NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet
Astronomers May Have Located the First Moon Outside of Our Solar System
The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day
Diamond Meteorite Tells of a ‘Lost Planet,’ Says Study
TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home
Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System
We'll Find A Planet Like Earth in the Next Decade, Say Astronomers
Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far
NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets
Sponsored
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She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1955504":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955504","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955504","score":null,"sort":[1578953332000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet","publishDate":1578953332,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847911,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1198},"headData":{"title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","description":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1510520","label":"source_science_1955504"},"science_1932252":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1932252","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1932252","score":null,"sort":[1538598151000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"astronomers-may-have-located-the-first-moon-outside-of-our-solar-system","title":"Astronomers May Have Located the First Moon Outside of Our Solar System","publishDate":1538598151,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Astronomers May Have Located the First Moon Outside of Our Solar System | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Astronomers may have found the first moon outside our solar system.[contextly_sidebar id=”bNFPrK1B3EKBwnhH1o3xQUHYIh7uECjA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Columbia University researchers presented their tantalizing evidence Wednesday. Plenty of planets exist beyond our solar system, but a moon around one of those worlds has yet to be confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential moon would be considerably larger than Earth — about the size of Neptune or Uranus. The planet it orbits is as big as mammoth Jupiter. This apparent super-size pairing of a gaseous moon and planet is 8,000 light-years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors Alex Teachey and David Kipping say they may be able to validate this particular candidate as early as next year, with more views from the Hubble Space Telescope. In the meantime, they’re encouraging other scientists to join in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their findings appear in the journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While plenty of planets exist beyond our solar system, a moon around one of those worlds has yet to be confirmed. The potential moon would be considerably larger than Earth.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927432,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":142},"headData":{"title":"Astronomers May Have Located the First Moon Outside of Our Solar System | KQED","description":"While plenty of planets exist beyond our solar system, a moon around one of those worlds has yet to be confirmed. The potential moon would be considerably larger than Earth.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Marcia Dunn\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1932252/astronomers-may-have-located-the-first-moon-outside-of-our-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Astronomers may have found the first moon outside our solar system.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Columbia University researchers presented their tantalizing evidence Wednesday. Plenty of planets exist beyond our solar system, but a moon around one of those worlds has yet to be confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential moon would be considerably larger than Earth — about the size of Neptune or Uranus. The planet it orbits is as big as mammoth Jupiter. This apparent super-size pairing of a gaseous moon and planet is 8,000 light-years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors Alex Teachey and David Kipping say they may be able to validate this particular candidate as early as next year, with more views from the Hubble Space Telescope. In the meantime, they’re encouraging other scientists to join in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their findings appear in the journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1932252/astronomers-may-have-located-the-first-moon-outside-of-our-solar-system","authors":["byline_science_1932252"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1073","science_351","science_25","science_3416","science_934"],"featImg":"science_1932258","label":"source_science_1932252"},"science_1922759":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922759","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922759","score":null,"sort":[1524252763000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-bay-area-celebrates-earth-day","title":"The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day","publishDate":1524252763,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&v=WbwC281uzUs\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"KQED traces the local origins of the annual tribute and provides a list of events planned throughout the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927976,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":560},"headData":{"title":"The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day | KQED","description":"KQED traces the local origins of the annual tribute and provides a list of events planned throughout the Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Events","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922759/the-bay-area-celebrates-earth-day","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922759/the-bay-area-celebrates-earth-day","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_37","science_3424","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_856","science_182","science_1537","science_192","science_1037","science_25"],"featImg":"science_29424","label":"source_science_1922759"},"science_1922872":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922872","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922872","score":null,"sort":[1524186052000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"diamond-meteorite-tells-of-a-lost-planet-says-study","title":"Diamond Meteorite Tells of a ‘Lost Planet,’ Says Study","publishDate":1524186052,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Diamond Meteorite Tells of a ‘Lost Planet,’ Says Study | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Fragments of a meteorite that fell to Earth about a decade ago provide compelling evidence of a lost planet that once roamed our solar system, according to a study published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Switzerland, France and Germany examined diamonds found inside the Almahata Sitta meteorite and concluded they were most likely formed by a proto-planet at least 4.55 billion years ago.[contextly_sidebar id=”DhwXcBmpIUktg3Vgr1ROjKLcs38pNQMj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diamonds in the meteorite, which crashed in Sudan’s Nubian Desert in October 2008, have tiny crystals inside them that would have required great pressure to form, said one of the study’s co-authors, Philippe Gillet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We demonstrate that these large diamonds cannot be the result of a shock but rather of growth that has taken place within a planet,” he told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillet, a planetary scientist at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, said researchers calculated a pressure of 200,000 bar (2.9 million psi) would be needed to form such diamonds, suggesting the mystery planet was as least as big as Mercury, possibly even Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ieGAyo0xDjEL0CT8Zf6kjVRE8sQuQ9H4″]Scientists have long theorized that the early solar system once contained many more planets — some of which were likely little more than a mass of molten magma. One of these embryo planets — dubbed Theia — is believed to have slammed into a young Earth, ejecting a large amount of debris that later formed the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re claiming here,” said Gillet, “is that we have in our hands a remnant of this first generation of planets that are missing today because they were destroyed or incorporated in a bigger planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addi Bischoff, a meteorite expert at the University of Muenster, Germany, said the methods used for the study were sound and the conclusion was plausible. But further evidence of sustained high pressure would be expected to be found in the minerals surrounding the diamonds, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bischoff wasn’t involved in the study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story has been corrected to show that the meteorite fragments fell to Earth about a decade ago, not more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers say the meteorite is a remnant of the first generation of planets missing today.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927980,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":383},"headData":{"title":"Diamond Meteorite Tells of a ‘Lost Planet,’ Says Study | KQED","description":"Researchers say the meteorite is a remnant of the first generation of planets missing today.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Frank Jordans\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1922872/diamond-meteorite-tells-of-a-lost-planet-says-study","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fragments of a meteorite that fell to Earth about a decade ago provide compelling evidence of a lost planet that once roamed our solar system, according to a study published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Switzerland, France and Germany examined diamonds found inside the Almahata Sitta meteorite and concluded they were most likely formed by a proto-planet at least 4.55 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diamonds in the meteorite, which crashed in Sudan’s Nubian Desert in October 2008, have tiny crystals inside them that would have required great pressure to form, said one of the study’s co-authors, Philippe Gillet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We demonstrate that these large diamonds cannot be the result of a shock but rather of growth that has taken place within a planet,” he told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillet, a planetary scientist at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, said researchers calculated a pressure of 200,000 bar (2.9 million psi) would be needed to form such diamonds, suggesting the mystery planet was as least as big as Mercury, possibly even Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scientists have long theorized that the early solar system once contained many more planets — some of which were likely little more than a mass of molten magma. One of these embryo planets — dubbed Theia — is believed to have slammed into a young Earth, ejecting a large amount of debris that later formed the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re claiming here,” said Gillet, “is that we have in our hands a remnant of this first generation of planets that are missing today because they were destroyed or incorporated in a bigger planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addi Bischoff, a meteorite expert at the University of Muenster, Germany, said the methods used for the study were sound and the conclusion was plausible. But further evidence of sustained high pressure would be expected to be found in the minerals surrounding the diamonds, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bischoff wasn’t involved in the study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story has been corrected to show that the meteorite fragments fell to Earth about a decade ago, not more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922872/diamond-meteorite-tells-of-a-lost-planet-says-study","authors":["byline_science_1922872"],"categories":["science_28","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1073","science_575","science_25","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1922873","label":"source_science_1922872"},"science_1922294":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922294","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922294","score":null,"sort":[1523628084000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home","publishDate":1523628084,"format":"audio","headTitle":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zPtcY42nMEbLmJsJhCQj2y06wlfTs2CH”]We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928016,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":902},"headData":{"title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","description":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/04/VentonTESSSatellite.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_3370","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1922342","label":"source_science_1922294"},"science_1921417":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921417","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921417","score":null,"sort":[1521494299000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"our-1st-interstellar-visitor-likely-came-from-2-star-system","title":"Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System","publishDate":1521494299,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Our first known interstellar visitor likely came from a two-star system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the latest from astronomers who were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object, detected as it passed through our inner solar system last fall.[contextly_sidebar id=”nefUdheDSXHnOcJbt6vj7wZSFqG71Xpv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Toronto’s Alan Jackson reported Monday that the asteroid — the first confirmed object in our solar system originating elsewhere — is probably from a binary star system. That’s where two stars orbit a common center. According to Jackson and his team, the asteroid was likely ejected from its system as planets formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been wandering interstellar space for a long time since,” the scientists wrote in the Royal Astronomical Society’s journal, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monthly Notices\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovered in October by a telescope in Hawaii millions of miles away, the asteroid is called Oumuamua, Hawaiian for messenger from afar arriving first, or scout. The red-tinged rock is estimated to be possibly 1,300 feet long and zooming away from the Earth and sun at more than 16 miles per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, a science team led by Wesley Fraser of Queen’s University Belfast reported that Oumuamua is actually tumbling through space, likely the result of a collision with another asteroid or other object that kicked it out of its home solar system. He expects it to continue tumbling for billions of more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists originally thought it might be an icy comet, but now agree it is an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same way we use comets to better understand planet formation in our own solar system, maybe this curious object can tell us more about how planets form in other systems.” Jackson said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close binary star systems may be the source of the majority of interstellar objects out there, both icy comets and rocky asteroids, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Astronomers were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object that passed through last fall.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928089,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":322},"headData":{"title":"Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System | KQED","description":"Astronomers were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object that passed through last fall.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Marcia Dunn\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1921417/our-1st-interstellar-visitor-likely-came-from-2-star-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Our first known interstellar visitor likely came from a two-star system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the latest from astronomers who were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object, detected as it passed through our inner solar system last fall.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Toronto’s Alan Jackson reported Monday that the asteroid — the first confirmed object in our solar system originating elsewhere — is probably from a binary star system. That’s where two stars orbit a common center. According to Jackson and his team, the asteroid was likely ejected from its system as planets formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been wandering interstellar space for a long time since,” the scientists wrote in the Royal Astronomical Society’s journal, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monthly Notices\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovered in October by a telescope in Hawaii millions of miles away, the asteroid is called Oumuamua, Hawaiian for messenger from afar arriving first, or scout. The red-tinged rock is estimated to be possibly 1,300 feet long and zooming away from the Earth and sun at more than 16 miles per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, a science team led by Wesley Fraser of Queen’s University Belfast reported that Oumuamua is actually tumbling through space, likely the result of a collision with another asteroid or other object that kicked it out of its home solar system. He expects it to continue tumbling for billions of more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists originally thought it might be an icy comet, but now agree it is an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same way we use comets to better understand planet formation in our own solar system, maybe this curious object can tell us more about how planets form in other systems.” Jackson said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close binary star systems may be the source of the majority of interstellar objects out there, both icy comets and rocky asteroids, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921417/our-1st-interstellar-visitor-likely-came-from-2-star-system","authors":["byline_science_1921417"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_144","science_1073","science_25","science_576","science_577","science_3416"],"featImg":"science_1921418","label":"source_science_1921417"},"science_1920040":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920040","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920040","score":null,"sort":[1518996756000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"well-find-a-planet-like-earth-in-the-next-decade-say-astronomers","title":"We'll Find A Planet Like Earth in the Next Decade, Say Astronomers","publishDate":1518996756,"format":"image","headTitle":"We’ll Find A Planet Like Earth in the Next Decade, Say Astronomers | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The hunt for exoplanets has mostly been an exercise in counting pale, barely distinguishable dots spinning anonymously in space — until now. New and soon-to-come telescopes will have the ability to recognize signals of possible life on planetary cousins outside our solar system, without ever leaving Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.’\u003ccite>Deborah Fisher, Yale University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At a panel of the \u003ca href=\"http://meetings.aaas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting\u003c/a> in Austin, Texas this weekend, astronomers spoke wistfully of technological capabilities just around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time,” said Aki Roberge, research astrophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, “we actually have the information to design an experiment that can answer an ages old question, like, ‘Are there worlds like Earth among the stars and do any of them have life?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberge is the chief scientist helping design a space observatory called \u003ca href=\"http://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/luvoir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LUVOIR\u003c/a> that would be a sort of super-charged Hubble, able to study the chemistry of planetary atmospheres outside our solar system — exoplanets — in the clearest detail yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conceptual illustration of the LUVOIR space telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA / LUVOIR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While LUVOIR would also be tasked with other astronomical quests (such as studying the formation and evolution of galaxies) the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission\u003c/a> would, for the first time, be specially designed to directly image, with an optical/infrared space-based telescope, Earth-like exoplanets. If built, it will be the most sensitive instrument yet to detect signatures of habitability, such as water, on Earth-sized planets around Sun-like stars. If HabEx or LUVOIR can find carbon dioxide, methane, water or oxygen in planetary atmospheres it could indicate the planet is hosting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning teams for these possible future missions will submit interim studies to NASA in March. The studies will be available to the public shortly after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Deluge of Exoplanet Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, the existence of planets beyond our solar system was an open question. Now, instruments like the Kepler Space Telescope find so many planets so frequently that astronomers are struggling to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/\">For a primer on how exoplanets are discovered visit NASA’s “5 Ways to Find a Planet”\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There are more observations than we can actually get to in real time,” said Jessie Christiansen, staff scientist at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://nexsci.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exoplanet Science Institute\u003c/a> in Pasadena, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Christiansen told the audience at the AAAS meeting, NASA’s K2 mission had just (on Thursday, February 15) \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/02/15/95-new-exoplanets-discovered-during-NASAs-K2-mission/3011518722771/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed 95 new exoplanets\u003c/a>. But those discoveries, she said, were based on data from the first two and a half years of K2 data — the current mission of the Kepler Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we’re actually at the end of year four,” she said. “So you can see we’re getting a bit behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920043\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's illustration of a young, sun-like star encircled by its disk of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time form exoplanets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-800x469.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-768x450.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1180x691.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-960x563.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-375x220.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-520x305.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s illustration of a young, sun-like star surrounded by a disc of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time condense and form exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The growing menagerie of exoplanets — \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">3,700 at latest count\u003c/a> — almost beggars belief. (And the estimation of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/16/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far/\">possible trillions of free-wandering “rogue” planets\u003c/a> is beyond what researchers like Christiansen and Roberge expected when they set out in their careers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing, the reality of what exists out there in worlds among the stars,” said Roberge. “They’re far more abundant, far more diverse than even, I think, the dreams of science fiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out there, spinning in the dark expanse of space, are large rocky planets known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/13/kepler-10c-an-unexpected-heavyweight-earth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">super-earths\u003c/a>, aquatic \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/20728-new-alien-planets-oceans-life.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water worlds\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26087-gas-dwarf-alien-planets-aas224.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gas dwarfs\u003c/a> or superdense \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121011-diamond-planet-space-solar-system-astronomy-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diamond planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AaaKAI88165SOz5iyMhSSlFqvX5i2Fgh”]We now know there are multi-planet systems aside from our own. Seven Earth-size planets, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\">all mostly made of rock\u003c/a>, huddle around the star TRAPPIST-1. Since the announcement of their discovery last year in \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">February 2017\u003c/a>, scientists have taken a closer look at the system. Research released early this month suggests some of the planets in the system \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could harbor liquid water\u003c/a>, perhaps far more than the oceans of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed extra-solar planet was 51 Pegasi b; it was then an entirely new class of planet called a “hot Jupiter.” Based on their density and size, astronomers believe planets like 51 Pegasi b are large and gassy (similar to Jupiter) but based on their closeness to stars, the surface should be feverishly hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, which has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Some may hold liquid water. \u003ccite>(This artist's concept appeared on the Feb. 23, 2017 cover of the journal Nature announcing that the nearby star TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet our characterizations of these planets is still relatively primitive. Researchers make educated guesses about the composition of a planet based on their density and closeness to their star. Whether they have liquid water or signs of microbial activity is unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has tried to \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1483/hubble-probes-atmospheres-of-exoplanets-in-trappist-1-habitable-zone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take an early look at the atmospheres\u003c/a> of these planets, but it’s not exactly designed for the job, being a general purpose (\u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150423-hubble-anniversary-webb-telescope-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">though phenomenally successful\u003c/a>) telescope. It was able to rule out the presence of hydrogen in three of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, but not able to search for heavier gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water, and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”lNYaT38dkFWze9UGDlACdJ7iMveIvY4B”]NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, slated to launch in the coming weeks, will primarily be a tool for counting and locating exoplanets. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, scheduled to launch in 2019, will follow up on exoplanets of interest and characterize atmospheric gases to a degree. To really see Earth-sized exoplanets up close and personal, though, astronomers will have to wait for LUVOIR or HabEx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we can say most stars have planets,” said Yale astronomy professor Deborah Fisher at AAAS. “We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New telescopes will soon show us details about the planets beyond our solar system -- details about the possibility of extraterrestrial life.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928195,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1066},"headData":{"title":"We'll Find A Planet Like Earth in the Next Decade, Say Astronomers | KQED","description":"New telescopes will soon show us details about the planets beyond our solar system -- details about the possibility of extraterrestrial life.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920040/well-find-a-planet-like-earth-in-the-next-decade-say-astronomers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The hunt for exoplanets has mostly been an exercise in counting pale, barely distinguishable dots spinning anonymously in space — until now. New and soon-to-come telescopes will have the ability to recognize signals of possible life on planetary cousins outside our solar system, without ever leaving Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.’\u003ccite>Deborah Fisher, Yale University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At a panel of the \u003ca href=\"http://meetings.aaas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting\u003c/a> in Austin, Texas this weekend, astronomers spoke wistfully of technological capabilities just around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time,” said Aki Roberge, research astrophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, “we actually have the information to design an experiment that can answer an ages old question, like, ‘Are there worlds like Earth among the stars and do any of them have life?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberge is the chief scientist helping design a space observatory called \u003ca href=\"http://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/luvoir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LUVOIR\u003c/a> that would be a sort of super-charged Hubble, able to study the chemistry of planetary atmospheres outside our solar system — exoplanets — in the clearest detail yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conceptual illustration of the LUVOIR space telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA / LUVOIR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While LUVOIR would also be tasked with other astronomical quests (such as studying the formation and evolution of galaxies) the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission\u003c/a> would, for the first time, be specially designed to directly image, with an optical/infrared space-based telescope, Earth-like exoplanets. If built, it will be the most sensitive instrument yet to detect signatures of habitability, such as water, on Earth-sized planets around Sun-like stars. If HabEx or LUVOIR can find carbon dioxide, methane, water or oxygen in planetary atmospheres it could indicate the planet is hosting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning teams for these possible future missions will submit interim studies to NASA in March. The studies will be available to the public shortly after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Deluge of Exoplanet Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, the existence of planets beyond our solar system was an open question. Now, instruments like the Kepler Space Telescope find so many planets so frequently that astronomers are struggling to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/\">For a primer on how exoplanets are discovered visit NASA’s “5 Ways to Find a Planet”\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There are more observations than we can actually get to in real time,” said Jessie Christiansen, staff scientist at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://nexsci.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exoplanet Science Institute\u003c/a> in Pasadena, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Christiansen told the audience at the AAAS meeting, NASA’s K2 mission had just (on Thursday, February 15) \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/02/15/95-new-exoplanets-discovered-during-NASAs-K2-mission/3011518722771/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed 95 new exoplanets\u003c/a>. But those discoveries, she said, were based on data from the first two and a half years of K2 data — the current mission of the Kepler Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we’re actually at the end of year four,” she said. “So you can see we’re getting a bit behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920043\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's illustration of a young, sun-like star encircled by its disk of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time form exoplanets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-800x469.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-768x450.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1180x691.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-960x563.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-375x220.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-520x305.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s illustration of a young, sun-like star surrounded by a disc of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time condense and form exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The growing menagerie of exoplanets — \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">3,700 at latest count\u003c/a> — almost beggars belief. (And the estimation of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/16/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far/\">possible trillions of free-wandering “rogue” planets\u003c/a> is beyond what researchers like Christiansen and Roberge expected when they set out in their careers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing, the reality of what exists out there in worlds among the stars,” said Roberge. “They’re far more abundant, far more diverse than even, I think, the dreams of science fiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out there, spinning in the dark expanse of space, are large rocky planets known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/13/kepler-10c-an-unexpected-heavyweight-earth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">super-earths\u003c/a>, aquatic \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/20728-new-alien-planets-oceans-life.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water worlds\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26087-gas-dwarf-alien-planets-aas224.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gas dwarfs\u003c/a> or superdense \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121011-diamond-planet-space-solar-system-astronomy-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diamond planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We now know there are multi-planet systems aside from our own. Seven Earth-size planets, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\">all mostly made of rock\u003c/a>, huddle around the star TRAPPIST-1. Since the announcement of their discovery last year in \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">February 2017\u003c/a>, scientists have taken a closer look at the system. Research released early this month suggests some of the planets in the system \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could harbor liquid water\u003c/a>, perhaps far more than the oceans of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed extra-solar planet was 51 Pegasi b; it was then an entirely new class of planet called a “hot Jupiter.” Based on their density and size, astronomers believe planets like 51 Pegasi b are large and gassy (similar to Jupiter) but based on their closeness to stars, the surface should be feverishly hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, which has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Some may hold liquid water. \u003ccite>(This artist's concept appeared on the Feb. 23, 2017 cover of the journal Nature announcing that the nearby star TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet our characterizations of these planets is still relatively primitive. Researchers make educated guesses about the composition of a planet based on their density and closeness to their star. Whether they have liquid water or signs of microbial activity is unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has tried to \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1483/hubble-probes-atmospheres-of-exoplanets-in-trappist-1-habitable-zone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take an early look at the atmospheres\u003c/a> of these planets, but it’s not exactly designed for the job, being a general purpose (\u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150423-hubble-anniversary-webb-telescope-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">though phenomenally successful\u003c/a>) telescope. It was able to rule out the presence of hydrogen in three of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, but not able to search for heavier gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water, and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, slated to launch in the coming weeks, will primarily be a tool for counting and locating exoplanets. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, scheduled to launch in 2019, will follow up on exoplanets of interest and characterize atmospheric gases to a degree. To really see Earth-sized exoplanets up close and personal, though, astronomers will have to wait for LUVOIR or HabEx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we can say most stars have planets,” said Yale astronomy professor Deborah Fisher at AAAS. “We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920040/well-find-a-planet-like-earth-in-the-next-decade-say-astronomers","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5175","science_813","science_25","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1920042","label":"science"},"science_1919843":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1919843","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1919843","score":null,"sort":[1518795024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","title":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far","publishDate":1518795024,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won’t Believe How Many or How Far | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Researchers using NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_cxc.html\">Chandra X-ray Observatory\u003c/a> have announced the discovery of a huge assortment of extrasolar planets ranging in size from Earth’s moon to the planet Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, or exoplanet, is any planet found outside of our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was made by Xinyu Dai and Eduardo Guerras of the University of Oklahoma’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, and published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb/meta\">The Astrophysical Journal Letters\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on February 2nd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919852 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\" alt=\"Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. The host of exoplanets within the central elliptical galaxy were detected by their microlensing of the background quasar's X-ray emissions. \" width=\"720\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-160x150.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-240x225.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-375x351.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-520x487.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. \u003ccite>(University of Oklahoma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On its face, this news may not seem extraordinary; these days, announcements of new exoplanet discoveries come out monthly, if not weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jaw-dropper here is \u003cem>where\u003c/em> they were found: in a very distant galaxy, 3.8 billion light years away, wandering free as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wandering-in-the-void-billions-of-rogue-planets-without-a-home/\">“rogue” planets\u003c/a> in the darkness between the galaxy’s stars. Even more mind-blowing, the observational data indicates that there may be as many as 2,000 of them for \u003cem>every\u003c/em> star in that galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning, \u003cem>trillions\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do We Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a galaxy that is 3.8 billion light years away, even individual stars cannot be seen — only the combined luminous “smudge” of multitudes of stars. So how is it possible to detect much smaller, non-luminous objects like planets at that distance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is that this wouldn’t be possible, were it not for a phenomenon called\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfhtlens.org/public/what-gravitational-lensing\">gravitational lensing\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: the bending and focusing of light from a distant object by the gravitational field of another, intervening object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon can be likened to how a glass hand lens bends and focuses light, magnifying a light source — but in this case the “lens” is the gravitational field of a massive object in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919854 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg\" alt='A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted \"ring\" image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. ' width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted “ring” image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing was predicted by Einstein’s theory of Relativity, and has been observed and tested for decades. On a grand scale, gravitational lensing by enormous clusters of galaxies has been observed to magnify much more distant, background galaxies, yielding not only images of the background objects, but a measure of the lensing cluster’s mass based on the degree of light bending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a smaller scale, within our own galaxy, astronomers have detected almost a dozen exoplanets through gravitational lensing — or \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\">\u003cem>microlensing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, in the case where the lensing object is a single star or planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection came in 2003, when an object named OGLE 2003-BLG-235 passed between Earth and a more distant star. As it passed, the object’s gravity bent and focused the star’s light toward us, temporarily magnifying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of amplification of the star’s light allowed astronomers to calculate the interposing object’s mass as 1.5 times that of Jupiter, which in turn identified it as a planet (as opposed to something more massive, like another star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the detection of a single exoplanet by the gravitational microlensing of a single star’s light is a game that can only be played within our own galaxy, at distances where a singular star can be observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting exoplanets across 3.8 billion light years is a whole different ballgame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919855 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"How Quasar Microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How quasar microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \u003ccite>(Alastair Bruce/University of Edinburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Window Into Another Galaxy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dai and Guerras took advantage of the microlensing phenomenon on a grand scale, using the Chandra X-ray Observatory to measure the emissions of a \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Q/Quasar\">quasar\u003c/a> positioned behind their target galaxy. A quasar is the extremely luminous core of a galaxy with an active, \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> at its center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the X-ray data from the background quasar, they searched for microlensing effects caused by any objects within the intervening galaxy, and a pattern emerged — one that could only be explained by the presence of large numbers of planet-sized objects, drifting independently between the galaxy’s stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though no individual exoplanets were spotted — the distance is too great for that — the patterns produced by multitudes of planetary bodies revealed the exoplanet population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To push an analogy, if you’ve ever seen a halo around the sun then you might get a sense for how these exoplanets were detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sun halo is formed by the combined bending (or refraction) of sunlight caused by multitudes of water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere between you and the sun. Though the droplets are too small and too far away for you to see, their combined effect on the sunlight makes their presence known, and the size and colors of the halo can indicate the properties of the refracting particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, the X-rays shining from the background quasar passed through a “mist” of exoplanets, and the pattern of their combined microlensing effects revealed them to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conventional Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, all the \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">confirmed detections of exoplanets\u003c/a>, numbering more than 3,600, are located inside our Milky Way galaxy, and almost all of these orbit stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it is because these exoplanets orbit stars that we can detect them at all. The two main ways for finding exoplanets, the “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/1\">radial velocity\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/2\">transit\u003c/a>” methods, depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These methods have turned up thousands of exoplanets in the Milky Way — especially the transit method, which NASA’s ace exoplanet hunter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft, has used to confirm 2,341 of all known exoplanets (as of February 8).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The estimate of 2,000 rogue exoplanets for every star in that distant galaxy is an astounding figure. It means that there may be trillions of planets floating around that one galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does this mean that other galaxies possess similar populations of rogue planets? Is our own Milky Way galaxy filled with unseen, dark worlds lurking in the space between the stars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been estimated that there are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Move over stars; you may be far outnumbered by planets!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers detect multitudes of exoplanets in a galaxy 3.8 billion light years away.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928197,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1119},"headData":{"title":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far | KQED","description":"Researchers detect multitudes of exoplanets in a galaxy 3.8 billion light years away.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1919843/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers using NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_cxc.html\">Chandra X-ray Observatory\u003c/a> have announced the discovery of a huge assortment of extrasolar planets ranging in size from Earth’s moon to the planet Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, or exoplanet, is any planet found outside of our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was made by Xinyu Dai and Eduardo Guerras of the University of Oklahoma’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, and published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb/meta\">The Astrophysical Journal Letters\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on February 2nd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919852 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\" alt=\"Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. The host of exoplanets within the central elliptical galaxy were detected by their microlensing of the background quasar's X-ray emissions. \" width=\"720\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-160x150.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-240x225.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-375x351.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-520x487.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. \u003ccite>(University of Oklahoma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On its face, this news may not seem extraordinary; these days, announcements of new exoplanet discoveries come out monthly, if not weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jaw-dropper here is \u003cem>where\u003c/em> they were found: in a very distant galaxy, 3.8 billion light years away, wandering free as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wandering-in-the-void-billions-of-rogue-planets-without-a-home/\">“rogue” planets\u003c/a> in the darkness between the galaxy’s stars. Even more mind-blowing, the observational data indicates that there may be as many as 2,000 of them for \u003cem>every\u003c/em> star in that galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning, \u003cem>trillions\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do We Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a galaxy that is 3.8 billion light years away, even individual stars cannot be seen — only the combined luminous “smudge” of multitudes of stars. So how is it possible to detect much smaller, non-luminous objects like planets at that distance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is that this wouldn’t be possible, were it not for a phenomenon called\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfhtlens.org/public/what-gravitational-lensing\">gravitational lensing\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: the bending and focusing of light from a distant object by the gravitational field of another, intervening object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon can be likened to how a glass hand lens bends and focuses light, magnifying a light source — but in this case the “lens” is the gravitational field of a massive object in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919854 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg\" alt='A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted \"ring\" image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. ' width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted “ring” image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing was predicted by Einstein’s theory of Relativity, and has been observed and tested for decades. On a grand scale, gravitational lensing by enormous clusters of galaxies has been observed to magnify much more distant, background galaxies, yielding not only images of the background objects, but a measure of the lensing cluster’s mass based on the degree of light bending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a smaller scale, within our own galaxy, astronomers have detected almost a dozen exoplanets through gravitational lensing — or \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\">\u003cem>microlensing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, in the case where the lensing object is a single star or planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection came in 2003, when an object named OGLE 2003-BLG-235 passed between Earth and a more distant star. As it passed, the object’s gravity bent and focused the star’s light toward us, temporarily magnifying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of amplification of the star’s light allowed astronomers to calculate the interposing object’s mass as 1.5 times that of Jupiter, which in turn identified it as a planet (as opposed to something more massive, like another star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the detection of a single exoplanet by the gravitational microlensing of a single star’s light is a game that can only be played within our own galaxy, at distances where a singular star can be observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting exoplanets across 3.8 billion light years is a whole different ballgame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919855 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"How Quasar Microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How quasar microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \u003ccite>(Alastair Bruce/University of Edinburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Window Into Another Galaxy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dai and Guerras took advantage of the microlensing phenomenon on a grand scale, using the Chandra X-ray Observatory to measure the emissions of a \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Q/Quasar\">quasar\u003c/a> positioned behind their target galaxy. A quasar is the extremely luminous core of a galaxy with an active, \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> at its center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the X-ray data from the background quasar, they searched for microlensing effects caused by any objects within the intervening galaxy, and a pattern emerged — one that could only be explained by the presence of large numbers of planet-sized objects, drifting independently between the galaxy’s stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though no individual exoplanets were spotted — the distance is too great for that — the patterns produced by multitudes of planetary bodies revealed the exoplanet population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To push an analogy, if you’ve ever seen a halo around the sun then you might get a sense for how these exoplanets were detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sun halo is formed by the combined bending (or refraction) of sunlight caused by multitudes of water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere between you and the sun. Though the droplets are too small and too far away for you to see, their combined effect on the sunlight makes their presence known, and the size and colors of the halo can indicate the properties of the refracting particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, the X-rays shining from the background quasar passed through a “mist” of exoplanets, and the pattern of their combined microlensing effects revealed them to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conventional Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, all the \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">confirmed detections of exoplanets\u003c/a>, numbering more than 3,600, are located inside our Milky Way galaxy, and almost all of these orbit stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it is because these exoplanets orbit stars that we can detect them at all. The two main ways for finding exoplanets, the “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/1\">radial velocity\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/2\">transit\u003c/a>” methods, depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These methods have turned up thousands of exoplanets in the Milky Way — especially the transit method, which NASA’s ace exoplanet hunter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft, has used to confirm 2,341 of all known exoplanets (as of February 8).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The estimate of 2,000 rogue exoplanets for every star in that distant galaxy is an astounding figure. It means that there may be trillions of planets floating around that one galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does this mean that other galaxies possess similar populations of rogue planets? Is our own Milky Way galaxy filled with unseen, dark worlds lurking in the space between the stars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been estimated that there are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Move over stars; you may be far outnumbered by planets!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1919843/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_3370","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1919851","label":"science"},"science_1443551":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1443551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1443551","score":null,"sort":[1488563853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets","publishDate":1488563853,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929025,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":901},"headData":{"title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","description":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_5186","science_23","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1443663","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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