The Best Places to Go Tide Pooling in the Bay Area
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The best way to see tide pools — these little pockets of seawater in the ocean’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/intertidal-zone.html\">intertidal zones\u003c/a> where the ocean meets the land — is during low tide. This is when some of the most fascinating marine wildlife becomes visible to those who pay close attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for what to know about tide pooling in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#tidepool\">\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: The best places for tide pooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Intertidal zones are home to ‘the most beautiful organisms’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/intertidal-zone/\">The intertidal zone, where the ocean meets the land, is an extreme ecosystem that experiences drastic changes. Organisms living in these places are exposed to air during low tides and submerged in seawater during high tides.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, marine life living in the intertidal zone are usually hardy and tough, which is great for them given how regularly they’re exposed to rough weather conditions, said Allison Gong, marine biologist and biology teacher at Cabrillo College in Aptos. “They are also some of the most beautiful and extraordinary organisms we have on the planet,” she added.[aside postID='science_1985496,science_1983841,science_1602625' label='Related coverage']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While seeing marine creatures out in the wild is a rewarding experience on its own, tide pooling is also a great way to learn about our local environment. “It’s a way to understand the connection between global phenomena like climate change and atmospheric rivers and how they impact the environment,” said Sarah Cohen, professor of biology at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before going out tide pooling, remember to always be respectful of the ocean and its inhabitants. When you go tide pooling, you are actually temporarily invading these creatures’ homes, Gong said. “The marine animals did not evolve to have people stepping on them or prying them off of rocks,” Gong said. “Visiting the tide pools is a privilege. We need to be nice visitors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to start tide pooling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tides occur during the rise and fall of the ocean’s waters, caused by \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/moon/tides/\">the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth\u003c/a>. “It’s a beautiful cycle,” Cohen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because you want to go tide pooling at the right time — low tide — Cohen said you should plan to be at your desired location an hour before the low tide arrives. This will ensure that you have enough time to get your bearings, plan your visit and enjoy the tide pools before the sea fills back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991714\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/gravity-and-bulges.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moon and Earth exert a gravitational pull on each other. On Earth, the Moon’s gravitational pull causes the oceans to bulge out on both the side closest to the Moon and the side farthest from the Moon. These bulges create high tides. The low points are where low tides occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/Vi Nguyen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For an optimal experience, look for low tides between -1.0 feet and -1.4 feet on tide charts like \u003ca href=\"https://www.saltwatertides.com/\">Saltwater Tides\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tide_predictions.html\">NOAA Tide Predictions.\u003c/a> And remember, as the days get shorter during the year, the low tides occur later in the day. For example, you’ll find that in the summer, low tides are much earlier than in the winter. So “if you are not an early riser, I recommend making it out to the tide pools in November to April,” said Alison Young, co-director of the Center for Biodiversity and Community Science at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to stay safe while tide pooling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991726\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469.jpg 1414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-1365x2048.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of a tide pool on California coast filled with vibrant green sea anemone. \u003ccite>(Nicholas Klein/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coast is a beautiful place, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978061/after-their-son-was-swept-into-the-ocean-this-fremont-family-turned-their-grief-into-advocacy\">the ocean can always be dangerous\u003c/a> — even on a calm day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget to check with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/mtr/\">National Weather Service’s Bay Area office\u003c/a> for swells, surf warnings, and beach flooding warnings before heading out for your tide pool adventure. For safety reasons, it’s also best to avoid tide pooling during storms and high winds and never keep your back to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine biologist Gong recommended bringing a friend when you’re out tide pooling, especially if it’s your first time. “It’s also more fun to share your discoveries with other people,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the coast, you can find organisms attached to rocks or living in the pools that they form. These rocks along Bay Area’’s tide pools can be wet and slick from the surging waves and algae growth, so appropriate footwear like rubber boots with treads can help you from slipping and falling, Young said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to keep wildlife safe when tide pooling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While it might be highly tempting to touch the marine creatures, you should always be careful not to harm them. The organisms inhabiting these tide pools are delicate and vulnerable; even a gentle touch or wrong step, however well-intentioned, could disrupt their ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars and sea urchins, for example, have a very thin layer of skin over their entire bodies, including their spines. “When you put your hands all over them, you’re kind of smothering them,” SFSU’s Cohen said. They can’t breathe because they breathe through that skin. What’s more, oils and moisturizers that might be on your hands could irritate them, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991710\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991710\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560.jpg\" alt=\"A yellow star fish is seen inside a tide pool against rocks covered in seaweed.\" width=\"2124\" height=\"1411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560.jpg 2124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-2048x1361.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-1920x1275.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2124px) 100vw, 2124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of starfish in Pacific Coast tide pool. Taken at Santa Cruz, California. \u003ccite>(GomezDavid/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only are sea stars delicate creatures, but they have also experienced a massive die-off in 2013 due to \u003ca href=\"https://marine.ucsc.edu/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">“sea star wasting syndrome” (SSWS)\u003c/a>. “Sea stars on our coast have suffered a very large disease event, the largest ever documented in the marine realm,” Cohen said. Some sea star populations are decimated or even locally extinct — which is why it’s especially important to be careful around this particular species, Cohen said. Even if you see a location that seems to have a lot of sea stars, know that their former populations were much greater — and they have an important role in marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The general advice is to admire from afar, take pictures, upload them on \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">the iNaturalist app\u003c/a>, and learn more about the species you see in the intertidal. By adding data on iNaturalist, you’re helping scientists and marine biologists to get a snapshot of coastal biodiversity year over year to see how species are moving with warmer waters up the coast, Young said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rule of thumb when tide pooling is not to take anything home with you, especially if they are still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"tidepool\">\u003c/a>The best places to go tide pooling in or near the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During low tides, you can enjoy tide pooling anywhere along the rocky areas of the Bay Area coast. Be sure to check the location’s website for the latest information on weather and beach conditions before heading out. To be with others and learn about the intertidal zone in the summer, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/calcoast\">join a BioBlitz organized by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the more popular tide pooling destinations in and near the Bay Area:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/parks/china-beach\">China Beach\u003c/a> between Land’s End and Baker Beach\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/parks/ocean-beach\">Ocean Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/448/files/SaltPointKruseWebBrochure2010.pdf\">Salt Point State Park, Sonoma County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bodegabay.com/tide-pools/exploring-the-tide-pools-of-the-sonoma-coast/\">Bodega Bay, Sonoma County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/point-reyes-tidepooling.htm\">Sculptured Beach and Duxbury Reef, Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sonomacounty.ca.gov/visit/find-a-park/shell-beach-coastal-access-trail\">Shell Beach, Sonoma Coast State Park, Sonoma County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/california/palomarin-beach-trail\">Palomarin Beach, Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown-beach\">Crown Memorial State Beach, Alameda County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/recreation/swimming/keller-beach\">Keller Beach in Richmond, Contra Costa County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peninsula\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/fitzgerald-marine-reserve\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=524\">Pacifica State Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=533%20\">Pigeon Point Lighthouse, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/pillar-point-bluff\">Pillar Point Bluff, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Others near the Bay Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiabeaches.com/beach/davenport-landing-beach/\">Davenport Landing Beach, Davenport\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=566\">Asilomar State Beach, Monterey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Point Lobos State Reserve, Monterey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=589\">William Randolph Hearst Memorial Beach, San Luis Obispo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=590\">Leffingwell Landing Day Use Area, Hearst San Simeon State Park. San Luis Obispo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=436\">Mackerricher State Park, Mendocino\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The best places to go tide pooling in the Bay Area, with ways to make sure you keep our wildlife (and yourself) safe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1709915560,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1420},"headData":{"title":"The Best Places to Go Tide Pooling in the Bay Area | KQED","description":"The best places to go tide pooling in the Bay Area, with ways to make sure you keep our wildlife (and yourself) safe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Best Places to Go Tide Pooling in the Bay Area","datePublished":"2024-03-08T12:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2024-03-08T16:32:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991709/the-best-places-to-go-tide-pooling-in-the-bay-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you love discovering the Bay Area’s beautiful coastline, then tide pooling — exploring the tiny basins of seawater and marine life that stud the shore — is one of the most enjoyable things to do out in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars, mussels, barnacles, seaweed, urchins, hermit crabs and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/nudibranchs-1\">nudibranchs\u003c/a> are just a few examples of the many inhabitants hanging out in Bay Area tide pools. The best way to see tide pools — these little pockets of seawater in the ocean’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/intertidal-zone.html\">intertidal zones\u003c/a> where the ocean meets the land — is during low tide. This is when some of the most fascinating marine wildlife becomes visible to those who pay close attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for what to know about tide pooling in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#tidepool\">\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: The best places for tide pooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Intertidal zones are home to ‘the most beautiful organisms’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/intertidal-zone/\">The intertidal zone, where the ocean meets the land, is an extreme ecosystem that experiences drastic changes. Organisms living in these places are exposed to air during low tides and submerged in seawater during high tides.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, marine life living in the intertidal zone are usually hardy and tough, which is great for them given how regularly they’re exposed to rough weather conditions, said Allison Gong, marine biologist and biology teacher at Cabrillo College in Aptos. “They are also some of the most beautiful and extraordinary organisms we have on the planet,” she added.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1985496,science_1983841,science_1602625","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While seeing marine creatures out in the wild is a rewarding experience on its own, tide pooling is also a great way to learn about our local environment. “It’s a way to understand the connection between global phenomena like climate change and atmospheric rivers and how they impact the environment,” said Sarah Cohen, professor of biology at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before going out tide pooling, remember to always be respectful of the ocean and its inhabitants. When you go tide pooling, you are actually temporarily invading these creatures’ homes, Gong said. “The marine animals did not evolve to have people stepping on them or prying them off of rocks,” Gong said. “Visiting the tide pools is a privilege. We need to be nice visitors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to start tide pooling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tides occur during the rise and fall of the ocean’s waters, caused by \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/moon/tides/\">the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth\u003c/a>. “It’s a beautiful cycle,” Cohen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because you want to go tide pooling at the right time — low tide — Cohen said you should plan to be at your desired location an hour before the low tide arrives. This will ensure that you have enough time to get your bearings, plan your visit and enjoy the tide pools before the sea fills back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991714\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/gravity-and-bulges.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moon and Earth exert a gravitational pull on each other. On Earth, the Moon’s gravitational pull causes the oceans to bulge out on both the side closest to the Moon and the side farthest from the Moon. These bulges create high tides. The low points are where low tides occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/Vi Nguyen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For an optimal experience, look for low tides between -1.0 feet and -1.4 feet on tide charts like \u003ca href=\"https://www.saltwatertides.com/\">Saltwater Tides\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tide_predictions.html\">NOAA Tide Predictions.\u003c/a> And remember, as the days get shorter during the year, the low tides occur later in the day. For example, you’ll find that in the summer, low tides are much earlier than in the winter. So “if you are not an early riser, I recommend making it out to the tide pools in November to April,” said Alison Young, co-director of the Center for Biodiversity and Community Science at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to stay safe while tide pooling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991726\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469.jpg 1414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-1491052469-1365x2048.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of a tide pool on California coast filled with vibrant green sea anemone. \u003ccite>(Nicholas Klein/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coast is a beautiful place, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978061/after-their-son-was-swept-into-the-ocean-this-fremont-family-turned-their-grief-into-advocacy\">the ocean can always be dangerous\u003c/a> — even on a calm day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget to check with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/mtr/\">National Weather Service’s Bay Area office\u003c/a> for swells, surf warnings, and beach flooding warnings before heading out for your tide pool adventure. For safety reasons, it’s also best to avoid tide pooling during storms and high winds and never keep your back to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine biologist Gong recommended bringing a friend when you’re out tide pooling, especially if it’s your first time. “It’s also more fun to share your discoveries with other people,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the coast, you can find organisms attached to rocks or living in the pools that they form. These rocks along Bay Area’’s tide pools can be wet and slick from the surging waves and algae growth, so appropriate footwear like rubber boots with treads can help you from slipping and falling, Young said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to keep wildlife safe when tide pooling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While it might be highly tempting to touch the marine creatures, you should always be careful not to harm them. The organisms inhabiting these tide pools are delicate and vulnerable; even a gentle touch or wrong step, however well-intentioned, could disrupt their ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars and sea urchins, for example, have a very thin layer of skin over their entire bodies, including their spines. “When you put your hands all over them, you’re kind of smothering them,” SFSU’s Cohen said. They can’t breathe because they breathe through that skin. What’s more, oils and moisturizers that might be on your hands could irritate them, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991710\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991710\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560.jpg\" alt=\"A yellow star fish is seen inside a tide pool against rocks covered in seaweed.\" width=\"2124\" height=\"1411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560.jpg 2124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-2048x1361.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/iStock-184909560-1920x1275.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2124px) 100vw, 2124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of starfish in Pacific Coast tide pool. Taken at Santa Cruz, California. \u003ccite>(GomezDavid/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only are sea stars delicate creatures, but they have also experienced a massive die-off in 2013 due to \u003ca href=\"https://marine.ucsc.edu/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">“sea star wasting syndrome” (SSWS)\u003c/a>. “Sea stars on our coast have suffered a very large disease event, the largest ever documented in the marine realm,” Cohen said. Some sea star populations are decimated or even locally extinct — which is why it’s especially important to be careful around this particular species, Cohen said. Even if you see a location that seems to have a lot of sea stars, know that their former populations were much greater — and they have an important role in marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The general advice is to admire from afar, take pictures, upload them on \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">the iNaturalist app\u003c/a>, and learn more about the species you see in the intertidal. By adding data on iNaturalist, you’re helping scientists and marine biologists to get a snapshot of coastal biodiversity year over year to see how species are moving with warmer waters up the coast, Young said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rule of thumb when tide pooling is not to take anything home with you, especially if they are still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"tidepool\">\u003c/a>The best places to go tide pooling in or near the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During low tides, you can enjoy tide pooling anywhere along the rocky areas of the Bay Area coast. Be sure to check the location’s website for the latest information on weather and beach conditions before heading out. To be with others and learn about the intertidal zone in the summer, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/calcoast\">join a BioBlitz organized by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the more popular tide pooling destinations in and near the Bay Area:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/parks/china-beach\">China Beach\u003c/a> between Land’s End and Baker Beach\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/parks/ocean-beach\">Ocean Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/448/files/SaltPointKruseWebBrochure2010.pdf\">Salt Point State Park, Sonoma County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bodegabay.com/tide-pools/exploring-the-tide-pools-of-the-sonoma-coast/\">Bodega Bay, Sonoma County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/point-reyes-tidepooling.htm\">Sculptured Beach and Duxbury Reef, Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sonomacounty.ca.gov/visit/find-a-park/shell-beach-coastal-access-trail\">Shell Beach, Sonoma Coast State Park, Sonoma County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/california/palomarin-beach-trail\">Palomarin Beach, Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown-beach\">Crown Memorial State Beach, Alameda County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/recreation/swimming/keller-beach\">Keller Beach in Richmond, Contra Costa County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peninsula\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/fitzgerald-marine-reserve\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=524\">Pacifica State Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=533%20\">Pigeon Point Lighthouse, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/pillar-point-bluff\">Pillar Point Bluff, San Mateo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Others near the Bay Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiabeaches.com/beach/davenport-landing-beach/\">Davenport Landing Beach, Davenport\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=566\">Asilomar State Beach, Monterey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Point Lobos State Reserve, Monterey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=589\">William Randolph Hearst Memorial Beach, San Luis Obispo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=590\">Leffingwell Landing Day Use Area, Hearst San Simeon State Park. San Luis Obispo County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=436\">Mackerricher State Park, Mendocino\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991709/the-best-places-to-go-tide-pooling-in-the-bay-area","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_2874","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_4417","science_2549","science_2409","science_2688","science_179","science_324","science_1155"],"featImg":"science_1991712","label":"science"},"science_1984927":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984927","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984927","score":null,"sort":[1698267636000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-does-unavoidable-west-antarctic-ice-shelf-melt-mean-for-the-bay-area","title":"What Does 'Unavoidable' West Antarctic Ice Shelf Melt Mean for the Bay Area?","publishDate":1698267636,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What Does ‘Unavoidable’ West Antarctic Ice Shelf Melt Mean for the Bay Area? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>No matter how fast the world reduces carbon emissions, some amount of rapid ice melt from human-caused climate change in West Antarctica is inevitable by the end of the century, which could have enormous ramifications for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982800/new-map-exposes-critical-gaps-in-bay-areas-readiness-for-sea-level-rise\">coastal regions like San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01818-x#Sec6\">a new study published by researchers at the British Antarctic Survey\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like we’ve lost control of melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,” said study lead author Dr. Kaitlin Naughten \u003ca href=\"https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/increased-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-unavoidable/\">in an online statement. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known that as oceans absorb heat, their temperature rises, and water expands, contributing to rising sea levels. But this study is one of the first to model exactly how ocean warming might cause the Antarctic ice shelves to melt, releasing much more water into the ocean and pushing them up further.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Mark Lubell, UC Davis']‘We can’t predict the future perfectly, but this puts more weight into the likelihood of more severe rapid sea-level rise, which means that we need to think more seriously about adaptation in the Bay Area.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>If the West Antarctic ice sheet melts completely — which would only happen in the direst scenario — oceans around the globe could push up by more than 16 feet. The scientists found that over the 21st century, ocean warming will likely occur at triple the historical rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These results suggest that mitigation of greenhouse gasses now has limited power to prevent ocean warming,” the authors noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seas on the West Coast of California have risen by 8 inches since the 1880s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has shown this extreme melting would take place over centuries. The new study found melting — in all plausible climate scenarios — is likely to be more severe and will continue this century, even if significant emissions cuts come in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the authors note they “cannot quantify the sea-level rise contribution implied by our findings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis professor Mark Lubell said the study is like “a time machine” for the impacts of sea-level rise, even if it doesn’t have granular estimates for exactly how much sea-level rise the Bay Area can expect in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t predict the future perfectly, but this puts more weight into the likelihood of more severe rapid sea-level rise, which means that we need to think more seriously about adaptation in the Bay Area,” said Lubell, who studies governance and sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Violet Wulf-Saena read the news about the study, she wasn’t surprised. She directs Climate Resilient Communities, advocating for communities facing climate vulnerabilities in flood-prone areas like East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the study shows it’s imperative to finish \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing sea-level rise projects\u003c/a> early, not decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Communities want to see things happening now because even though the science and the data are showing us that sea-level rise will impact us, communities are already impacted,” she said, referring to flooding from recent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were not shocking for UC Berkeley’s Kristina Hill, who \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life\">works on California’s updated sea level guidance.\u003c/a> Still, they should be considered a warning of what’s to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the West Antarctic ice shelves that are melting. Ice in polar regions around the globe is thawing, and Hill said the findings “confirm” the state’s recent guidance of preparing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/_media_library/2022/08/SLR-Action-Plan-2022-508.pdf\">1 foot of sea-level rise by 2050 and 3.5 feet of sea-level rise by 2100\u003c/a>. And she added that the Bay Area needs to prepare for potentially even more water, two to three feet over the next three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like it’s all going to start in 2050; we’re going to see more flooding along the way from high groundwater and sea level events,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is concerned that rising groundwater — shallow surface water pushed up by rising seas — will come in contact with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983106/map-more-than-5000-toxic-sites-along-sf-bay-are-threatened-by-rising-groundwater-new-study-finds\">buried contaminants around the lip of the bay.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to be increasingly waking up to how rising groundwater could cause health risks for people in urban areas,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Stacey, an environmental engineer at UC Berkeley, said while the findings are alarming, people should treat them cautiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it necessarily implies more or less sea-level rise than was anticipated, but it makes clear that for all but the highest of high emissions scenarios, sea-level rise will proceed pretty similarly through the end of the century,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For state agencies, like the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981687/the-bay-could-soon-have-its-first-region-wide-sea-level-rise-plan-but-no-one-to-enforce-it\">preparing a regional sea-level rise plan\u003c/a>, the study “amplifies a sense of urgency” behind completing their project as soon as possible, said Dana Brechwald, assistant planning director for climate adaptation with the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study can light a fire under decision makers to maybe do something about it when they would have formerly waited,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The new study puts more weight on rapid sea-level rise for the Bay Area. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845852,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":877},"headData":{"title":"What Does 'Unavoidable' West Antarctic Ice Shelf Melt Mean for the Bay Area? | KQED","description":"The new study puts more weight on rapid sea-level rise for the Bay Area. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Does 'Unavoidable' West Antarctic Ice Shelf Melt Mean for the Bay Area?","datePublished":"2023-10-25T21:00:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:17:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Sea-Level Rise","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984927/what-does-unavoidable-west-antarctic-ice-shelf-melt-mean-for-the-bay-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>No matter how fast the world reduces carbon emissions, some amount of rapid ice melt from human-caused climate change in West Antarctica is inevitable by the end of the century, which could have enormous ramifications for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982800/new-map-exposes-critical-gaps-in-bay-areas-readiness-for-sea-level-rise\">coastal regions like San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01818-x#Sec6\">a new study published by researchers at the British Antarctic Survey\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like we’ve lost control of melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,” said study lead author Dr. Kaitlin Naughten \u003ca href=\"https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/increased-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-unavoidable/\">in an online statement. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known that as oceans absorb heat, their temperature rises, and water expands, contributing to rising sea levels. But this study is one of the first to model exactly how ocean warming might cause the Antarctic ice shelves to melt, releasing much more water into the ocean and pushing them up further.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We can’t predict the future perfectly, but this puts more weight into the likelihood of more severe rapid sea-level rise, which means that we need to think more seriously about adaptation in the Bay Area.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","citation":"Mark Lubell, UC Davis","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>If the West Antarctic ice sheet melts completely — which would only happen in the direst scenario — oceans around the globe could push up by more than 16 feet. The scientists found that over the 21st century, ocean warming will likely occur at triple the historical rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These results suggest that mitigation of greenhouse gasses now has limited power to prevent ocean warming,” the authors noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seas on the West Coast of California have risen by 8 inches since the 1880s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has shown this extreme melting would take place over centuries. The new study found melting — in all plausible climate scenarios — is likely to be more severe and will continue this century, even if significant emissions cuts come in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the authors note they “cannot quantify the sea-level rise contribution implied by our findings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis professor Mark Lubell said the study is like “a time machine” for the impacts of sea-level rise, even if it doesn’t have granular estimates for exactly how much sea-level rise the Bay Area can expect in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t predict the future perfectly, but this puts more weight into the likelihood of more severe rapid sea-level rise, which means that we need to think more seriously about adaptation in the Bay Area,” said Lubell, who studies governance and sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Violet Wulf-Saena read the news about the study, she wasn’t surprised. She directs Climate Resilient Communities, advocating for communities facing climate vulnerabilities in flood-prone areas like East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the study shows it’s imperative to finish \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing sea-level rise projects\u003c/a> early, not decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Communities want to see things happening now because even though the science and the data are showing us that sea-level rise will impact us, communities are already impacted,” she said, referring to flooding from recent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were not shocking for UC Berkeley’s Kristina Hill, who \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life\">works on California’s updated sea level guidance.\u003c/a> Still, they should be considered a warning of what’s to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the West Antarctic ice shelves that are melting. Ice in polar regions around the globe is thawing, and Hill said the findings “confirm” the state’s recent guidance of preparing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/_media_library/2022/08/SLR-Action-Plan-2022-508.pdf\">1 foot of sea-level rise by 2050 and 3.5 feet of sea-level rise by 2100\u003c/a>. And she added that the Bay Area needs to prepare for potentially even more water, two to three feet over the next three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like it’s all going to start in 2050; we’re going to see more flooding along the way from high groundwater and sea level events,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is concerned that rising groundwater — shallow surface water pushed up by rising seas — will come in contact with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983106/map-more-than-5000-toxic-sites-along-sf-bay-are-threatened-by-rising-groundwater-new-study-finds\">buried contaminants around the lip of the bay.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to be increasingly waking up to how rising groundwater could cause health risks for people in urban areas,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Stacey, an environmental engineer at UC Berkeley, said while the findings are alarming, people should treat them cautiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it necessarily implies more or less sea-level rise than was anticipated, but it makes clear that for all but the highest of high emissions scenarios, sea-level rise will proceed pretty similarly through the end of the century,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For state agencies, like the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981687/the-bay-could-soon-have-its-first-region-wide-sea-level-rise-plan-but-no-one-to-enforce-it\">preparing a regional sea-level rise plan\u003c/a>, the study “amplifies a sense of urgency” behind completing their project as soon as possible, said Dana Brechwald, assistant planning director for climate adaptation with the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study can light a fire under decision makers to maybe do something about it when they would have formerly waited,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984927/what-does-unavoidable-west-antarctic-ice-shelf-melt-mean-for-the-bay-area","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_31","science_32","science_35","science_40","science_2873","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_856","science_182","science_4414","science_556","science_324","science_5183","science_206"],"featImg":"science_1984928","label":"source_science_1984927"},"science_1983180":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983180","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983180","score":null,"sort":[1689087937000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"this-snail-goes-fishing-with-a-net-made-of-slime","title":"This Snail Goes Fishing With a Net Made of Slime","publishDate":1689087937,"format":"video","headTitle":"This Snail Goes Fishing With a Net Made of Slime | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go clamber around the tide pools at Asilomar State Beach this summer and you might notice something odd: Some of the rocks look like someone haphazardly glued twisty scraps of old macaroni to them. \u003cem>Nature enrolled in a kindergarten art class\u003c/em>, you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983395\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A scaled wormsnail retracts into its tower-like shell to avoid drying out when exposed to the air during low tide. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But if you watch one of those noodle-like tubes closely, after a few seconds a squishy, speckled, black-and-orange creature may peep out from the opening. You’ve just found a scaled wormsnail — a curious marine animal that built this tube out of calcium carbonate secreted from its body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might look tiny and fragile, but looks can deceive: As climate change fuels marine heat waves that threaten countless ocean species, this odd little mollusk could prove to be a survivor. Its strength may stem, at least in part, from an adaptable diet of marine detritus, which it plucks from the current with a net made of its own mucus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>A Fishing Net ‘Like Snot in Seawater’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scaled wormsnail is a snail, not a worm. It gets its confounding name because it resembles marine worms that also live in tubes. But while other snails carry their houses around on their backs, this one doesn’t move at all. It anchors itself to a rock and never leaves, its tube home protecting it from the crashing surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wormsnail’s cloistered lifestyle brings with it a major drawback, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t do the normal thing other gastropods would do, which is crawl around and search for food,” says Peter Macht, aquarium curator at the Seymour Marine Discovery Center at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can it find anything to eat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a process that Macht sees every day at the Seymour Center’s aquarium, wormsnails fish for their dinner by casting a net. But instead of fashioning it from rope or thread like human fishers, they use something all snails have plenty of: mucus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to look like snot in seawater,” Macht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One big pull at a time, a scaled wormsnail hauls in its mucus net, which has bits of food attached to it. In the wild, the snail’s diet typically includes tiny plankton, little bits of seaweed, and detritus churned up by the waves. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snail releases mucus from a gland just below its mouth. But, unlike its more mobile relatives, which leave a trail of the slimy substance, the wormsnail sends mucus down the tentacles on either side of its head, forming it into strings like some invertebrate Spiderman slinging a web. The mucus strands ride the tides, spreading out into the water to create a miniature fishing net. It can cover more than 7 square inches in a matter of minutes, an impressive feat for a snail living in a tube the width of a pencil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reeling in the Catch With a Monstrous Mouth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it casts its net, the snail simply sits and waits for goodies to drift by and get caught — a tiny crustacean here, a savory mote of algae there. As it gathers particles, the net gradually becomes visible to the human eye, like a fresh spiderweb gathering dust. And by snatching random organic detritus from the water, the snail acts as a recycler, similar to a hungry earthworm breaking down meal scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s time to eat, the wormsnail uses its radula — an undulating conveyor belt of jagged teeth — to snag and pull the mucus net down the hatch. Seen up close, a feeding wormsnail looks a bit like the Sarlacc, the tentacled desert monster from “Return of the Jedi,” as it drags struggling prey down its gaping maw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail hauls in its mucus net using a belt of hooked teeth called the radula. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no way of disentangling its catch from the net, the wormsnail swallows the entire bundle, mucus and all. This way, it recoups the calories it spent to make the net in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a wormsnail has to stay alert if it wants to keep all that phlegmy goodness for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often, their mucus nets fuse,” says biologist Michael Hadfield, who has studied wormsnails extensively at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. “When one of them starts to pull it in, the others sense it, and they all pull in to make sure they get their share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scourge of the Aquarium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Indian and Pacific oceans, the scaled wormsnail’s cousins antagonize other creatures, too. Tropical species of wormsnail sometimes coat corals with their mucus nets, making it harder for those corals to \u003ca href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0291\">grow and survive\u003c/a>. Researchers aren’t sure why, but some suggest wormsnails’ nets hog food particles or alter the balance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258391779_Detection_of_Bioactive_Compounds_in_the_Mucus_Nets_of_Dendropoma_maxima_Sowerby_1825_Prosobranch_Gastropod_Vermetidae_Mollusca\">chemicals \u003c/a>around the surfaces of corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always this death zone around the vermetids,” says Rüdiger Bieler of Chicago’s Field Museum, referring to the name given to the family of wormsnail species around the world. This can make them a pest to saltwater aquarium keepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail has cast a long net inside a private aquarium tank in Shreveport, Louisiana. \u003ccite>(Brock Leonard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve talked to a lot of aquarium folks,” Bieler says, “and it took me a while to realize how much they hate these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In Warming Waters, a Varied Menu Goes a Long Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the California coast, the scaled wormsnail may be gaining a competitive advantage over its neighbors, as climate change heats up ocean habitats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists at UC Santa Barbara found that the 2014-15 marine heat wave known as the “Blob” gave a boost to scaled wormsnails living along the coast near the university’s campus. By contrast, invertebrates like sea stars, which eat wormsnails, perished during the event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That freed up a lot of space that the wormsnail could colonize,” says marine ecologist Bob Miller, senior author on the 2022 study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wormsnails spread to occupy over 80 times more space than before the Blob — from less than one-fifth of a square foot at each study site to over 16 square feet per site, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller believes the scaled wormsnail may be able to withstand heat waves along the California coast because it has evolved within a range that extends south to Baja California, Mexico, where waters are already warmer to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not being a picky eater may help, too, the researchers noted. When a heat wave makes nutritious plankton hard to come by, for instance, shreds of kelp and other floating food bits can fill the snails’ phlegmy nets instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983401\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail’s net can cover over 7 square inches in a few minutes. When multiple snails cluster together, their combined nets can span an even broader area. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whatever may end up in their nets, wormsnails will continue to perform an important job: As their nets filter the water, they keep coastal habitats clean for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing their part in recycling dead plant material,” biologist Hadfield says. “If there were no recyclers except bacteria and fungi in the sea, there would be huge piles of decaying detritus.” Those piles would suck oxygen from the environment as they decomposed, potentially harming other marine animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So next time you’re exploring the tide pools, peering through clean, clear water at anemones, crabs and nudibranchs, just remember — among many other creatures, you’ve got a sedentary little snail and its mucus to thank.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Most of the sea snails in a tide pool cruise around searching for food. But not the scaled wormsnail. It cements its shell to a rock and snags its meals using the one thing a snail has plenty of: mucus. Researchers have found that warming ocean waters might actually give these sea snails a boost.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845962,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1322},"headData":{"title":"This Snail Goes Fishing With a Net Made of Slime | KQED","description":"Most of the sea snails in a tide pool cruise around searching for food. But not the scaled wormsnail. It cements its shell to a rock and snags its meals using the one thing a snail has plenty of: mucus. Researchers have found that warming ocean waters might actually give these sea snails a boost.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"This Snail Goes Fishing With a Net Made of Slime","datePublished":"2023-07-11T15:05:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:19:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/YNcs7W3Q-k4","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"Yes","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983180/this-snail-goes-fishing-with-a-net-made-of-slime","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go clamber around the tide pools at Asilomar State Beach this summer and you might notice something odd: Some of the rocks look like someone haphazardly glued twisty scraps of old macaroni to them. \u003cem>Nature enrolled in a kindergarten art class\u003c/em>, you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983395\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A scaled wormsnail retracts into its tower-like shell to avoid drying out when exposed to the air during low tide. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But if you watch one of those noodle-like tubes closely, after a few seconds a squishy, speckled, black-and-orange creature may peep out from the opening. You’ve just found a scaled wormsnail — a curious marine animal that built this tube out of calcium carbonate secreted from its body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might look tiny and fragile, but looks can deceive: As climate change fuels marine heat waves that threaten countless ocean species, this odd little mollusk could prove to be a survivor. Its strength may stem, at least in part, from an adaptable diet of marine detritus, which it plucks from the current with a net made of its own mucus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>A Fishing Net ‘Like Snot in Seawater’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scaled wormsnail is a snail, not a worm. It gets its confounding name because it resembles marine worms that also live in tubes. But while other snails carry their houses around on their backs, this one doesn’t move at all. It anchors itself to a rock and never leaves, its tube home protecting it from the crashing surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wormsnail’s cloistered lifestyle brings with it a major drawback, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t do the normal thing other gastropods would do, which is crawl around and search for food,” says Peter Macht, aquarium curator at the Seymour Marine Discovery Center at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can it find anything to eat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a process that Macht sees every day at the Seymour Center’s aquarium, wormsnails fish for their dinner by casting a net. But instead of fashioning it from rope or thread like human fishers, they use something all snails have plenty of: mucus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to look like snot in seawater,” Macht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One big pull at a time, a scaled wormsnail hauls in its mucus net, which has bits of food attached to it. In the wild, the snail’s diet typically includes tiny plankton, little bits of seaweed, and detritus churned up by the waves. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snail releases mucus from a gland just below its mouth. But, unlike its more mobile relatives, which leave a trail of the slimy substance, the wormsnail sends mucus down the tentacles on either side of its head, forming it into strings like some invertebrate Spiderman slinging a web. The mucus strands ride the tides, spreading out into the water to create a miniature fishing net. It can cover more than 7 square inches in a matter of minutes, an impressive feat for a snail living in a tube the width of a pencil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reeling in the Catch With a Monstrous Mouth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it casts its net, the snail simply sits and waits for goodies to drift by and get caught — a tiny crustacean here, a savory mote of algae there. As it gathers particles, the net gradually becomes visible to the human eye, like a fresh spiderweb gathering dust. And by snatching random organic detritus from the water, the snail acts as a recycler, similar to a hungry earthworm breaking down meal scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s time to eat, the wormsnail uses its radula — an undulating conveyor belt of jagged teeth — to snag and pull the mucus net down the hatch. Seen up close, a feeding wormsnail looks a bit like the Sarlacc, the tentacled desert monster from “Return of the Jedi,” as it drags struggling prey down its gaping maw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail hauls in its mucus net using a belt of hooked teeth called the radula. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no way of disentangling its catch from the net, the wormsnail swallows the entire bundle, mucus and all. This way, it recoups the calories it spent to make the net in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a wormsnail has to stay alert if it wants to keep all that phlegmy goodness for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often, their mucus nets fuse,” says biologist Michael Hadfield, who has studied wormsnails extensively at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. “When one of them starts to pull it in, the others sense it, and they all pull in to make sure they get their share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scourge of the Aquarium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Indian and Pacific oceans, the scaled wormsnail’s cousins antagonize other creatures, too. Tropical species of wormsnail sometimes coat corals with their mucus nets, making it harder for those corals to \u003ca href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0291\">grow and survive\u003c/a>. Researchers aren’t sure why, but some suggest wormsnails’ nets hog food particles or alter the balance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258391779_Detection_of_Bioactive_Compounds_in_the_Mucus_Nets_of_Dendropoma_maxima_Sowerby_1825_Prosobranch_Gastropod_Vermetidae_Mollusca\">chemicals \u003c/a>around the surfaces of corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always this death zone around the vermetids,” says Rüdiger Bieler of Chicago’s Field Museum, referring to the name given to the family of wormsnail species around the world. This can make them a pest to saltwater aquarium keepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail has cast a long net inside a private aquarium tank in Shreveport, Louisiana. \u003ccite>(Brock Leonard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve talked to a lot of aquarium folks,” Bieler says, “and it took me a while to realize how much they hate these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In Warming Waters, a Varied Menu Goes a Long Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the California coast, the scaled wormsnail may be gaining a competitive advantage over its neighbors, as climate change heats up ocean habitats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists at UC Santa Barbara found that the 2014-15 marine heat wave known as the “Blob” gave a boost to scaled wormsnails living along the coast near the university’s campus. By contrast, invertebrates like sea stars, which eat wormsnails, perished during the event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That freed up a lot of space that the wormsnail could colonize,” says marine ecologist Bob Miller, senior author on the 2022 study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wormsnails spread to occupy over 80 times more space than before the Blob — from less than one-fifth of a square foot at each study site to over 16 square feet per site, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller believes the scaled wormsnail may be able to withstand heat waves along the California coast because it has evolved within a range that extends south to Baja California, Mexico, where waters are already warmer to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not being a picky eater may help, too, the researchers noted. When a heat wave makes nutritious plankton hard to come by, for instance, shreds of kelp and other floating food bits can fill the snails’ phlegmy nets instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983401\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail’s net can cover over 7 square inches in a few minutes. When multiple snails cluster together, their combined nets can span an even broader area. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whatever may end up in their nets, wormsnails will continue to perform an important job: As their nets filter the water, they keep coastal habitats clean for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing their part in recycling dead plant material,” biologist Hadfield says. “If there were no recyclers except bacteria and fungi in the sea, there would be huge piles of decaying detritus.” Those piles would suck oxygen from the environment as they decomposed, potentially harming other marine animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So next time you’re exploring the tide pools, peering through clean, clear water at anemones, crabs and nudibranchs, just remember — among many other creatures, you’ve got a sedentary little snail and its mucus to thank.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983180/this-snail-goes-fishing-with-a-net-made-of-slime","authors":["11868"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_40","science_2873","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_194","science_1970","science_324"],"featImg":"science_1983310","label":"science_1935"},"science_1979262":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979262","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979262","score":null,"sort":[1651884074000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-giant-isopods-to-glowing-jellies-this-new-monterey-bay-aquarium-exhibit-features-deep-sea-creatures-never-seen-before","title":"From Giant Isopods to Glowing Jellies, This New Monterey Bay Aquarium Exhibit Features Deep-Sea Creatures Never Seen Before","publishDate":1651884074,"format":"image","headTitle":"From Giant Isopods to Glowing Jellies, This New Monterey Bay Aquarium Exhibit Features Deep-Sea Creatures Never Seen Before | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean, and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A groundbreaking exhibit at the Monterey Bay Aquarium is bringing deep-sea animals from the midnight zone up to the surface and into public view for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really cool about this exhibit is that we are the only humans on Earth right now that are likely looking at some of these animals,” said Allen Protasio, exhibit guide at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' citation='Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor, Stevens Institute of Technology']‘We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done. It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.’[/pullquote]The midnight zone is cold and dark, and can only be explored by remote operating vehicles (ROVs) controlled by pilots in submarines. The deep sea is rich with strange and often bioluminescent creatures, many of them delicate and unable to withstand the drastic transition to the low pressure, bright lights and high temperatures at the surface. Monterey Bay researchers have experimented for over a decade with ways to bring elusive deep-sea life safely up from the depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit takes visitors on a descending tour of the abyss, starting with a model of Monterey Bay’s underwater canyon. Some parts of the canyon are more than a mile deep, and the canyon comes remarkably close to shore. Visitors can meander through a darkened gallery of tanks displaying gelatinous creatures from the shallower end of the midnight zone, known as the midwater, which ranges from 650 feet to 3,300 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A rust-colored crab with an oval body and white markings on its shell and legs rises up on four legs, two legs extended out above and in front of its body like an orchestra conductor. The crab is on a sandy floor inside an aquarium, with models of whale bones on the ground and looming in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese spider crab is the size of a small dog. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the midwater gallery, screens show dazzling ROV footage of shimmering bioluminescence. A goopy string adorned with stingers — a creature known as a siphonophore — floats suspended in its tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tommy Knowles, a jellyfish expert and one of the scientists who developed the exhibit, described his favorite midwater creature — a crimson dome bedazzled with ridges of strobing rainbow lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the bloody belly comb jelly, Lampocteis,” Knowles said. “It’s one of the most delicate jellies in the world. It’s like a sparkly bowl of Jell-O.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowles and other scientists tinkered with the acidity, light and temperature to achieve conditions that were just right for each deep-sea animal on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done,” said Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. “It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the deep sea is known for its high pressures, the aquarium scientists found that some deep-sea creatures could survive the ascent if they were given time to acclimate to the lower pressure and higher temperatures, not unlike the delicacy required when human divers return from high-pressure depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Inside a deep sea exhibit, black boulders looking like pieces of charcoal, pocked with lines and small holes line the ground. Growing on these boulders are tall, pale orange corals with trunks like a tree and branches like a curved fan. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg 1044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corals and sponges that grow on underwater mountains, or “seamounts” develop so slowly that damaged habitats could take centuries to recover. Drilling, mining, and fishing can put corals, sponges, and the animals they shelter at risk. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only people right now that know how you can push these animals, like the plasticity of their pressure needs at the moment,” said Muka. “They already know more about those deep-sea animals than we’ve ever known about them ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it took years of trial and error to figure out each deep-sea creature’s specific requirements, achieving low-enough oxygen levels proved to be a particular challenge. Many deep-sea creatures from an area known as the oxygen minimum zone need as little as 5% of the oxygen found at the ocean’s surface to survive. Some displays required developing new methods to strip oxygen out of seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to use equipment that I don’t think has ever been used in aquariums before,” Knowles said. “It was used in food production, for stripping gasses out of liquids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is more than a technological marvel or a way to show off exotic animals. In addition to educating the public, it serves as a reconstructed ecological system that allows scientists to study deep-sea environments without the expense and difficulty of submarine voyages. This combination of public outreach and basic science is a hallmark of the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re basically setting up a long-term laboratory for those scientists to be able to study those organisms,” Muka said. “In some sense, it is the ultimate reason for the public aquarium to exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it is so challenging to access and study, deep-sea biology is still in its infancy. Although scientists are only beginning to understand deep-sea environments, those environments are already under threat from human influence, such as deep-sea drilling, mining operations, climate change and microplastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-sea creatures feed on marine snow, tiny flecks of rotten flesh and other debris that drift down and eventually reach the sunless depths. But now, much of that snow is made up of tiny bits of microplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To demonstrate how microplastic pollution affects deep-sea animals, the exhibit includes an interactive game that shows how hard it is for these animals to survive. Players take control of different deep-sea creatures and must avoid getting eaten or stung, all while chasing down and gobbling up bits of marine snow. If a player survives the game, the screen displays the percentage of plastic they consumed along with their marine snow meals — often more than half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As those plastics break down smaller and smaller, they get into the food chain,” said Protasio. “And these deep-sea critters may not be able to distinguish between what’s marine snow and what’s microplastic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the deep end of the exhibit, visitors reach the muddy plains of the sea floor, studded with microhabitats. In one seafloor tank, spiny Japanese spider crabs the size of small dogs crawl over a model of a sperm whale skeleton settled into the mud. Cartilaginous ghost sharks lurk, and elephant fish probe for food with their long snouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' citation='Tommy Knowles, jellyfish expert, Monterey Bay Aquarium']‘In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings.’[/pullquote]While every other animal in the exhibit lives behind glass, giant deep-sea isopods with 14 legs huddle in a touch tank. They look like roly-polys from your garden, except they’re ghostly pale and as big as bread loaves. Isopods can thrive in a vast range of depths and environments, from just 550 feet below the surface to as deep as 7,000 feet. They can switch between crawling along the muddy plains of the seafloor to swimming with muscular flaps called pleopods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the deep sea is so different from what we’re used to, it can seem far away, and has often been compared to another planet. The creatures who call it home, with their many limbs and glowing, gelatinous bodies, might strike some visitors as otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings,” said Knowles. “I feel like the alien, coming in with my submarine with bright lights. They’re probably wondering, ‘What is that?!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Bay Aquarium has successfully brought a glimpse of the midnight zone into the light. The exhibit provides scientists with new tools to keep learning about the earthlings who call it home, and reminds us just how close we are to our deep, dark neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846265,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1389},"headData":{"title":"From Giant Isopods to Glowing Jellies, This New Monterey Bay Aquarium Exhibit Features Deep-Sea Creatures Never Seen Before | KQED","description":"The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Giant Isopods to Glowing Jellies, This New Monterey Bay Aquarium Exhibit Features Deep-Sea Creatures Never Seen Before","datePublished":"2022-05-07T00:41:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:24:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Oceans","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/44e7dfc5-3e1e-466c-a06e-ae7b0129cf16/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Guananí Gómez-Van Cortright ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1979262/from-giant-isopods-to-glowing-jellies-this-new-monterey-bay-aquarium-exhibit-features-deep-sea-creatures-never-seen-before","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean, and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A groundbreaking exhibit at the Monterey Bay Aquarium is bringing deep-sea animals from the midnight zone up to the surface and into public view for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really cool about this exhibit is that we are the only humans on Earth right now that are likely looking at some of these animals,” said Allen Protasio, exhibit guide at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done. It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","citation":"Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor, Stevens Institute of Technology","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The midnight zone is cold and dark, and can only be explored by remote operating vehicles (ROVs) controlled by pilots in submarines. The deep sea is rich with strange and often bioluminescent creatures, many of them delicate and unable to withstand the drastic transition to the low pressure, bright lights and high temperatures at the surface. Monterey Bay researchers have experimented for over a decade with ways to bring elusive deep-sea life safely up from the depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit takes visitors on a descending tour of the abyss, starting with a model of Monterey Bay’s underwater canyon. Some parts of the canyon are more than a mile deep, and the canyon comes remarkably close to shore. Visitors can meander through a darkened gallery of tanks displaying gelatinous creatures from the shallower end of the midnight zone, known as the midwater, which ranges from 650 feet to 3,300 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A rust-colored crab with an oval body and white markings on its shell and legs rises up on four legs, two legs extended out above and in front of its body like an orchestra conductor. The crab is on a sandy floor inside an aquarium, with models of whale bones on the ground and looming in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese spider crab is the size of a small dog. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the midwater gallery, screens show dazzling ROV footage of shimmering bioluminescence. A goopy string adorned with stingers — a creature known as a siphonophore — floats suspended in its tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tommy Knowles, a jellyfish expert and one of the scientists who developed the exhibit, described his favorite midwater creature — a crimson dome bedazzled with ridges of strobing rainbow lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the bloody belly comb jelly, Lampocteis,” Knowles said. “It’s one of the most delicate jellies in the world. It’s like a sparkly bowl of Jell-O.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowles and other scientists tinkered with the acidity, light and temperature to achieve conditions that were just right for each deep-sea animal on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done,” said Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. “It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the deep sea is known for its high pressures, the aquarium scientists found that some deep-sea creatures could survive the ascent if they were given time to acclimate to the lower pressure and higher temperatures, not unlike the delicacy required when human divers return from high-pressure depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Inside a deep sea exhibit, black boulders looking like pieces of charcoal, pocked with lines and small holes line the ground. Growing on these boulders are tall, pale orange corals with trunks like a tree and branches like a curved fan. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg 1044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corals and sponges that grow on underwater mountains, or “seamounts” develop so slowly that damaged habitats could take centuries to recover. Drilling, mining, and fishing can put corals, sponges, and the animals they shelter at risk. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only people right now that know how you can push these animals, like the plasticity of their pressure needs at the moment,” said Muka. “They already know more about those deep-sea animals than we’ve ever known about them ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it took years of trial and error to figure out each deep-sea creature’s specific requirements, achieving low-enough oxygen levels proved to be a particular challenge. Many deep-sea creatures from an area known as the oxygen minimum zone need as little as 5% of the oxygen found at the ocean’s surface to survive. Some displays required developing new methods to strip oxygen out of seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to use equipment that I don’t think has ever been used in aquariums before,” Knowles said. “It was used in food production, for stripping gasses out of liquids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is more than a technological marvel or a way to show off exotic animals. In addition to educating the public, it serves as a reconstructed ecological system that allows scientists to study deep-sea environments without the expense and difficulty of submarine voyages. This combination of public outreach and basic science is a hallmark of the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re basically setting up a long-term laboratory for those scientists to be able to study those organisms,” Muka said. “In some sense, it is the ultimate reason for the public aquarium to exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it is so challenging to access and study, deep-sea biology is still in its infancy. Although scientists are only beginning to understand deep-sea environments, those environments are already under threat from human influence, such as deep-sea drilling, mining operations, climate change and microplastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-sea creatures feed on marine snow, tiny flecks of rotten flesh and other debris that drift down and eventually reach the sunless depths. But now, much of that snow is made up of tiny bits of microplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To demonstrate how microplastic pollution affects deep-sea animals, the exhibit includes an interactive game that shows how hard it is for these animals to survive. Players take control of different deep-sea creatures and must avoid getting eaten or stung, all while chasing down and gobbling up bits of marine snow. If a player survives the game, the screen displays the percentage of plastic they consumed along with their marine snow meals — often more than half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As those plastics break down smaller and smaller, they get into the food chain,” said Protasio. “And these deep-sea critters may not be able to distinguish between what’s marine snow and what’s microplastic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the deep end of the exhibit, visitors reach the muddy plains of the sea floor, studded with microhabitats. In one seafloor tank, spiny Japanese spider crabs the size of small dogs crawl over a model of a sperm whale skeleton settled into the mud. Cartilaginous ghost sharks lurk, and elephant fish probe for food with their long snouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","citation":"Tommy Knowles, jellyfish expert, Monterey Bay Aquarium","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While every other animal in the exhibit lives behind glass, giant deep-sea isopods with 14 legs huddle in a touch tank. They look like roly-polys from your garden, except they’re ghostly pale and as big as bread loaves. Isopods can thrive in a vast range of depths and environments, from just 550 feet below the surface to as deep as 7,000 feet. They can switch between crawling along the muddy plains of the seafloor to swimming with muscular flaps called pleopods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the deep sea is so different from what we’re used to, it can seem far away, and has often been compared to another planet. The creatures who call it home, with their many limbs and glowing, gelatinous bodies, might strike some visitors as otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings,” said Knowles. “I feel like the alien, coming in with my submarine with bright lights. They’re probably wondering, ‘What is that?!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Bay Aquarium has successfully brought a glimpse of the midnight zone into the light. The exhibit provides scientists with new tools to keep learning about the earthlings who call it home, and reminds us just how close we are to our deep, dark neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979262/from-giant-isopods-to-glowing-jellies-this-new-monterey-bay-aquarium-exhibit-features-deep-sea-creatures-never-seen-before","authors":["byline_science_1979262"],"categories":["science_2874","science_46","science_40","science_2873","science_43"],"tags":["science_4414","science_2698","science_324"],"featImg":"science_1979272","label":"source_science_1979262"},"science_1976045":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976045","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976045","score":null,"sort":[1628859636000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trapping-millions-of-zombie-urchins-could-restore-californias-once-mighty-kelp-forests","title":"Trapping Millions of 'Zombie' Urchins Could Restore California's Once Mighty Kelp Forests","publishDate":1628859636,"format":"image","headTitle":"Trapping Millions of ‘Zombie’ Urchins Could Restore California’s Once Mighty Kelp Forests | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Grant Downie is cruising through Caspar Bay, a small cove 150 miles north of San Francisco on the rugged Mendocino County coast. From the helm of his 18-foot fishing boat, The Rose, Downie steers along the jagged cliffs that surround a pristine beach at the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea in this protected inlet appears peaceful and calm. But below the surface, all is not well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right' citation='Mark Carr, a UC Santa Cruz']‘Let there be no question. These forests will not recover until urchin numbers have been reduced low enough and their behavior shifts back to remaining in cracks and crevices.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down in the dark green water, hundreds of thousands of spiny purple sea urchins are scavenging the few remaining scraps of bull kelp, a leafy seaweed that once canopied California’s coastal waters from San Francisco to Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kelp provides habitat for countless marine species and captures carbon from the water and the atmosphere. But scientists say climate change is threatening kelp forests around the globe. In the last five years around 95% of Northern California’s bull kelp canopy was devoured by an influx of hungry sea urchins, aided by a temporary spike in ocean temperatures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was one of the first areas we saw the \u003ci>purps\u003c/i> really taking over,” says Downie, a 33-year-old second-generation commercial urchin fisherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By “purps,” he means purple sea urchins. Of course, it could also be “perps,” as in \u003ci>perpetrators\u003c/i>. These ping pong-ball sized critters sprout sharp, violet purple spines, in all directions, and have voracious appetites for kelp and other algae. (They’ve also been known to devour jelly fish and even bird carcasses.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976054\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976054\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nature Conservancy, a science-based nonprofit, is studying different ways to remove purple sea urchins so kelp forests can rebound. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downie kills the engine and we drift up to a buoy that’s connected by 20 feet of rope to a flat, hula hoop-shaped mesh trap. For two days, it’s been lying on the craggy ocean bottom, baited with strips of bull kelp, quietly attracting the purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp once thrived in places like Caspar Bay. Now, Downie says the ocean floor is lined with bare rock and purple urchins. “There are reefs where it’s like a carpet of purple urchin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hoists up the line, yelping with pleasure as a mound of urchins spill onto the deck. Urchins on top of urchins, some weren’t even able to reach the kelp, but “were just on the trap because the kelp was there,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s left of the bull kelp is a ragged green mass, covered in bite marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They hammered it,” Downie says, describing the amount of kelp eaten by the urchin as “insane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick count reveals the trap brought up more than 300 of the spiny invertebrates — a new personal record for Downie with a single trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Collapse of a Forest\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Downie’s trapping work is part of a research project spearheaded by The Nature Conservancy, a science-based nonprofit in search of solutions to pave the way for kelp’s recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949757/massive-california-kelp-decline-linked-to-ocean-heat-wave-voracious-sea-urchins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> collapse of California’s kelp forests\u003c/a> is complicated, but goes something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 2014, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/looking-back-blob-record-warming-drives-unprecedented-ocean-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">warm water blob \u003c/a> from the Pacific Northwest combined with an El Niño pulse from the south to create a large, prolonged \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2021/03/kelp-forests-norcal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> ocean heat wave\u003c/a>. Water temperatures spiked nearly 7 degrees Fahrenheit above average in spots along the West Coast. Kelp thrives in colder waters, which have more of the nutrients it needs to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardy kelp may have recovered naturally after the heat wave passed. But a second ecological disaster, potentially related to the warm waters, struck. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1937467/historic-sea-star-die-off-tied-to-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> disease\u003c/a> killed most of the sea stars on the West Coast, including the 24-limbed, bicycle-wheel-sized sunflower star that feasts on purple sea urchins. Without these predators around, the urchin population swelled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins, typically concealed in protective, rocky crevasses where they patiently wait for fallen kelp leaves, came out of hiding and mowed down the forest, stalks and all. The state’s North Coast got hit the hardest. The kelp in Central and Southern California waters fared somewhat better because other predators there, like sea otters and lobsters, also eat urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For kelp to rebound, scientists first need to figure out how to remove millions of urchins from California waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N7APOWQkWs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A pile of purple sea urchins collects on a underwater trap in Caspar Bay. (Colin McHugh)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let there be no question,” says Mark Carr, a UC Santa Cruz marine ecology professor not affiliated with the Nature Conservancy project, “these forests will not recover until urchin numbers have been reduced low enough and their behavior shifts back to remaining in cracks and crevices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A New Solution\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few years, scientists and wildlife managers have begun testing different solutions for solving the purple urchin problem. One \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/show/crosscurrents/2019-10-31/california-divers-fight-to-turn-the-tide-on-a-collapsing-ecosystem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> well-documented approach\u003c/a> has been to deploy scuba divers to harvest urchins by hand-plucking them off reefs. But diving is expensive and potentially dangerous in strong currents or bad weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchin trapping has been proposed as a comparatively safe and cost-effective way to cull a ton of urchin and safeguard kelp’s recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got these cleared areas in the harbor where we want the kelp to grow back,” Downie says, “Let’s just set traps all around it so that when the urchins come, they’re going to be in the traps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since no one’s ever tried using traps to catch urchins along the West Coast, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife granted the Nature Conservancy project a special permit to test out the method. Downie designed the traps himself: the flat-as-a-pancake version and another with collapsible walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Downie rigs an urchin trap with bull kelp and a GoPro camera. A single trap can capture more than 300 purple sea urchins. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might think so many urchins would be good news for an urchin fisherman. But Downie makes a living scuba diving for the larger and meatier red sea urchins, the kind you pay $8 a piece for at sushi bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a fraction of purple urchins grow big enough to eat. When they moved in, he says the red ones died or moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since this whole disaster, I’m hardly making a quarter of what I used to,” Downie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disappearance of kelp has crippled other marine ecosystems, like the rockfish and red abalone fisheries that were once staples of the Northern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just hurting the urchin divers,” Downie says. “That was a huge income for so many people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the ecological and economic collapse, Downie decided to use his knowledge of urchins to help scientists find a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had heard about the trapping project and I said, ‘Hey, I think it should stay urchin-based,’’’ he says. “We’re not trappers per se, and this [contract] could have gone to a crabber or somebody like that. But our industry is in decline, we’re looking for help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy pays Downie for his work, and he now represents the North Coast region on a state commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Zombie Urchins Survive for Decades Without Eating\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without much kelp left to eat, most of the urchins Downie pulls from the water are starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the outside they look fine, on the inside they’re everything but fine,” says Tristin McHugh, an ecologist who directs the kelp recovery project for the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t mean they’ll die-off naturally. These zombie urchins, as scientists call them, can survive for decades, biding their time until more kelp grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some places in the world known to have them for 70-plus years in that state,” McHugh says. Which means it may be up to humans to tip the scales back in favor of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976058\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976058\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The inside of what scientists call a “zombie urchin.” Urchins can survive decades in this state. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other methods scientists are exploring for urchin removal include reintroducing natural predators, like sea stars or sea otters. Researchers at the University of Washington have begun the first-ever \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgcCjpXt7Ac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">captive breeding program\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for sunflower stars, which still haven’t bounced back in California since the disease wiped them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each method has potential benefits and challenges, which include cost, safety, feasibility and regulatory hurdles, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973217/in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> research shows \u003c/a> that sea otters eat urchins along the Central Coast, helping maintain patches of healthy kelp forest, Mark Carr from UC Santa Cruz, says it’s unlikely they would go after the zombies that blanket large areas of ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The otters are not going to go out and waste their time and energy feeding on urchins that have very low nutritional value,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it pans out, urchin trapping has the potential to do some heavy lifting for conservation, especially when diving isn’t practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using traps, you may be able to extend your season for getting into the water,” says James Ray, a kelp specialist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “And you can target specific areas on a more constant basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By creating strongholds for kelp along the coast, he says, the forest may be better equipped to withstand future threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But trapping has its limitations, too. Divers can swim right up to urchins, but dropping traps requires some guesswork. Trappers must hope that the urchins will be in expected locations. While trapping is less expensive than diving, it’s still costly and requires continual effort, whereas introducing predators may eventually sustain itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nature Conservancy’s kelp project director Tristin McHugh points out the spore packet on a healthy bull kelp frond in Caspar Bay. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ray, who’s been collaborating with the Nature Conservancy’s kelp recovery research, says no one method will be the “silver bullet answer.” He says trapping and diving could potentially work together, in tandem with other methods, as wildlife managers try to scale up solutions from small patches to the entire coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any solution,” he says, “is likely going to be a sort of a mosaic of smaller solutions that all work, ultimately, towards trying to increase resiliency in our kelp forest ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh agrees with the kitchen sink approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We almost want these very simple, singular solutions,” she says, “But the really key piece right now is figuring out how many different methods we can utilize and facilitate this shift back into a kelp forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy currently donates the urchin carcasses to a company for composting. But McHugh says the long-term goal is to find a commercial market for the calcium-rich shells, like fertilizer or even road building materials, to help fund urchin removals on a larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone needs to buy the urchin because we can’t necessarily rely on grant funds or philanthropic funds,” she says. “We need to figure out how we can utilize purple urchin, whether it’s for soil additives or for pavement or whatever it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘Golden Tendrils’ of Hope\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there hasn’t been significant recovery of bull kelp in Northern California since the marine heat wave, there is some reason for hope. Ocean temperatures have normalized, restoring nutrients to a level “that can sustain kelp growth and productivity,” Ray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While climate change increases the likelihood of warming events, kelp is known for its resiliency, replenishing itself every year from new spores and growing up to 2 feet a day. Along the North Coast, there have recently beens some \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/climate/article/Northern-California-kelp-forest-shows-signs-of-16375965.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary reports\u003c/a> of kelp beginning to reemerge in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: Back in Caspar Bay, McHugh kayaks close to the beach, where the sandy bottom prevents urchins from moving in. Surrounding her on all sides is a healthy canopy of bull kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just these glorious golden tendrils of kelp just floating, creating this wonderful canopy that houses tons of marine life, turns over carbon for us, just does everything that you would possibly want a canopy forming species to do,” McHugh says, “It’s currently doing for us right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hasn’t seen kelp in this cove in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can actually see the spore packets on the blades of the kelp getting ready to drop,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single packet holds millions of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they reach the seafloor, McHugh says, “male and female will find each other and they’ll wait for the next opportune ocean conditions to start growing and begin their life cycle again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a sign, she says, that if scientists can get rid of the urchins, California’s underwater forests will have a chance to return.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the last five years around 95% of Northern California’s bull kelp canopy was devoured by an influx of hungry sea urchins.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846474,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":66,"wordCount":2262},"headData":{"title":"Trapping Millions of 'Zombie' Urchins Could Restore California's Once Mighty Kelp Forests | KQED","description":"In the last five years around 95% of Northern California’s bull kelp canopy was devoured by an influx of hungry sea urchins.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Trapping Millions of 'Zombie' Urchins Could Restore California's Once Mighty Kelp Forests","datePublished":"2021-08-13T13:00:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:27:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Oceans","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/973bdde5-93c2-414d-acea-ad830115b6dc/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1976045/trapping-millions-of-zombie-urchins-could-restore-californias-once-mighty-kelp-forests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Grant Downie is cruising through Caspar Bay, a small cove 150 miles north of San Francisco on the rugged Mendocino County coast. From the helm of his 18-foot fishing boat, The Rose, Downie steers along the jagged cliffs that surround a pristine beach at the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea in this protected inlet appears peaceful and calm. But below the surface, all is not well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Let there be no question. These forests will not recover until urchin numbers have been reduced low enough and their behavior shifts back to remaining in cracks and crevices.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","citation":"Mark Carr, a UC Santa Cruz","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down in the dark green water, hundreds of thousands of spiny purple sea urchins are scavenging the few remaining scraps of bull kelp, a leafy seaweed that once canopied California’s coastal waters from San Francisco to Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kelp provides habitat for countless marine species and captures carbon from the water and the atmosphere. But scientists say climate change is threatening kelp forests around the globe. In the last five years around 95% of Northern California’s bull kelp canopy was devoured by an influx of hungry sea urchins, aided by a temporary spike in ocean temperatures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was one of the first areas we saw the \u003ci>purps\u003c/i> really taking over,” says Downie, a 33-year-old second-generation commercial urchin fisherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By “purps,” he means purple sea urchins. Of course, it could also be “perps,” as in \u003ci>perpetrators\u003c/i>. These ping pong-ball sized critters sprout sharp, violet purple spines, in all directions, and have voracious appetites for kelp and other algae. (They’ve also been known to devour jelly fish and even bird carcasses.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976054\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976054\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nature Conservancy, a science-based nonprofit, is studying different ways to remove purple sea urchins so kelp forests can rebound. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downie kills the engine and we drift up to a buoy that’s connected by 20 feet of rope to a flat, hula hoop-shaped mesh trap. For two days, it’s been lying on the craggy ocean bottom, baited with strips of bull kelp, quietly attracting the purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp once thrived in places like Caspar Bay. Now, Downie says the ocean floor is lined with bare rock and purple urchins. “There are reefs where it’s like a carpet of purple urchin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hoists up the line, yelping with pleasure as a mound of urchins spill onto the deck. Urchins on top of urchins, some weren’t even able to reach the kelp, but “were just on the trap because the kelp was there,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s left of the bull kelp is a ragged green mass, covered in bite marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They hammered it,” Downie says, describing the amount of kelp eaten by the urchin as “insane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick count reveals the trap brought up more than 300 of the spiny invertebrates — a new personal record for Downie with a single trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Collapse of a Forest\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Downie’s trapping work is part of a research project spearheaded by The Nature Conservancy, a science-based nonprofit in search of solutions to pave the way for kelp’s recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949757/massive-california-kelp-decline-linked-to-ocean-heat-wave-voracious-sea-urchins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> collapse of California’s kelp forests\u003c/a> is complicated, but goes something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 2014, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/looking-back-blob-record-warming-drives-unprecedented-ocean-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">warm water blob \u003c/a> from the Pacific Northwest combined with an El Niño pulse from the south to create a large, prolonged \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2021/03/kelp-forests-norcal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> ocean heat wave\u003c/a>. Water temperatures spiked nearly 7 degrees Fahrenheit above average in spots along the West Coast. Kelp thrives in colder waters, which have more of the nutrients it needs to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardy kelp may have recovered naturally after the heat wave passed. But a second ecological disaster, potentially related to the warm waters, struck. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1937467/historic-sea-star-die-off-tied-to-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> disease\u003c/a> killed most of the sea stars on the West Coast, including the 24-limbed, bicycle-wheel-sized sunflower star that feasts on purple sea urchins. Without these predators around, the urchin population swelled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins, typically concealed in protective, rocky crevasses where they patiently wait for fallen kelp leaves, came out of hiding and mowed down the forest, stalks and all. The state’s North Coast got hit the hardest. The kelp in Central and Southern California waters fared somewhat better because other predators there, like sea otters and lobsters, also eat urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For kelp to rebound, scientists first need to figure out how to remove millions of urchins from California waters.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2N7APOWQkWs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2N7APOWQkWs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>A pile of purple sea urchins collects on a underwater trap in Caspar Bay. (Colin McHugh)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let there be no question,” says Mark Carr, a UC Santa Cruz marine ecology professor not affiliated with the Nature Conservancy project, “these forests will not recover until urchin numbers have been reduced low enough and their behavior shifts back to remaining in cracks and crevices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A New Solution\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few years, scientists and wildlife managers have begun testing different solutions for solving the purple urchin problem. One \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/show/crosscurrents/2019-10-31/california-divers-fight-to-turn-the-tide-on-a-collapsing-ecosystem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> well-documented approach\u003c/a> has been to deploy scuba divers to harvest urchins by hand-plucking them off reefs. But diving is expensive and potentially dangerous in strong currents or bad weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchin trapping has been proposed as a comparatively safe and cost-effective way to cull a ton of urchin and safeguard kelp’s recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got these cleared areas in the harbor where we want the kelp to grow back,” Downie says, “Let’s just set traps all around it so that when the urchins come, they’re going to be in the traps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since no one’s ever tried using traps to catch urchins along the West Coast, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife granted the Nature Conservancy project a special permit to test out the method. Downie designed the traps himself: the flat-as-a-pancake version and another with collapsible walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Downie rigs an urchin trap with bull kelp and a GoPro camera. A single trap can capture more than 300 purple sea urchins. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might think so many urchins would be good news for an urchin fisherman. But Downie makes a living scuba diving for the larger and meatier red sea urchins, the kind you pay $8 a piece for at sushi bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a fraction of purple urchins grow big enough to eat. When they moved in, he says the red ones died or moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since this whole disaster, I’m hardly making a quarter of what I used to,” Downie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disappearance of kelp has crippled other marine ecosystems, like the rockfish and red abalone fisheries that were once staples of the Northern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just hurting the urchin divers,” Downie says. “That was a huge income for so many people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the ecological and economic collapse, Downie decided to use his knowledge of urchins to help scientists find a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had heard about the trapping project and I said, ‘Hey, I think it should stay urchin-based,’’’ he says. “We’re not trappers per se, and this [contract] could have gone to a crabber or somebody like that. But our industry is in decline, we’re looking for help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy pays Downie for his work, and he now represents the North Coast region on a state commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Zombie Urchins Survive for Decades Without Eating\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without much kelp left to eat, most of the urchins Downie pulls from the water are starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the outside they look fine, on the inside they’re everything but fine,” says Tristin McHugh, an ecologist who directs the kelp recovery project for the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t mean they’ll die-off naturally. These zombie urchins, as scientists call them, can survive for decades, biding their time until more kelp grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some places in the world known to have them for 70-plus years in that state,” McHugh says. Which means it may be up to humans to tip the scales back in favor of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976058\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976058\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-5-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The inside of what scientists call a “zombie urchin.” Urchins can survive decades in this state. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other methods scientists are exploring for urchin removal include reintroducing natural predators, like sea stars or sea otters. Researchers at the University of Washington have begun the first-ever \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgcCjpXt7Ac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">captive breeding program\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for sunflower stars, which still haven’t bounced back in California since the disease wiped them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each method has potential benefits and challenges, which include cost, safety, feasibility and regulatory hurdles, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973217/in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> research shows \u003c/a> that sea otters eat urchins along the Central Coast, helping maintain patches of healthy kelp forest, Mark Carr from UC Santa Cruz, says it’s unlikely they would go after the zombies that blanket large areas of ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The otters are not going to go out and waste their time and energy feeding on urchins that have very low nutritional value,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it pans out, urchin trapping has the potential to do some heavy lifting for conservation, especially when diving isn’t practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using traps, you may be able to extend your season for getting into the water,” says James Ray, a kelp specialist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “And you can target specific areas on a more constant basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By creating strongholds for kelp along the coast, he says, the forest may be better equipped to withstand future threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But trapping has its limitations, too. Divers can swim right up to urchins, but dropping traps requires some guesswork. Trappers must hope that the urchins will be in expected locations. While trapping is less expensive than diving, it’s still costly and requires continual effort, whereas introducing predators may eventually sustain itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/Kelp-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nature Conservancy’s kelp project director Tristin McHugh points out the spore packet on a healthy bull kelp frond in Caspar Bay. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ray, who’s been collaborating with the Nature Conservancy’s kelp recovery research, says no one method will be the “silver bullet answer.” He says trapping and diving could potentially work together, in tandem with other methods, as wildlife managers try to scale up solutions from small patches to the entire coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any solution,” he says, “is likely going to be a sort of a mosaic of smaller solutions that all work, ultimately, towards trying to increase resiliency in our kelp forest ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh agrees with the kitchen sink approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We almost want these very simple, singular solutions,” she says, “But the really key piece right now is figuring out how many different methods we can utilize and facilitate this shift back into a kelp forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy currently donates the urchin carcasses to a company for composting. But McHugh says the long-term goal is to find a commercial market for the calcium-rich shells, like fertilizer or even road building materials, to help fund urchin removals on a larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone needs to buy the urchin because we can’t necessarily rely on grant funds or philanthropic funds,” she says. “We need to figure out how we can utilize purple urchin, whether it’s for soil additives or for pavement or whatever it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘Golden Tendrils’ of Hope\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there hasn’t been significant recovery of bull kelp in Northern California since the marine heat wave, there is some reason for hope. Ocean temperatures have normalized, restoring nutrients to a level “that can sustain kelp growth and productivity,” Ray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While climate change increases the likelihood of warming events, kelp is known for its resiliency, replenishing itself every year from new spores and growing up to 2 feet a day. Along the North Coast, there have recently beens some \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/climate/article/Northern-California-kelp-forest-shows-signs-of-16375965.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary reports\u003c/a> of kelp beginning to reemerge in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: Back in Caspar Bay, McHugh kayaks close to the beach, where the sandy bottom prevents urchins from moving in. Surrounding her on all sides is a healthy canopy of bull kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just these glorious golden tendrils of kelp just floating, creating this wonderful canopy that houses tons of marine life, turns over carbon for us, just does everything that you would possibly want a canopy forming species to do,” McHugh says, “It’s currently doing for us right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hasn’t seen kelp in this cove in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can actually see the spore packets on the blades of the kelp getting ready to drop,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single packet holds millions of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they reach the seafloor, McHugh says, “male and female will find each other and they’ll wait for the next opportune ocean conditions to start growing and begin their life cycle again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a sign, she says, that if scientists can get rid of the urchins, California’s underwater forests will have a chance to return.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976045/trapping-millions-of-zombie-urchins-could-restore-californias-once-mighty-kelp-forests","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_2874","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_2873","science_4450"],"tags":["science_194","science_4414","science_3265","science_324"],"featImg":"science_1976052","label":"source_science_1976045"},"science_1976092":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976092","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976092","score":null,"sort":[1627930709000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"noaa-expedition-discovers-spongebob-patrick-look-alikes-a-mile-under-the-oceans-surface","title":"NOAA Expedition Discovers SpongeBob, Patrick Look Alikes A Mile Under The Ocean's Surface","publishDate":1627930709,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NOAA Expedition Discovers SpongeBob, Patrick Look Alikes A Mile Under The Ocean’s Surface | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>An ocean expedition exploring more than a mile under the surface of the Atlantic captured a startlingly silly sight this week: a sponge that looked very much like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nick.com/shows/spongebob-squarepants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SpongeBob SquarePants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And right next to it, a pink sea star — a doppelganger for Patrick, SpongeBob’s dim-witted best friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"jw_embed\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/embedded-video?storyId=1022837166&mediaId=1022929038&jwMediaType=null\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>NOAA’s Okeanos Explorer captured video of a notable sponge and sea star this week. In real life, the two aren’t such good friends.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://naturalhistory.si.edu/staff/christopher-mah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christopher Mah\u003c/a> was one of the scientists watching \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/livestreams/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a live feed\u003c/a> from a submersible launched off the NOAA ship \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer\u003c/em>. He’s a research associate at the National Museum of Natural History who frequently collaborates with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. He’s also an \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expert on starfish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah immediately noticed the underwater creatures’ resemblance to the animated buddies. “They’re just a dead ringer for the cartoon characters,” Mah tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/echinoblog/status/1420069675036147713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tweeted\u003c/a> an image of the two noting the resemblance, delighting lots of folks. Someone helpfully \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mwhdeere/status/1420957021927616513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">added\u003c/a> faces and legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/echinoblog/status/1420069961104433154?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad News: Sponges and Sea Stars Aren’t Actually Pals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than chilling together under the sea, Mah suspects a different reason for the creatures’ closeness: Sea stars like to feed on sponges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all likelihood, the reason that starfish is right next to that sponge is because that sponge is just about to be devoured, at least in part,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. The sponge might be bright yellow because of its chemical defenses, Mah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, he says, “The reality is a little crueler than perhaps a cartoon would suggest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In scientific terms, a sponge is \u003cem>Hertwigia\u003c/em>, while a starfish is a \u003cem>Chondraster\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah says the starfish spotted by the expedition was probably a species called a \u003cem>Chondraster grandis\u003c/em> — the pink starfish that was likely the inspiration for the Patrick character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1536x1150.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-2048x1533.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick and Spongebob take part in the Worldwide Day of Play on July 26, 2017 in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images for Nickelodeon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the real-life sponge is as yellow as the Nickelodeon character, SpongeBob’s shape is far from what’s found in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SpongeBob is obviously shaped like a plastic cleaning sponge — he’s rectangular,” Mah says. But actual deep-sea sponges? “They’re almost surreal. They’re bizarre, crazy shapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick’s anatomy is not exactly faithful to that of a real starfish, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expedition Was Exploring the Depths of the Atlantic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition was more than 200 miles off the Atlantic coast when the now-famous sponge and starfish were sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The find was part of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex2104/features/plan/welcome.html\">North Atlantic Stepping Stones\u003c/a>, a monthlong expedition on the \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer \u003c/em>to collect information about unknown and poorly understood deep-water areas off the eastern U.S. coast and high seas. The expedition involved mapping the seafloor and explorations of deep-sea coral sponge communities, fish habitats and the ecosystems of seamounts, which are underwater mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976093\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11.jpg 894w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a mile underwater, the cartoon doppelgangers were found side by side. \u003ccite>(NOAA Ocean Exploration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep-Sea Life is Poorly Understood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is the fuss over a real sponge that looks like an animated sponge a bit silly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, says Mah. But he welcomes the attention if it means that people think about the life that is dwelling in the world’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are literally animals that the public might not have ever even seen before. They live at almost a 2,000-meter depth,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the hubbub brings awareness not only to sponges and starfish but also to their habitat, which is under threat from forces including mining and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive response from folks on Twitter has been nice, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like, ‘Oh, my God, this is perfect. This is great. I can’t believe this is true,’ ” Mah says. “So if we can bring positivity and we can make people happy by showing them nature — well, that’s what nature has always done for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Research+Vessel+Found+SpongeBob+Look-Alikes+A+Mile+Under+The+Ocean%27s+Surface&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A photo of a real-life sponge and starfish hanging out together delighted the internet. But \"the reality is a little crueler than perhaps a cartoon would suggest,\" says the researcher who posted it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846491,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.npr.org/embedded-video"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":723},"headData":{"title":"NOAA Expedition Discovers SpongeBob, Patrick Look Alikes A Mile Under The Ocean's Surface | KQED","description":"A photo of a real-life sponge and starfish hanging out together delighted the internet. But "the reality is a little crueler than perhaps a cartoon would suggest," says the researcher who posted it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NOAA Expedition Discovers SpongeBob, Patrick Look Alikes A Mile Under The Ocean's Surface","datePublished":"2021-08-02T18:58:29.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:28:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Laurel Wamsley \u003cbr />NPR\u003cbr>","nprImageAgency":"NOAA Ocean Exploration","nprStoryId":"1022837166","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1022837166&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/31/1022837166/real-life-spongebob-squarepants-noaa-expedition?ft=nprml&f=1022837166","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 31 Jul 2021 14:33:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 31 Jul 2021 06:00:57 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 31 Jul 2021 14:33:13 -0400","path":"/science/1976092/noaa-expedition-discovers-spongebob-patrick-look-alikes-a-mile-under-the-oceans-surface","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An ocean expedition exploring more than a mile under the surface of the Atlantic captured a startlingly silly sight this week: a sponge that looked very much like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nick.com/shows/spongebob-squarepants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SpongeBob SquarePants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And right next to it, a pink sea star — a doppelganger for Patrick, SpongeBob’s dim-witted best friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"jw_embed\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/embedded-video?storyId=1022837166&mediaId=1022929038&jwMediaType=null\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>NOAA’s Okeanos Explorer captured video of a notable sponge and sea star this week. In real life, the two aren’t such good friends.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://naturalhistory.si.edu/staff/christopher-mah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christopher Mah\u003c/a> was one of the scientists watching \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/livestreams/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a live feed\u003c/a> from a submersible launched off the NOAA ship \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer\u003c/em>. He’s a research associate at the National Museum of Natural History who frequently collaborates with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. He’s also an \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expert on starfish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah immediately noticed the underwater creatures’ resemblance to the animated buddies. “They’re just a dead ringer for the cartoon characters,” Mah tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/echinoblog/status/1420069675036147713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tweeted\u003c/a> an image of the two noting the resemblance, delighting lots of folks. Someone helpfully \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mwhdeere/status/1420957021927616513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">added\u003c/a> faces and legs.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1420069961104433154"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad News: Sponges and Sea Stars Aren’t Actually Pals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than chilling together under the sea, Mah suspects a different reason for the creatures’ closeness: Sea stars like to feed on sponges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all likelihood, the reason that starfish is right next to that sponge is because that sponge is just about to be devoured, at least in part,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. The sponge might be bright yellow because of its chemical defenses, Mah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, he says, “The reality is a little crueler than perhaps a cartoon would suggest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In scientific terms, a sponge is \u003cem>Hertwigia\u003c/em>, while a starfish is a \u003cem>Chondraster\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah says the starfish spotted by the expedition was probably a species called a \u003cem>Chondraster grandis\u003c/em> — the pink starfish that was likely the inspiration for the Patrick character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1536x1150.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-2048x1533.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick and Spongebob take part in the Worldwide Day of Play on July 26, 2017 in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images for Nickelodeon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the real-life sponge is as yellow as the Nickelodeon character, SpongeBob’s shape is far from what’s found in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SpongeBob is obviously shaped like a plastic cleaning sponge — he’s rectangular,” Mah says. But actual deep-sea sponges? “They’re almost surreal. They’re bizarre, crazy shapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick’s anatomy is not exactly faithful to that of a real starfish, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expedition Was Exploring the Depths of the Atlantic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition was more than 200 miles off the Atlantic coast when the now-famous sponge and starfish were sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The find was part of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex2104/features/plan/welcome.html\">North Atlantic Stepping Stones\u003c/a>, a monthlong expedition on the \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer \u003c/em>to collect information about unknown and poorly understood deep-water areas off the eastern U.S. coast and high seas. The expedition involved mapping the seafloor and explorations of deep-sea coral sponge communities, fish habitats and the ecosystems of seamounts, which are underwater mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976093\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11.jpg 894w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a mile underwater, the cartoon doppelgangers were found side by side. \u003ccite>(NOAA Ocean Exploration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep-Sea Life is Poorly Understood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is the fuss over a real sponge that looks like an animated sponge a bit silly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, says Mah. But he welcomes the attention if it means that people think about the life that is dwelling in the world’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are literally animals that the public might not have ever even seen before. They live at almost a 2,000-meter depth,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the hubbub brings awareness not only to sponges and starfish but also to their habitat, which is under threat from forces including mining and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive response from folks on Twitter has been nice, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like, ‘Oh, my God, this is perfect. This is great. I can’t believe this is true,’ ” Mah says. “So if we can bring positivity and we can make people happy by showing them nature — well, that’s what nature has always done for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Research+Vessel+Found+SpongeBob+Look-Alikes+A+Mile+Under+The+Ocean%27s+Surface&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976092/noaa-expedition-discovers-spongebob-patrick-look-alikes-a-mile-under-the-oceans-surface","authors":["byline_science_1976092"],"categories":["science_40","science_2873","science_4450"],"tags":["science_2936","science_324"],"featImg":"science_1976093","label":"source_science_1976092"},"science_1973217":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973217","score":null,"sort":[1615850446000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp","title":"Kelp, Sea Otters and Urchins. Who's Eating Who in Monterey Bay","publishDate":1615850446,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Kelp, Sea Otters and Urchins. Who’s Eating Who in Monterey Bay | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marine scientists have observed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949757/massive-california-kelp-decline-linked-to-ocean-heat-wave-voracious-sea-urchins\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">massive decline\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of California’s underwater kelp forests in recent years. Studies have linked the die-off to a host of factors including an ocean heat wave, a deadly sea star virus, and an influx of voracious kelp-eating sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Kelp’s long flat leaves and bulbous stems provide habitat for marine mammals, fish and invertebrates in tidal regions along California’s coast. In many regions where kelp once flourished, the ocean floor is now carpeted with spiny purple sea urchins and there’s no kelp to be found. Scientists call these zones the urchin barrens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A new study out of UC Santa Cruz reveals more about the disappearance of California’s kelp forests, finding the leafy green seaweed is faring better in places where sea otters, a natural urchin predator, are thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of the kelp forest ecosystem in Northern California has been replaced by urchin barrens dominated by purple sea urchins. \u003ccite>(Katie Sowul/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Several studies have documented the collapse of the kelp ecosystem in California. The story goes something like this: A giant, warm-water “blob” first observed by scientists off the Washington coast in 2013 combined with an El Nino weather event from the south resulted in a prolonged marine heatwave in California from 2014-16. Kelp thrives in colder tidal waters, which have the nutrients it needs to survive. Faced with warmer water, the kelp essentially starved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The historically hardy plant, which can grow up to 2 feet per day, could have bounced back from the heat wave, but for a disease that that nearly eradicated sunflower stars along the West Coast. This large, 24-limbed starfish feeds on purple sea urchins; without stars around, urchin populations swelled and changed their typical hunting behavior. Instead of merely grazing on fallen kelp leaves, the urchins began gobbling up the kelp’s stalks and seed pods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In Northern California, satellite images have revealed a roughly 95% decline in kelp forest canopy as a result of these events. But in Central California waters, kelp has fared somewhat better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Central Coast saw a similar urchin outbreak in 2014, says Joshua Smith, a Ph.D. candidate and kelp forest researcher at UC Santa Cruz. “But what was different here was that instead of having this widespread kelp deforestation, we actually had this patchy mosaic of kelp forests interspersed with these patches of sea urchin barrens\u003ci>,” \u003c/i>he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973227\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973227\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A healthy forest of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Smith says this unique phenomenon gave his group an opportunity to look closer at the factors driving the kelp decline and its potential for recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/11/e2012493118\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, published this week in \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/span>, links the presence of sea otters in Monterey Bay to patches of lush, healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Smith called Monterey Bay “sea otter country,” pointing out more of the species inhabited the area than any other in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>This is a sea otter country,” Smith said. “We have the highest abundance of sea otters here in Monterey Bay than anywhere else in the state\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Sea otters, like sunflower stars, are a natural predator of sea urchins. \u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The key finding of what this actually means is that otters are so important for this ecosystem because they are maintaining these remnant patches of kelp forests,” Smith said, “And those patches of kelp are the ultimate source populations to help replenish those barren patches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The study shows that the sea otter population in Monterey Bay grew in the wake of the urchin boom, with an increased survival rate for pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While scientists can’t say for sure, the lack of sea otters and other urchin predators north of the San Francisco Bay may help explain why Northern California’s kelp forests have suffered more than on other parts of the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins feeding on kelp. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Sea otters haven’t been spotted on the North Coast since the 1800s, says Meredith McPherson, a UC Santa Cruz marine scientist who recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-01827-6\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">a separate study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on Northern California’s kelp decline. “From what we observed in the satellite data from the last 35 years, the kelp had been doing well without sea otters as long as we still had sunflower stars. Once they were gone, there were no urchin predators left in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Without natural predators, McPherson says, scuba divers are helping maintain what’s left of the region’s kelp forests by plucking out interloping urchins. But while ocean temperatures and nutrient levels have normalized some since the 2014-16 heat waves, she says kelp haven’t seen any significant rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“There seems to be some evidence that some patches of kelp have reemerged in certain areas, but it’s nothing to the extent that we would expect from the historical data,” she said. “The concentrations of urchins are still really high and [are] creating the strong grazing pressure on any kind of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">McPherson says while the urchin barrens persist, a full-scale kelp recovery is unlikely. Even without kelp to eat, urchins have shown resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“That’s where some people have used the term zombie urchin,” Smith said. “These urchins are remarkable in that they can persist in this starved state in the sea urchin barrens for years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Smith’s study revealed that otters largely ignore urchins in the barrens, as they lack the nutritional value of those that have kelp to forage on. Scientists say another environmental event will likely be needed to reduce urchin populations and tip the scales in favor of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“A number of things could take out the urchins.” Smith said. “It could be urchin disease or it could be a bottom-scouring swell that physically wipes sea urchins off the reef.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">In the meantime, otters may be key to kelp’s chance for a long-term recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's underwater kelp forests are suffering massive declines. But a new study shows that sea otters are helping to preserve kelp off the Central Coast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846718,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":2,"wordCount":1032},"headData":{"title":"Kelp, Sea Otters and Urchins. Who's Eating Who in Monterey Bay | KQED","description":"California's underwater kelp forests are suffering massive declines. But a new study shows that sea otters are helping to preserve kelp off the Central Coast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Kelp, Sea Otters and Urchins. Who's Eating Who in Monterey Bay","datePublished":"2021-03-15T23:20:46.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:31:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Oceans","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/d251c616-163b-4359-bf5c-ace6012b11a8/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973217/in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp","audioDuration":281000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marine scientists have observed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949757/massive-california-kelp-decline-linked-to-ocean-heat-wave-voracious-sea-urchins\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">massive decline\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of California’s underwater kelp forests in recent years. Studies have linked the die-off to a host of factors including an ocean heat wave, a deadly sea star virus, and an influx of voracious kelp-eating sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Kelp’s long flat leaves and bulbous stems provide habitat for marine mammals, fish and invertebrates in tidal regions along California’s coast. In many regions where kelp once flourished, the ocean floor is now carpeted with spiny purple sea urchins and there’s no kelp to be found. Scientists call these zones the urchin barrens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A new study out of UC Santa Cruz reveals more about the disappearance of California’s kelp forests, finding the leafy green seaweed is faring better in places where sea otters, a natural urchin predator, are thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of the kelp forest ecosystem in Northern California has been replaced by urchin barrens dominated by purple sea urchins. \u003ccite>(Katie Sowul/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Several studies have documented the collapse of the kelp ecosystem in California. The story goes something like this: A giant, warm-water “blob” first observed by scientists off the Washington coast in 2013 combined with an El Nino weather event from the south resulted in a prolonged marine heatwave in California from 2014-16. Kelp thrives in colder tidal waters, which have the nutrients it needs to survive. Faced with warmer water, the kelp essentially starved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The historically hardy plant, which can grow up to 2 feet per day, could have bounced back from the heat wave, but for a disease that that nearly eradicated sunflower stars along the West Coast. This large, 24-limbed starfish feeds on purple sea urchins; without stars around, urchin populations swelled and changed their typical hunting behavior. Instead of merely grazing on fallen kelp leaves, the urchins began gobbling up the kelp’s stalks and seed pods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In Northern California, satellite images have revealed a roughly 95% decline in kelp forest canopy as a result of these events. But in Central California waters, kelp has fared somewhat better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Central Coast saw a similar urchin outbreak in 2014, says Joshua Smith, a Ph.D. candidate and kelp forest researcher at UC Santa Cruz. “But what was different here was that instead of having this widespread kelp deforestation, we actually had this patchy mosaic of kelp forests interspersed with these patches of sea urchin barrens\u003ci>,” \u003c/i>he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973227\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973227\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A healthy forest of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Smith says this unique phenomenon gave his group an opportunity to look closer at the factors driving the kelp decline and its potential for recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/11/e2012493118\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, published this week in \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/span>, links the presence of sea otters in Monterey Bay to patches of lush, healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Smith called Monterey Bay “sea otter country,” pointing out more of the species inhabited the area than any other in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>This is a sea otter country,” Smith said. “We have the highest abundance of sea otters here in Monterey Bay than anywhere else in the state\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Sea otters, like sunflower stars, are a natural predator of sea urchins. \u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The key finding of what this actually means is that otters are so important for this ecosystem because they are maintaining these remnant patches of kelp forests,” Smith said, “And those patches of kelp are the ultimate source populations to help replenish those barren patches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The study shows that the sea otter population in Monterey Bay grew in the wake of the urchin boom, with an increased survival rate for pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While scientists can’t say for sure, the lack of sea otters and other urchin predators north of the San Francisco Bay may help explain why Northern California’s kelp forests have suffered more than on other parts of the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins feeding on kelp. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Sea otters haven’t been spotted on the North Coast since the 1800s, says Meredith McPherson, a UC Santa Cruz marine scientist who recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-01827-6\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">a separate study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on Northern California’s kelp decline. “From what we observed in the satellite data from the last 35 years, the kelp had been doing well without sea otters as long as we still had sunflower stars. Once they were gone, there were no urchin predators left in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Without natural predators, McPherson says, scuba divers are helping maintain what’s left of the region’s kelp forests by plucking out interloping urchins. But while ocean temperatures and nutrient levels have normalized some since the 2014-16 heat waves, she says kelp haven’t seen any significant rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“There seems to be some evidence that some patches of kelp have reemerged in certain areas, but it’s nothing to the extent that we would expect from the historical data,” she said. “The concentrations of urchins are still really high and [are] creating the strong grazing pressure on any kind of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">McPherson says while the urchin barrens persist, a full-scale kelp recovery is unlikely. Even without kelp to eat, urchins have shown resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“That’s where some people have used the term zombie urchin,” Smith said. “These urchins are remarkable in that they can persist in this starved state in the sea urchin barrens for years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Smith’s study revealed that otters largely ignore urchins in the barrens, as they lack the nutritional value of those that have kelp to forage on. Scientists say another environmental event will likely be needed to reduce urchin populations and tip the scales in favor of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“A number of things could take out the urchins.” Smith said. “It could be urchin disease or it could be a bottom-scouring swell that physically wipes sea urchins off the reef.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">In the meantime, otters may be key to kelp’s chance for a long-term recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973217/in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_2874","science_46","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_2873","science_43","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_194","science_371","science_3265","science_324","science_3266"],"featImg":"science_1973220","label":"source_science_1973217"},"science_1971003":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1971003","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1971003","score":null,"sort":[1605212535000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-whale-entanglement-rules-delay-crab-season-and-the-industry-isnt-happy","title":"New Whale Entanglement Rules Delay Crab Season, and the Industry Isn't Happy","publishDate":1605212535,"format":"image","headTitle":"New Whale Entanglement Rules Delay Crab Season, and the Industry Isn’t Happy | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California has issued \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184189&inline\">new regulations\u003c/a> designed to protect endangered humpback whales against potentially fatal entanglements in commercial fishing lines, and the Dungeness crab industry is not happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife on Nov. 1 released rules that allow officials to shut down crabbing in areas where whales are spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new regulations, whale activity has already triggered the\u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184556&inline\"> delay of the 2020 crab season\u003c/a> on the Central Coast after aerial and boat surveys spotted an estimated 400 whales. The season was set to open Nov. 15, in time to put crab on Thanksgiving tables. The crab boats will not get the go-ahead until the department makes its next assessment, which is expected to occur before Dec. 1. The area subject to the delay runs from the Sonoma-Mendocino County line to the Mexico border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab fishery brings in on average about \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/project_pages/Rapid%20Assessments/Dungeness%20Crab.pdf\">$30 million \u003c/a>each year for California fishermen. But the vertical ropes that connect crab traps on the ocean floor to buoys at the surface can ensnare humpback and blue whales, as well as leatherback sea turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a major increase in the number of entanglements just in the last five years,” said Geoff Shester, a senior scientist for the environmental nonprofit Oceana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 alone, more than 50 confirmed humpback whale entanglements occurred off the West Coast. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/webdam/download/97733256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration listed California’s Dungeness crab fishery as the largest contributor. Data from the agency projects that roughly three-quarters of whales that get tangled in the lines may eventually die as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations do is they create a new system for determining when certain areas might be closed to crab fishing if there’s a lot of whales or turtles around,” Shester said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new rules, crabbing can be halted in regions where 20 or more whales are spotted. Toward the end of the season, in the spring, 10 or more whales can trigger a shutdown, and confirmed entanglements have the potential to end the season altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thresholds Too Low, Says Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Platt, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastcrabassociation.org/\">California Coast Crab Association\u003c/a> and owner of a fishing boat based out of Crescent City, says the number of whales that can trigger a closure is too small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is that the thresholds are so low that it’s unrealistic to expect that this fishery could continue in any meaningful way,” Platt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabbing community has worked with the state in recent years to reduce the number of entanglements by putting less gear in the water and supporting closures when necessary, Platt says. In his view, the typical seven-month Dungeness crab season is now in danger of being reduced to three or four months and potentially even fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Nowadays, the crab fishery is really the most widely shared and economically important fishery to the coastal communities in California,” Platt said. “We’re potentially looking at the devastation of a whole commercial fishing industry, because if we lose Dungeness crab, most of us are going to have to quit, because it’s our most important and our most dependable fishery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Bartling, a senior environmental scientist for the state Fish and Wildlife Department’s Marine Region, says commercial crab fishermen, along with environmental groups and state and federal agencies, were part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/whale-entanglement-working-group/\">Dungeness Crab Fishing Gear Working Group\u003c/a>, which helped craft the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to balance the need to protect an endangered species and allow for the crabbing fishery to continue and be viable for the state of California and all the fishing communities that depend on it,” Bartling said. “It’s a dual-goal regulation\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartling adds that closing down fishing regions isn’t the only way the new rules allow his agency to respond to whale activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be a depth restriction, can be a gear reduction, or another management action based on the best available science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations also provide a potential avenue for crab fisherman to avoid the closures by using \u003ca href=\"https://usa.oceana.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/26/oceana_whale_safe_oceans_report.pdf\">alternative gear\u003c/a> that won’t pose a threat to whales and sea turtles. One option, which doesn’t rely on leaving lines in the water for long periods, utilizes crab traps that deploy buoys to the surface when triggered by a timer or signal. This “pop-up” gear, Bartling and many crab fishermen agree, is still a work in progress — expensive and possible to lose on the ocean floor, with more testing needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the state of technology, I think we can figure this out,” Bartling said of the different gear, “I just don’t know the time frame\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's new regulations designed to protect endangered humpback whales against potentially fatal entanglements in crab fishing lines have put the season on hold.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846944,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":824},"headData":{"title":"New Whale Entanglement Rules Delay Crab Season, and the Industry Isn't Happy | KQED","description":"California's new regulations designed to protect endangered humpback whales against potentially fatal entanglements in crab fishing lines have put the season on hold.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Whale Entanglement Rules Delay Crab Season, and the Industry Isn't Happy","datePublished":"2020-11-12T20:22:15.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:35:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Oceans","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/4ac07289-a18f-4c08-9c60-ac7101521808/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1971003/new-whale-entanglement-rules-delay-crab-season-and-the-industry-isnt-happy","audioDuration":170000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has issued \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184189&inline\">new regulations\u003c/a> designed to protect endangered humpback whales against potentially fatal entanglements in commercial fishing lines, and the Dungeness crab industry is not happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife on Nov. 1 released rules that allow officials to shut down crabbing in areas where whales are spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new regulations, whale activity has already triggered the\u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184556&inline\"> delay of the 2020 crab season\u003c/a> on the Central Coast after aerial and boat surveys spotted an estimated 400 whales. The season was set to open Nov. 15, in time to put crab on Thanksgiving tables. The crab boats will not get the go-ahead until the department makes its next assessment, which is expected to occur before Dec. 1. The area subject to the delay runs from the Sonoma-Mendocino County line to the Mexico border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab fishery brings in on average about \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/project_pages/Rapid%20Assessments/Dungeness%20Crab.pdf\">$30 million \u003c/a>each year for California fishermen. But the vertical ropes that connect crab traps on the ocean floor to buoys at the surface can ensnare humpback and blue whales, as well as leatherback sea turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a major increase in the number of entanglements just in the last five years,” said Geoff Shester, a senior scientist for the environmental nonprofit Oceana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 alone, more than 50 confirmed humpback whale entanglements occurred off the West Coast. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/webdam/download/97733256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration listed California’s Dungeness crab fishery as the largest contributor. Data from the agency projects that roughly three-quarters of whales that get tangled in the lines may eventually die as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations do is they create a new system for determining when certain areas might be closed to crab fishing if there’s a lot of whales or turtles around,” Shester said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new rules, crabbing can be halted in regions where 20 or more whales are spotted. Toward the end of the season, in the spring, 10 or more whales can trigger a shutdown, and confirmed entanglements have the potential to end the season altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thresholds Too Low, Says Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Platt, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastcrabassociation.org/\">California Coast Crab Association\u003c/a> and owner of a fishing boat based out of Crescent City, says the number of whales that can trigger a closure is too small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is that the thresholds are so low that it’s unrealistic to expect that this fishery could continue in any meaningful way,” Platt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabbing community has worked with the state in recent years to reduce the number of entanglements by putting less gear in the water and supporting closures when necessary, Platt says. In his view, the typical seven-month Dungeness crab season is now in danger of being reduced to three or four months and potentially even fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Nowadays, the crab fishery is really the most widely shared and economically important fishery to the coastal communities in California,” Platt said. “We’re potentially looking at the devastation of a whole commercial fishing industry, because if we lose Dungeness crab, most of us are going to have to quit, because it’s our most important and our most dependable fishery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Bartling, a senior environmental scientist for the state Fish and Wildlife Department’s Marine Region, says commercial crab fishermen, along with environmental groups and state and federal agencies, were part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/whale-entanglement-working-group/\">Dungeness Crab Fishing Gear Working Group\u003c/a>, which helped craft the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to balance the need to protect an endangered species and allow for the crabbing fishery to continue and be viable for the state of California and all the fishing communities that depend on it,” Bartling said. “It’s a dual-goal regulation\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartling adds that closing down fishing regions isn’t the only way the new rules allow his agency to respond to whale activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be a depth restriction, can be a gear reduction, or another management action based on the best available science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations also provide a potential avenue for crab fisherman to avoid the closures by using \u003ca href=\"https://usa.oceana.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/26/oceana_whale_safe_oceans_report.pdf\">alternative gear\u003c/a> that won’t pose a threat to whales and sea turtles. One option, which doesn’t rely on leaving lines in the water for long periods, utilizes crab traps that deploy buoys to the surface when triggered by a timer or signal. This “pop-up” gear, Bartling and many crab fishermen agree, is still a work in progress — expensive and possible to lose on the ocean floor, with more testing needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the state of technology, I think we can figure this out,” Bartling said of the different gear, “I just don’t know the time frame\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1971003/new-whale-entanglement-rules-delay-crab-season-and-the-industry-isnt-happy","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_324"],"featImg":"science_1860169","label":"source_science_1971003"},"science_1957391":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1957391","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1957391","score":null,"sort":[1582574065000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"oh-snap-hear-the-big-noise-tiny-shrimp-make-in-the-ocean","title":"Oh, Snap! Hear the Big Noise Tiny Shrimp Make in the Ocean","publishDate":1582574065,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Oh, Snap! Hear the Big Noise Tiny Shrimp Make in the Ocean | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>You may think it’s quiet in the ocean, but a tiny creature is raising quite a ruckus as ocean temperatures rise. New research presented at this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/Ocean-Sciences-Meeting/\">Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in San Diego says the oceans may be getting louder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s because of shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean’s acoustic environment has been drawing a lot of attention as scientists learn that many of its inhabitants use sound to communicate. Whale songs and dolphin squeals have captivated audiences of nature documentaries and animated films, but fish and invertebrates also signal one another with sound in the ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snapping shrimp — over 300 species of them — live in coastal oceans all around the world. These shrimp may be some of the smallest critters in coral reefs, and they’re also some of the loudest. Generally less than an inch long, these tiny crustaceans snap their claws fast to create air bubbles that implode with a \u003cem>pop\u003c/em>! With these sounds, snapping shrimp communicate with each other and defend their territory. The combined snaps from shrimp colonies create a cacophony that divers and submarine crews can easily hear. You can hear the sound, which is reminiscent of spattering rain or fying bacon, by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/snapping-shrimp-noises-online-audio-converter.com_.mp3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">clicking here\u003c/a> or on the audio link at the top of the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumping Up the Volume in Warmer Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts, marine biologists Aran Mooney and Ashlee Lillis have studied snapping shrimp on coral reefs in the Atlantic Ocean and in the lab. They’ve \u003ca href=\"http://(https://agu.confex.com/agu/osm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/651501\">examined\u003c/a> how shrimp, individually and in groups, change their tune at different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found, both in terms of observing the coral reefs and with animals in the lab, that if you increase temperature in the water, these snapping shrimp have increased their snap rates and the oceans actually get louder,” Mooney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s likely because these animals become more active in warmer water. The heat likely increases their need to communicate with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mooney’s experiments showed that changing the temperature from 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit nearly doubled the snap rate. As the temperature increased by one degree Celsius, the noise level rose by 1-2 decibels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pumps up the volume for other marine animals, said Annebelle Kok, a marine ecologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego. “I was very impressed by this work,” she said, noting the originality and creativity of the researchers’ approach to studying warming oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As ocean temperatures continue to rise, Mooney said, the shrimp symphony could cause problems for other communications under the sea. “We know that fish hear, but we really don’t understand that for most species of fish, especially really important commercial species of fish,” he said. “And so increasing this level of noise … we really don’t understand how that would impact these fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other species also rely on underwater sound to gather information, as do commercial fishermen and the U.S. Navy, which use sonar equipment that the constant background noise from chattering shrimp could interrupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noisier oceans could also cause problems for marine biologists. “If this really is a wider pattern and the oceans continue to warm,” Kok said, “then that might mean that it will be more difficult for people to extract other sounds from the soundscape, such as dolphin sounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too early to say if this applies to other parts of the ocean,” Kok said. She’s looking forward to reviewing further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You may think it’s quiet in the ocean, but a tiny creature is raising quite a ruckus as ocean temperatures rise. New research presented at this year’s Ocean Sciences Meeting in San Diego says the oceans may be getting louder --because of shrimp.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847749,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":613},"headData":{"title":"Oh, Snap! Hear the Big Noise Tiny Shrimp Make in the Ocean | KQED","description":"You may think it’s quiet in the ocean, but a tiny creature is raising quite a ruckus as ocean temperatures rise. New research presented at this year’s Ocean Sciences Meeting in San Diego says the oceans may be getting louder --because of shrimp.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Oh, Snap! Hear the Big Noise Tiny Shrimp Make in the Ocean","datePublished":"2020-02-24T19:54:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:49:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Oceans","audioUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/snapping-shrimp-noises-online-audio-converter.com_.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1957391/oh-snap-hear-the-big-noise-tiny-shrimp-make-in-the-ocean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You may think it’s quiet in the ocean, but a tiny creature is raising quite a ruckus as ocean temperatures rise. New research presented at this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/Ocean-Sciences-Meeting/\">Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in San Diego says the oceans may be getting louder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s because of shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean’s acoustic environment has been drawing a lot of attention as scientists learn that many of its inhabitants use sound to communicate. Whale songs and dolphin squeals have captivated audiences of nature documentaries and animated films, but fish and invertebrates also signal one another with sound in the ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snapping shrimp — over 300 species of them — live in coastal oceans all around the world. These shrimp may be some of the smallest critters in coral reefs, and they’re also some of the loudest. Generally less than an inch long, these tiny crustaceans snap their claws fast to create air bubbles that implode with a \u003cem>pop\u003c/em>! With these sounds, snapping shrimp communicate with each other and defend their territory. The combined snaps from shrimp colonies create a cacophony that divers and submarine crews can easily hear. You can hear the sound, which is reminiscent of spattering rain or fying bacon, by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/snapping-shrimp-noises-online-audio-converter.com_.mp3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">clicking here\u003c/a> or on the audio link at the top of the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumping Up the Volume in Warmer Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts, marine biologists Aran Mooney and Ashlee Lillis have studied snapping shrimp on coral reefs in the Atlantic Ocean and in the lab. They’ve \u003ca href=\"http://(https://agu.confex.com/agu/osm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/651501\">examined\u003c/a> how shrimp, individually and in groups, change their tune at different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found, both in terms of observing the coral reefs and with animals in the lab, that if you increase temperature in the water, these snapping shrimp have increased their snap rates and the oceans actually get louder,” Mooney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s likely because these animals become more active in warmer water. The heat likely increases their need to communicate with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mooney’s experiments showed that changing the temperature from 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit nearly doubled the snap rate. As the temperature increased by one degree Celsius, the noise level rose by 1-2 decibels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pumps up the volume for other marine animals, said Annebelle Kok, a marine ecologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego. “I was very impressed by this work,” she said, noting the originality and creativity of the researchers’ approach to studying warming oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As ocean temperatures continue to rise, Mooney said, the shrimp symphony could cause problems for other communications under the sea. “We know that fish hear, but we really don’t understand that for most species of fish, especially really important commercial species of fish,” he said. “And so increasing this level of noise … we really don’t understand how that would impact these fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other species also rely on underwater sound to gather information, as do commercial fishermen and the U.S. Navy, which use sonar equipment that the constant background noise from chattering shrimp could interrupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noisier oceans could also cause problems for marine biologists. “If this really is a wider pattern and the oceans continue to warm,” Kok said, “then that might mean that it will be more difficult for people to extract other sounds from the soundscape, such as dolphin sounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too early to say if this applies to other parts of the ocean,” Kok said. She’s looking forward to reviewing further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1957391/oh-snap-hear-the-big-noise-tiny-shrimp-make-in-the-ocean","authors":["11653"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_40","science_3423"],"tags":["science_1461","science_2409","science_324"],"featImg":"science_1957403","label":"source_science_1957391"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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