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An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist \u003ca href=\"http://maristpoll.marist.edu/npr-pbs-newshour-marist-poll-results-the-transition-trump-covid-19/#sthash.CpzHuOVg.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in early December found only a quarter of Republicans trusting the election results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asheley Landrum\u003c/strong>, a media psychologist at Texas Tech University, studies conspiracy theories. She spoke with KQED’s Brian Watt about the mainstreaming of the evidence-free idea that Trump would have won the election if not for massive Democratic cheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What makes everyday people so susceptible to this conspiracy? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Asheley Landrum: \u003c/i>Although believing conspiracies is often talked about as a pathological behavior, anyone might believe one under the right circumstances. When people are exposed to information that seems to contradict their own beliefs or their values or their experiences — or maybe what they’ve been seeing consistently cultivated on their social media news feeds — they face what we call cognitive dissonance, which they need to resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">One way of doing that is to conspiracy theorize, which allows people to dismiss disagreeable information by questioning the credibility and the motivation of the expert communicators relaying that information. People will question the credibility of the press, politicians, doctors, for example. Because Trump supporters tend to assume the worst of Democrats, the press, and in some cases even other politicians they see as “deep state,” it seems very easy for them to believe those people would undermine the electoral process, that it’s a normative behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>So if I want to believe something or not believe something, I can find a way?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">We all do this. We all come into contact with information that seems to contradict our prior experiences. I had an argument with my dad about learning styles. \u003cb>\u003c/b>People have heard for decades that there are these different learnng styles: “Oh, I’m an auditory learner.” And if we say, well, the evidence doesn’t support that, they’ll argue back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This is just how people process information. We always compare something that we’re exposed to with our prior understanding and knowledge of it, and if it seems to make sense, we incorporate it, and if it doesn’t seem to make sense with our prior views, then we find ways to dismiss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>We’re now seeing a conspiracy theory within a conspiracy theory: the belief that it was the radical left and not Trump supporters who fomented the attack on the Capitol. What do you make of this? \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This is another example of trying to resolve cognitive dissonance. Many Trump supporters who stayed home know they weren’t part of the rallies. They weren’t in that environment where they got riled up and excited. These people at home couldn’t imagine their own in-group members desecrating federal property or yelling at law enforcement. They see themselves as the group that values these types of institutions, statues and property. To make sense of what they saw on television, they’ll come up with a variety of different reasons, such as it wasn’t Trump supporters who were orchestrating this raid. I anticipate we’ll see different explanations that try to make sense of this for Trump supporters at home. Whichever one goes viral could become the official story among those individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What does your research say about how to connect Americans across this kind of profound divide? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Number one, university professors, doctors, local politicians have to build relationships with their local community members in order to build trust. In a church group or a mom group or part of the PTA or any sort of organization where you might be a non-expert, you have the opportunity to engage with other people from different backgrounds and show them that you are trustworthy. Talk to them about your views and values and you can become more of a whole person than what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Decades of research in psychology shows that people evaluate facts through the lens of their own beliefs, values and experiences.If you drop a pen, you can draw a quick line from cause to effect. But information that we get is for the most part not firsthand, it’s often through testimony from other people like the press or doctors or politicians. Whether or not we trust that information or how we evaluate or interpret that information is going to depend on how much we trust the people who communicated that to us. It is very easy to dismiss information when it’s coming from sources that we don’t deem as credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What role does the media play in feeding false narratives?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>Trump really is a symptom more than a cause of the conservative media movement, where you have Sean Hannity and others stoking anger and fear, and that’s constantly your media diet. When you’re living in that environment, you really do start to see things as a war to protect your country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think Trump is the first politician that really fed into that. I’d say Sarah Palin did a little bit; she was sort of the canary in the coal mine. And since then, you have more and more politicians who are playing to this. So we have to do something about the conservative media problem, not the presenting of different viewpoints, but the tone, the anger-stoking, the riling up, the hyperbole — all of that is very dangerous. But it’s a tricky issue with the First Amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Although believing conspiracies is often talked about as a pathological behavior, anyone might believe one under the right circumstances, says media psychologist Asheley Landrum. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846841,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":958},"headData":{"title":"Why So Many People Believe Trump Really Won the Election | KQED","description":"Although believing conspiracies is often talked about as a pathological behavior, anyone might believe one under the right circumstances, says media psychologist Asheley Landrum. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why So Many People Believe Trump Really Won the Election","datePublished":"2021-01-12T21:27:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:34:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Psychology","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972169/why-so-many-people-believe-trump-really-won-the-election","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">One of the flames that lit the insurrection in the nation’s capital is a conspiracy theory that President Trump, not Joe Biden, really won the November election. An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist \u003ca href=\"http://maristpoll.marist.edu/npr-pbs-newshour-marist-poll-results-the-transition-trump-covid-19/#sthash.CpzHuOVg.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in early December found only a quarter of Republicans trusting the election results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asheley Landrum\u003c/strong>, a media psychologist at Texas Tech University, studies conspiracy theories. She spoke with KQED’s Brian Watt about the mainstreaming of the evidence-free idea that Trump would have won the election if not for massive Democratic cheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What makes everyday people so susceptible to this conspiracy? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Asheley Landrum: \u003c/i>Although believing conspiracies is often talked about as a pathological behavior, anyone might believe one under the right circumstances. When people are exposed to information that seems to contradict their own beliefs or their values or their experiences — or maybe what they’ve been seeing consistently cultivated on their social media news feeds — they face what we call cognitive dissonance, which they need to resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">One way of doing that is to conspiracy theorize, which allows people to dismiss disagreeable information by questioning the credibility and the motivation of the expert communicators relaying that information. People will question the credibility of the press, politicians, doctors, for example. Because Trump supporters tend to assume the worst of Democrats, the press, and in some cases even other politicians they see as “deep state,” it seems very easy for them to believe those people would undermine the electoral process, that it’s a normative behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>So if I want to believe something or not believe something, I can find a way?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">We all do this. We all come into contact with information that seems to contradict our prior experiences. I had an argument with my dad about learning styles. \u003cb>\u003c/b>People have heard for decades that there are these different learnng styles: “Oh, I’m an auditory learner.” And if we say, well, the evidence doesn’t support that, they’ll argue back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This is just how people process information. We always compare something that we’re exposed to with our prior understanding and knowledge of it, and if it seems to make sense, we incorporate it, and if it doesn’t seem to make sense with our prior views, then we find ways to dismiss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>We’re now seeing a conspiracy theory within a conspiracy theory: the belief that it was the radical left and not Trump supporters who fomented the attack on the Capitol. What do you make of this? \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This is another example of trying to resolve cognitive dissonance. Many Trump supporters who stayed home know they weren’t part of the rallies. They weren’t in that environment where they got riled up and excited. These people at home couldn’t imagine their own in-group members desecrating federal property or yelling at law enforcement. They see themselves as the group that values these types of institutions, statues and property. To make sense of what they saw on television, they’ll come up with a variety of different reasons, such as it wasn’t Trump supporters who were orchestrating this raid. I anticipate we’ll see different explanations that try to make sense of this for Trump supporters at home. Whichever one goes viral could become the official story among those individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What does your research say about how to connect Americans across this kind of profound divide? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Number one, university professors, doctors, local politicians have to build relationships with their local community members in order to build trust. In a church group or a mom group or part of the PTA or any sort of organization where you might be a non-expert, you have the opportunity to engage with other people from different backgrounds and show them that you are trustworthy. Talk to them about your views and values and you can become more of a whole person than what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Decades of research in psychology shows that people evaluate facts through the lens of their own beliefs, values and experiences.If you drop a pen, you can draw a quick line from cause to effect. But information that we get is for the most part not firsthand, it’s often through testimony from other people like the press or doctors or politicians. Whether or not we trust that information or how we evaluate or interpret that information is going to depend on how much we trust the people who communicated that to us. It is very easy to dismiss information when it’s coming from sources that we don’t deem as credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What role does the media play in feeding false narratives?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>Trump really is a symptom more than a cause of the conservative media movement, where you have Sean Hannity and others stoking anger and fear, and that’s constantly your media diet. When you’re living in that environment, you really do start to see things as a war to protect your country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think Trump is the first politician that really fed into that. I’d say Sarah Palin did a little bit; she was sort of the canary in the coal mine. And since then, you have more and more politicians who are playing to this. So we have to do something about the conservative media problem, not the presenting of different viewpoints, but the tone, the anger-stoking, the riling up, the hyperbole — all of that is very dangerous. But it’s a tricky issue with the First Amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972169/why-so-many-people-believe-trump-really-won-the-election","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_1342"],"featImg":"science_1972171","label":"source_science_1972169"},"science_1938819":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1938819","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1938819","score":null,"sort":[1551980825000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"some-kids-are-just-more-sensitive-and-heres-the-science-to-show-it","title":"Some Kids Are Just More Sensitive, and Here's the Science to Show It","publishDate":1551980825,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Some Kids Are Just More Sensitive, and Here’s the Science to Show It | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Dr. Thomas Boyce, an emeritus professor of pediatrics and psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco, has treated children who seem to be completely unflappable and unfazed by their surroundings — as well as those who are extremely sensitive to their environments. Over the years, he began to liken these two types of children to two very different flowers: dandelions and orchids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly speaking, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/tom.boyce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boyce\u003c/a> — who also has spent nearly 40 years studying the human stress response, especially in children — most kids tend to be like dandelions, fairly resilient and able to cope with stress and adversity in their lives. But a minority of kids, those he calls “orchid children,” are more sensitive and biologically reactive to their circumstances, which makes it harder for them to deal with stressful situations.[contextly_sidebar id=”IvCr36i4S1EYhLjR3xMTzjOHrdmBka5u”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the flower, Boyce says, “the orchid child is the child who shows great sensitivity and susceptibility to both bad and good environments in which he or she finds herself or himself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given supportive, nurturing conditions, orchid children can thrive — especially, Boyce says, if they have the comfort of a regular routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Orchid children seem to thrive on having things like dinner every night in the same place at the same time with the same people, having certain kinds of rituals that the family goes through week to week, month to month,” he says. “This kind of routine and sameness of life from day to day, week to week, seems to be something that is helpful to kids with these great susceptibilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyce’s new book is \u003cem>The Orchid and the Dandelion: Why Some Children Struggle and How All Can Thri\u003c/em>ve\u003cem>. \u003c/em>He appeared this week on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/2019/03/04/699939149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air\u003c/a> with host Dave Davies to discuss it.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview highlights:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lab test he did to determine if a child is an orchid or a dandelion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made an effort to try to understand these individual differences between children in how they respond biologically to mild, common kinds of challenges and stressors, and the way we did that was we brought them into a laboratory setting. We sat them down in front of an examiner — a research assistant that they had not previously met — and we asked them to go through a series of mildly challenging tasks. These were things like recounting a series of digits that the examiner asked them to say and increasing that from first three to four to five digits; having them just engage in a conversation with this examiner, who might ask them about their birthday or presents or something about their family. That, in itself, is a challenge for a young child. Putting a drop of lemon juice on the tongue was another kind of challenge that was evocative of these changes in biological response. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We measured their stress response using the two primary stress response systems in the human brain. [One was] the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/cortisol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cortisol system\u003c/a>, which is centered in the hypothalamus of the brain. This is the system that releases the stress hormone cortisol, which has profound effects on both immune function and cardiovascular functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then the second stress response system is the \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autonomic nervous system\u003c/a>, or the “fight-or-flight” system. This is the one that is responsible for the sweaty palms and a little bit of tremulousness, the dilation of the pupils, all of these things that we associate with the fight-or-flight response. So we were monitoring responsivity and both of those systems as the children went through these mildly challenging tasks. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that there were huge differences [among] children. There were some children at the high end of the spectrum, who had dramatic reactivity in both the cortisol system and the fight-or-flight system, and there were other children who had almost no biological response to the challenges that we presented to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how a child’s responsivity to stressors can be connected to physical and emotional behavioral outcomes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We find in our research that the same kinds of patterns of response are found for both physical illnesses, like severe respiratory disease, pneumonia, asthma and so on, as well as or more [in] emotional behavioral outcomes, like anxiety and depression and externalizing kinds of symptoms. So we believe that the same patterns of susceptibility that we find in the orchid child versus the dandelion child work themselves out not only for physical ailments but also for psychosocial and emotional problems. And we believe that the same kinds of underlying biological processes work for both. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know, for example, that these two stress response systems … the cortisol system and the fight-or-flight system, the autonomic nervous system, both of those have powerful effects on the immune system, so they can alter the child’s ability to build an immune defense against viruses and bacteria that he or she may be exposed to. And they have also powerful effects on the cardiovascular system, so [they] could eventually, in adult life, predispose to developing hypertension, high blood pressure or other kinds of cardiovascular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how children’s experiences can vary, even within the same family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of children within a given family, the siblings within a family — although they are being reared with the same parents in the same house in the same neighborhood — they actually have quite different kinds of experiences that depend upon the birth order of the child, the gender of the child, to some extent differences in genetic sequence. It is a way of talking about these dramatic differences that kids from different birth orders and different genders have within a given family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On pushing orchid kids to stretch to do new or difficult things\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that this is probably the most difficult parenting task in raising an orchid child. The parent of an orchid child needs to walk this very fine line between, on the one hand, not pushing them into circumstances that are really going to overwhelm them and make them greatly fearful, but, on the other hand, not protecting them so much that they don’t have experiences of mastery of these kinds of fearful situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Seth Kelley produced and edited the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/04/699979387/is-your-child-an-orchid-or-a-dandelion-unlocking-the-science-of-sensitive-kids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">audio version\u003c/a> of this interview, which aired on Fresh Air. Bridget Bentz and Molly Seavy-Nesper adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some kids seem resilient from the start — readily able to cope with stress and adversity. But pediatrician Thomas Boyce says biologically reactive kids need more support to thrive.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848815,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1090},"headData":{"title":"Some Kids Are Just More Sensitive, and Here's the Science to Show It | KQED","description":"Some kids seem resilient from the start — readily able to cope with stress and adversity. But pediatrician Thomas Boyce says biologically reactive kids need more support to thrive.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Some Kids Are Just More Sensitive, and Here's the Science to Show It","datePublished":"2019-03-07T17:47:05.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:06:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Michael H","nprByline":"Dave Davies\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"699979387","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=699979387&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/04/699979387/is-your-child-an-orchid-or-a-dandelion-unlocking-the-science-of-sensitive-kids?ft=nprml&f=699979387","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 06 Mar 2019 11:23:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 04 Mar 2019 15:38:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 04 Mar 2019 19:34:15 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2019/03/20190304_fa_01.mp3?orgId=427869011&topicId=1030&d=2191&p=13&story=699979387&ft=nprml&f=699979387","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1700126425-86883c.m3u?orgId=427869011&topicId=1030&d=2191&p=13&story=699979387&ft=nprml&f=699979387","audioTrackLength":2192,"path":"/science/1938819/some-kids-are-just-more-sensitive-and-heres-the-science-to-show-it","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2019/03/20190304_fa_01.mp3?orgId=427869011&topicId=1030&d=2191&p=13&story=699979387&ft=nprml&f=699979387","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Thomas Boyce, an emeritus professor of pediatrics and psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco, has treated children who seem to be completely unflappable and unfazed by their surroundings — as well as those who are extremely sensitive to their environments. Over the years, he began to liken these two types of children to two very different flowers: dandelions and orchids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly speaking, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/tom.boyce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boyce\u003c/a> — who also has spent nearly 40 years studying the human stress response, especially in children — most kids tend to be like dandelions, fairly resilient and able to cope with stress and adversity in their lives. But a minority of kids, those he calls “orchid children,” are more sensitive and biologically reactive to their circumstances, which makes it harder for them to deal with stressful situations.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the flower, Boyce says, “the orchid child is the child who shows great sensitivity and susceptibility to both bad and good environments in which he or she finds herself or himself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given supportive, nurturing conditions, orchid children can thrive — especially, Boyce says, if they have the comfort of a regular routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Orchid children seem to thrive on having things like dinner every night in the same place at the same time with the same people, having certain kinds of rituals that the family goes through week to week, month to month,” he says. “This kind of routine and sameness of life from day to day, week to week, seems to be something that is helpful to kids with these great susceptibilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyce’s new book is \u003cem>The Orchid and the Dandelion: Why Some Children Struggle and How All Can Thri\u003c/em>ve\u003cem>. \u003c/em>He appeared this week on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/2019/03/04/699939149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air\u003c/a> with host Dave Davies to discuss it.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview highlights:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lab test he did to determine if a child is an orchid or a dandelion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made an effort to try to understand these individual differences between children in how they respond biologically to mild, common kinds of challenges and stressors, and the way we did that was we brought them into a laboratory setting. We sat them down in front of an examiner — a research assistant that they had not previously met — and we asked them to go through a series of mildly challenging tasks. These were things like recounting a series of digits that the examiner asked them to say and increasing that from first three to four to five digits; having them just engage in a conversation with this examiner, who might ask them about their birthday or presents or something about their family. That, in itself, is a challenge for a young child. Putting a drop of lemon juice on the tongue was another kind of challenge that was evocative of these changes in biological response. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We measured their stress response using the two primary stress response systems in the human brain. [One was] the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/cortisol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cortisol system\u003c/a>, which is centered in the hypothalamus of the brain. This is the system that releases the stress hormone cortisol, which has profound effects on both immune function and cardiovascular functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then the second stress response system is the \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autonomic nervous system\u003c/a>, or the “fight-or-flight” system. This is the one that is responsible for the sweaty palms and a little bit of tremulousness, the dilation of the pupils, all of these things that we associate with the fight-or-flight response. So we were monitoring responsivity and both of those systems as the children went through these mildly challenging tasks. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that there were huge differences [among] children. There were some children at the high end of the spectrum, who had dramatic reactivity in both the cortisol system and the fight-or-flight system, and there were other children who had almost no biological response to the challenges that we presented to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how a child’s responsivity to stressors can be connected to physical and emotional behavioral outcomes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We find in our research that the same kinds of patterns of response are found for both physical illnesses, like severe respiratory disease, pneumonia, asthma and so on, as well as or more [in] emotional behavioral outcomes, like anxiety and depression and externalizing kinds of symptoms. So we believe that the same patterns of susceptibility that we find in the orchid child versus the dandelion child work themselves out not only for physical ailments but also for psychosocial and emotional problems. And we believe that the same kinds of underlying biological processes work for both. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know, for example, that these two stress response systems … the cortisol system and the fight-or-flight system, the autonomic nervous system, both of those have powerful effects on the immune system, so they can alter the child’s ability to build an immune defense against viruses and bacteria that he or she may be exposed to. And they have also powerful effects on the cardiovascular system, so [they] could eventually, in adult life, predispose to developing hypertension, high blood pressure or other kinds of cardiovascular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how children’s experiences can vary, even within the same family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of children within a given family, the siblings within a family — although they are being reared with the same parents in the same house in the same neighborhood — they actually have quite different kinds of experiences that depend upon the birth order of the child, the gender of the child, to some extent differences in genetic sequence. It is a way of talking about these dramatic differences that kids from different birth orders and different genders have within a given family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On pushing orchid kids to stretch to do new or difficult things\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that this is probably the most difficult parenting task in raising an orchid child. The parent of an orchid child needs to walk this very fine line between, on the one hand, not pushing them into circumstances that are really going to overwhelm them and make them greatly fearful, but, on the other hand, not protecting them so much that they don’t have experiences of mastery of these kinds of fearful situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Seth Kelley produced and edited the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/04/699979387/is-your-child-an-orchid-or-a-dandelion-unlocking-the-science-of-sensitive-kids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">audio version\u003c/a> of this interview, which aired on Fresh Air. Bridget Bentz and Molly Seavy-Nesper adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1938819/some-kids-are-just-more-sensitive-and-heres-the-science-to-show-it","authors":["byline_science_1938819"],"categories":["science_32","science_3151","science_39","science_16","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_5181","science_3838","science_807","science_1342","science_5155"],"featImg":"science_1938820","label":"source_science_1938819"},"science_1933876":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933876","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933876","score":null,"sort":[1541027739000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"parasites-raise-unsettling-questions-about-human-free-will","title":"Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will","publishDate":1541027739,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovo_T0KqdYg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”[contextly_sidebar id=”sySsxX0TNpCyTcjs0WjKuNkHvdAWB9pa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.[contextly_sidebar id=”nyNxzAGwHdPVtG5ZnMrI4yRUIjRMpB1C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”[contextly_sidebar id=”z74gNyv5Njdi4jnUM2vQbJxa2XHN1A1G”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An examination of parasites may cause you to question whether you really make your own decisions. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927333,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":806},"headData":{"title":"Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will | KQED","description":"An examination of parasites may cause you to question whether you really make your own decisions. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will","datePublished":"2018-10-31T23:15:39.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:55:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Animals","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1933876/parasites-raise-unsettling-questions-about-human-free-will","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933876/parasites-raise-unsettling-questions-about-human-free-will","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_1342","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1933881","label":"source_science_1933876"},"science_1926489":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926489","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926489","score":null,"sort":[1531340597000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-all-ph-d-s-be-called-doctor-female-academics-say-yes","title":"Should All Ph.D.'s Be Called 'Doctor'? Female Academics Say Yes","publishDate":1531340597,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Should All Ph.D.’s Be Called ‘Doctor’? Female Academics Say Yes | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On the first day of class, Debbie Gale Mitchell, a chemistry professor at the University of Denver, introduced herself to her students, telling them about her Ph.D. and her research. She told her students they could call her either “Dr. Mitchell” or “Debbie.” A male colleague had told her that he went by his first name and that students were friendlier as a result, so Mitchell decided to try it. Many students chose to call her “Debbie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day a student asked if she thought she’d ever get a Ph.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I discovered that for me, the use of my title is VITAL to remind students that I am qualified to be their professor,” Mitchell wrote on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mitchell’s story was just one among hundreds shared last summer on social media calling attention to the way gender affects how professionals are addressed, especially those who hold a doctorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discussion comes at a time when \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115.short\">research studies\u003c/a> into gender bias are increasingly confirming that how a person is addressed is linked to perceptions of their status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Twitter conversation branched from multiple roots. On June 7, Eric Kelderman, reporter for the Chronicle of Higher Education, sent out a critical tweet of a female academic who responded to his media inquiry by suggesting that he should have used “Professor” or “Doctor” (the tweet has since been deleted). The next day, a doctor from the U.K., David Naumann, criticized doctors, medical or otherwise, who use their title in a nonprofessional setting. And a few days later the Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper, announced revised style guidelines wherein only medical doctors would be referred to using “Dr.”, a convention that is already used most of the time by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press\u003c/a> and news outlets that follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.apstylebook.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AP Style\u003c/a> (including KQED). What followed was an explosion of opinions and experiences revolving around titles, expertise, and gender and racial bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Ph.D. holders are fine with reserving the title for medical doctors in common parlance, viewing insistence on the title as arrogant and elitist, and do not use their titles even in a scholarly setting. But for women and people of color, an academic title can be a tool to remind others of their expertise in a world that often undermines it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Ph.D. holders who insist on titles say that they actually prefer their first names. But given the discrepancy in usage, some women feel they must use and defend their titles, especially where the alternative is a gendered title like “Ms.”, “Mrs.”, or “Miss”. Fern Riddell, a Ph.D.-holding historian, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My title is Dr Fern Riddell, not Ms or Miss Riddell. I have it because I am an expert, and my life and career consist of being that expert in as many different ways as possible. I worked hard to earned my authority, and I will not give it up to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Fern Riddell (@FernRiddell) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/FernRiddell/status/1006870044331200512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 13, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Following backlash to the tweet, which described her as “arrogant” and “immodest,” Riddell coined the hashtag #ImmodestWomen, encouraging hundreds of women to change their Twitter handles to include “Dr.” or share experiences of bias. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/06/we-need-immodestwomen-when-so-many-men-are-unable-accept-female-expertise\">Riddell later wrote\u003c/a> about the rationale behind the hashtag, saying that “we define women by their ability to be well behaved.” #ImmodestWomen was “retaliation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweets show “Dr.” is preferred by many women because it is both unrelated to marital status and gender-neutral, unlike “Mrs.”, “Miss”, or “Ms”. Several tweets described situations where a woman’s husband or colleague was referred to as “Dr.” (whether or not he actually had a doctorate) while she got “Mrs.” or a first name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My pastor has her PhD. She was interviewed by a local newspaper along with another male member of clergy, NOT a PhD.. HE was referred to as “Reverend Smith”, SHE was called “Paula”. Seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Head To Toe Organizers (@HTTOrganizers) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/HTTOrganizers/status/1006037940374388737?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In other anecdotes, female doctors (M.D. and Ph.D. alike) were met with utter confusion when they answered the phone to a caller looking for “Dr.”, or presented an airline ticket bearing the title. Even in 2018, with women \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/physicians-by-gender/?dataView=1¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">making up 34 percent of active physicians\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/\">more than half of medical school matriculants\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cgsnet.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/CGS_GED16_Report_Final.pdf\">doctorate recipients\u003c/a>, many people assume that “Dr.” refers to a man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bias in forms of address and use of titles is not limited to gender, many participants in the Twitter discussion pointed out. People of color with doctorates are also often not given the courtesy of their title, which echoes a long history of racially biased uses of titles. History professor Charles W. McKinney wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wanna know why my students will always call me “Dr. McKinney”? Because one day in 1980 I went to the store with my 75 yr old Grandmother Melida Thomas. Clerk greeted two 20 yr old, white women in front of us with “Mrs” and said “Well, hello Melida” to my Grandmother. That’s why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Charles W. McKinney (@kmt188) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kmt188/status/1005883469761843202?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The bias reflected in these stories is backed up by data. Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/jwh.2016.6044\">a study from the Mayo Clinic\u003c/a> found that female doctors were introduced by their first names, rather than a professional title, much more often than male doctors. And on June 25, researchers from Cornell University \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published results showing that female professionals\u003c/a> are half as likely as their male colleagues to be referred to by their last names, a practice that is associated in the study with lower status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them,” wrote Stav Atir and Melissa J. Ferguson, authors of the recent paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atir and Ferguson described eight different studies, covering forms of address in professor evaluations, talk radio and under experimental conditions. Across the board, female professionals were less likely to be referred to solely by their last name. They even found that fictional researchers who were described with last name only were perceived as better known, more eminent, higher status, and more deserving of awards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/span>The researchers proposed several explanations for their results. It may be more culturally common to refer to men by their last names because they are thought to be more permanent, since women may change their last names when they marry. Alternatively, it could be that speakers use first names to identify a subject’s gender, and this is more common for women in male-dominated professions, where male is the assumed default. This type of bias could even result from attempts to highlight women’s participation by identifying their gender using first names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences may be ironic,” wrote Atir and Ferguson, “leading to lower judgments of eminence, status, and deservingness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mitchell, the chemistry professor from the University of Denver, and other academics related on Twitter, one way of fighting this type of bias is to insist upon the title “Dr.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other Ph.D. holders question whether insisting on titles is the best strategy. Meena Kandasamy, a poet and writer with a Ph.D. in sociolinguistics, rarely uses her title and did not change her Twitter handle. She questioned the practice of elevating those who earned doctorates over those who have not had the opportunity to do so:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">For every one of us who has managed to float up and breathe from that cesspool with a doctorate degree above our heads–we must remember our sisters sent home, their dreams crushed, their futures messed up, academia behaving like one petty thug-gang to have the backs of a few men\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— meena kandasamy (@meenakandasamy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/meenakandasamy/status/1007387779574173697?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics argue that titles do not necessarily reflect how hard one has worked or even level of expertise, and that the most equal solution is fewer titles, not more. But supporters say that claiming the titles is the best choice under the present circumstances. Elissa Harbert, a musicologist, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I support \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ImmodestWomen?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ImmodestWomen\u003c/a>. As a PhD and professor, I currently use Dr. as my title professionally. My relationships with students improved when I switched to Dr., even though in a perfect world I’d use my first name. It’s not a perfect world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Elissa Harbert (@KyrieElissa) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KyrieElissa/status/1007274434514817025?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In some instances, women are less likely to exhibit bias in form of address. The Mayo Clinic study found female medical doctors introduced both men and women with a title more than 95 percent of the time. Men introduced their female colleagues with a title 49 percent of time, compared with 72 percent of the time for a male colleague. In the Atir and Ferguson study, male speakers on talk radio referred to women by last name less than half as often as they did for men, while female speakers did not have such a strong contrast. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.short\">In other research\u003c/a> on gender bias in academia and medicine, women were just as likely to treat men and women differently. As research epidemiologist Chelsea Polis related, implicit bias can extend to usage of titles for speakers and writers of any gender:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I was once quoted in a story where all men w/PhDs were “Dr. X” & all women w/PhDs were untitled. Writer (a woman) was mortified when I pointed it out. Claiming our titles publicly raises consciousness than women can/do have these credentials. I want young girls/women to see that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Chelsea Polis, PhD (@cbpolis) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/cbpolis/status/1005800829490786304?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>While the evidence points to persistent bias in professional forms of address, the solution is not so clear. Highlighting women with doctorates, medical or otherwise, may provide an important reminder that woman are now earning nearly half of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/medical-school-graduates-by-gender/?dataView=0¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">medical\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsf18304/datatables/tab06.htm\">research-based\u003c/a> doctoral degrees. But bias in use of doctoral titles is just one example of the larger issue of gender bias, as Atir and Ferguson’s study demonstrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find evidence of a gender bias in the way that we speak about professionals in a variety of domains,” wrote Atir and Ferguson. Addressing the problem may require attention to bias in all arenas, from the classroom to the boardroom.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"\"It’s Dr, Not Mrs.” say female academics on Twitter. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927704,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1795},"headData":{"title":"Should All Ph.D.'s Be Called 'Doctor'? Female Academics Say Yes | KQED","description":""It’s Dr, Not Mrs.” say female academics on Twitter. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Should All Ph.D.'s Be Called 'Doctor'? Female Academics Say Yes","datePublished":"2018-07-11T20:23:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:01:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1926489/should-all-ph-d-s-be-called-doctor-female-academics-say-yes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the first day of class, Debbie Gale Mitchell, a chemistry professor at the University of Denver, introduced herself to her students, telling them about her Ph.D. and her research. She told her students they could call her either “Dr. Mitchell” or “Debbie.” A male colleague had told her that he went by his first name and that students were friendlier as a result, so Mitchell decided to try it. Many students chose to call her “Debbie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day a student asked if she thought she’d ever get a Ph.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I discovered that for me, the use of my title is VITAL to remind students that I am qualified to be their professor,” Mitchell wrote on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mitchell’s story was just one among hundreds shared last summer on social media calling attention to the way gender affects how professionals are addressed, especially those who hold a doctorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discussion comes at a time when \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115.short\">research studies\u003c/a> into gender bias are increasingly confirming that how a person is addressed is linked to perceptions of their status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Twitter conversation branched from multiple roots. On June 7, Eric Kelderman, reporter for the Chronicle of Higher Education, sent out a critical tweet of a female academic who responded to his media inquiry by suggesting that he should have used “Professor” or “Doctor” (the tweet has since been deleted). The next day, a doctor from the U.K., David Naumann, criticized doctors, medical or otherwise, who use their title in a nonprofessional setting. And a few days later the Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper, announced revised style guidelines wherein only medical doctors would be referred to using “Dr.”, a convention that is already used most of the time by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press\u003c/a> and news outlets that follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.apstylebook.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AP Style\u003c/a> (including KQED). What followed was an explosion of opinions and experiences revolving around titles, expertise, and gender and racial bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Ph.D. holders are fine with reserving the title for medical doctors in common parlance, viewing insistence on the title as arrogant and elitist, and do not use their titles even in a scholarly setting. But for women and people of color, an academic title can be a tool to remind others of their expertise in a world that often undermines it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Ph.D. holders who insist on titles say that they actually prefer their first names. But given the discrepancy in usage, some women feel they must use and defend their titles, especially where the alternative is a gendered title like “Ms.”, “Mrs.”, or “Miss”. Fern Riddell, a Ph.D.-holding historian, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My title is Dr Fern Riddell, not Ms or Miss Riddell. I have it because I am an expert, and my life and career consist of being that expert in as many different ways as possible. I worked hard to earned my authority, and I will not give it up to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Fern Riddell (@FernRiddell) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/FernRiddell/status/1006870044331200512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 13, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Following backlash to the tweet, which described her as “arrogant” and “immodest,” Riddell coined the hashtag #ImmodestWomen, encouraging hundreds of women to change their Twitter handles to include “Dr.” or share experiences of bias. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/06/we-need-immodestwomen-when-so-many-men-are-unable-accept-female-expertise\">Riddell later wrote\u003c/a> about the rationale behind the hashtag, saying that “we define women by their ability to be well behaved.” #ImmodestWomen was “retaliation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweets show “Dr.” is preferred by many women because it is both unrelated to marital status and gender-neutral, unlike “Mrs.”, “Miss”, or “Ms”. Several tweets described situations where a woman’s husband or colleague was referred to as “Dr.” (whether or not he actually had a doctorate) while she got “Mrs.” or a first name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My pastor has her PhD. She was interviewed by a local newspaper along with another male member of clergy, NOT a PhD.. HE was referred to as “Reverend Smith”, SHE was called “Paula”. Seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Head To Toe Organizers (@HTTOrganizers) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/HTTOrganizers/status/1006037940374388737?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In other anecdotes, female doctors (M.D. and Ph.D. alike) were met with utter confusion when they answered the phone to a caller looking for “Dr.”, or presented an airline ticket bearing the title. Even in 2018, with women \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/physicians-by-gender/?dataView=1¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">making up 34 percent of active physicians\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/\">more than half of medical school matriculants\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cgsnet.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/CGS_GED16_Report_Final.pdf\">doctorate recipients\u003c/a>, many people assume that “Dr.” refers to a man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bias in forms of address and use of titles is not limited to gender, many participants in the Twitter discussion pointed out. People of color with doctorates are also often not given the courtesy of their title, which echoes a long history of racially biased uses of titles. History professor Charles W. McKinney wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wanna know why my students will always call me “Dr. McKinney”? Because one day in 1980 I went to the store with my 75 yr old Grandmother Melida Thomas. Clerk greeted two 20 yr old, white women in front of us with “Mrs” and said “Well, hello Melida” to my Grandmother. That’s why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Charles W. McKinney (@kmt188) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kmt188/status/1005883469761843202?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The bias reflected in these stories is backed up by data. Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/jwh.2016.6044\">a study from the Mayo Clinic\u003c/a> found that female doctors were introduced by their first names, rather than a professional title, much more often than male doctors. And on June 25, researchers from Cornell University \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published results showing that female professionals\u003c/a> are half as likely as their male colleagues to be referred to by their last names, a practice that is associated in the study with lower status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them,” wrote Stav Atir and Melissa J. Ferguson, authors of the recent paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atir and Ferguson described eight different studies, covering forms of address in professor evaluations, talk radio and under experimental conditions. Across the board, female professionals were less likely to be referred to solely by their last name. They even found that fictional researchers who were described with last name only were perceived as better known, more eminent, higher status, and more deserving of awards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>The researchers proposed several explanations for their results. It may be more culturally common to refer to men by their last names because they are thought to be more permanent, since women may change their last names when they marry. Alternatively, it could be that speakers use first names to identify a subject’s gender, and this is more common for women in male-dominated professions, where male is the assumed default. This type of bias could even result from attempts to highlight women’s participation by identifying their gender using first names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences may be ironic,” wrote Atir and Ferguson, “leading to lower judgments of eminence, status, and deservingness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mitchell, the chemistry professor from the University of Denver, and other academics related on Twitter, one way of fighting this type of bias is to insist upon the title “Dr.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other Ph.D. holders question whether insisting on titles is the best strategy. Meena Kandasamy, a poet and writer with a Ph.D. in sociolinguistics, rarely uses her title and did not change her Twitter handle. She questioned the practice of elevating those who earned doctorates over those who have not had the opportunity to do so:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">For every one of us who has managed to float up and breathe from that cesspool with a doctorate degree above our heads–we must remember our sisters sent home, their dreams crushed, their futures messed up, academia behaving like one petty thug-gang to have the backs of a few men\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— meena kandasamy (@meenakandasamy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/meenakandasamy/status/1007387779574173697?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics argue that titles do not necessarily reflect how hard one has worked or even level of expertise, and that the most equal solution is fewer titles, not more. But supporters say that claiming the titles is the best choice under the present circumstances. Elissa Harbert, a musicologist, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I support \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ImmodestWomen?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ImmodestWomen\u003c/a>. As a PhD and professor, I currently use Dr. as my title professionally. My relationships with students improved when I switched to Dr., even though in a perfect world I’d use my first name. It’s not a perfect world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Elissa Harbert (@KyrieElissa) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KyrieElissa/status/1007274434514817025?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In some instances, women are less likely to exhibit bias in form of address. The Mayo Clinic study found female medical doctors introduced both men and women with a title more than 95 percent of the time. Men introduced their female colleagues with a title 49 percent of time, compared with 72 percent of the time for a male colleague. In the Atir and Ferguson study, male speakers on talk radio referred to women by last name less than half as often as they did for men, while female speakers did not have such a strong contrast. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.short\">In other research\u003c/a> on gender bias in academia and medicine, women were just as likely to treat men and women differently. As research epidemiologist Chelsea Polis related, implicit bias can extend to usage of titles for speakers and writers of any gender:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I was once quoted in a story where all men w/PhDs were “Dr. X” & all women w/PhDs were untitled. Writer (a woman) was mortified when I pointed it out. Claiming our titles publicly raises consciousness than women can/do have these credentials. I want young girls/women to see that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Chelsea Polis, PhD (@cbpolis) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/cbpolis/status/1005800829490786304?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>While the evidence points to persistent bias in professional forms of address, the solution is not so clear. Highlighting women with doctorates, medical or otherwise, may provide an important reminder that woman are now earning nearly half of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/medical-school-graduates-by-gender/?dataView=0¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">medical\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsf18304/datatables/tab06.htm\">research-based\u003c/a> doctoral degrees. But bias in use of doctoral titles is just one example of the larger issue of gender bias, as Atir and Ferguson’s study demonstrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find evidence of a gender bias in the way that we speak about professionals in a variety of domains,” wrote Atir and Ferguson. Addressing the problem may require attention to bias in all arenas, from the classroom to the boardroom.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926489/should-all-ph-d-s-be-called-doctor-female-academics-say-yes","authors":["11518"],"categories":["science_32","science_40"],"tags":["science_1947","science_3370","science_1342"],"featImg":"science_1927149","label":"science"},"science_1922426":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922426","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922426","score":null,"sort":[1523571771000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-awesome-wonder-of-science-in-one-little-video","title":"The Awesome Wonder of Science, in One Little Video","publishDate":1523571771,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Awesome Wonder of Science, in One Little Video | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=XCrJ3NflOpE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pair of filmmakers took an odd-looking telescope and lugged it around the streets of Los Angeles to give pedestrians an up-close view of the moon. Their reactions are then shown on video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my God!,” exclaims one passerby after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s this universal response, and not the moon itself, that’s the subject of the work, called “A New View of the Moon.” So far it’s garnered over a quarter of a million views and counting on YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filmmakers, Wylie Overstreet and Alex Gorosh, nicely capture the universal human response that’s triggered when we glimpse something so enthralling. The wonder and delight of the spectators is downright infectious. And it’s all set to Debussy’s gorgeous piece “Clair de Lune.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulitzer-Prize winning columnist Leonard Pitts Jr. put it aptly:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>There is something quietly profound in their awe […] So far as we’ve been able to determine, we’re out here alone. So each other is all we have. But then, it should be all we need. Overstreet’s and Gorosh’s little movie is a gentle reminder of this, a hymn to our common humanity. It is an invitation to put down the remote control once in a while. Put down the cellphone, put down the bills, stop yelling at one other. And look up.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How looking at something in a new light can remind us of our collective humanity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928020,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":260},"headData":{"title":"The Awesome Wonder of Science, in One Little Video | KQED","description":"How looking at something in a new light can remind us of our collective humanity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Awesome Wonder of Science, in One Little Video","datePublished":"2018-04-12T22:22:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:07:00.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Education","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922426/the-awesome-wonder-of-science-in-one-little-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XCrJ3NflOpE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XCrJ3NflOpE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>A pair of filmmakers took an odd-looking telescope and lugged it around the streets of Los Angeles to give pedestrians an up-close view of the moon. Their reactions are then shown on video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my God!,” exclaims one passerby after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s this universal response, and not the moon itself, that’s the subject of the work, called “A New View of the Moon.” So far it’s garnered over a quarter of a million views and counting on YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filmmakers, Wylie Overstreet and Alex Gorosh, nicely capture the universal human response that’s triggered when we glimpse something so enthralling. The wonder and delight of the spectators is downright infectious. And it’s all set to Debussy’s gorgeous piece “Clair de Lune.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulitzer-Prize winning columnist Leonard Pitts Jr. put it aptly:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>There is something quietly profound in their awe […] So far as we’ve been able to determine, we’re out here alone. So each other is all we have. But then, it should be all we need. Overstreet’s and Gorosh’s little movie is a gentle reminder of this, a hymn to our common humanity. It is an invitation to put down the remote control once in a while. Put down the cellphone, put down the bills, stop yelling at one other. And look up.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922426/the-awesome-wonder-of-science-in-one-little-video","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_28","science_35","science_3151","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_1073","science_351","science_1342"],"featImg":"science_1067947","label":"source_science_1922426"},"science_1921220":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921220","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921220","score":null,"sort":[1521169239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"contrary-to-news-reports-astronaut-scott-kelly-did-not-turn-into-a-mutant","title":"Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed — They're Wrong","publishDate":1521169239,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly’s DNA Changed — They’re Wrong | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZTDqyNC4dv1rL1BBeaeUBeLuTAJ8Jrmr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IXpaDahM4jLd2Fi1dCeYHWZZVNvQkKX4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After a slew of misleading news reports claiming that an astronaut's DNA changed, NASA clarifies. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928103,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":578},"headData":{"title":"Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed — They're Wrong | KQED","description":"After a slew of misleading news reports claiming that an astronaut's DNA changed, NASA clarifies. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed — They're Wrong","datePublished":"2018-03-16T03:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Space","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1921220/contrary-to-news-reports-astronaut-scott-kelly-did-not-turn-into-a-mutant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921220/contrary-to-news-reports-astronaut-scott-kelly-did-not-turn-into-a-mutant","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_5176","science_327","science_5175","science_1342","science_3543","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1921238","label":"source_science_1921220"},"science_1920917":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920917","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920917","score":null,"sort":[1520622922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"study-finds-false-stories-travel-way-faster-than-the-truth","title":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth","publishDate":1520622922,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Twitter loves lies. A new study finds that false information on the social media network travels six times faster than the truth and reaches far more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t blame bots; it’s us, say the authors of the largest study of online misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology looked at more than 126,000 stories tweeted millions of times between 2006 and the end of 2016 — before Donald Trump took office but during the combative presidential campaign. They found that “fake news” sped through Twitter “farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information,” according to the study in Thursday’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> .[contextly_sidebar id=”Vupmk4xaDXVozxxmbAzhN2mrm5PSx8XI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, falsity wins out,” said co-author Deb Roy, who runs MIT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/social-machines/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory for Social Machines\u003c/a> and is a former chief media scientist at Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter funded the study but had no say in the outcome, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retweeting Fake News\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe scientists calculated that the average false story takes about 10 hours to reach 1,500 Twitter users, versus about 60 hours for the truth. On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people than true news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While true news stories almost never got retweeted to 1,000 people, the top 1 percent of the false ones got to as many as 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers looked at how stories cascade — how they link from one person to another like a family tree — false information reached as many as 24 generations, while true information maxed out at a dozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concern over bogus stories online has escalated in recent months because of evidence the Russians spread disinformation on social media during the 2016 presidential campaign to sow discord in the U.S. and damage Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-642085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Social media companies have experimented with using computer algorithms and human fact-checkers to try to weed out false information and abuse online. Twitter earlier this month said it is seeking help from outside experts to better deal with the problem. And Facebook this week announced a partnership with The Associated Press to identify and debunk false and misleading stories about the midterm elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have witnessed abuse, harassment, troll armies, manipulation through bots and human-coordination, misinformation campaigns and increasingly divisive echo chambers,” tweeted Twitter co-founder and CEO Jack Dorsey. “We aren’t proud of how people have taken advantage of our service, or our inability to address it fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact-Checking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe MIT study took the 126,285 stories and checked them against six independent fact-checking sites — snopes.com, politifact.com, factcheck.org, truthorfiction.com, hoax-slayer.com and urbanlegends.about.com— to classify them as true, false or mixed. Nearly two-thirds were false, just under one-fifth were true, and the rest were mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six fact-checking websites agreed with each other on classification at least 95 percent of the time, plus two outside researchers did some independent fact-checking to make sure everything was OK, said co-author Sinan Aral, an MIT management professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Soroush Vosoughi, an MIT data scientist, said the three false stories that traveled the farthest and fastest were about a Muslim \u003ca href=\"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/zouheir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guard\u003c/a> called a hero in the Paris bombings of 2015; an Iraq war veteran finishing as runner-up to Caitlyn Jenner for an ESPN courage \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jun/04/facebook-posts/no-iraq-veteran-wasnt-runnerup-caitlyn-jenner-espn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award\u003c/a> ; and an episode of “The Simpsons” that had a story line in 2000 about a Trump presidency. (It was in 2015.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson, a co-founder of factcheck.org, had problems with the way the study looked at true and false stories. The MIT team characterized a story’s truth on a 1-to-5 scale, with 1 being completely false. Factcheck.org, Jamieson said, looks more at context and does not label something either true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also suggested that calling this bogus information “false stories” does not capture how malignant it is. She said it would “better be called viral deception. VD. And treated as analogous to venereal disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bots & Cyborgs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers looked at obvious bots — automated accounts — and took them out. While the bots tweeted false information at a higher rate than humans, it wasn’t that much of a difference, and even without bots, lies still spread faster and farther, Roy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lazer, a political and computer scientist at Northeastern University who wasn’t part of the study but wrote an accompanying report, praised the MIT research but said the scientists may have missed a lot of bots and cyborgs — sort of in-between humans. His ongoing, not-yet-published research has found that about 80 percent of false stories come from just one-tenth of 1 percent of users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers dug deeper to find out what kind of false information travels faster and farther. False political stories — researchers didn’t separate conservative versus liberal — and stuff that was surprising or anger-provoking spread faster than other types of lies, Aral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Falsehood was significantly more novel than the truth,” Aral said. “It’s easy to be novel when you make things up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits perfectly with previous research on the psychology of fake information, said Yale University’s Dan Kahan and Dartmouth College’s Brendan Nyhan, scientists who study the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more strange and more sensational the story sounds, the more likely they are going to retweet,” Kahan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan and Lazer said that while more fact-checking and education of people on how to tell fake from real can be helpful, the more effective solution will have to come from the social media platforms themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy said the study results reminded him of the often-cited quotation that essentially says a lie can travel halfway around the world before the truth can get its boots — or pants — on. It’s been attributed to Mark Twain and Winston Churchill. But that would be misinformation. Politifact traced a version of it back to Jonathan Swift in 1710.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people while true news almost never got retweeted.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928131,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1067},"headData":{"title":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth | KQED","description":"On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people while true news almost never got retweeted.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth","datePublished":"2018-03-09T19:15:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Seth Borenstein\u003cbr />Associated Press","path":"/science/1920917/study-finds-false-stories-travel-way-faster-than-the-truth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twitter loves lies. A new study finds that false information on the social media network travels six times faster than the truth and reaches far more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t blame bots; it’s us, say the authors of the largest study of online misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology looked at more than 126,000 stories tweeted millions of times between 2006 and the end of 2016 — before Donald Trump took office but during the combative presidential campaign. They found that “fake news” sped through Twitter “farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information,” according to the study in Thursday’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, falsity wins out,” said co-author Deb Roy, who runs MIT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/social-machines/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory for Social Machines\u003c/a> and is a former chief media scientist at Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter funded the study but had no say in the outcome, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retweeting Fake News\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe scientists calculated that the average false story takes about 10 hours to reach 1,500 Twitter users, versus about 60 hours for the truth. On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people than true news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While true news stories almost never got retweeted to 1,000 people, the top 1 percent of the false ones got to as many as 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers looked at how stories cascade — how they link from one person to another like a family tree — false information reached as many as 24 generations, while true information maxed out at a dozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concern over bogus stories online has escalated in recent months because of evidence the Russians spread disinformation on social media during the 2016 presidential campaign to sow discord in the U.S. and damage Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-642085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Social media companies have experimented with using computer algorithms and human fact-checkers to try to weed out false information and abuse online. Twitter earlier this month said it is seeking help from outside experts to better deal with the problem. And Facebook this week announced a partnership with The Associated Press to identify and debunk false and misleading stories about the midterm elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have witnessed abuse, harassment, troll armies, manipulation through bots and human-coordination, misinformation campaigns and increasingly divisive echo chambers,” tweeted Twitter co-founder and CEO Jack Dorsey. “We aren’t proud of how people have taken advantage of our service, or our inability to address it fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact-Checking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe MIT study took the 126,285 stories and checked them against six independent fact-checking sites — snopes.com, politifact.com, factcheck.org, truthorfiction.com, hoax-slayer.com and urbanlegends.about.com— to classify them as true, false or mixed. Nearly two-thirds were false, just under one-fifth were true, and the rest were mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six fact-checking websites agreed with each other on classification at least 95 percent of the time, plus two outside researchers did some independent fact-checking to make sure everything was OK, said co-author Sinan Aral, an MIT management professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Soroush Vosoughi, an MIT data scientist, said the three false stories that traveled the farthest and fastest were about a Muslim \u003ca href=\"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/zouheir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guard\u003c/a> called a hero in the Paris bombings of 2015; an Iraq war veteran finishing as runner-up to Caitlyn Jenner for an ESPN courage \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jun/04/facebook-posts/no-iraq-veteran-wasnt-runnerup-caitlyn-jenner-espn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award\u003c/a> ; and an episode of “The Simpsons” that had a story line in 2000 about a Trump presidency. (It was in 2015.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson, a co-founder of factcheck.org, had problems with the way the study looked at true and false stories. The MIT team characterized a story’s truth on a 1-to-5 scale, with 1 being completely false. Factcheck.org, Jamieson said, looks more at context and does not label something either true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also suggested that calling this bogus information “false stories” does not capture how malignant it is. She said it would “better be called viral deception. VD. And treated as analogous to venereal disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bots & Cyborgs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers looked at obvious bots — automated accounts — and took them out. While the bots tweeted false information at a higher rate than humans, it wasn’t that much of a difference, and even without bots, lies still spread faster and farther, Roy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lazer, a political and computer scientist at Northeastern University who wasn’t part of the study but wrote an accompanying report, praised the MIT research but said the scientists may have missed a lot of bots and cyborgs — sort of in-between humans. His ongoing, not-yet-published research has found that about 80 percent of false stories come from just one-tenth of 1 percent of users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers dug deeper to find out what kind of false information travels faster and farther. False political stories — researchers didn’t separate conservative versus liberal — and stuff that was surprising or anger-provoking spread faster than other types of lies, Aral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Falsehood was significantly more novel than the truth,” Aral said. “It’s easy to be novel when you make things up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits perfectly with previous research on the psychology of fake information, said Yale University’s Dan Kahan and Dartmouth College’s Brendan Nyhan, scientists who study the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more strange and more sensational the story sounds, the more likely they are going to retweet,” Kahan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan and Lazer said that while more fact-checking and education of people on how to tell fake from real can be helpful, the more effective solution will have to come from the social media platforms themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy said the study results reminded him of the often-cited quotation that essentially says a lie can travel halfway around the world before the truth can get its boots — or pants — on. It’s been attributed to Mark Twain and Winston Churchill. But that would be misinformation. Politifact traced a version of it back to Jonathan Swift in 1710.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920917/study-finds-false-stories-travel-way-faster-than-the-truth","authors":["byline_science_1920917"],"categories":["science_32","science_40"],"tags":["science_508","science_813","science_1342","science_697","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1920919","label":"science"},"science_21700":{"type":"posts","id":"science_21700","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"21700","score":null,"sort":[1410978426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanford-psychologist-who-studies-racial-profiling-wins-genius-grant","title":"Stanford Psychologist Who Studies Racial Profiling Wins 'Genius Grant'","publishDate":1410978426,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Stanford Psychologist Who Studies Racial Profiling Wins ‘Genius Grant’ | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Babwin\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a MacArthur Foundation 'genius grant' for her research on racial profiling. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a ‘genius grant’ for her research on racial stereotypes and crime. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year’s MacArthur Foundation “genius grants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chicago-based John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation announced on Wednesday the 2014 recipients, who will each receive $625,000 to spend any way they like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professor and lawyer, part of an eclectic group that also includes scientists, mathematicians, historians, a cartoonist and a composer, are among several recipients whose work involves topics that have dominated the news in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think getting this (grant) speaks to people’s sense that this is the kind of work that needs to be done,” said recipient Jennifer Eberhardt, a Stanford University social psychologist who has researched racial stereotypes and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrouded in secrecy, the selection process involves nominations from anonymous groups and recommendations from the foundation’s board of directors. Recipients have no idea they’ve won until they get a call from the foundation, and even then recipients have been known to wonder initially if someone is trying to trick them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Henneberger, a housing advocate in Texas, said he was so stunned when he got his call that he had to sit down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got really quiet and they (people he was with) were asking me, ‘Did somebody die?” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eberhart’s work prompted the Oakland, California, police department to ask for her help studying racial biases among its officers and how those biases play out on the street — topics that have been debated nationally in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed black 18-year-old in Missouri. Eberhardt, who is also studying the use of body cameras by police — another topic of particular interest since Brown’s shooting — said, “I hope this will show the work matters, holds value and promotes social change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justice system is also at the heart of Sarah Deer’s work as a legal scholar and advocate for Native American women living on reservations, who suffer higher-than-average rates of domestic abuse and sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deer, a Native American who teaches law in Minnesota, met with women who simply stopped reporting such attacks because their tribal governments had been stripped of the authority to investigate and because federal authorities were often unwilling to do so, she said. The foundation pointed to her instrumental role in reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act by Congress in 2013 that restored some of those abilities to tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time since 1978 … tribes (can) prosecute non-Indians who have committed acts of sexual assault and domestic violence on reservations,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Deer, fellow recipient Jonathan Rapping has worked to improve the lives of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former public defender, Rapping founded Gideon’s Promise after seeing a legal system that he said valued speed over quality representation of the indigent. The organization trains, mentors and assists public defenders to help them withstand the intense pressure that can come with massive caseloads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the program that began in 2007 for 16 attorneys in two offices in Georgia and Louisiana has more than 300 participants in 15 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation recognized Khaled Mattawa, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, for his poetry and translations of Arab contemporary poets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattawa, who said he started translating the poetry as way to teach himself to write poetry, said the work can connect people from different cultures. “The poets are bearing witness not only to the humanity of their own people but of a shared humanity,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awards, given annually since 1981, are doled out over a five-year period. This year’s class brings the number of recipients to more than 900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most winners are not widely known outside their fields, but the list has over the years included writer Susan Sontag and filmmaker John Sayles.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year's MacArthur Foundation 'genius grants.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932941,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":719},"headData":{"title":"Stanford Psychologist Who Studies Racial Profiling Wins 'Genius Grant' | KQED","description":"A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year's MacArthur Foundation 'genius grants.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stanford Psychologist Who Studies Racial Profiling Wins 'Genius Grant'","datePublished":"2014-09-17T18:27:06.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:29:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/21700/stanford-psychologist-who-studies-racial-profiling-wins-genius-grant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Babwin\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a MacArthur Foundation 'genius grant' for her research on racial profiling. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a ‘genius grant’ for her research on racial stereotypes and crime. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year’s MacArthur Foundation “genius grants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chicago-based John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation announced on Wednesday the 2014 recipients, who will each receive $625,000 to spend any way they like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professor and lawyer, part of an eclectic group that also includes scientists, mathematicians, historians, a cartoonist and a composer, are among several recipients whose work involves topics that have dominated the news in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think getting this (grant) speaks to people’s sense that this is the kind of work that needs to be done,” said recipient Jennifer Eberhardt, a Stanford University social psychologist who has researched racial stereotypes and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrouded in secrecy, the selection process involves nominations from anonymous groups and recommendations from the foundation’s board of directors. Recipients have no idea they’ve won until they get a call from the foundation, and even then recipients have been known to wonder initially if someone is trying to trick them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Henneberger, a housing advocate in Texas, said he was so stunned when he got his call that he had to sit down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got really quiet and they (people he was with) were asking me, ‘Did somebody die?” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eberhart’s work prompted the Oakland, California, police department to ask for her help studying racial biases among its officers and how those biases play out on the street — topics that have been debated nationally in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed black 18-year-old in Missouri. Eberhardt, who is also studying the use of body cameras by police — another topic of particular interest since Brown’s shooting — said, “I hope this will show the work matters, holds value and promotes social change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justice system is also at the heart of Sarah Deer’s work as a legal scholar and advocate for Native American women living on reservations, who suffer higher-than-average rates of domestic abuse and sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deer, a Native American who teaches law in Minnesota, met with women who simply stopped reporting such attacks because their tribal governments had been stripped of the authority to investigate and because federal authorities were often unwilling to do so, she said. The foundation pointed to her instrumental role in reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act by Congress in 2013 that restored some of those abilities to tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time since 1978 … tribes (can) prosecute non-Indians who have committed acts of sexual assault and domestic violence on reservations,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Deer, fellow recipient Jonathan Rapping has worked to improve the lives of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former public defender, Rapping founded Gideon’s Promise after seeing a legal system that he said valued speed over quality representation of the indigent. The organization trains, mentors and assists public defenders to help them withstand the intense pressure that can come with massive caseloads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the program that began in 2007 for 16 attorneys in two offices in Georgia and Louisiana has more than 300 participants in 15 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation recognized Khaled Mattawa, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, for his poetry and translations of Arab contemporary poets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattawa, who said he started translating the poetry as way to teach himself to write poetry, said the work can connect people from different cultures. “The poets are bearing witness not only to the humanity of their own people but of a shared humanity,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awards, given annually since 1981, are doled out over a five-year period. This year’s class brings the number of recipients to more than 900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most winners are not widely known outside their fields, but the list has over the years included writer Susan Sontag and filmmaker John Sayles.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/21700/stanford-psychologist-who-studies-racial-profiling-wins-genius-grant","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_40"],"tags":["science_1342"],"featImg":"science_21701","label":"science"},"science_14456":{"type":"posts","id":"science_14456","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"14456","score":null,"sort":[1393945249000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"compassion-happiness-internet","title":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness?","publishDate":1393945249,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14830\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14830\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" alt='\"Kindness\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Kindness” (Hossein Ghodsi/\u003ca title=\"Hossein Ghodsi - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mhghodsi/3532021956/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know how Jesus said to love thy neighbor and Buddha urged compassion for all beings? Well, modern science agrees. Stanford psychologists \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Jazaieri-et-al.-2013.pdf\">recently found\u003c/a> that cultivating compassion not only makes you kinder, it makes you happier—as well as less worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But compassion is having a tough time in the age of the internet. We’re more connected than ever, but also more distracted. We answer e-mail while talking on the phone, text one friend while having dinner with another. Such multitasking erodes awareness, a key component of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 244px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14829\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14829 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" alt=\"Trolls\" width=\"244\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trolls can terrorize the internet, as well as Bilbo Baggins. (Tristan Schmurr/\u003ca title=\"Tristan Schmurr - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kewl/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Distraction isn’t the worst of it. \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Internet Troll\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)\">Internet trolls\u003c/a> fill the web with flame wars, offensive YouTube comments and bullying. For the most part, trolls aren’t psychopaths, just ordinary people who act like jerks online. Psychologist John Suler \u003ca title=\"The Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://www.samblackman.org/Articles/Suler.pdf\">described the phenomenon\u003c/a> in 2007, attributing it to a combination of factors such as physical invisibility and anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotional disconnect caused by technological connection is a thorny problem. And if anyone loves to solve problems, it’s Silicon Valley engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coding Compassion Into the Internet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology isn’t the end; it’s the means to a greater end,” says Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of \u003ca title=\"IndieGoGo\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/\">Indiegogo\u003c/a>. She described how the crowdfunding platform has been used to give gifts and right wrongs at \u003ca title=\"Wisdom 2.0\" href=\"http://www.wisdom2summit.com/About\">Wisdom 2.0\u003c/a>, an annual Bay Area conference about integrating kindness and mindfulness with business and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”120a7ee1c0208676cc812348061b1636″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at this year’s gathering (February 14-17 at the San Francisco Marriot Marquis) included a Benedictine monk, the CEO of Zappos.com, a VP from Google and Alanis Morissette. It’s not just talk—a past conference inspired \u003ca title=\"Mercury New - Interview with Facebook's Arturo Bejar\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_21544652/mercury-news-interview-arturo-bejar-facebook-director-engineering\">changes in Facebook\u003c/a> to help users work out interpersonal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisdom 2.0 has blossomed from a few hundred people at its inaugural meeting in 2010 to a few thousand in 2014. San Francisco, once famed for its hippie culture of love, yoga and drugs, now appears to be the epicenter for a “second wave” of interest in love, yoga—and tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science of Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Stanford University School of Medicine founded the \u003ca title=\"The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/\">Center for Compassion and Altruism Research Education\u003c/a>, aiming to study basic human goodness with scientific rigor. Researchers developed a 9-week Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) program, which includes meditation and practicing compassion for yourself and for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researcher Hooria Jazaieri conducted a randomized controlled trial with 100 subjects and found that the training did indeed increase compassion. Not only that, but it enhanced happiness and decreased worry. Their findings were published in February in the journal \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11031-013-9368-z\">Motivation and Emotion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the emphasis in CCT on focusing on the suffering of oneself and others, the increases in happiness associated with CCT may seem paradoxical,” they wrote. They speculated that the boost could be due to participants learning to be simply aware of suffering, without trying to suppress it or ruminate on it. Participants are also taught to cultivate a desire to help, which might bolster their opinion of their own competence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14833\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14833 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Hands holding phones\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technology has tremendous power to connect, not just distract (JR_Paris/\u003ca title=\"JR_Paris - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jrparis/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future studies could test exactly what it is about compassion that makes people happier, but the mere fact that it does is both encouragement for the future and explanation for the present. Even on the internet, the troll-creating \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect\">online disinhibition effect\u003c/a> is not always toxic—as Suler wrote, people can also “show unusual acts of kindness and generosity, sometimes going out of their way to help others.” Ringelmann offered the example of an Indiegogo campaign to \u003ca title=\"Indiegogo - Let's Give Karen a Vacation\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/lets-give-karen-the-bus-monitor-h-klein-a-vacation--6\">give a vacation\u003c/a> to a woman who had been bullied at her job. The funding goal was exceeded a hundred times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps one day these “internet elves” will outnumber the trolls.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Compassion makes us happy, but the internet makes us jerks. Is there a way to cultivate kindness in the digital age? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934084,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness? | KQED","description":"Compassion makes us happy, but the internet makes us jerks. Is there a way to cultivate kindness in the digital age? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness?","datePublished":"2014-03-04T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:48:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/14456/compassion-happiness-internet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14830\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14830\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" alt='\"Kindness\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Kindness” (Hossein Ghodsi/\u003ca title=\"Hossein Ghodsi - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mhghodsi/3532021956/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know how Jesus said to love thy neighbor and Buddha urged compassion for all beings? Well, modern science agrees. Stanford psychologists \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Jazaieri-et-al.-2013.pdf\">recently found\u003c/a> that cultivating compassion not only makes you kinder, it makes you happier—as well as less worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But compassion is having a tough time in the age of the internet. We’re more connected than ever, but also more distracted. We answer e-mail while talking on the phone, text one friend while having dinner with another. Such multitasking erodes awareness, a key component of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 244px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14829\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14829 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" alt=\"Trolls\" width=\"244\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trolls can terrorize the internet, as well as Bilbo Baggins. (Tristan Schmurr/\u003ca title=\"Tristan Schmurr - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kewl/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Distraction isn’t the worst of it. \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Internet Troll\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)\">Internet trolls\u003c/a> fill the web with flame wars, offensive YouTube comments and bullying. For the most part, trolls aren’t psychopaths, just ordinary people who act like jerks online. Psychologist John Suler \u003ca title=\"The Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://www.samblackman.org/Articles/Suler.pdf\">described the phenomenon\u003c/a> in 2007, attributing it to a combination of factors such as physical invisibility and anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotional disconnect caused by technological connection is a thorny problem. And if anyone loves to solve problems, it’s Silicon Valley engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coding Compassion Into the Internet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology isn’t the end; it’s the means to a greater end,” says Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of \u003ca title=\"IndieGoGo\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/\">Indiegogo\u003c/a>. She described how the crowdfunding platform has been used to give gifts and right wrongs at \u003ca title=\"Wisdom 2.0\" href=\"http://www.wisdom2summit.com/About\">Wisdom 2.0\u003c/a>, an annual Bay Area conference about integrating kindness and mindfulness with business and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at this year’s gathering (February 14-17 at the San Francisco Marriot Marquis) included a Benedictine monk, the CEO of Zappos.com, a VP from Google and Alanis Morissette. It’s not just talk—a past conference inspired \u003ca title=\"Mercury New - Interview with Facebook's Arturo Bejar\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_21544652/mercury-news-interview-arturo-bejar-facebook-director-engineering\">changes in Facebook\u003c/a> to help users work out interpersonal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisdom 2.0 has blossomed from a few hundred people at its inaugural meeting in 2010 to a few thousand in 2014. San Francisco, once famed for its hippie culture of love, yoga and drugs, now appears to be the epicenter for a “second wave” of interest in love, yoga—and tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science of Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Stanford University School of Medicine founded the \u003ca title=\"The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/\">Center for Compassion and Altruism Research Education\u003c/a>, aiming to study basic human goodness with scientific rigor. Researchers developed a 9-week Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) program, which includes meditation and practicing compassion for yourself and for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researcher Hooria Jazaieri conducted a randomized controlled trial with 100 subjects and found that the training did indeed increase compassion. Not only that, but it enhanced happiness and decreased worry. Their findings were published in February in the journal \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11031-013-9368-z\">Motivation and Emotion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the emphasis in CCT on focusing on the suffering of oneself and others, the increases in happiness associated with CCT may seem paradoxical,” they wrote. They speculated that the boost could be due to participants learning to be simply aware of suffering, without trying to suppress it or ruminate on it. Participants are also taught to cultivate a desire to help, which might bolster their opinion of their own competence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14833\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14833 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Hands holding phones\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technology has tremendous power to connect, not just distract (JR_Paris/\u003ca title=\"JR_Paris - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jrparis/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future studies could test exactly what it is about compassion that makes people happier, but the mere fact that it does is both encouragement for the future and explanation for the present. Even on the internet, the troll-creating \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect\">online disinhibition effect\u003c/a> is not always toxic—as Suler wrote, people can also “show unusual acts of kindness and generosity, sometimes going out of their way to help others.” Ringelmann offered the example of an Indiegogo campaign to \u003ca title=\"Indiegogo - Let's Give Karen a Vacation\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/lets-give-karen-the-bus-monitor-h-klein-a-vacation--6\">give a vacation\u003c/a> to a woman who had been bullied at her job. The funding goal was exceeded a hundred times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps one day these “internet elves” will outnumber the trolls.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/14456/compassion-happiness-internet","authors":["6324"],"categories":["science_89","science_39"],"tags":["science_64","science_508","science_1342"],"featImg":"science_14830","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? 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