As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead?
Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch
NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission
The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet?
NASA's Opportunity Rolls a Record Distance on Mars
Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years
The Great Space Race Continues On Mars!
Sponsored
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1931121":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931121","score":null,"sort":[1537203668000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-the-dust-settles-on-mars-can-nasas-robotic-explorers-forge-ahead","title":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead?","publishDate":1537203668,"format":"standard","headTitle":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA’s Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Three months after the first stirrings of what became an epic global storm on Mars, the winds have died down and the dust that filled the atmosphere is settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, like a scene from the opening moments of the film “The Martian,” NASA is working to return to normal operations with its explorers on the Martian surface — and seeking to re-establish contact with one that has not checked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity Lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran robot \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which has been roving the bottom of a suspected ancient Martian sea (\u003ca href=\"https://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/meridiani_planum.html\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>) since 2004, went into a protective “sleep” mode on June 10 when airborne dust choked off sunlight — its source of power. This robotic version of an induced coma is intended to preserve battery power and keep electronic systems in a low-power standby state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msss.com/msss_images/latest_weather.html\">Now that the skies are clearing\u003c/a> and sunlight levels are returning to normal, NASA is counting on the rover’s solar panels to recharge its batteries and “wake” the robot from its stormy-weather slumber. Questions remain. Are Opportunity’s systems still healthy? How much dust may have settled on its solar panels and will it hamper recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this all happened just when things were getting exciting again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Opportunity is arguably near the end of its marathon 14-year campaign of exploration, it was just beginning to explore a possibly water-carved valley on the edge of the 14-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2032.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> when the wind storm began to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017.\" width=\"700\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell/NMMNH/Larry Crumpler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After trekking more than 28 miles across Meridiani Planum, finding copious mineralogical and morphological signs of past water along the way, NASA decided to send the rover on the somewhat risky path down \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2018/04-mer-update-special-perseverance-valley-lpsc-2018.html\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been an open question whether Opportunity would ever make it to the bottom of the ravine before suffering a final failure or encountering an impassable obstruction—but on an exploratory adventure like this, the journey is more important than the destination, and any revelations about the history of water on Mars will help us understand our Earthlike neighbor better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status.html\">Will Opportunity wake up\u003c/a> and report in, continuing the adventure for us all? Stay tuned….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Shrugs Off the Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, on the other side of the planet, the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/curiosity-surveys-fading-global-dust-storm-from-vera-rubin-ridge/\">Curiosity has plowed ahead\u003c/a> despite the storm and dust-choked skies above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcJLZfPiyfc&w=834&h=469]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sporting a layer of dust accumulated over the last couple of months, Curiosity is stationed on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp, a 3.5-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock and soil in the middle of the 90-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by a thermoelectric nuclear generator (yes, like the one in The Martian that kept Mark Watney warm as he drove his rover across the land), Curiosity was unfazed by the dust-veiled sun — and could operate in complete darkness if it had to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is presently exploring a large outcrop of rock called Vera Rubin Ridge—a geological feature that intrigued scientists long before they decided to plot Curiosity’s path to it. Concentrations of the often water-formed mineral hematite were detected from orbit by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg\" alt=\"Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-160x34.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-768x162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1020x216.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1200x254.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1180x249.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-960x203.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-240x51.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-375x79.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-520x110.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vera Rubin Ridge has proven to be more than just a vein of hematite. In fact, it is the most geologically diverse site yet found by Curiosity, with a large variety of rock colors and textures all wrapped up in a single formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two attempts to drill samples \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0417-curiosity-update-sols-1972-2026.html\">were thwarted\u003c/a> by unexpectedly hard rock, and the investigation is ongoing, with \u003ca href=\"http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30803\">two more drilling sites\u003c/a> scheduled for later this month. What makes the ridge’s rock so hard and resistant to wind erosion is one of the mysteries NASA hopes to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that water flowing through the ground in Mars’ distant past deposited a hard mineral — possibly a form of hematite — that “cemented” the formation together, which was later exposed by wind erosion of surrounding softer materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Opportunity shakes off its safe-mode fugue and resumes prospecting for signs of water, and how ever far Curiosity climbs up the sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp, the adventure of exploring this probably once very Earthlike planet will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars' deep interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars’ deep interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The InSIGHT lander is more than halfway to Mars, with a landing scheduled for November. And the launch of the Mars 2020 rover, whose mission will be to search for signs of Martian life, is only two years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned for the next installment of this saga.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The global dust storm on Mars has passed, but one of NASA's robotic explorers has not yet checked in. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927484,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":861},"headData":{"title":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead? | KQED","description":"The global dust storm on Mars has passed, but one of NASA's robotic explorers has not yet checked in. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead?","datePublished":"2018-09-17T17:01:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1931121/as-the-dust-settles-on-mars-can-nasas-robotic-explorers-forge-ahead","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three months after the first stirrings of what became an epic global storm on Mars, the winds have died down and the dust that filled the atmosphere is settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, like a scene from the opening moments of the film “The Martian,” NASA is working to return to normal operations with its explorers on the Martian surface — and seeking to re-establish contact with one that has not checked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity Lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran robot \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which has been roving the bottom of a suspected ancient Martian sea (\u003ca href=\"https://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/meridiani_planum.html\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>) since 2004, went into a protective “sleep” mode on June 10 when airborne dust choked off sunlight — its source of power. This robotic version of an induced coma is intended to preserve battery power and keep electronic systems in a low-power standby state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msss.com/msss_images/latest_weather.html\">Now that the skies are clearing\u003c/a> and sunlight levels are returning to normal, NASA is counting on the rover’s solar panels to recharge its batteries and “wake” the robot from its stormy-weather slumber. Questions remain. Are Opportunity’s systems still healthy? How much dust may have settled on its solar panels and will it hamper recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this all happened just when things were getting exciting again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Opportunity is arguably near the end of its marathon 14-year campaign of exploration, it was just beginning to explore a possibly water-carved valley on the edge of the 14-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2032.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> when the wind storm began to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017.\" width=\"700\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell/NMMNH/Larry Crumpler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After trekking more than 28 miles across Meridiani Planum, finding copious mineralogical and morphological signs of past water along the way, NASA decided to send the rover on the somewhat risky path down \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2018/04-mer-update-special-perseverance-valley-lpsc-2018.html\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been an open question whether Opportunity would ever make it to the bottom of the ravine before suffering a final failure or encountering an impassable obstruction—but on an exploratory adventure like this, the journey is more important than the destination, and any revelations about the history of water on Mars will help us understand our Earthlike neighbor better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status.html\">Will Opportunity wake up\u003c/a> and report in, continuing the adventure for us all? Stay tuned….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Shrugs Off the Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, on the other side of the planet, the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/curiosity-surveys-fading-global-dust-storm-from-vera-rubin-ridge/\">Curiosity has plowed ahead\u003c/a> despite the storm and dust-choked skies above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/lcJLZfPiyfc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/lcJLZfPiyfc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sporting a layer of dust accumulated over the last couple of months, Curiosity is stationed on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp, a 3.5-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock and soil in the middle of the 90-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by a thermoelectric nuclear generator (yes, like the one in The Martian that kept Mark Watney warm as he drove his rover across the land), Curiosity was unfazed by the dust-veiled sun — and could operate in complete darkness if it had to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is presently exploring a large outcrop of rock called Vera Rubin Ridge—a geological feature that intrigued scientists long before they decided to plot Curiosity’s path to it. Concentrations of the often water-formed mineral hematite were detected from orbit by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg\" alt=\"Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-160x34.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-768x162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1020x216.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1200x254.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1180x249.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-960x203.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-240x51.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-375x79.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-520x110.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vera Rubin Ridge has proven to be more than just a vein of hematite. In fact, it is the most geologically diverse site yet found by Curiosity, with a large variety of rock colors and textures all wrapped up in a single formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two attempts to drill samples \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0417-curiosity-update-sols-1972-2026.html\">were thwarted\u003c/a> by unexpectedly hard rock, and the investigation is ongoing, with \u003ca href=\"http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30803\">two more drilling sites\u003c/a> scheduled for later this month. What makes the ridge’s rock so hard and resistant to wind erosion is one of the mysteries NASA hopes to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that water flowing through the ground in Mars’ distant past deposited a hard mineral — possibly a form of hematite — that “cemented” the formation together, which was later exposed by wind erosion of surrounding softer materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Opportunity shakes off its safe-mode fugue and resumes prospecting for signs of water, and how ever far Curiosity climbs up the sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp, the adventure of exploring this probably once very Earthlike planet will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars' deep interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars’ deep interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The InSIGHT lander is more than halfway to Mars, with a landing scheduled for November. And the launch of the Mars 2020 rover, whose mission will be to search for signs of Martian life, is only two years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned for the next installment of this saga.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931121/as-the-dust-settles-on-mars-can-nasas-robotic-explorers-forge-ahead","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_5179","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1931148","label":"source_science_1931121"},"science_1925893":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925893","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925893","score":null,"sort":[1529946094000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","title":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch","publishDate":1529946094,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003cbr>\nToday’s dust-up has now officially grown to become one of these “planet-encircling” or global wind storms, and is already being called the most powerful storm ever observed on Mars. Scientists are hopeful for the windfall of science that may be blowing their way.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA rover and orbiters are poised to study what may be the greatest wind storm ever observed on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927767,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":960},"headData":{"title":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED","description":"NASA rover and orbiters are poised to study what may be the greatest wind storm ever observed on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch","datePublished":"2018-06-25T17:01:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:02:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Mars","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1925893/mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nToday’s dust-up has now officially grown to become one of these “planet-encircling” or global wind storms, and is already being called the most powerful storm ever observed on Mars. Scientists are hopeful for the windfall of science that may be blowing their way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925893/mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_5179","science_364","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1925906","label":"source_science_1925893"},"science_1914127":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914127","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914127","score":null,"sort":[1501858804000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-opportunity-rover-thirteen-years-on-mars-and-still-going","title":"NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission","publishDate":1501858804,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>After 13 years and over 27 miles exploring the dry sea bed of Mars’ Meridiani Planum, NASA’s record-shattering rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity is still going\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally slated for a 90-day tour of Mars, Opportunity’s mission has been extended multiple times, making it the longest-operating robot on the red planet. The next longest running, Opportunity’s twin Spirit, lasted 8 years, and the Curiosity rover, also prospecting for signs of Mars’ watery past since 2012, has traveled a little over 5 miles so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after it poked about the rim of the giant Endeavour Crater for the last six years, NASA is preparing to send Opportunity on a challenging and risky (dare we say “heroic”?) trek down a fluid-carved canyon that may have been formed by flowing water in the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914144\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 432px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914144\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A digital recreation of NASA's Opportunity rover exploring Mars' Endurance Crater early in its mission. \" width=\"432\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A digital recreation of NASA’s Opportunity rover exploring Mars’ Endurance Crater early in its mission. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If this canyon, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/enhanced-color-panorama-above-perseverance-valley-on-mars\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>, was the locale of an ancient mega-cascade, what a fitting final mission for a rover that has spent its long career looking for signs of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Has Opportunity Lasted So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a three month mission to 13 years—how has this little rover lasted so long? Did engineers simply underestimate the lifespan for this rolling robot? Or, is this like a Disneyland line where wait times never match expectations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither. The 90-day expiration date has less to do with the robot’s durability, and more to do with the overall mission plan. Scientists estimate the minimum time a mission should run in order to achieve its goals; anything beyond that is a bonus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914147\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914147\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1020x770.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1920x1450.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1180x891.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-520x393.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity’s marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the initial mission duration is reached, it may be given an extension, and at the end of that, perhaps another. Part of the decision for whether and how long to extend a mission is based on funding, but the potential rewards of exploring further also factor in—as has been the case with Opportunity several times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Robot Dedicated to Finding Signs of Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity began its career in 2004 when it rolled to a stop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/mro-20061129-c.html\">bottom of the 70-foot wide Eagle Crater\u003c/a>, in the flat expanse of Meridiani Planum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right out of the box the rover spied evidence of past water, in the form of layers of sulfate-rich rock that appear to have been laid down in shallow water in Mars’ past. NASA operators were concerned that the rover might not be able to climb out of the crater. But if it hadn’t rolled to a stop there, it might never have seen sedimentary rock exposed on the inner crater wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along its travels, Opportunity discovered tiny round, gray spherules of hematite, a mineral that can form by accretion in acidic water. Dubbed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2535708/Blueberries-Mars-Stunning-images-red-planet-taken-Spirit-Opportunity-rovers-revealed-new-exhibition.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>” because they appeared blue in false-colored images captured by Opportunity’s microscopic camera, further study of their distribution in the Meridiani rocks suggested that these spherules most likely did form in water, and not by some other process, such as volcanism or wind action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914148\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914148\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Grey hematite spherules, or "blueberries," imaged with Opportunity's microscopic camera instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS.jpg 1077w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grey hematite spherules, or “blueberries,” imaged with Opportunity’s microscopic camera instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/Cornell/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity found further stratigraphic evidence of past water in the exposed sedimentary layers of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/index.cfm?ImageID=3724\">Burns Cliff\u003c/a> in Endurance Crater, not far from its landing site. The layered rocks told a story of water that appeared and dried up episodically, indicating that the region underwent wet and dry cycles over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the \u003ca href=\"https://regmedia.co.uk/2015/03/25/opportunity_rover_route.jpg\">signs of past water\u003c/a> popped up in several places along Opportunity’s path, the chemical evidence told us that the water was probably acidic, and not favorable enough to support life. So, past water, yes, but could anything have lived in that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question remained open until Opportunity reached Endeavour Crater in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914149\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 361px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \" width=\"361\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg 634w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-160x198.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There, Opportunity discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">a vein of minerals\u003c/a> containing calcium, sulfur, and water—identified as gypsum—sticking out of the soil along the crater rim. The vein was likely deposited by mineral-rich water flowing through cracks in the rock. That water would have been less acidic than previously sampled locations, with pH levels closer to neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first indication in Meridiani Planum of a past watery environment suitable to support life—at least life forms as we know them on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next for Opportunity: Taking the Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For six years Opportunity has loitered safely on the rim of the Endeavour Crater, nursing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mars-mers-05zk.html\">failing front-wheel steering system\u003c/a> but quietly continuing its very extended mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, NASA has decided that exploring the fluid-carved Perseverance Valley is worth the risk. Opportunity could discover that torrents of water once cascaded down the wall of Endeavour Crater and move in for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/2017/mars-rover-opportunity-on-walkabout-near-rim\">spent time examining the spillway\u003c/a> leading down into Perseverance Valley before \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2017/07-mer-update-opportunity-enters-perseverance-valley.html\">commencing its deeper plunge\u003c/a> down stream, to whatever fate awaits it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Opportunity has surprised everyone with its longevity and marathon crawl across the Martian surface, so I’m not willing to rule out its safe arrival at the bottom of the mysterious canyon.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In what may end its record-shattering 13-year career, the plucky rover will trek out in a heroic search for water. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928452,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":943},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission | KQED","description":"In what may end its record-shattering 13-year career, the plucky rover will trek out in a heroic search for water. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission","datePublished":"2017-08-04T15:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:14:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914127/nasas-opportunity-rover-thirteen-years-on-mars-and-still-going","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After 13 years and over 27 miles exploring the dry sea bed of Mars’ Meridiani Planum, NASA’s record-shattering rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity is still going\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally slated for a 90-day tour of Mars, Opportunity’s mission has been extended multiple times, making it the longest-operating robot on the red planet. The next longest running, Opportunity’s twin Spirit, lasted 8 years, and the Curiosity rover, also prospecting for signs of Mars’ watery past since 2012, has traveled a little over 5 miles so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after it poked about the rim of the giant Endeavour Crater for the last six years, NASA is preparing to send Opportunity on a challenging and risky (dare we say “heroic”?) trek down a fluid-carved canyon that may have been formed by flowing water in the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914144\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 432px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914144\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A digital recreation of NASA's Opportunity rover exploring Mars' Endurance Crater early in its mission. \" width=\"432\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A digital recreation of NASA’s Opportunity rover exploring Mars’ Endurance Crater early in its mission. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If this canyon, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/enhanced-color-panorama-above-perseverance-valley-on-mars\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>, was the locale of an ancient mega-cascade, what a fitting final mission for a rover that has spent its long career looking for signs of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Has Opportunity Lasted So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a three month mission to 13 years—how has this little rover lasted so long? Did engineers simply underestimate the lifespan for this rolling robot? Or, is this like a Disneyland line where wait times never match expectations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither. The 90-day expiration date has less to do with the robot’s durability, and more to do with the overall mission plan. Scientists estimate the minimum time a mission should run in order to achieve its goals; anything beyond that is a bonus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914147\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914147\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1020x770.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1920x1450.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1180x891.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-520x393.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity’s marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the initial mission duration is reached, it may be given an extension, and at the end of that, perhaps another. Part of the decision for whether and how long to extend a mission is based on funding, but the potential rewards of exploring further also factor in—as has been the case with Opportunity several times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Robot Dedicated to Finding Signs of Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity began its career in 2004 when it rolled to a stop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/mro-20061129-c.html\">bottom of the 70-foot wide Eagle Crater\u003c/a>, in the flat expanse of Meridiani Planum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right out of the box the rover spied evidence of past water, in the form of layers of sulfate-rich rock that appear to have been laid down in shallow water in Mars’ past. NASA operators were concerned that the rover might not be able to climb out of the crater. But if it hadn’t rolled to a stop there, it might never have seen sedimentary rock exposed on the inner crater wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along its travels, Opportunity discovered tiny round, gray spherules of hematite, a mineral that can form by accretion in acidic water. Dubbed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2535708/Blueberries-Mars-Stunning-images-red-planet-taken-Spirit-Opportunity-rovers-revealed-new-exhibition.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>” because they appeared blue in false-colored images captured by Opportunity’s microscopic camera, further study of their distribution in the Meridiani rocks suggested that these spherules most likely did form in water, and not by some other process, such as volcanism or wind action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914148\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914148\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Grey hematite spherules, or "blueberries," imaged with Opportunity's microscopic camera instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS.jpg 1077w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grey hematite spherules, or “blueberries,” imaged with Opportunity’s microscopic camera instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/Cornell/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity found further stratigraphic evidence of past water in the exposed sedimentary layers of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/index.cfm?ImageID=3724\">Burns Cliff\u003c/a> in Endurance Crater, not far from its landing site. The layered rocks told a story of water that appeared and dried up episodically, indicating that the region underwent wet and dry cycles over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the \u003ca href=\"https://regmedia.co.uk/2015/03/25/opportunity_rover_route.jpg\">signs of past water\u003c/a> popped up in several places along Opportunity’s path, the chemical evidence told us that the water was probably acidic, and not favorable enough to support life. So, past water, yes, but could anything have lived in that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question remained open until Opportunity reached Endeavour Crater in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914149\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 361px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \" width=\"361\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg 634w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-160x198.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There, Opportunity discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">a vein of minerals\u003c/a> containing calcium, sulfur, and water—identified as gypsum—sticking out of the soil along the crater rim. The vein was likely deposited by mineral-rich water flowing through cracks in the rock. That water would have been less acidic than previously sampled locations, with pH levels closer to neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first indication in Meridiani Planum of a past watery environment suitable to support life—at least life forms as we know them on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next for Opportunity: Taking the Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For six years Opportunity has loitered safely on the rim of the Endeavour Crater, nursing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mars-mers-05zk.html\">failing front-wheel steering system\u003c/a> but quietly continuing its very extended mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, NASA has decided that exploring the fluid-carved Perseverance Valley is worth the risk. Opportunity could discover that torrents of water once cascaded down the wall of Endeavour Crater and move in for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/2017/mars-rover-opportunity-on-walkabout-near-rim\">spent time examining the spillway\u003c/a> leading down into Perseverance Valley before \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2017/07-mer-update-opportunity-enters-perseverance-valley.html\">commencing its deeper plunge\u003c/a> down stream, to whatever fate awaits it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Opportunity has surprised everyone with its longevity and marathon crawl across the Martian surface, so I’m not willing to rule out its safe arrival at the bottom of the mysterious canyon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914127/nasas-opportunity-rover-thirteen-years-on-mars-and-still-going","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5179","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1914141","label":"science"},"science_1169042":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1169042","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1169042","score":null,"sort":[1480091419000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-human-journey-to-mars-are-we-there-yet","title":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet?","publishDate":1480091419,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The National Geographic Channel began airing a new series this month about the drama of humanity’s relentless outreach toward Earth’s neighbor, Mars. \u003ca href=\"http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/mars/\">The series, “Mars,” \u003c/a>is an epic coming-together of human aspirations to know Earth’s rusty red neighbor as explored in science and expressed in science fiction for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Ridley Scott film “\u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3659388/\">The Martian\u003c/a>” didn’t make you believe that humans going to Mars is inevitable—despite the fact that the movie’s plot is to bring marooned astronaut Matt Damon home from there—then National Geographic’s “Mars” might do the trick. And Season 1 runs through December 19, so you have time to get hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TV series blends interviews with present-day experts with a dramatized first human landing and attempted colonization set in the year 2033, which aligns with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/journey-to-mars-overview\">NASA’s goals for an actual future mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as we envision this greatest human adventure, exciting discoveries continue to roll in from our robotic spacecraft and rovers, discoveries that whet our appetites with signs of water on this cold, desert planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Science Fiction Unite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In science fiction there has been a great deal of coming and going between Mars and Earth—Earthling explorers flying to the Red Planet on epic adventures, and native Martians visiting the Earth with a number of objectives, most of them hostile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 970px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169172\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg\" alt=\"Crater-lakebeds captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars' ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \" width=\"970\" height=\"930\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg 970w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-800x767.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-768x736.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-960x920.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-240x230.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-375x360.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-520x499.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crater lake beds captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars’ ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \u003ccite>(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Incredibly, the number of actual missions to Mars—from Mariner 4 in 1965 to the present year with Europe’s ExoMars “Trace Gas Orbiter” spacecraft—may be competitive with science fiction, even if you tally only the 23 successful missions out of about 53 attempted. This makes Mars the most explored planet outside of the Earth. Even now, there are six orbiters and two rovers in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Must-Know Discoveries About Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October 2016: NASA’s Mars exploration rover Opportunity is set to begin a \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1940\">first-ever exploration of a liquid-carved gully\u003c/a> at the edge of Endeavour Crater, where the rover has been situated for the past five years. In its 12-year, 24-mile marathon crawl across a once water-filled basin in Meridiani Planum, Opportunity has turned up plenty of visual and mineralogical evidence of the past watery conditions of the region. But first-hand examination of a liquid-carved gully—a widespread feature that has been seen from orbit since the 1970s—is unprecedented. We hope it will bring into sharper focus our understanding of the history of water on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September 2016: NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance orbiter captured details of \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1933\">now dry lake beds\u003c/a>, and determined that some ancient lakes appear to have come along much later than others in Mars’ history. This further details our understanding that Mars’ wet and watery youth likely took place over a long period, and alternated in cycles as climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars' atmosphere once contained more oxygen.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1095\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-800x855.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-768x821.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-1020x1091.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-960x1027.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-375x401.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-520x556.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen. \u003ccite>(Mars Science Laboratory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>June 2016: NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1916\">detected a chemical\u003c/a>, manganese oxide, in Martian rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen than it does today. At the very least this finding is more evidence of the presence of ancient groundwater action at Curiosity’s location, and bolsters the argument that Mars was once much more Earth-like. And though scientists look more to non-biological explanations for the presence of manganese oxide in Martian rocks, the possibility that ancient microbes may be responsible is not off the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March 2016: \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1899\">Data obtained by NASA’s\u003c/a> Mars Odyssey 2001, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the now defunct Mars Global Surveyor have produced a gravity map that gives scientists a peek into Mars’ interior. This allows scientists to perceive large-scale buried structures that provide clues to Mars’ geological past and formation. The observations have even shown that, like Earth, Mars has a molten outer core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 826px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg\" alt=\"Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe's Mars Express orbiter.\" width=\"826\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg 826w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-768x611.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-520x414.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 826px) 100vw, 826px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe’s Mars Express orbiter. \u003ccite>(Mars Express/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>February 2016: Europe’s Mars Express orbiter \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Footprints_of_a_martian_flood\">detected the signs of an ancient flood\u003c/a> on Mars, when vast amounts of water flowed over a wide area, carving a complex of drainage channels in Arda Valles and pooling in the nearby Ladon Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>November 2015: NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, sent to skim the highest extents of Mars’ atmosphere, determined that the solar wind—the stream of electrically charged gases that blows outward from the sun—\u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/617339/MARS-ATMOSPHERE-Will-answer-to-whether-Red-Planet-once-held-life-come-in-just-MINUTES?_ga=1.263594636.1842232386.1479255085\">is the culprit \u003c/a>in the “theft” of Mars’ once thick, and potentially life-supporting atmosphere of the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are We Almost There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our visions of Mars through science, as well as fiction, and our first-hand robotic exploration of the red planet over the past 50 years, have continually brought us closer to knowing our nearest neighbor, and a past in which it appears to have been possibly very Earth-like. More than ever before, it is easy to imagine, even expect, that the day when humans go there in person is right around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dramatic discoveries from Mars poured in this year, bringing humans closer to the epic adventure now airing on National Geographic television.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929376,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":934},"headData":{"title":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet? | KQED","description":"Dramatic discoveries from Mars poured in this year, bringing humans closer to the epic adventure now airing on National Geographic television.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet?","datePublished":"2016-11-25T16:30:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:29:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1169042/the-human-journey-to-mars-are-we-there-yet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Geographic Channel began airing a new series this month about the drama of humanity’s relentless outreach toward Earth’s neighbor, Mars. \u003ca href=\"http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/mars/\">The series, “Mars,” \u003c/a>is an epic coming-together of human aspirations to know Earth’s rusty red neighbor as explored in science and expressed in science fiction for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Ridley Scott film “\u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3659388/\">The Martian\u003c/a>” didn’t make you believe that humans going to Mars is inevitable—despite the fact that the movie’s plot is to bring marooned astronaut Matt Damon home from there—then National Geographic’s “Mars” might do the trick. And Season 1 runs through December 19, so you have time to get hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TV series blends interviews with present-day experts with a dramatized first human landing and attempted colonization set in the year 2033, which aligns with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/journey-to-mars-overview\">NASA’s goals for an actual future mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as we envision this greatest human adventure, exciting discoveries continue to roll in from our robotic spacecraft and rovers, discoveries that whet our appetites with signs of water on this cold, desert planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Science Fiction Unite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In science fiction there has been a great deal of coming and going between Mars and Earth—Earthling explorers flying to the Red Planet on epic adventures, and native Martians visiting the Earth with a number of objectives, most of them hostile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 970px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169172\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg\" alt=\"Crater-lakebeds captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars' ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \" width=\"970\" height=\"930\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg 970w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-800x767.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-768x736.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-960x920.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-240x230.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-375x360.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-520x499.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crater lake beds captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars’ ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \u003ccite>(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Incredibly, the number of actual missions to Mars—from Mariner 4 in 1965 to the present year with Europe’s ExoMars “Trace Gas Orbiter” spacecraft—may be competitive with science fiction, even if you tally only the 23 successful missions out of about 53 attempted. This makes Mars the most explored planet outside of the Earth. Even now, there are six orbiters and two rovers in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Must-Know Discoveries About Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October 2016: NASA’s Mars exploration rover Opportunity is set to begin a \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1940\">first-ever exploration of a liquid-carved gully\u003c/a> at the edge of Endeavour Crater, where the rover has been situated for the past five years. In its 12-year, 24-mile marathon crawl across a once water-filled basin in Meridiani Planum, Opportunity has turned up plenty of visual and mineralogical evidence of the past watery conditions of the region. But first-hand examination of a liquid-carved gully—a widespread feature that has been seen from orbit since the 1970s—is unprecedented. We hope it will bring into sharper focus our understanding of the history of water on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September 2016: NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance orbiter captured details of \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1933\">now dry lake beds\u003c/a>, and determined that some ancient lakes appear to have come along much later than others in Mars’ history. This further details our understanding that Mars’ wet and watery youth likely took place over a long period, and alternated in cycles as climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars' atmosphere once contained more oxygen.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1095\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-800x855.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-768x821.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-1020x1091.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-960x1027.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-375x401.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-520x556.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen. \u003ccite>(Mars Science Laboratory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>June 2016: NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1916\">detected a chemical\u003c/a>, manganese oxide, in Martian rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen than it does today. At the very least this finding is more evidence of the presence of ancient groundwater action at Curiosity’s location, and bolsters the argument that Mars was once much more Earth-like. And though scientists look more to non-biological explanations for the presence of manganese oxide in Martian rocks, the possibility that ancient microbes may be responsible is not off the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March 2016: \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1899\">Data obtained by NASA’s\u003c/a> Mars Odyssey 2001, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the now defunct Mars Global Surveyor have produced a gravity map that gives scientists a peek into Mars’ interior. This allows scientists to perceive large-scale buried structures that provide clues to Mars’ geological past and formation. The observations have even shown that, like Earth, Mars has a molten outer core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 826px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg\" alt=\"Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe's Mars Express orbiter.\" width=\"826\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg 826w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-768x611.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-520x414.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 826px) 100vw, 826px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe’s Mars Express orbiter. \u003ccite>(Mars Express/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>February 2016: Europe’s Mars Express orbiter \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Footprints_of_a_martian_flood\">detected the signs of an ancient flood\u003c/a> on Mars, when vast amounts of water flowed over a wide area, carving a complex of drainage channels in Arda Valles and pooling in the nearby Ladon Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>November 2015: NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, sent to skim the highest extents of Mars’ atmosphere, determined that the solar wind—the stream of electrically charged gases that blows outward from the sun—\u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/617339/MARS-ATMOSPHERE-Will-answer-to-whether-Red-Planet-once-held-life-come-in-just-MINUTES?_ga=1.263594636.1842232386.1479255085\">is the culprit \u003c/a>in the “theft” of Mars’ once thick, and potentially life-supporting atmosphere of the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are We Almost There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our visions of Mars through science, as well as fiction, and our first-hand robotic exploration of the red planet over the past 50 years, have continually brought us closer to knowing our nearest neighbor, and a past in which it appears to have been possibly very Earth-like. More than ever before, it is easy to imagine, even expect, that the day when humans go there in person is right around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1169042/the-human-journey-to-mars-are-we-there-yet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_5179","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1169160","label":"science"},"science_20152":{"type":"posts","id":"science_20152","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"20152","score":null,"sort":[1407506409000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-opportunity-rolls-a-record-distance-on-mars","title":"NASA's Opportunity Rolls a Record Distance on Mars","publishDate":1407506409,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Opportunity Rolls a Record Distance on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20154\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/opportunity-25mile-mark.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/opportunity-25mile-mark.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's record breaking milestone marker: Lunokhod 2 Crater. (NASA/JPL)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity’s record breaking milestone marker: Lunokhod 2 Crater. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of NASA’s most senior and still-operational spacecraft reached a milestone: the rover Opportunity completed its first 25 miles traveling across the surface of Mars!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”PpS4ZQ3AmcRjfvxnkCyNOLxsUakTXcQN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only a nice round milestone, it’s a new off-Earth roving record that breaks the long-standing 24.2-mile mark of the previous champion, the Soviet lunar rover Lunokhod 2. The \u003ca title=\"The Great Rover Race Line-up\" href=\"http://www.space.com/79-distances-driven-on-other-worlds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other contenders\u003c/a> in this low-speed race don’t even come close: Lunokhod 1 at 6.5 miles, the newest entry Curiosity Mars rover at 5.3 miles (but expected to give Opportunity a run for its money), the Spirit Mars rover at 4.8 miles, Mars Pathfinder/\u003ca title=\"NASA Sojourner Rover\" href=\"http://spacepioneers.msu.edu/robot_rovers/sojourner.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sojourner\u003c/a> at 330 feet, and China’s lunar rover Yutu clicking in 317 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth twenty-five mile trips are humdrum half-hour hops to your Aunt’s house. But for a semi-autonomous, remotely controlled robot exploring a planet millions of miles away, it’s simply awesome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its 10-year trek, Opportunity made a good living crater crawling, trading up with each new hole in the ground it explored. In fact, Opportunity was a craterteer from the moment it landed and rolled into a small pit called Eagle Crater in 2004 –which caused NASA engineers and scientists to hold their collective breath for fear that it might not be able to get out of the hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But get out it did and Opportunity began its drive across Meridiani Planum, the vast plain it had come to investigate for geologic signs of past water on Mars. Along the way Opportunity traded up to Endurance Crater, a 426-foot impact feature that would be its first intentional crater crawl, and later \u003ca title=\"Victoria Crater\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/pia08813.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victoria Crater\u003c/a>, a half-mile impact basin with exposed rock strata along its edge that were prime targets for seeking sedimentary layers that might have been water-laid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity found ample signs of ancient, extinct waters: gray hematite “\u003ca title=\"Blueberries: Hematite spherules\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20040318a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blueberry\u003c/a>” spherules it found along the way, intricate patterns in sedimentary features it scrutinized with its microscope, and other dry but suggestive clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After spending almost two years exploring around and below the rim of Victoria Crater, mission directors decided to risk a much longer drive of discovery toward a much larger crater, the 14-mile wide Endeavour. They were not certain that the aging rover would survive the journey, but the potential payoff was considered worth the risk — plus it was the only way for the rover to trade up to a crater larger than Victoria. It was also during this long march to the horizon that Opportunity’s Mars-roving buddy around the planet in Gusev Crater, Spirit, ceased functioning, leaving Opportunity the sole functioning robot on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after leaving Victoria, in 2011, \u003ca title=\"Opportunity Arrives at Endeavour Crater\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12594-nasa-mars-rover-opportunity-arrives-huge-crater.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity arrived\u003c/a> at the rim of Endeavour where it has been exploring ever since. In its time at Endeavour, the rover has found even more clues pointing to the younger Mars’ wetness, including additional detections of hematite, as well as a \u003ca title=\"Vein of Gypsum at Endeavour Crater\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/08dec_slamdunk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vein of material\u003c/a> containing calcium, sulfur and water that most closely resembles gypsum. The presence of gypsum may indicate past water of more neutral pH, which could indicate an environment that was suitable to nurture life—life as we know it, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has been joined by the larger, next-generation rover \u003ca title=\"NASA Curiosity Rover\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, the nuclear-powered traveling laboratory currently exploring the lower layered slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater. And though Curiosity has traveled little more than five miles to date, if it shows even half the pluckiness of its elder Opportunity, we should expect to see another off-world roving record broken sometime in the next few years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craters, if you haven’t guessed, are preferred targets for remote explorations of Mars, and for good reason: impact craters expose Mars’ past to our scientific curiosity. The walls of craters are literally stacks of sedimentary geologic history, sheared through and unearthed by the force of the impacts that create them. In the case of Gale Crater, the depression also served as a collection basin for sediment that layered up over hundreds of millions of years and was subsequently exposed by erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, maybe not far off, distance records like those of Lunokhod 2 and Opportunity and perhaps Curiosity will be dashed the rocks by more sophisticated robotic explorers and even human-driven vehicles. But today the prize and pride belong to Opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of NASA's most senior and still-operational spacecraft reached a milestone: the rover Opportunity completed its first 25 miles traveling across the surface of Mars!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933158,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":770},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Opportunity Rolls a Record Distance on Mars | KQED","description":"One of NASA's most senior and still-operational spacecraft reached a milestone: the rover Opportunity completed its first 25 miles traveling across the surface of Mars!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Opportunity Rolls a Record Distance on Mars","datePublished":"2014-08-08T14:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:32:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/20152/nasas-opportunity-rolls-a-record-distance-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20154\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/opportunity-25mile-mark.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/opportunity-25mile-mark.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's record breaking milestone marker: Lunokhod 2 Crater. (NASA/JPL)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity’s record breaking milestone marker: Lunokhod 2 Crater. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of NASA’s most senior and still-operational spacecraft reached a milestone: the rover Opportunity completed its first 25 miles traveling across the surface of Mars!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only a nice round milestone, it’s a new off-Earth roving record that breaks the long-standing 24.2-mile mark of the previous champion, the Soviet lunar rover Lunokhod 2. The \u003ca title=\"The Great Rover Race Line-up\" href=\"http://www.space.com/79-distances-driven-on-other-worlds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other contenders\u003c/a> in this low-speed race don’t even come close: Lunokhod 1 at 6.5 miles, the newest entry Curiosity Mars rover at 5.3 miles (but expected to give Opportunity a run for its money), the Spirit Mars rover at 4.8 miles, Mars Pathfinder/\u003ca title=\"NASA Sojourner Rover\" href=\"http://spacepioneers.msu.edu/robot_rovers/sojourner.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sojourner\u003c/a> at 330 feet, and China’s lunar rover Yutu clicking in 317 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth twenty-five mile trips are humdrum half-hour hops to your Aunt’s house. But for a semi-autonomous, remotely controlled robot exploring a planet millions of miles away, it’s simply awesome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its 10-year trek, Opportunity made a good living crater crawling, trading up with each new hole in the ground it explored. In fact, Opportunity was a craterteer from the moment it landed and rolled into a small pit called Eagle Crater in 2004 –which caused NASA engineers and scientists to hold their collective breath for fear that it might not be able to get out of the hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But get out it did and Opportunity began its drive across Meridiani Planum, the vast plain it had come to investigate for geologic signs of past water on Mars. Along the way Opportunity traded up to Endurance Crater, a 426-foot impact feature that would be its first intentional crater crawl, and later \u003ca title=\"Victoria Crater\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/pia08813.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victoria Crater\u003c/a>, a half-mile impact basin with exposed rock strata along its edge that were prime targets for seeking sedimentary layers that might have been water-laid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity found ample signs of ancient, extinct waters: gray hematite “\u003ca title=\"Blueberries: Hematite spherules\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20040318a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blueberry\u003c/a>” spherules it found along the way, intricate patterns in sedimentary features it scrutinized with its microscope, and other dry but suggestive clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After spending almost two years exploring around and below the rim of Victoria Crater, mission directors decided to risk a much longer drive of discovery toward a much larger crater, the 14-mile wide Endeavour. They were not certain that the aging rover would survive the journey, but the potential payoff was considered worth the risk — plus it was the only way for the rover to trade up to a crater larger than Victoria. It was also during this long march to the horizon that Opportunity’s Mars-roving buddy around the planet in Gusev Crater, Spirit, ceased functioning, leaving Opportunity the sole functioning robot on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after leaving Victoria, in 2011, \u003ca title=\"Opportunity Arrives at Endeavour Crater\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12594-nasa-mars-rover-opportunity-arrives-huge-crater.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity arrived\u003c/a> at the rim of Endeavour where it has been exploring ever since. In its time at Endeavour, the rover has found even more clues pointing to the younger Mars’ wetness, including additional detections of hematite, as well as a \u003ca title=\"Vein of Gypsum at Endeavour Crater\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/08dec_slamdunk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vein of material\u003c/a> containing calcium, sulfur and water that most closely resembles gypsum. The presence of gypsum may indicate past water of more neutral pH, which could indicate an environment that was suitable to nurture life—life as we know it, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has been joined by the larger, next-generation rover \u003ca title=\"NASA Curiosity Rover\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, the nuclear-powered traveling laboratory currently exploring the lower layered slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater. And though Curiosity has traveled little more than five miles to date, if it shows even half the pluckiness of its elder Opportunity, we should expect to see another off-world roving record broken sometime in the next few years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craters, if you haven’t guessed, are preferred targets for remote explorations of Mars, and for good reason: impact craters expose Mars’ past to our scientific curiosity. The walls of craters are literally stacks of sedimentary geologic history, sheared through and unearthed by the force of the impacts that create them. In the case of Gale Crater, the depression also served as a collection basin for sediment that layered up over hundreds of millions of years and was subsequently exposed by erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, maybe not far off, distance records like those of Lunokhod 2 and Opportunity and perhaps Curiosity will be dashed the rocks by more sophisticated robotic explorers and even human-driven vehicles. But today the prize and pride belong to Opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/20152/nasas-opportunity-rolls-a-record-distance-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_5179","science_351","science_5175","science_419","science_420"],"featImg":"science_20154","label":"science"},"science_17130":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17130","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17130","score":null,"sort":[1399045580000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"citing-budget-concerns-nasa-defends-long-term-plan-to-reach-mars-in-20-years","title":"Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years","publishDate":1399045580,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17134\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17134\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17134\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and Mars montage\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth and Mars / NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars has been a prominent figure in the lens of human awareness, imagination, and sense of adventure for centuries. It’s a fiery spark in the night, a celestial laser-pointer dot drawing our cat-like curiosity into space. But could our neighboring planet’s value to us exceed our wildest imaginings?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it a source of rich resources that could fuel voyages to even farther-out destinations? Is it a key to answering the age old question, “Are we alone”? Could it even be our best insurance policy for the survival of our species? Food for thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarcely a century since fiction writers began imagining a \u003ca title=\"Across the Zodiac\" href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10165/pg10165.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trip to Mars\u003c/a> and only 50 years after we sent the \u003ca title=\"Mariner 4\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first robotic probe\u003c/a>, we have sent dozens of spacecraft, a handful of landers and still have the wheels of two rovers turning in those rusty soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rovers \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Opportunity\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Curiosity\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>are drilling into rocks and scooping up dirt to look for signs of past water and life-friendly environments and have found such evidence in abundance in the composition of \u003ca title=\"Gray hematite on Mars\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/hematite01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mineral deposits\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Curiosity find old riverbed on Mars\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">structures of rock\u003c/a> formations. Orbital spacecraft like the \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> may even have detected the action of sporadic \u003ca title=\"NASA MRO may have detected liquid outflows on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquid outbursts\u003c/a> in present times. That Mars once had a warmer, wetter, probably much Earthier environment in the past is a speculation supported by mounting evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sending humans to Mars has been an on-again/off-again shuffle over the years. Back in the Apollo era when our country was spending a lavish 4% of the federal budget to put humans on the moon, there was optimism that this wind in the sails of the spirit of exploration would propel us not only to the moon’s surface, but carry astronauts to Mars, and ultimately beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the winds of public opinion and federal spending shifted and Apollo was cancelled, and as the story goes we haven’t been back there since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the George W. Bush era, the “\u003ca title=\"Moon, Mars and Beyond\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/#.U2K2FYFdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moon, Mars and Beyond\u003c/a>” initiative challenged us to return to an outward path in the solar system by returning to the moon to establish a permanent base, and turn our sights again to Mars as the next destination of human exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA Administrator \u003ca title=\"NASA Administrator Charles Bolden lays out plan for humans on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-chief-tells-critics-exploration-plan-get-over-it-n86666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Bolden rephrased\u003c/a> the M-M-B mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions. The more measured pace in the plan Bolden outlined would place humans on Mars sometime in the 2030s, and include an intermediary program to capture, move into lunar orbit, and explore an asteroid–largely for proving that we are ready for the considerably longer mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of NASA’s plan, some in Congress, want NASA to pursue a more direct route and quicker pace to the surface of Mars—and while Bolden has signaled openness to input and “tweaking” of the plan, he states the shorter 10-year horizon some are pushing for is not financially “in the cards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is in many ways a logical next step for humans in space. We can return to the moon, to study it further, to exploit its resources, and to further practice our set of skills for existing remotely beyond the Earth. The moon is an “easy” step outward since it is so close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mars is the next step upward. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Mars is the next step upward\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As a subject of scientific interest, Mars could prove to be the site where we find evidence that life on Earth is not unique in the universe –a defining moment in history if there ever will be one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a subject of human interest, Mars may be where we take the first stab at ensuring our survival as a species in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see Mars as a principle factor in the equation of the long-term survival of the human race. They posit that as long as we, as a species, live dependently on the Earth, a single planet, we are vulnerable to extinction by events of global devastation like a major asteroid impact, mega-volcanic cataclysm, or fatal self-inflicted mayhem like nuclear holocaust or runaway environmental collapse. With an established self-sufficient presence on Mars, should the Earth experience devastation then humans living on Mars could carry on the torch of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope to see the day when the first humans set foot on Mars—though I think a report of finding evidence for life there would be the more exciting news. Personally, I’m rooting for both within my lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recently, NASA administrator Charles Bolden rephrased the \"Moon, Mars and Beyond\" mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933738,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years | KQED","description":"Recently, NASA administrator Charles Bolden rephrased the "Moon, Mars and Beyond" mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years","datePublished":"2014-05-02T15:46:20.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:42:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/17130/citing-budget-concerns-nasa-defends-long-term-plan-to-reach-mars-in-20-years","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17134\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17134\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17134\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and Mars montage\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth and Mars / NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars has been a prominent figure in the lens of human awareness, imagination, and sense of adventure for centuries. It’s a fiery spark in the night, a celestial laser-pointer dot drawing our cat-like curiosity into space. But could our neighboring planet’s value to us exceed our wildest imaginings?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it a source of rich resources that could fuel voyages to even farther-out destinations? Is it a key to answering the age old question, “Are we alone”? Could it even be our best insurance policy for the survival of our species? Food for thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarcely a century since fiction writers began imagining a \u003ca title=\"Across the Zodiac\" href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10165/pg10165.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trip to Mars\u003c/a> and only 50 years after we sent the \u003ca title=\"Mariner 4\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first robotic probe\u003c/a>, we have sent dozens of spacecraft, a handful of landers and still have the wheels of two rovers turning in those rusty soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rovers \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Opportunity\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Curiosity\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>are drilling into rocks and scooping up dirt to look for signs of past water and life-friendly environments and have found such evidence in abundance in the composition of \u003ca title=\"Gray hematite on Mars\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/hematite01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mineral deposits\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Curiosity find old riverbed on Mars\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">structures of rock\u003c/a> formations. Orbital spacecraft like the \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> may even have detected the action of sporadic \u003ca title=\"NASA MRO may have detected liquid outflows on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquid outbursts\u003c/a> in present times. That Mars once had a warmer, wetter, probably much Earthier environment in the past is a speculation supported by mounting evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sending humans to Mars has been an on-again/off-again shuffle over the years. Back in the Apollo era when our country was spending a lavish 4% of the federal budget to put humans on the moon, there was optimism that this wind in the sails of the spirit of exploration would propel us not only to the moon’s surface, but carry astronauts to Mars, and ultimately beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the winds of public opinion and federal spending shifted and Apollo was cancelled, and as the story goes we haven’t been back there since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the George W. Bush era, the “\u003ca title=\"Moon, Mars and Beyond\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/#.U2K2FYFdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moon, Mars and Beyond\u003c/a>” initiative challenged us to return to an outward path in the solar system by returning to the moon to establish a permanent base, and turn our sights again to Mars as the next destination of human exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA Administrator \u003ca title=\"NASA Administrator Charles Bolden lays out plan for humans on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-chief-tells-critics-exploration-plan-get-over-it-n86666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Bolden rephrased\u003c/a> the M-M-B mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions. The more measured pace in the plan Bolden outlined would place humans on Mars sometime in the 2030s, and include an intermediary program to capture, move into lunar orbit, and explore an asteroid–largely for proving that we are ready for the considerably longer mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of NASA’s plan, some in Congress, want NASA to pursue a more direct route and quicker pace to the surface of Mars—and while Bolden has signaled openness to input and “tweaking” of the plan, he states the shorter 10-year horizon some are pushing for is not financially “in the cards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is in many ways a logical next step for humans in space. We can return to the moon, to study it further, to exploit its resources, and to further practice our set of skills for existing remotely beyond the Earth. The moon is an “easy” step outward since it is so close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mars is the next step upward. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Mars is the next step upward\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As a subject of scientific interest, Mars could prove to be the site where we find evidence that life on Earth is not unique in the universe –a defining moment in history if there ever will be one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a subject of human interest, Mars may be where we take the first stab at ensuring our survival as a species in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see Mars as a principle factor in the equation of the long-term survival of the human race. They posit that as long as we, as a species, live dependently on the Earth, a single planet, we are vulnerable to extinction by events of global devastation like a major asteroid impact, mega-volcanic cataclysm, or fatal self-inflicted mayhem like nuclear holocaust or runaway environmental collapse. With an established self-sufficient presence on Mars, should the Earth experience devastation then humans living on Mars could carry on the torch of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope to see the day when the first humans set foot on Mars—though I think a report of finding evidence for life there would be the more exciting news. Personally, I’m rooting for both within my lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17130/citing-budget-concerns-nasa-defends-long-term-plan-to-reach-mars-in-20-years","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_628","science_330","science_5179","science_351","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_17134","label":"science"},"science_5454":{"type":"posts","id":"science_5454","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"5454","score":null,"sort":[1373616019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-great-space-race-continues-on-mars","title":"The Great Space Race Continues On Mars!","publishDate":1373616019,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Great Space Race Continues On Mars! | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5462\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/thewheelofopportunity.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5462\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5462\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/thewheelofopportunity.jpg\" alt=\"Simulated image of one of the wheels of NASA's Mars rover Opportunity\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulated image of one of the wheels of NASA’s Mars rover Opportunity\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Remember the Great Space Race to the moon, that Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to get there first?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, decades after the Cold War has long since cooled off, and even longer since the last fiery roar of Apollo and Vostok rockets have been quieted, in the midst of the silence of history we may hear a faint sound: a barely audible whir of electric motors and metal wheels slowly and softly rolling over the dusty ground of a very long and wild race track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s enduring \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Exploration Rovers\" href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Exploration Rover\u003c/a>, Opportunity, which has been traipsing about and exploring Mars’ Meridiani Planum for nearly ten years, recently broke a record for distance traveled on the surface of another world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous record-holder of this extraterrestrial marathon is the manned Lunar Rover of Apollo 17 driven by Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt over 40 years ago—back when the Cold War and Great Space Race were \u003cem>game on\u003c/em>. In December of 1972, they completed a total distance of 22.21 miles across the surface of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a day in May this year, Opportunity put in an 88-yard-dash and its odometer clicked over to 22.22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What has taken Opportunity so far across that ancient (probable) sea bed on Mars? The answer is great engineering! Opportunity, and its sister rover Spirit which landed on the other side of the planet, were designed to carry out a mission of exploration on Mars that was to last 90 days. When that nominal mission came to an end, Opportunity entered an extended mission period, which has now stretched on for almost a decade! Though Spirit gave up the ghost in 2010 after six years, the design and engineering of both robots is testament to how good we have become at exploring outer space by remote control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Opportunity’s time has been spent \u003ca title=\"Opportunity track map\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/multimedia/gallery/pia13705.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crater-hopping\u003c/a> and the long miles it has put on is a result of the long-distance crawls between craters. From Eagle Crater–which Opportunity rolled into upon landing–to Endurance Crater, Victoria Crater and now the largest of all, the vast Endeavour Crater, the rover has availed itself the opportunity of examining Martian geologic strata and materials blasted bare by past meteorite impacts. Its studies of holes in the ground, as well as the minerals and rocks along its path, have provided us with strong evidence that Mars had liquid water in the distant past—which of course was the true goal of its mission, not the breaking of distance records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Opportunity’s achievement comes an acknowledgement that it has not yet broken the all-time distance record for travel on an extraterrestrial world. That distinction currently goes to the former Soviet Union’s remote controlled Lunokhod 2 rover, which until recently was thought to have traveled a total distance of 23 miles on the Moon’s surface back in 1973. This old official figure is currently\u003ca title=\"Reassessing the Soviet Lunokhod's distance record\" href=\"http://www.space.com/21923-soviet-moon-rover-driving-record.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> under debate and reassessment, \u003c/a>with new estimates putting it as high as 26 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So an echo of the old Space Race can be heard in the grinding whir of Opportunity’s wheels as it crawls steadily forward toward that decades-old Soviet all-time record. Can Opportunity do it? If the robot could talk, I imagine it would say, “No problem!” Whether its itinerary of scientific investigation will give it the opportunity to put on the needed miles is another matter.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's enduring Mars Exploration Rover, Opportunity, which has been traipsing about and exploring Mars' Meridiani Planum for nearly ten years now, recently broke a record for distance traveled on the surface of another world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935489,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":610},"headData":{"title":"The Great Space Race Continues On Mars! | KQED","description":"NASA's enduring Mars Exploration Rover, Opportunity, which has been traipsing about and exploring Mars' Meridiani Planum for nearly ten years now, recently broke a record for distance traveled on the surface of another world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Great Space Race Continues On Mars!","datePublished":"2013-07-12T08:00:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:11:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/5454/the-great-space-race-continues-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5462\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/thewheelofopportunity.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5462\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5462\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/thewheelofopportunity.jpg\" alt=\"Simulated image of one of the wheels of NASA's Mars rover Opportunity\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulated image of one of the wheels of NASA’s Mars rover Opportunity\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Remember the Great Space Race to the moon, that Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to get there first?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, decades after the Cold War has long since cooled off, and even longer since the last fiery roar of Apollo and Vostok rockets have been quieted, in the midst of the silence of history we may hear a faint sound: a barely audible whir of electric motors and metal wheels slowly and softly rolling over the dusty ground of a very long and wild race track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s enduring \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Exploration Rovers\" href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Exploration Rover\u003c/a>, Opportunity, which has been traipsing about and exploring Mars’ Meridiani Planum for nearly ten years, recently broke a record for distance traveled on the surface of another world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous record-holder of this extraterrestrial marathon is the manned Lunar Rover of Apollo 17 driven by Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt over 40 years ago—back when the Cold War and Great Space Race were \u003cem>game on\u003c/em>. In December of 1972, they completed a total distance of 22.21 miles across the surface of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a day in May this year, Opportunity put in an 88-yard-dash and its odometer clicked over to 22.22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What has taken Opportunity so far across that ancient (probable) sea bed on Mars? The answer is great engineering! Opportunity, and its sister rover Spirit which landed on the other side of the planet, were designed to carry out a mission of exploration on Mars that was to last 90 days. When that nominal mission came to an end, Opportunity entered an extended mission period, which has now stretched on for almost a decade! Though Spirit gave up the ghost in 2010 after six years, the design and engineering of both robots is testament to how good we have become at exploring outer space by remote control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Opportunity’s time has been spent \u003ca title=\"Opportunity track map\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/multimedia/gallery/pia13705.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crater-hopping\u003c/a> and the long miles it has put on is a result of the long-distance crawls between craters. From Eagle Crater–which Opportunity rolled into upon landing–to Endurance Crater, Victoria Crater and now the largest of all, the vast Endeavour Crater, the rover has availed itself the opportunity of examining Martian geologic strata and materials blasted bare by past meteorite impacts. Its studies of holes in the ground, as well as the minerals and rocks along its path, have provided us with strong evidence that Mars had liquid water in the distant past—which of course was the true goal of its mission, not the breaking of distance records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Opportunity’s achievement comes an acknowledgement that it has not yet broken the all-time distance record for travel on an extraterrestrial world. That distinction currently goes to the former Soviet Union’s remote controlled Lunokhod 2 rover, which until recently was thought to have traveled a total distance of 23 miles on the Moon’s surface back in 1973. This old official figure is currently\u003ca title=\"Reassessing the Soviet Lunokhod's distance record\" href=\"http://www.space.com/21923-soviet-moon-rover-driving-record.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> under debate and reassessment, \u003c/a>with new estimates putting it as high as 26 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So an echo of the old Space Race can be heard in the grinding whir of Opportunity’s wheels as it crawls steadily forward toward that decades-old Soviet all-time record. Can Opportunity do it? If the robot could talk, I imagine it would say, “No problem!” Whether its itinerary of scientific investigation will give it the opportunity to put on the needed miles is another matter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/5454/the-great-space-race-continues-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_5179","science_5175","science_419","science_420"],"featImg":"science_5462","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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