interior geologic structures of Earth, moon and Mars. Earth's interior is much better understood by virtue of decades of seismic and gravity measurements taken all over the world. With much less interior data to go on, the moon and Mars still present a lot of questions, which NASA hopes to begin answering with InSight. \" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparing the interior geologic structures of Earth, moon and Mars. Earth’s interior is much better understood by virtue of decades of seismic and gravity measurements taken all over the world. With much less interior data to go on, the moon and Mars still present a lot of questions, which NASA hopes to begin answering with InSight. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Varying densities in different geologic layers bend and focus the waves in different ways and directions as they bounce and echo inside a planet, and with enough data it’s possible to map these otherwise buried and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7460\">hidden structures.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The April 6 marsquake did not contain enough information for scientists to begin mapping the planet’s internal structure, but this first-ever detection of a tremor ringing through Mars is a resounding opening bell for a new field in science, Martian Seismology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Causes Marsquakes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The violent collision or edge-on-edge grinding of moving crustal plates driven by upwelling currents of molten magma in the hot mantle below cause most quakes on Earth. Scientists call this process \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/plate-tectonics/\">plate tectonics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine an over-crowded bumper-car rink, packed with vehicles trying to move in their own directions. The cars push against each other in a tense state of deadlocked traffic, but occasionally, something slips and a jerk of motion passes through the cars and riders. That’s kind of how quakes go down on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, as well as the moon, conditions are different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These masses have cooled off to the point that they no longer experience plate tectonics, if they ever did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, as they continue to cool their interiors are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2019/moonquakes\">gradually contracting\u003c/a>, a global “collapse” that creates stress in the hardened crust–stress that occasionally reaches a breaking point, causing it to fracture and collapse. Marsquakes are the result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>InSight’s Insightful Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists sent InSight to Mars with three \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/spacecraft/instruments/summary/\">main scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to do essentially one thing: offer a look inside Mars and develop a picture of its internal structure and composition, straight to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seismic vibrations—marsquakes— allow scientists to listen for clues about the planet’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades on Earth, seismic listening posts located all around the globe have performed a similar function. They track the motion and qualities of shock waves that seismic events cause to develop a picture of Earth’s internal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946527\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's InSight lander, with its main scientific instruments and other tools labeled. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s InSight lander, with its main scientific instruments and other tools labeled. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>InSight’s second experiment is a string of temperature sensors buried in the top few feet of Mars’ soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring ground temperature at different depths, scientists can calculate how much heat is escaping from Mars’ interior into space, and estimate temperatures deeper down, even to its core. Knowing these two factors, scientists can also chart the history of the cooling of Mars from the time of its formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, scientists are measuring the \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/M31_velocity/spectrum/doppler_more.html\">Doppler shift\u003c/a> of InSight’s radio transmissions to make very precise calculations of Mars’ rotational motion. By analyzing peculiar wobbles and gyrations in Mars’ rotation they can glean useful information about the distribution of mass within Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is similar to how each load of laundry you run causes the washing machine to vibrate or dance to a slightly different tune during the spin cycle, as it distributes each load of wet laundry a bit differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the data points that InSight is gathering give scientists information about what’s inside Mars, how its interior is laid out, and even the geologic history of its formation over eons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how Mars is put together and has evolved can, by example, tell us how the other rocky planets of the inner solar system—Earth, Venus, and Mercury—formed, and infer the conditions in the early solar system that shaped them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomena that InSight studies are incredibly subtle: Echoes of sound ten million times too weak to feel; the slow crawl of heat through a few feet of cold soil; minute perturbations in Mars’ spin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by taking the pulse, temperature, and reflexes of Mars, scientists can begin to understand how our home planet came to be.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On April 6th NASA's InSight lander detected its first \"marsquake\" with its SEIS instrument.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848388,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1084},"headData":{"title":"NASA's InSight Lander Detects its First Marsquake | KQED","description":"On April 6th NASA's InSight lander detected its first "marsquake" with its SEIS instrument.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's InSight Lander Detects its First Marsquake","datePublished":"2019-08-20T21:01:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:59:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946505/nasas-insight-lander-detects-its-first-marsquake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since the recent Mojave Desert and \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/blogs/corelogic/2019/08/08/535205.htm\">Ridgecrest earthquakes\u003c/a>, tremors in the ground have been on people’s minds. And the approaching 30th anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1989lomaprieta/\">Loma Prieta earthquake \u003c/a>reminds the Bay Area that we all live on shaky ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists —not just those who listen to Earth’s restless rumbling crust with their global arrays of seismometers — have seismic activity on their minds, too. At NASA they’ve put their ears to the ground on the planet Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-800x800.gif\" alt=\"Picture showing the InSight lander's seismic detection instrument, SEIS, deployed on Mars' surface. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-800x800.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-160x160.gif 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-768x768.gif 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/PIA23180_raw-1020x1020.gif 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture showing the InSight lander’s seismic detection instrument, SEIS, deployed on Mars’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/\">NASA’s InSight\u003c/a> lander made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7383\">debut “marsquake” detection\u003c/a> on April 6th, with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/spacecraft/instruments/seis/\">Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure\u003c/a> (SEIS) instrument. Like a doctor’s stethoscope, SEIS is placed against the Martian surface to listen for faint sounds from deep within the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Feel a Marsquake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You would not have felt the marsquake SEIS detected even had you been standing near the lander when it happened. Like the thousands of “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/15mar_moonquakes\">moonquakes\u003c/a>” that Apollo mission seismometers detected on the moon between 1969 and 1977, the April 6 Mars-tremor was little more than a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/22429/first-likely-marsquake-heard-by-nasas-insight/?site=insight\">faint and distant murmur\u003c/a> picked up by the highly sensitive SEIS detector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a feel for the dynamics of the marsquake, experimenters at the Swiss university \u003ca href=\"https://ethz.ch/en.html\">ETH Zurich\u003c/a> ran the SEIS tremor data through a “\u003ca href=\"https://focusterra.ethz.ch/en/museum/earthquake-simulator.html\">shake room\u003c/a>,” a simulator that replicates the motion of earthquakes from recorded seismometer data. A shake room offers a more visceral quake-replay experience than you would get simply by studying tables of figures and graphs of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to make the marsquake even noticeable to people in the shake room, the experiment crew really had to crank up the volume on the SEIS signals–10 million times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Study Marsquakes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The characteristic motions of quakes—the direction of shaking, the frequency of vibrations, the duration and strength of the seismic event—all tell scientists about the materials and geologic structures the seismic waves passed through on their way to the detector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"Comparing the interior geologic structures of Earth, moon and Mars. Earth's interior is much better understood by virtue of decades of seismic and gravity measurements taken all over the world. With much less interior data to go on, the moon and Mars still present a lot of questions, which NASA hopes to begin answering with InSight. \" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/planetary-interiors.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparing the interior geologic structures of Earth, moon and Mars. Earth’s interior is much better understood by virtue of decades of seismic and gravity measurements taken all over the world. With much less interior data to go on, the moon and Mars still present a lot of questions, which NASA hopes to begin answering with InSight. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Varying densities in different geologic layers bend and focus the waves in different ways and directions as they bounce and echo inside a planet, and with enough data it’s possible to map these otherwise buried and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7460\">hidden structures.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The April 6 marsquake did not contain enough information for scientists to begin mapping the planet’s internal structure, but this first-ever detection of a tremor ringing through Mars is a resounding opening bell for a new field in science, Martian Seismology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Causes Marsquakes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The violent collision or edge-on-edge grinding of moving crustal plates driven by upwelling currents of molten magma in the hot mantle below cause most quakes on Earth. Scientists call this process \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/plate-tectonics/\">plate tectonics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine an over-crowded bumper-car rink, packed with vehicles trying to move in their own directions. The cars push against each other in a tense state of deadlocked traffic, but occasionally, something slips and a jerk of motion passes through the cars and riders. That’s kind of how quakes go down on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, as well as the moon, conditions are different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These masses have cooled off to the point that they no longer experience plate tectonics, if they ever did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, as they continue to cool their interiors are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2019/moonquakes\">gradually contracting\u003c/a>, a global “collapse” that creates stress in the hardened crust–stress that occasionally reaches a breaking point, causing it to fracture and collapse. Marsquakes are the result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>InSight’s Insightful Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists sent InSight to Mars with three \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/spacecraft/instruments/summary/\">main scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to do essentially one thing: offer a look inside Mars and develop a picture of its internal structure and composition, straight to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seismic vibrations—marsquakes— allow scientists to listen for clues about the planet’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades on Earth, seismic listening posts located all around the globe have performed a similar function. They track the motion and qualities of shock waves that seismic events cause to develop a picture of Earth’s internal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946527\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's InSight lander, with its main scientific instruments and other tools labeled. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/download.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s InSight lander, with its main scientific instruments and other tools labeled. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>InSight’s second experiment is a string of temperature sensors buried in the top few feet of Mars’ soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring ground temperature at different depths, scientists can calculate how much heat is escaping from Mars’ interior into space, and estimate temperatures deeper down, even to its core. Knowing these two factors, scientists can also chart the history of the cooling of Mars from the time of its formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, scientists are measuring the \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/M31_velocity/spectrum/doppler_more.html\">Doppler shift\u003c/a> of InSight’s radio transmissions to make very precise calculations of Mars’ rotational motion. By analyzing peculiar wobbles and gyrations in Mars’ rotation they can glean useful information about the distribution of mass within Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is similar to how each load of laundry you run causes the washing machine to vibrate or dance to a slightly different tune during the spin cycle, as it distributes each load of wet laundry a bit differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the data points that InSight is gathering give scientists information about what’s inside Mars, how its interior is laid out, and even the geologic history of its formation over eons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how Mars is put together and has evolved can, by example, tell us how the other rocky planets of the inner solar system—Earth, Venus, and Mercury—formed, and infer the conditions in the early solar system that shaped them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomena that InSight studies are incredibly subtle: Echoes of sound ten million times too weak to feel; the slow crawl of heat through a few feet of cold soil; minute perturbations in Mars’ spin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by taking the pulse, temperature, and reflexes of Mars, scientists can begin to understand how our home planet came to be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946505/nasas-insight-lander-detects-its-first-marsquake","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_257","science_2938","science_5179","science_5175","science_1864"],"featImg":"science_1946524","label":"source_science_1946505"},"science_1933064":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933064","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933064","score":null,"sort":[1539954013000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"map-are-you-in-the-severe-damage-zone-for-the-bay-areas-next-big-earthquake","title":"Are You in the Severe Damage Zone for the Bay Area's Next Big Earthquake?","publishDate":1539954013,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Are You in the Severe Damage Zone for the Bay Area’s Next Big Earthquake? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003ch5>Vulnerable Resources Near a Ticking Time Bomb\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>The Hayward Fault is capable of producing a 7.0 earthquake over an area with hundreds of hospitals, schools, police and fire stations. A recent study found such an event would cause an estimated 800 deaths, 18,000 injuries and billions in damage. Click the arrow to view the map legend. Zoom in and click on the dots on the map to identify schools and emergency facilities near you, or use the magnifier icon to find your address. Source: USGS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Embed/index.html?webmap=cd57f9659dad4de7aea6f295f587c334&extent=-122.8791,37.1125,-121.3808,38.3452&home=true&zoom=true&previewImage=false&scale=true&search=true&searchextent=false&details=true&legend=true&active_panel=legend&disable_scroll=true&theme=light\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October 21 marks the anniversary of the “Great San Francisco Earthquake” — but not the one you’re thinking of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On that date back in 1868, a major quake struck on the East Bay’s Hayward Fault. The jolt reached across the Bay and caused extensive damage in San Francisco, the region’s largest city, so the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1344px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933234\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: San Leandro courthouse ruins, 1868\" width=\"1344\" height=\"777\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI.jpg 1344w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-1020x590.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-1200x694.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-960x555.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-240x139.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-375x217.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-520x301.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1344px) 100vw, 1344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ruins of the Alameda County courthouse in San Leandro, after an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. Afterward, the county seat moved to Oakland. \u003ccite>(The Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a bigger one came along on the San Andreas Fault in the spring of 1906, the Great-Quake moniker was reassigned. But things have changed since 1906 and the Hayward is now considered the most urbanized fault in the nation. It runs for 40 miles through the East Bay’s most densely populated areas, not to mention key infrastructure such as airports, freeways, rail lines, and a major port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it’s also the most likely source for the Bay Area’s next “great quake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Hayward Fault is ready now,” said UC Berkeley seismologist Roland Burgmann. “It has built up all the energy it needs for a future event, so it could happen today, but it could also still wait another couple decades and then just have a somewhat larger event, because it took longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3020/fs20163020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have calculated\u003c/a> about a 30% chance that the Hayward will “break big” — with a M6.7 event or bigger — within 30 years.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/science-application-risk-reduction/science/haywired-scenario?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“HayWired” scenario\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey projects that in the aftermath of a magnitude 7.0 quake on the Hayward, 2,500 people would need immediate rescue. Serious questions remain about whether emergency responders could get to everyone’s aid, given that roads are likely to be blocked and water for fighting fires cut off in many areas — possibly for weeks or months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of exposure of hospitals, schools, lifelines, it’s really unequaled,” says Burgmann.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, scientists have been trying to handicap where the fault is most likely to slip again, by mapping portions of the fault that are constantly slipping in slow-motion, or “creeping,” and portions that are “locked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those locked portions hold the biggest quake potential because when they finally break loose, far more energy is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know where the fault is locked versus creeping,” explains Burgmann, “we can much better say which areas, which neighborhoods are more strongly affected”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yZSSQmYG2E&w=560&h=315]\u003cbr>\nScientists haven’t pinned down exactly the epicenter of the 1868 quake, but are convinced that it broke on the southern segment of the Hayward Fault, which runs from Oakland, south through Fremont. The next major temblor, they conclude, is likely to be in about the same place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181168\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> as much as $80 billion\u003c/a> has gone into earthquake preparedness in the nearly three decades since the Loma Prieta quake, a M6.8 shaker that caused widespread damage throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of that has gone toward shoring up transportation infrastructure and health care facilities, according to the report. Another quarter was for upgrading privately owned buildings and schools, and the rest was “to strengthen the Bay Area’s water supply, government and emergency response buildings, electric and gas lines, cultural facilities, sewer lines, data centers and non-profit buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But achieving “resilience,” to use the current buzzword, is a project with no end in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really takes building codes, planning by all the different agencies and communities involved to be more and more ready,” says Burgmann. “We’ll never be really ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many of the East Bay's most critical health and safety services such as fire stations and hospitals are situated practically on top of the Hayward Fault, in the zone of most severe damage. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927372,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Embed/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":747},"headData":{"title":"Are You in the Severe Damage Zone for the Bay Area's Next Big Earthquake? | KQED","description":"Many of the East Bay's most critical health and safety services such as fire stations and hospitals are situated practically on top of the Hayward Fault, in the zone of most severe damage. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Are You in the Severe Damage Zone for the Bay Area's Next Big Earthquake?","datePublished":"2018-10-19T13:00:13.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:56:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Geology","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/10/MillerHaywardQuake.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":255,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1933064/map-are-you-in-the-severe-damage-zone-for-the-bay-areas-next-big-earthquake","audioDuration":276000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch5>Vulnerable Resources Near a Ticking Time Bomb\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>The Hayward Fault is capable of producing a 7.0 earthquake over an area with hundreds of hospitals, schools, police and fire stations. A recent study found such an event would cause an estimated 800 deaths, 18,000 injuries and billions in damage. Click the arrow to view the map legend. Zoom in and click on the dots on the map to identify schools and emergency facilities near you, or use the magnifier icon to find your address. Source: USGS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Embed/index.html?webmap=cd57f9659dad4de7aea6f295f587c334&extent=-122.8791,37.1125,-121.3808,38.3452&home=true&zoom=true&previewImage=false&scale=true&search=true&searchextent=false&details=true&legend=true&active_panel=legend&disable_scroll=true&theme=light\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October 21 marks the anniversary of the “Great San Francisco Earthquake” — but not the one you’re thinking of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On that date back in 1868, a major quake struck on the East Bay’s Hayward Fault. The jolt reached across the Bay and caused extensive damage in San Francisco, the region’s largest city, so the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1344px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933234\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: San Leandro courthouse ruins, 1868\" width=\"1344\" height=\"777\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI.jpg 1344w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-1020x590.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-1200x694.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-960x555.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-240x139.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-375x217.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SLCourthouse_FI-520x301.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1344px) 100vw, 1344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ruins of the Alameda County courthouse in San Leandro, after an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. Afterward, the county seat moved to Oakland. \u003ccite>(The Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a bigger one came along on the San Andreas Fault in the spring of 1906, the Great-Quake moniker was reassigned. But things have changed since 1906 and the Hayward is now considered the most urbanized fault in the nation. It runs for 40 miles through the East Bay’s most densely populated areas, not to mention key infrastructure such as airports, freeways, rail lines, and a major port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it’s also the most likely source for the Bay Area’s next “great quake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Hayward Fault is ready now,” said UC Berkeley seismologist Roland Burgmann. “It has built up all the energy it needs for a future event, so it could happen today, but it could also still wait another couple decades and then just have a somewhat larger event, because it took longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3020/fs20163020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have calculated\u003c/a> about a 30% chance that the Hayward will “break big” — with a M6.7 event or bigger — within 30 years.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/science-application-risk-reduction/science/haywired-scenario?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“HayWired” scenario\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey projects that in the aftermath of a magnitude 7.0 quake on the Hayward, 2,500 people would need immediate rescue. Serious questions remain about whether emergency responders could get to everyone’s aid, given that roads are likely to be blocked and water for fighting fires cut off in many areas — possibly for weeks or months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of exposure of hospitals, schools, lifelines, it’s really unequaled,” says Burgmann.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, scientists have been trying to handicap where the fault is most likely to slip again, by mapping portions of the fault that are constantly slipping in slow-motion, or “creeping,” and portions that are “locked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those locked portions hold the biggest quake potential because when they finally break loose, far more energy is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know where the fault is locked versus creeping,” explains Burgmann, “we can much better say which areas, which neighborhoods are more strongly affected”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_yZSSQmYG2E'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_yZSSQmYG2E'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nScientists haven’t pinned down exactly the epicenter of the 1868 quake, but are convinced that it broke on the southern segment of the Hayward Fault, which runs from Oakland, south through Fremont. The next major temblor, they conclude, is likely to be in about the same place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181168\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> as much as $80 billion\u003c/a> has gone into earthquake preparedness in the nearly three decades since the Loma Prieta quake, a M6.8 shaker that caused widespread damage throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of that has gone toward shoring up transportation infrastructure and health care facilities, according to the report. Another quarter was for upgrading privately owned buildings and schools, and the rest was “to strengthen the Bay Area’s water supply, government and emergency response buildings, electric and gas lines, cultural facilities, sewer lines, data centers and non-profit buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But achieving “resilience,” to use the current buzzword, is a project with no end in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really takes building codes, planning by all the different agencies and communities involved to be more and more ready,” says Burgmann. “We’ll never be really ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933064/map-are-you-in-the-severe-damage-zone-for-the-bay-areas-next-big-earthquake","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_257","science_3370","science_654","science_1864"],"featImg":"science_1984387","label":"source_science_1933064"},"science_1915553":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915553","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915553","score":null,"sort":[1505458917000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-insight-now-on-track-for-a-look-inside-mars","title":"NASA's InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars","publishDate":1505458917,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Space fans are well familiar with the robotic landers and rovers sent to explore Mars, packed with the routine cameras, rock drills, soil scoopers and spectroscopes that we have come to expect from Mars missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, time for something completely different: a robotic lander that is part stethoscope, part meat-thermometer, and part radar gun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of \u003ca href=\"https://insight.jpl.nasa.gov/home.cfm\">InSight\u003c/a>, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>InSight was originally scheduled to launch in 2016, but a leak in the vacuum enclosure of one of its scientific instruments forced a postponement to the next \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/lets-go-to-mars-calculating-launch-windows/\">launch window\u003c/a>, when Earth and Mars come closest to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is InSight Different and What Can it Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past missions to Mars have focused on the planet’s surface and atmosphere: \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/orbiters/\">orbiters \u003c/a>mapping the globe and scanning for chemical signatures; \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/landers/\">landers \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/rovers/\">rovers \u003c/a>scraping and drilling into the soil and rock looking for evidence of past environmental conditions, in some cases even \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">signs of life\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 665px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915568\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \" width=\"665\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg 665w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-520x289.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All our scrutiny of Mars’ outward face has shown us that, long ago, Mars was a very different world, maybe even resembling Earth in some ways. In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists have sought to understand why Mars went from being a possibly life-friendly world billions of years ago to a seemingly dead, dry desert today. And though clues may be found on its surface, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in the shaping of Mars—and by extension Earth and the other rocky planets—may only be possible with a look inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will InSight Probe Mars’ Interior?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gVCWXZJugRw35kXrbGiKoHNYnvLwnIi1″]InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is equipped with three principal instruments designed to probe the interior of Mars–none of which will take pictures, analyze minerals, or dig up soil samples as other Mars landing missions have done. The only cameras on board InSight will be used primarily to aid in the deployment of the main science instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEIS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) instrument is a seismometer that will measure vibrations coming from Mars’ interior–sounds produced by quakes, \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-06-meteorite-impacts-seismic-mars.html\">meteorite impacts\u003c/a> and other sources of activity. By studying how sound waves travel through Mars, scientists can gain an understanding of its internal structure and history of formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEIS is even capable of detecting disturbances caused by the gravitational tug of Mars’ larger moon, Phobos, as it orbits the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This planetary version of a stethoscope will be placed on the ground near the landing site by a robotic arm, guided to the selected location with a set of cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geophysicists use seismometers to learn about the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-03-seismic-aims-earth-interior-d.html\">internal structure of our planet\u003c/a>. As sound waves are produced by events like earthquakes, they move through the rock and magma of Earth’s different interior layers. The varying density and composition of those layers causes the sound waves to refract, bending the direction they travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring how the vibrations travel and bend, scientists can develop a “picture” of the internal structure, not unlike how a sonogram forms a picture of the inside of a human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915567\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915567\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"863\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-160x173.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-768x829.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-240x259.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-375x405.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-520x561.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HP3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HP3 (Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package) instrument will measure the flow of heat from Mars’ core as it escapes through the crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instrument package will be placed near the lander, and a self-hammering spike will pound itself as deep as 5 meters into the ground, like a meat thermometer stuck into a turkey. Trailing behind this “spearhead” will be a tether with temperature sensors strung along its length, spaced 10 centimeters apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variations in temperature measured at different depths underground will show how much and how fast heat is flowing upward through the crust. From these data, the temperature of Mars’ core and the history of its cooling off over time can be estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars–like Earth–once had a magnetic field that shielded the planet from the effects of the “\u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a>” flowing from the sun. It is now mostly vanished and researchers hope that understanding Mars’ thermal history will reveal what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s magnetic field shields our planet from the solar wind, and without that protection our atmosphere would experience direct exposure, and slowly be “eroded” away into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collapse of Mars’ magnetic shield, perhaps related to the cooling of its core that generated it, may explain why its atmosphere has mostly disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RISE\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s “RISE” (Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment) experiment will use the spacecraft’s X-band radio to make measurements of Mars’ rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring the \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/M31_velocity/spectrum/doppler_more.html\">Doppler shift\u003c/a> of InSight’s radio transmissions to Earth, precision measurements of Mars’ rotation can be made—in much the same way that the speed of a car can be measured by a police radar gun. Aspects of a planet’s rotation–not just speed of spin, but also cyclic wobbles, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVKz9G3YXiw\">precession and nutation\u003c/a>, of its axis–can tell us what’s going on inside, in terms of internal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915569\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars' core may have a radius equal to half of the planet's. \" width=\"732\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-160x58.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-240x87.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-375x136.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-520x189.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars’ core may have a radius equal to half of the planet’s. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from the RISE experiment will add to similar measurements made years ago on the Viking and Pathfinder missions, and should give scientists what they need to calculate the size and density of Mars’ core and mantle, furthering our understanding of how rocky planets like Mars and Earth formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Instruments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its principal instruments, InSight will carry wind, temperature and pressure sensors to monitor atmospheric conditions at the landing sight, as well as a magnetometer to measure disturbances produced in Mars’ ionosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s cameras, which are primarily for guiding the placement of the SEIS and HP3 instruments on the ground, will also serve in taking pictures of the surrounding landscape—something we have come to expect from our Mars landers and rovers, even if InSight’s main mission is to look where cameras cannot see.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of InSight, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928388,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1153},"headData":{"title":"NASA's InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars | KQED","description":"NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of InSight, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars","datePublished":"2017-09-15T07:01:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1915553/nasas-insight-now-on-track-for-a-look-inside-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Space fans are well familiar with the robotic landers and rovers sent to explore Mars, packed with the routine cameras, rock drills, soil scoopers and spectroscopes that we have come to expect from Mars missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, time for something completely different: a robotic lander that is part stethoscope, part meat-thermometer, and part radar gun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of \u003ca href=\"https://insight.jpl.nasa.gov/home.cfm\">InSight\u003c/a>, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>InSight was originally scheduled to launch in 2016, but a leak in the vacuum enclosure of one of its scientific instruments forced a postponement to the next \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/lets-go-to-mars-calculating-launch-windows/\">launch window\u003c/a>, when Earth and Mars come closest to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is InSight Different and What Can it Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past missions to Mars have focused on the planet’s surface and atmosphere: \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/orbiters/\">orbiters \u003c/a>mapping the globe and scanning for chemical signatures; \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/landers/\">landers \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/rovers/\">rovers \u003c/a>scraping and drilling into the soil and rock looking for evidence of past environmental conditions, in some cases even \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">signs of life\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 665px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915568\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \" width=\"665\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg 665w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-520x289.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All our scrutiny of Mars’ outward face has shown us that, long ago, Mars was a very different world, maybe even resembling Earth in some ways. In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists have sought to understand why Mars went from being a possibly life-friendly world billions of years ago to a seemingly dead, dry desert today. And though clues may be found on its surface, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in the shaping of Mars—and by extension Earth and the other rocky planets—may only be possible with a look inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will InSight Probe Mars’ Interior?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is equipped with three principal instruments designed to probe the interior of Mars–none of which will take pictures, analyze minerals, or dig up soil samples as other Mars landing missions have done. The only cameras on board InSight will be used primarily to aid in the deployment of the main science instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEIS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) instrument is a seismometer that will measure vibrations coming from Mars’ interior–sounds produced by quakes, \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-06-meteorite-impacts-seismic-mars.html\">meteorite impacts\u003c/a> and other sources of activity. By studying how sound waves travel through Mars, scientists can gain an understanding of its internal structure and history of formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEIS is even capable of detecting disturbances caused by the gravitational tug of Mars’ larger moon, Phobos, as it orbits the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This planetary version of a stethoscope will be placed on the ground near the landing site by a robotic arm, guided to the selected location with a set of cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geophysicists use seismometers to learn about the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-03-seismic-aims-earth-interior-d.html\">internal structure of our planet\u003c/a>. As sound waves are produced by events like earthquakes, they move through the rock and magma of Earth’s different interior layers. The varying density and composition of those layers causes the sound waves to refract, bending the direction they travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring how the vibrations travel and bend, scientists can develop a “picture” of the internal structure, not unlike how a sonogram forms a picture of the inside of a human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915567\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915567\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"863\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-160x173.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-768x829.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-240x259.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-375x405.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-520x561.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HP3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HP3 (Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package) instrument will measure the flow of heat from Mars’ core as it escapes through the crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instrument package will be placed near the lander, and a self-hammering spike will pound itself as deep as 5 meters into the ground, like a meat thermometer stuck into a turkey. Trailing behind this “spearhead” will be a tether with temperature sensors strung along its length, spaced 10 centimeters apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variations in temperature measured at different depths underground will show how much and how fast heat is flowing upward through the crust. From these data, the temperature of Mars’ core and the history of its cooling off over time can be estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars–like Earth–once had a magnetic field that shielded the planet from the effects of the “\u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a>” flowing from the sun. It is now mostly vanished and researchers hope that understanding Mars’ thermal history will reveal what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s magnetic field shields our planet from the solar wind, and without that protection our atmosphere would experience direct exposure, and slowly be “eroded” away into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collapse of Mars’ magnetic shield, perhaps related to the cooling of its core that generated it, may explain why its atmosphere has mostly disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RISE\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s “RISE” (Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment) experiment will use the spacecraft’s X-band radio to make measurements of Mars’ rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring the \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/M31_velocity/spectrum/doppler_more.html\">Doppler shift\u003c/a> of InSight’s radio transmissions to Earth, precision measurements of Mars’ rotation can be made—in much the same way that the speed of a car can be measured by a police radar gun. Aspects of a planet’s rotation–not just speed of spin, but also cyclic wobbles, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVKz9G3YXiw\">precession and nutation\u003c/a>, of its axis–can tell us what’s going on inside, in terms of internal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915569\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars' core may have a radius equal to half of the planet's. \" width=\"732\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-160x58.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-240x87.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-375x136.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-520x189.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars’ core may have a radius equal to half of the planet’s. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from the RISE experiment will add to similar measurements made years ago on the Viking and Pathfinder missions, and should give scientists what they need to calculate the size and density of Mars’ core and mantle, furthering our understanding of how rocky planets like Mars and Earth formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Instruments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its principal instruments, InSight will carry wind, temperature and pressure sensors to monitor atmospheric conditions at the landing sight, as well as a magnetometer to measure disturbances produced in Mars’ ionosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s cameras, which are primarily for guiding the placement of the SEIS and HP3 instruments on the ground, will also serve in taking pictures of the surrounding landscape—something we have come to expect from our Mars landers and rovers, even if InSight’s main mission is to look where cameras cannot see.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915553/nasas-insight-now-on-track-for-a-look-inside-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2938","science_5179","science_5175","science_1864"],"featImg":"science_1915566","label":"science"},"science_1718182":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1718182","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1718182","score":null,"sort":[1497549624000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"something-you-probably-didnt-expect-from-the-huge-sierra-snowpack-earthquakes","title":"Something You Probably Didn't Expect From the Huge Sierra Snowpack: Earthquakes","publishDate":1497549624,"format":"image","headTitle":"Something You Probably Didn’t Expect From the Huge Sierra Snowpack: Earthquakes | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The importance of the mountain snowpack to California’s water supply is legendary. But according to \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6343/1161\">a new study\u003c/a>, its impact reaches far below the Earth’s surface to the state’s tectonic foundations. And that impact can be measured and to some degree, even predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Seismological Laboratory\u003c/a> have made some new revelations about the link between snowfall and earthquakes in California. But it’s not the snow itself that triggers earthquakes, it’s what happens \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/01/epic-norcal-snowpack-melting-in-warm-spring-temperatures/\">when that snow melts away.\u003c/a> The result is a bit like compressing a spring and then letting it go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Weight of Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The redistribution of water on the Earth’s surface in the form of snow, groundwater, surface water ultimately adds stresses to the Earth,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> geophysicist Roland Bürgmann. “It flexes the Earth ever so slightly. And that flexing changes stresses everywhere on the Earth, including on faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-BwPwj9QYc&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Animation shows how stress on California’s seismic faults changes as the mass of mountain snow and surface water is redistributed by season.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure these stresses, Bürgmann and graduate student Chris Johnson used GPS and other data to track tiny movements (we’re talking fractions of an inch) in the state’s topography, then mapped them against nine years of seismic activity throughout California. What they found, among other things, was not one general effect but a whole panoply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on the fault,” says Bürgmann. For example, on California’s most infamous fault, the San Andreas, the snow load in the Sierra “adds compression” to the fault, in effect squeezing together the tectonic plates on either side, so the fault is “slightly less likely to go.” But in the spring, when that snow melts and its weight is redistributed into rivers, reservoirs and soils below, that loading is reversed and the fault is somewhat more likely to slip before the snow returns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The emphasis is always on the ‘little bit,” cautions Bürgmann. “We’re not saying that the San Andreas only has earthquakes in the fall.” A little event in 1906 that you might’ve heard of would seem to confirm that, though Bürgmann says over time, the San Andreas has been a bit more active during the autumn months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Quake Season’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor are the researchers declaring an “earthquake season” for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not necessarily that every fault is experiencing the same stress that would encourage it to slip at the same time,” says Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every fault has its own orientation,” adds Bürgmann. “It’s at a different stage in its earthquake cycle, and so one really has to consider all those details to make the connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists’ study period did not include the effects of this year’s record-setting snow volume, but did include the large snowpack from 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bürgmann and Johnson say the data from their work illustrates how stressed California’s faults are, so that very small changes in stress can pull the trigger on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Johnson puts it, “It is advancing the clock on these different faults.” The authors say the work could eventually be factored into forecasting models, to make attempts at earthquake prediction less vague. But connecting single events to shifts in water weight is not in their sights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1975, barely six years after Oroville Dam was finished and its huge reservoir flooded with water, a series of quakes culminating with a magnitude 5.7 temblor shook the area. Did the weight of more than 4 million acre-feet of water and its subsequent rapid release from the reservoir tip the tectonic scale enough to cause the quake? It’s been on the list of suspects for years, but the answer is still a definite “maybe.” The same goes for the 2014 South Napa earthquake, according to Bürgmann, which struck in late summer, as one might expect from the stress model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For any individual earthquake, we never know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bürgmann and Johnson’s study was \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6343/1161\">published on Thursday\u003c/a> in the journal Science.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As mountain snows and surface water shift around the state, their changing mass can make mischief with seismic faults.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928632,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":752},"headData":{"title":"Something You Probably Didn't Expect From the Huge Sierra Snowpack: Earthquakes | KQED","description":"As mountain snows and surface water shift around the state, their changing mass can make mischief with seismic faults.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Something You Probably Didn't Expect From the Huge Sierra Snowpack: Earthquakes","datePublished":"2017-06-15T18:00:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:17:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1718182/something-you-probably-didnt-expect-from-the-huge-sierra-snowpack-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The importance of the mountain snowpack to California’s water supply is legendary. But according to \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6343/1161\">a new study\u003c/a>, its impact reaches far below the Earth’s surface to the state’s tectonic foundations. And that impact can be measured and to some degree, even predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Seismological Laboratory\u003c/a> have made some new revelations about the link between snowfall and earthquakes in California. But it’s not the snow itself that triggers earthquakes, it’s what happens \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/01/epic-norcal-snowpack-melting-in-warm-spring-temperatures/\">when that snow melts away.\u003c/a> The result is a bit like compressing a spring and then letting it go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Weight of Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The redistribution of water on the Earth’s surface in the form of snow, groundwater, surface water ultimately adds stresses to the Earth,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> geophysicist Roland Bürgmann. “It flexes the Earth ever so slightly. And that flexing changes stresses everywhere on the Earth, including on faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/s-BwPwj9QYc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/s-BwPwj9QYc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Animation shows how stress on California’s seismic faults changes as the mass of mountain snow and surface water is redistributed by season.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure these stresses, Bürgmann and graduate student Chris Johnson used GPS and other data to track tiny movements (we’re talking fractions of an inch) in the state’s topography, then mapped them against nine years of seismic activity throughout California. What they found, among other things, was not one general effect but a whole panoply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on the fault,” says Bürgmann. For example, on California’s most infamous fault, the San Andreas, the snow load in the Sierra “adds compression” to the fault, in effect squeezing together the tectonic plates on either side, so the fault is “slightly less likely to go.” But in the spring, when that snow melts and its weight is redistributed into rivers, reservoirs and soils below, that loading is reversed and the fault is somewhat more likely to slip before the snow returns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The emphasis is always on the ‘little bit,” cautions Bürgmann. “We’re not saying that the San Andreas only has earthquakes in the fall.” A little event in 1906 that you might’ve heard of would seem to confirm that, though Bürgmann says over time, the San Andreas has been a bit more active during the autumn months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Quake Season’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor are the researchers declaring an “earthquake season” for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not necessarily that every fault is experiencing the same stress that would encourage it to slip at the same time,” says Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every fault has its own orientation,” adds Bürgmann. “It’s at a different stage in its earthquake cycle, and so one really has to consider all those details to make the connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists’ study period did not include the effects of this year’s record-setting snow volume, but did include the large snowpack from 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bürgmann and Johnson say the data from their work illustrates how stressed California’s faults are, so that very small changes in stress can pull the trigger on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Johnson puts it, “It is advancing the clock on these different faults.” The authors say the work could eventually be factored into forecasting models, to make attempts at earthquake prediction less vague. But connecting single events to shifts in water weight is not in their sights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1975, barely six years after Oroville Dam was finished and its huge reservoir flooded with water, a series of quakes culminating with a magnitude 5.7 temblor shook the area. Did the weight of more than 4 million acre-feet of water and its subsequent rapid release from the reservoir tip the tectonic scale enough to cause the quake? It’s been on the list of suspects for years, but the answer is still a definite “maybe.” The same goes for the 2014 South Napa earthquake, according to Bürgmann, which struck in late summer, as one might expect from the stress model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For any individual earthquake, we never know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bürgmann and Johnson’s study was \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6343/1161\">published on Thursday\u003c/a> in the journal Science.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1718182/something-you-probably-didnt-expect-from-the-huge-sierra-snowpack-earthquakes","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_38","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_257","science_3370","science_1864","science_1127"],"featImg":"science_1722791","label":"science"},"science_1089617":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1089617","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1089617","score":null,"sort":[1476920244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-one-minute-drill-that-could-save-your-life","title":"The One-Minute Drill That Could Save Your Life","publishDate":1476920244,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The One-Minute Drill That Could Save Your Life | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>You’ve probably run through multiple fire drills, but do you know how to prepare for an earthquake?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday at 10:20 a.m. local time, millions of people around the world will join the annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Great ShakeOut\u003c/a>, where participants practice taking cover during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey say nearly half of Americans are \u003ca href=\"https://www2.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/nearly-half-of-americans-exposed-to-potentially-damaging-earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exposed to potentially damaging earthquakes\u003c/a> based on where they work and live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, there’s a two-in-three chance of a major, magnitude 6.7 quake striking during the next 30 years, according to USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s ShakeOut\u003c/a>, ask your employer if the company is planning to practice during the drill. If it’s not, you can still join and \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/register/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">register online\u003c/a>. Then at 10:20 a.m., follow these three actions: drop, cover and hold on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter where you are you’ll immediately want to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1092600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/drop_cover_hold.jpg\" alt=\"drop_cover_hold\" width=\"108\" height=\"347\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Drop\u003c/strong> to the ground. The shaking during an earthquake can take your feet out from under you, so it’s important to stay low.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Crouch down and \u003cstrong>cover\u003c/strong> your neck and head with your arms to prevent injury from flying objects or debris.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, \u003cstrong>hold on\u003c/strong>. If you’re able to take shelter under a table or desk, grab onto one of the legs and stay there. Stay in this position for an at least 60 seconds when you practice.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>It may seem like an eternity but the shaking from a major event can last a minute or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And forget the timeworn advice to stand in a doorway. That worked when people lived in older homes of unreinforced masonry. Doorways in modern homes are no stronger than any other part of the house and experts say you’re actually safer under a table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re outside in an open area you’re better off than in a building, but watch out for falling debris and power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For information about what to do if you’re driving or are in a wheelchair, check out the guide from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/\">Earthquake Country Alliance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA has an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1421937886237-e683b4975c2c324b18967ead20336b2f/FEMAB526_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earthquake safety checklist\u003c/a> and the Department of Homeland Security has \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/kit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed list\u003c/a> of items to include in an earthquake kit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chances of a ‘Big One’ in NorCal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s ShakeOut comes (perhaps not by accident) just a day after USGS scientists published \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/10/e1601441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a> highlighting the linkage between two of the Bay Area’s more menacing faults, the Hayward, which runs along the East Bay Hills, and the Rodgers Creek Fault, which cuts a similar angle through the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1090260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1090260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geologists say a newly-confirmed connection between the two faults affirms that a joint event could result in an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 — significantly more intense the the Loma Prieta quake of 1989. That October temblor remains the most devastating to hit the Bay Area since the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say four California faults, including the Hayward Fault and Calaveras Fault which directly underly cities, have built up enough seismic strain to \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/48274-fault-creep-california-earthquake-risk.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cause destructive quakes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 magnitude South Napa quake which struck two years ago was the largest earthquake in over 25 years to hit the San Francisco Bay Area, causing significant damage in Napa, American Canyon and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This year's duck-and-cover drill comes with a renewed warning of a potential \"Big One\" in the offing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929509,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":618},"headData":{"title":"The One-Minute Drill That Could Save Your Life | KQED","description":"This year's duck-and-cover drill comes with a renewed warning of a potential "Big One" in the offing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The One-Minute Drill That Could Save Your Life","datePublished":"2016-10-19T23:37:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:31:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1089617/the-one-minute-drill-that-could-save-your-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ve probably run through multiple fire drills, but do you know how to prepare for an earthquake?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday at 10:20 a.m. local time, millions of people around the world will join the annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Great ShakeOut\u003c/a>, where participants practice taking cover during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey say nearly half of Americans are \u003ca href=\"https://www2.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/nearly-half-of-americans-exposed-to-potentially-damaging-earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exposed to potentially damaging earthquakes\u003c/a> based on where they work and live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, there’s a two-in-three chance of a major, magnitude 6.7 quake striking during the next 30 years, according to USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s ShakeOut\u003c/a>, ask your employer if the company is planning to practice during the drill. If it’s not, you can still join and \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/register/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">register online\u003c/a>. Then at 10:20 a.m., follow these three actions: drop, cover and hold on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter where you are you’ll immediately want to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1092600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/drop_cover_hold.jpg\" alt=\"drop_cover_hold\" width=\"108\" height=\"347\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Drop\u003c/strong> to the ground. The shaking during an earthquake can take your feet out from under you, so it’s important to stay low.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Crouch down and \u003cstrong>cover\u003c/strong> your neck and head with your arms to prevent injury from flying objects or debris.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, \u003cstrong>hold on\u003c/strong>. If you’re able to take shelter under a table or desk, grab onto one of the legs and stay there. Stay in this position for an at least 60 seconds when you practice.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>It may seem like an eternity but the shaking from a major event can last a minute or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And forget the timeworn advice to stand in a doorway. That worked when people lived in older homes of unreinforced masonry. Doorways in modern homes are no stronger than any other part of the house and experts say you’re actually safer under a table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re outside in an open area you’re better off than in a building, but watch out for falling debris and power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For information about what to do if you’re driving or are in a wheelchair, check out the guide from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/\">Earthquake Country Alliance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA has an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1421937886237-e683b4975c2c324b18967ead20336b2f/FEMAB526_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earthquake safety checklist\u003c/a> and the Department of Homeland Security has \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/kit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed list\u003c/a> of items to include in an earthquake kit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chances of a ‘Big One’ in NorCal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s ShakeOut comes (perhaps not by accident) just a day after USGS scientists published \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/10/e1601441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a> highlighting the linkage between two of the Bay Area’s more menacing faults, the Hayward, which runs along the East Bay Hills, and the Rodgers Creek Fault, which cuts a similar angle through the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1090260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1090260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geologists say a newly-confirmed connection between the two faults affirms that a joint event could result in an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 — significantly more intense the the Loma Prieta quake of 1989. That October temblor remains the most devastating to hit the Bay Area since the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say four California faults, including the Hayward Fault and Calaveras Fault which directly underly cities, have built up enough seismic strain to \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/48274-fault-creep-california-earthquake-risk.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cause destructive quakes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 magnitude South Napa quake which struck two years ago was the largest earthquake in over 25 years to hit the San Francisco Bay Area, causing significant damage in Napa, American Canyon and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1089617/the-one-minute-drill-that-could-save-your-life","authors":["5432"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_1864"],"featImg":"science_1089736","label":"science"},"science_860288":{"type":"posts","id":"science_860288","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"860288","score":null,"sort":[1468971045000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"two-years-on-napa-quake-still-serving-up-surprises","title":"Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises","publishDate":1468971045,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>It’s been nearly two years since the South Napa Earthquake rocked the North Bay region — but the revelations keep on coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say data from earth movements that occurred after the major shaking stopped show helter-skelter patterns unlike anything they’ve seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field teams \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/22/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">noted early on\u003c/a> that the Napa quake of August 24, 2014 did an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">unusual amount of damage\u003c/a> for a magnitude-6 temblor — and that the event was followed by significant “afterslip,” when the ground keeps moving (albeit a lot more slowly) after the main event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-860386 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg\" alt=\"Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip -- movement following the quake.\" width=\"1124\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg 1124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-400x253.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-960x607.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip — about a day after the quake. \u003ccite>(Tim Dawson/Calif. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What surprised geologists analyzing data in the months to follow was the variety of afterslip, which was greater in some places than others, and moved faster in some spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found this fault shows multiple slip behaviors at different times,” says Gareth Funning, a geophysicist at UC Riverside and lead author on the study. “We’d not seen anything quite like it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning’s team had the good luck to be nearby when the quake struck, and had just taken ground measurements in the valley weeks before. It gave him a unique perspective on ground movement before, during and after the major shaking. One notable finding was that in some spots, there was more ground movement after the quake than during it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_861007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-861007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg\" alt=\"Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It can carry on breaking things after the earthquake is done,” says Funning, which might have implications for responders, as well as property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People might assume that they’re out of the woods for damage, but not necessarily true.” Adding to the confusion is the complex nature of the Napa Valley geology. The 2014 quake broke along various strands of a fault system, as opposed to a single fault line. Funning’s team identified seven places with different types of slip. The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069428/abstract\">complete study\u003c/a> is published online in the journal, American Geophysical Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says they also observed a “tentative connection” between the surface geology and the earth movement observed. Areas of bedrock seemed to show more movement during the quake, while places with “softer” geology such as sedimentary material, showed more afterslip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So perhaps we could start to look for connections between surface geology and fault behavior,” says Funning. “It’s an intriguing thing that we’re going to follow up on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says the 2014 event revealed the West Napa fault to be a “creeping,” fault, one that keeps moving between earthquakes. The Hayward and Calaveras faults, which run up and down the East Bay, have similar characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists also look for signs that an earthquake has added stress to surrounding faults, or “loaded” them. Funning says the evidence thus far suggests that the the Napa quake added minor loading to the nearby Rogers Creek fault, slightly increasing the odds of an event on that fault, which slashes diagonally across the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say the \"afterslip\" tells a story of its own -- and it's one they haven't seen before.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929897,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":553},"headData":{"title":"Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises | KQED","description":"Scientists say the "afterslip" tells a story of its own -- and it's one they haven't seen before.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises","datePublished":"2016-07-19T23:30:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:38:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/860288/two-years-on-napa-quake-still-serving-up-surprises","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been nearly two years since the South Napa Earthquake rocked the North Bay region — but the revelations keep on coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say data from earth movements that occurred after the major shaking stopped show helter-skelter patterns unlike anything they’ve seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field teams \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/22/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">noted early on\u003c/a> that the Napa quake of August 24, 2014 did an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">unusual amount of damage\u003c/a> for a magnitude-6 temblor — and that the event was followed by significant “afterslip,” when the ground keeps moving (albeit a lot more slowly) after the main event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-860386 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg\" alt=\"Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip -- movement following the quake.\" width=\"1124\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg 1124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-400x253.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-960x607.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip — about a day after the quake. \u003ccite>(Tim Dawson/Calif. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What surprised geologists analyzing data in the months to follow was the variety of afterslip, which was greater in some places than others, and moved faster in some spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found this fault shows multiple slip behaviors at different times,” says Gareth Funning, a geophysicist at UC Riverside and lead author on the study. “We’d not seen anything quite like it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning’s team had the good luck to be nearby when the quake struck, and had just taken ground measurements in the valley weeks before. It gave him a unique perspective on ground movement before, during and after the major shaking. One notable finding was that in some spots, there was more ground movement after the quake than during it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_861007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-861007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg\" alt=\"Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It can carry on breaking things after the earthquake is done,” says Funning, which might have implications for responders, as well as property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People might assume that they’re out of the woods for damage, but not necessarily true.” Adding to the confusion is the complex nature of the Napa Valley geology. The 2014 quake broke along various strands of a fault system, as opposed to a single fault line. Funning’s team identified seven places with different types of slip. The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069428/abstract\">complete study\u003c/a> is published online in the journal, American Geophysical Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says they also observed a “tentative connection” between the surface geology and the earth movement observed. Areas of bedrock seemed to show more movement during the quake, while places with “softer” geology such as sedimentary material, showed more afterslip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So perhaps we could start to look for connections between surface geology and fault behavior,” says Funning. “It’s an intriguing thing that we’re going to follow up on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says the 2014 event revealed the West Napa fault to be a “creeping,” fault, one that keeps moving between earthquakes. The Hayward and Calaveras faults, which run up and down the East Bay, have similar characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists also look for signs that an earthquake has added stress to surrounding faults, or “loaded” them. Funning says the evidence thus far suggests that the the Napa quake added minor loading to the nearby Rogers Creek fault, slightly increasing the odds of an event on that fault, which slashes diagonally across the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/860288/two-years-on-napa-quake-still-serving-up-surprises","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_38","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_1864","science_1841"],"featImg":"science_861003","label":"science"},"science_26967":{"type":"posts","id":"science_26967","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"26967","score":null,"sort":[1423234805000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-tune-in-to-the-earths-ambient-hum","title":"Scientists Tune in to the Earth’s Ambient Hum","publishDate":1423234805,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Scientists Tune in to the Earth’s Ambient Hum | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ambientwaves.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ambientwaves.jpg\" alt=\"Ambient sea noise\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The background noise of the deep Earth resembles the random behavior of the sea surface. Advanced techniques can extract robust data from these whispers of information. (Andrew Alden)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the last ten years, a lively field of research has arisen from the Earth’s background noise—what you might call the sound of silence. New research has shown how to monitor offshore oil fields with this quiet, passive technique instead of whale-deafening airgun surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything important that we do underground—mining, petroleum production, waste disposal, construction planning and deep-Earth research—relies on seismic technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, we map the underground the same way a doctor examines your chest by tapping on your ribs, only scaled up. A source of energy is set off, a network of sensors records the arrival of the sound waves, and the resulting set of data is massaged to yield a picture of the ground’s structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On land, surveying a building site can be done with microphones set in the ground and the energy supplied by a person hitting a steel plate with a sledgehammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In geological research, natural earthquakes supply the energy that helps us probe the deep Earth. And out at sea, large areas are surveyed using explosive charges or airguns. This practice is effective but expensive, and the extreme noises involved injure whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newer, gentler technique uses ambient noise as its energy source. It’s analogous to musicians checking out the acoustics of a room. They might walk into the room and clap their hands, sing a few syllables or rap their knuckles on a table. But if they care to, they can do the same by sitting at the table and listening intently to the background noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, theorists have shown how to make use of the Earth’s various background noises. The most useful of these is basically a steady ambient hum at frequencies well below audible sound, which is produced by ocean waves as they interact with the seafloor near the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26969\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/deRitter-ambient.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/deRitter-ambient.png\" alt=\"Ambient seismic noise\" width=\"500\" height=\"434\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ambient seismic field recorded at the Valhall field. \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/noise.gif\">Click here to watch the field shimmer\u003c/a>, like waves in a pool. (\u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-scientists-use-ocean-waves-monitor-offshore-oil-and-gas-fields\">Sjoerd de Ridder/Stanford\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Large networks of instruments are ideal for listening to this \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_noise\">seismic noise\u003c/a> and using it to map the ground inside the network. The enormous \u003ca href=\"http://www.usarray.org/\">USArray\u003c/a> seismic network has pioneered this method in mapping the deep crust and upper mantle of the United States. The \u003ca href=\"http://ciei.colorado.edu/ambient_noise/\">Center for Imaging the Earth’s Interior\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado actually delves deeper into that science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> scientist Biondo Biondi has been improving the ambient-noise technique with the cooperation of the Valhall and Ekofisk oilfields, in the North Sea off the coast of Norway. The operators of the fields have outfitted the seafloor there with wired sensor networks, and they do airgun surveys several times a year to monitor conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With his graduate student Sjoerd de Ridder, now at the University of Edinburgh, Biondi has succeeded in using ambient noise data from these networks for the same purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, ambient seismic techniques have needed to save months of data to extract clean results. Using their stream of Norwegian data, Biondi and de Ridder have been perfecting ways to speed the process up. Their most recent papers, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL062805/abstract\">including one in the latest issue of \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, document their success in mapping the ground with a single day’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26970\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ekofisk-ambient.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ekofisk-ambient.png\" alt=\"Ambient seismic mapping\" width=\"550\" height=\"261\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsurface map of the Valhall oilfield from a typical airgun survey (left) compared to the map from a single day of ambient noise (right). The white tracks represent the wired network of seismic sensors buried several meters below the seafloor. (Sjoerd de Ridder/AGU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is nearly good enough to monitor the oilfield every day, not just with snapshots a few times a year using ships and airguns. Not only would daily monitoring let operators respond quicker to unforeseen events, but it also would help them save money and whales by using fewer airgun surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advances of cutting-edge researchers spread quickly in geoscience today. What one professor can do today, any grad student can do tomorrow, and soon enough it’s routine industrial practice. Ambient seismic technology is showing up all over the literature today, from \u003ca>deep-mantle studies\u003c/a> to the \u003ca href=\"http://ciei.colorado.edu/ambient_noise/pubs/MRR_paper_ritzwoller.pdf\">detection of mine collapses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The background noise of the deep Earth resembles the random behavior of the sea surface. But advanced techniques can extract robust data from these whispers of information and help save marine life.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932296,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":731},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Tune in to the Earth’s Ambient Hum | KQED","description":"The background noise of the deep Earth resembles the random behavior of the sea surface. But advanced techniques can extract robust data from these whispers of information and help save marine life.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Tune in to the Earth’s Ambient Hum","datePublished":"2015-02-06T15:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:18:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/26967/scientists-tune-in-to-the-earths-ambient-hum","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ambientwaves.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ambientwaves.jpg\" alt=\"Ambient sea noise\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The background noise of the deep Earth resembles the random behavior of the sea surface. Advanced techniques can extract robust data from these whispers of information. (Andrew Alden)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the last ten years, a lively field of research has arisen from the Earth’s background noise—what you might call the sound of silence. New research has shown how to monitor offshore oil fields with this quiet, passive technique instead of whale-deafening airgun surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything important that we do underground—mining, petroleum production, waste disposal, construction planning and deep-Earth research—relies on seismic technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, we map the underground the same way a doctor examines your chest by tapping on your ribs, only scaled up. A source of energy is set off, a network of sensors records the arrival of the sound waves, and the resulting set of data is massaged to yield a picture of the ground’s structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On land, surveying a building site can be done with microphones set in the ground and the energy supplied by a person hitting a steel plate with a sledgehammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In geological research, natural earthquakes supply the energy that helps us probe the deep Earth. And out at sea, large areas are surveyed using explosive charges or airguns. This practice is effective but expensive, and the extreme noises involved injure whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newer, gentler technique uses ambient noise as its energy source. It’s analogous to musicians checking out the acoustics of a room. They might walk into the room and clap their hands, sing a few syllables or rap their knuckles on a table. But if they care to, they can do the same by sitting at the table and listening intently to the background noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, theorists have shown how to make use of the Earth’s various background noises. The most useful of these is basically a steady ambient hum at frequencies well below audible sound, which is produced by ocean waves as they interact with the seafloor near the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26969\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/deRitter-ambient.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/deRitter-ambient.png\" alt=\"Ambient seismic noise\" width=\"500\" height=\"434\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ambient seismic field recorded at the Valhall field. \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/noise.gif\">Click here to watch the field shimmer\u003c/a>, like waves in a pool. (\u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-scientists-use-ocean-waves-monitor-offshore-oil-and-gas-fields\">Sjoerd de Ridder/Stanford\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Large networks of instruments are ideal for listening to this \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_noise\">seismic noise\u003c/a> and using it to map the ground inside the network. The enormous \u003ca href=\"http://www.usarray.org/\">USArray\u003c/a> seismic network has pioneered this method in mapping the deep crust and upper mantle of the United States. The \u003ca href=\"http://ciei.colorado.edu/ambient_noise/\">Center for Imaging the Earth’s Interior\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado actually delves deeper into that science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> scientist Biondo Biondi has been improving the ambient-noise technique with the cooperation of the Valhall and Ekofisk oilfields, in the North Sea off the coast of Norway. The operators of the fields have outfitted the seafloor there with wired sensor networks, and they do airgun surveys several times a year to monitor conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With his graduate student Sjoerd de Ridder, now at the University of Edinburgh, Biondi has succeeded in using ambient noise data from these networks for the same purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, ambient seismic techniques have needed to save months of data to extract clean results. Using their stream of Norwegian data, Biondi and de Ridder have been perfecting ways to speed the process up. Their most recent papers, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL062805/abstract\">including one in the latest issue of \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, document their success in mapping the ground with a single day’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26970\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ekofisk-ambient.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ekofisk-ambient.png\" alt=\"Ambient seismic mapping\" width=\"550\" height=\"261\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsurface map of the Valhall oilfield from a typical airgun survey (left) compared to the map from a single day of ambient noise (right). The white tracks represent the wired network of seismic sensors buried several meters below the seafloor. (Sjoerd de Ridder/AGU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is nearly good enough to monitor the oilfield every day, not just with snapshots a few times a year using ships and airguns. Not only would daily monitoring let operators respond quicker to unforeseen events, but it also would help them save money and whales by using fewer airgun surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advances of cutting-edge researchers spread quickly in geoscience today. What one professor can do today, any grad student can do tomorrow, and soon enough it’s routine industrial practice. Ambient seismic technology is showing up all over the literature today, from \u003ca>deep-mantle studies\u003c/a> to the \u003ca href=\"http://ciei.colorado.edu/ambient_noise/pubs/MRR_paper_ritzwoller.pdf\">detection of mine collapses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/26967/scientists-tune-in-to-the-earths-ambient-hum","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_38"],"tags":["science_1864","science_255"],"featImg":"science_26968","label":"science"},"science_21247":{"type":"posts","id":"science_21247","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"21247","score":null,"sort":[1409688667000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps","title":"Napa Quake Forces Redrawing of Fault Maps","publishDate":1409688667,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Napa Quake Forces Redrawing of Fault Maps | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\" alt=\"Seismologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip -- a clue to faulting below. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip — a clue to faulting far below the surface. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least one good thing will come of the recent \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> that shook the wine country on August 24: It will lead to much better maps of active faulting in that area. The bad news: There is likely far more shake potential in the Napa Valley than was previously attributed to the faulting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s hard to walk away from this and think otherwise,” says geologist David Schwartz of the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 quake has provided an instant laboratory for geologists and seismologists, whose prior knowledge of the \u003ca title=\"USGS - PDF - W. Napa Fault Zone\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/external/reports/05HQAG0002.pdf\">West Napa Fault Zone\u003c/a> was sketchy at best. One thing that’s already emerged is that the fault that triggered the 6.0 temblor is longer than they realized. “The earthquake has helped to identify some pieces of it that are clearly active,” says Schwartz. That’s important because prior to the shaking, all scientists knew of many area faults was that they had been active sometime within the last 130,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below shows what teams from USGS, the California Geological Survey, UC Davis and others had plotted as of August 26, just two days after the quake. Schwartz says the map is preliminary but provides a “pretty good approximation” of the likely final map. The colored lines are previously mapped faults, red indicating the “youngest” or most recently active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1064px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\" alt=\"Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\" width=\"1064\" height=\"1099\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz was among a battalion of scientists who have been combing the Napa Valley, looking for evidence of “lateral slip.” These are essentially cracks where the two sides of the fracture moved in opposite directions. They’re visual clues to the exact location of \u003ca title=\"Exploratorium - fault types\" href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/faults.html\">“strike-slip” faults\u003c/a> miles below the surface. The most extreme examples found so far in the wake of the South Napa Quake show about 18 (updated) inches of lateral offset. Scientists have to weed out the many instances of buckled pavement, broken sidewalks and the like, which were simply due to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things stand out. First, the quake caused a surprising amount of ruptures at the Earth’s surface. “To me it was really surprising how well defined and long this was for a magnitude-6,” says Schwartz, “which is really kind of at the threshold of the magnitude at which we actually see surface ruptures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And second, there’s more going on under the west side of Napa Valley than anyone realized. Preliminary mapping of side-slip at the surface reveals a fault in the Brown’s Valley Section of the West Napa Fault Zone that extends well beyond what was known. One trace on the far west side appears to extend about six miles beyond what was mapped prior to the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\" alt=\"Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa's west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa’s west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For official purposes, geologists had identified only a short stretch near the Napa County Airport as recently active. “That slip has to go somewhere,” says Schwartz. “It doesn’t just end at the Napa Valley Airport. It’s in the Earth’s crust going northwest up into Napa Valley. Which fault or faults it’s released on really hasn’t been known.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz says it will take some time to complete the picture, but remapping the jumble of north-south faults in the area will likely change the official fault maps and lead to building restrictions along the most active faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line,” he says, “is that the young faulting we see at the south end — that deformation, that slip — certainly continues north into Napa Valley. What it sits on, exactly, that’s the question.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some surprises emerge, which could lead to additional building restrictions in the Napa Valley.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933038,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":708},"headData":{"title":"Napa Quake Forces Redrawing of Fault Maps | KQED","description":"Some surprises emerge, which could lead to additional building restrictions in the Napa Valley.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Napa Quake Forces Redrawing of Fault Maps","datePublished":"2014-09-02T20:11:07.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:30:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/21247/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\" alt=\"Seismologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip -- a clue to faulting below. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip — a clue to faulting far below the surface. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least one good thing will come of the recent \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> that shook the wine country on August 24: It will lead to much better maps of active faulting in that area. The bad news: There is likely far more shake potential in the Napa Valley than was previously attributed to the faulting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s hard to walk away from this and think otherwise,” says geologist David Schwartz of the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 quake has provided an instant laboratory for geologists and seismologists, whose prior knowledge of the \u003ca title=\"USGS - PDF - W. Napa Fault Zone\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/external/reports/05HQAG0002.pdf\">West Napa Fault Zone\u003c/a> was sketchy at best. One thing that’s already emerged is that the fault that triggered the 6.0 temblor is longer than they realized. “The earthquake has helped to identify some pieces of it that are clearly active,” says Schwartz. That’s important because prior to the shaking, all scientists knew of many area faults was that they had been active sometime within the last 130,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below shows what teams from USGS, the California Geological Survey, UC Davis and others had plotted as of August 26, just two days after the quake. Schwartz says the map is preliminary but provides a “pretty good approximation” of the likely final map. The colored lines are previously mapped faults, red indicating the “youngest” or most recently active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1064px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\" alt=\"Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\" width=\"1064\" height=\"1099\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz was among a battalion of scientists who have been combing the Napa Valley, looking for evidence of “lateral slip.” These are essentially cracks where the two sides of the fracture moved in opposite directions. They’re visual clues to the exact location of \u003ca title=\"Exploratorium - fault types\" href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/faults.html\">“strike-slip” faults\u003c/a> miles below the surface. The most extreme examples found so far in the wake of the South Napa Quake show about 18 (updated) inches of lateral offset. Scientists have to weed out the many instances of buckled pavement, broken sidewalks and the like, which were simply due to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things stand out. First, the quake caused a surprising amount of ruptures at the Earth’s surface. “To me it was really surprising how well defined and long this was for a magnitude-6,” says Schwartz, “which is really kind of at the threshold of the magnitude at which we actually see surface ruptures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And second, there’s more going on under the west side of Napa Valley than anyone realized. Preliminary mapping of side-slip at the surface reveals a fault in the Brown’s Valley Section of the West Napa Fault Zone that extends well beyond what was known. One trace on the far west side appears to extend about six miles beyond what was mapped prior to the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\" alt=\"Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa's west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa’s west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For official purposes, geologists had identified only a short stretch near the Napa County Airport as recently active. “That slip has to go somewhere,” says Schwartz. “It doesn’t just end at the Napa Valley Airport. It’s in the Earth’s crust going northwest up into Napa Valley. Which fault or faults it’s released on really hasn’t been known.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz says it will take some time to complete the picture, but remapping the jumble of north-south faults in the area will likely change the official fault maps and lead to building restrictions along the most active faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line,” he says, “is that the young faulting we see at the south end — that deformation, that slip — certainly continues north into Napa Valley. What it sits on, exactly, that’s the question.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/21247/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_64","science_1864","science_1841"],"featImg":"science_21251","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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