The Lowly Seagrass That Could Save Your Oysters From Climate Change
Watch Abalone Reproduce in Gorgeous Bursts of Eggs and Sperm
Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean
How Corrosive Water off the West Coast Threatens the Food Chain
Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction
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Before coming to KQED Mallory was a chemist, studying climate change and ocean acidification in her graduate studies at UC San Diego and Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 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Acidifying seawater is already causing problems for oyster farms along the West Coast and it’s only expected to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has one Bay Area oyster farm looking for ways to adapt by teaming up with scientists, who are studying how the local ecosystem could lend a helping hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need help,” says Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company. “That ‘canary in a coalmine’ analogy drives me crazy, but that’s what we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’\u003ccite>Terry Sawyer, Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By that, he means that oysters are an “indicator species” on the frying edge of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer’s own natural habitat is on the mudflats of Tomales Bay, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, where his oyster operation is located. But a few years ago, he started going to climate change conferences, sitting next to scientists and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon chemistry is incredibly sophisticated, complicated science,” he says. “I am definitely out of my element — out of my comfort zone. I’d rather be in shorts and no shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sawyer, these wonky affairs are a necessity. Like a lot of oyster farmers, he buys baby oysters from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington. But starting a decade ago, the hatcheries began having mysterious die-offs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The orders that we were getting – if we were getting them at all, they wouldn’t necessarily happen at the time or the size that we could take them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1180x1039.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-960x845.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-240x211.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-375x330.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-520x458.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2.jpg 1823w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company examines a bag of fresh oysters. He sells to both restaurants and individual retail customers. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists eventually identified the main culprit: increasingly acidic seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Carbon Sponge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a quarter of the carbon humans put into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean. It acts like a carbon sponge, but adding carbon to seawater makes it more acidic. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have become about 30 percent more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s harmful for animals that build shells, like oysters, and spells big trouble for the Pacific shellfish industry, worth more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to curl up in a fetal position,” says Sawyer. “You do want to say, ‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer found some help by opening up his oyster farm to a team of scientists. Equipment monitors the water’s acidity in real time, part of a network run by UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a significant move: knowing what’s going on day-to-day, minute-by-minute,” he says. “And it’s also been proving the point. We have numbers you can’t argue with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists like Kristy Kroeker (left) from UC Santa Cruz are looking to seagrass as a natural acidification remedy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is opening its own oyster hatchery in Humboldt Bay, 200 miles to the north, to improve the reliability of the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oyster farm is also assisting with cutting-edge scientific research, focused on how oysters could get a boost from native plants in Tomales Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Acid Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny morning, a team of scientists is scuba-diving in a shallow part of the bay, surrounded by thick, green seagrass, waving in the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re down in it, it really feels like you’re in a forest of seagrass,” says Kristy Kroeke, a marine biologist at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s quite long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seagrass is a glimmer of hope for oyster farmers. Plants, whether it’s a forest or lawn, take up carbon dioxide and use it for photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plants under the water are doing the exact same thing,” Kroeker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-768x638.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1020x848.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1180x981.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-960x798.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-375x312.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-520x432.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3.jpg 1795w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrasses from Tomales Bay. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seagrass pulls the carbon out of the water, which makes it slightly less acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, they’re creating this little bubble of seawater around them that’s more friendly for animals that might be threatened by ocean acidification,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroeker is testing whether seagrasses could act as a buffer, protecting the oysters nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plants mesh bags of baby oysters in the seagrass bed, which she’ll be watching in the months to come. So far, the results look promising, but not necessarily the whole answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seagrass can reduce acidification around it, but possibly only in certain locations or at certain times of year. More research will be needed, Kroeker says, but against a global problem, local approaches have a lot of potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we use parts of nature that we already know are important,” she wonders, “seagrasses – to actually benefit people and protect them from some of these impacts?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is being studied around the world in different ecosystems, including near coral reefs, and using bigger marine plants, like kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it’ll be up to oyster farmers like Terry Sawyer to make the research work on the ground – or, in the water. He’s hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an aquaculture point of view, you bet I’m hopeful,” Sawyer says. “Maybe I’m being idealistic here, but we’re learning so much. We’re just at the tip of the iceberg on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Acidifying oceans are bad news for oyster lovers, but scientists are looking for ways the shellfish industry can adapt.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928219,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":970},"headData":{"title":"The Lowly Seagrass That Could Save Your Oysters From Climate Change | KQED","description":"Acidifying oceans are bad news for oyster lovers, but scientists are looking for ways the shellfish industry can adapt.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Lowly Seagrass That Could Save Your Oysters From Climate Change","datePublished":"2018-01-29T08:01:42.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:10:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/01/SommerOystersClimateFORWEB.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1919012/could-lowly-seagrass-save-the-100-million-oyster-biz-from-climate-change","audioDuration":291000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The impacts of climate change aren’t a distant threat for the Pacific shellfish industry. Acidifying seawater is already causing problems for oyster farms along the West Coast and it’s only expected to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has one Bay Area oyster farm looking for ways to adapt by teaming up with scientists, who are studying how the local ecosystem could lend a helping hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need help,” says Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company. “That ‘canary in a coalmine’ analogy drives me crazy, but that’s what we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’\u003ccite>Terry Sawyer, Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By that, he means that oysters are an “indicator species” on the frying edge of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer’s own natural habitat is on the mudflats of Tomales Bay, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, where his oyster operation is located. But a few years ago, he started going to climate change conferences, sitting next to scientists and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon chemistry is incredibly sophisticated, complicated science,” he says. “I am definitely out of my element — out of my comfort zone. I’d rather be in shorts and no shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sawyer, these wonky affairs are a necessity. Like a lot of oyster farmers, he buys baby oysters from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington. But starting a decade ago, the hatcheries began having mysterious die-offs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The orders that we were getting – if we were getting them at all, they wouldn’t necessarily happen at the time or the size that we could take them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1180x1039.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-960x845.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-240x211.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-375x330.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-520x458.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2.jpg 1823w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company examines a bag of fresh oysters. He sells to both restaurants and individual retail customers. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists eventually identified the main culprit: increasingly acidic seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Carbon Sponge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a quarter of the carbon humans put into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean. It acts like a carbon sponge, but adding carbon to seawater makes it more acidic. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have become about 30 percent more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s harmful for animals that build shells, like oysters, and spells big trouble for the Pacific shellfish industry, worth more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to curl up in a fetal position,” says Sawyer. “You do want to say, ‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer found some help by opening up his oyster farm to a team of scientists. Equipment monitors the water’s acidity in real time, part of a network run by UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a significant move: knowing what’s going on day-to-day, minute-by-minute,” he says. “And it’s also been proving the point. We have numbers you can’t argue with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists like Kristy Kroeker (left) from UC Santa Cruz are looking to seagrass as a natural acidification remedy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is opening its own oyster hatchery in Humboldt Bay, 200 miles to the north, to improve the reliability of the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oyster farm is also assisting with cutting-edge scientific research, focused on how oysters could get a boost from native plants in Tomales Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Acid Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny morning, a team of scientists is scuba-diving in a shallow part of the bay, surrounded by thick, green seagrass, waving in the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re down in it, it really feels like you’re in a forest of seagrass,” says Kristy Kroeke, a marine biologist at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s quite long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seagrass is a glimmer of hope for oyster farmers. Plants, whether it’s a forest or lawn, take up carbon dioxide and use it for photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plants under the water are doing the exact same thing,” Kroeker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-768x638.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1020x848.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1180x981.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-960x798.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-375x312.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-520x432.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3.jpg 1795w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrasses from Tomales Bay. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seagrass pulls the carbon out of the water, which makes it slightly less acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, they’re creating this little bubble of seawater around them that’s more friendly for animals that might be threatened by ocean acidification,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroeker is testing whether seagrasses could act as a buffer, protecting the oysters nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plants mesh bags of baby oysters in the seagrass bed, which she’ll be watching in the months to come. So far, the results look promising, but not necessarily the whole answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seagrass can reduce acidification around it, but possibly only in certain locations or at certain times of year. More research will be needed, Kroeker says, but against a global problem, local approaches have a lot of potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we use parts of nature that we already know are important,” she wonders, “seagrasses – to actually benefit people and protect them from some of these impacts?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is being studied around the world in different ecosystems, including near coral reefs, and using bigger marine plants, like kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it’ll be up to oyster farmers like Terry Sawyer to make the research work on the ground – or, in the water. He’s hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an aquaculture point of view, you bet I’m hopeful,” Sawyer says. “Maybe I’m being idealistic here, but we’re learning so much. We’re just at the tip of the iceberg on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1919012/could-lowly-seagrass-save-the-100-million-oyster-biz-from-climate-change","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_2874","science_29","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_2873","science_43","science_3423"],"tags":["science_194","science_813","science_843","science_1321"],"featImg":"science_1919017","label":"science"},"science_235245":{"type":"posts","id":"science_235245","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"235245","score":null,"sort":[1441461619000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-abalone-reproduce-in-gorgeous-bursts-of-eggs-and-sperm","title":"Watch Abalone Reproduce in Gorgeous Bursts of Eggs and Sperm","publishDate":1441461619,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Watch Abalone Reproduce in Gorgeous Bursts of Eggs and Sperm | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>When the female abalone is ready to reproduce, she shoots long bursts of eggs from her respiratory hole. The male releases curlicues of sperm, which then swim around to find the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, the increasing acidity in the ocean may be slowing the sperm down, say researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean critters out here,” says Jim Barry, a Senior Scientist at the Institute, “are faced with a faster and larger change in ocean chemistry than they’ve seen for 30 to maybe 300 million years, through much of their evolutionary history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/y4ALew\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nBarry and researcher Charles Boch are looking at whether \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/highCO2/\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> interferes with ability of abalone to reproduce. And they’re finding that acidic waters significantly reduce the rate of abalone fertilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abalone are an important source of food for sea otters, who in turn help keep kelp forests in balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that ocean acidification is huge,” Barry says. “This is one of the biggest things that happened to this Earth in the last many tens of millions of years. It’s a huge environmental change that’s happening right in front of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/m2kNPq\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nLearn more about ocean acidification \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/31/ocean-acidification-threatening-many-species\">in this report\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\">KQED Newsroom\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute find ocean acidification slows abalone fertilization.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931337,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://gifs.com/embed/y4ALew","http://gifs.com/embed/m2kNPq"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":219},"headData":{"title":"Watch Abalone Reproduce in Gorgeous Bursts of Eggs and Sperm | KQED","description":"Researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute find ocean acidification slows abalone fertilization.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Watch Abalone Reproduce in Gorgeous Bursts of Eggs and Sperm","datePublished":"2015-09-05T14:00:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:02:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/235245/watch-abalone-reproduce-in-gorgeous-bursts-of-eggs-and-sperm","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the female abalone is ready to reproduce, she shoots long bursts of eggs from her respiratory hole. The male releases curlicues of sperm, which then swim around to find the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, the increasing acidity in the ocean may be slowing the sperm down, say researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean critters out here,” says Jim Barry, a Senior Scientist at the Institute, “are faced with a faster and larger change in ocean chemistry than they’ve seen for 30 to maybe 300 million years, through much of their evolutionary history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/y4ALew\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nBarry and researcher Charles Boch are looking at whether \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/highCO2/\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> interferes with ability of abalone to reproduce. And they’re finding that acidic waters significantly reduce the rate of abalone fertilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abalone are an important source of food for sea otters, who in turn help keep kelp forests in balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that ocean acidification is huge,” Barry says. “This is one of the biggest things that happened to this Earth in the last many tens of millions of years. It’s a huge environmental change that’s happening right in front of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/m2kNPq\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nLearn more about ocean acidification \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/31/ocean-acidification-threatening-many-species\">in this report\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\">KQED Newsroom\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/235245/watch-abalone-reproduce-in-gorgeous-bursts-of-eggs-and-sperm","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_2631","science_30","science_31"],"tags":["science_2698","science_1321"],"featImg":"science_235481","label":"science"},"science_27415":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27415","score":null,"sort":[1424989489000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-tackle-a-duel-threat-more-acid-less-oxygen-in-the-ocean","title":"Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean","publishDate":1424989489,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Marine scientists from up and down the West Coast say it's a one-two punch to the Pacific food web.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932217,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":730},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean | KQED","description":"Marine scientists from up and down the West Coast say it's a one-two punch to the Pacific food web.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean","datePublished":"2015-02-26T22:24:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:16:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"KQED Science","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/27415/scientists-tackle-a-duel-threat-more-acid-less-oxygen-in-the-ocean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27415/scientists-tackle-a-duel-threat-more-acid-less-oxygen-in-the-ocean","authors":["6616"],"series":["science_2625"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1321"],"featImg":"science_27418","label":"source_science_27415"},"science_15337":{"type":"posts","id":"science_15337","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"15337","score":null,"sort":[1395063000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-corrosive-water-off-the-west-coast-threatens-the-food-chain","title":"How Corrosive Water off the West Coast Threatens the Food Chain","publishDate":1395063000,"format":"aside","headTitle":"How Corrosive Water off the West Coast Threatens the Food Chain | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140317science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/pteropod3.gif\" alt=\"In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they're still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they’re still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, managers at a hatchery near Vancouver, Canada announced they had \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/02/26/acidic-water-blamed-for-bcs-10-million-scallop-die-off/\">lost three years’ worth of scallops\u003c/a> — 10 million animals — to acidic ocean waters. They laid off staff and shut down a processing plant. This was \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\">not the first time\u003c/a> a West Coast shellfish hatchery lost stock to the phenomenon known as ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been happening at the hatcheries,” said Richard Feely, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Feely studies the process by which carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere gradually turns ocean waters more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When these corrosive waters get into the hatcheries of our shell-forming shellfish species, for example oyster larvae on the Washington, Oregon coast, they can kill the oyster larvae within two days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is worse off the West Coast than anywhere else in North America, and threatens animals up and down the food chain. Scientists are now studying how these corrosive waters are already affecting West Coast marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15419 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/FAirweather_2491_small-897x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA) \" width=\"264\" height=\"301\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, corrosive waters also dissolve the shells of tiny marine snails called pteropods, a favorite food of some salmon species. The dissolution in some cases happens when the animal is still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters not just if you happen to be a shellfish, or like to eat them — or if you depend on fisheries for your livelihood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see how this would permeate through the food chain,” said Feely. “From the lowest levels of the food chain up to the highest level. Organisms that mankind really worries about.” Not just salmon and shellfish, he said, but also seals, whales, seabirds and — eventually — us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feely is leading NOAA’s effort to study the effects of ocean acidification, including what’s happening to pteropods. Since 2007, NOAA has periodically sent ships doing ocean acidification research up and down the West Coast. The ships bristle with scientific equipment, and researchers pack on board to conduct various studies. There was a \u003ca href=\"http://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/WhatsNew/CruiseBlog.aspx\">research cruise last summer\u003c/a>; the next one is scheduled for 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chemistry of Corrosive Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s going on. Humans release a lot of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels. Most of that CO2 goes up into the atmosphere and traps heat. That’s what’s contributing to climate change. The rest, about one-quarter of all anthropogenic CO2, gets absorbed by the ocean instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We can actually identify that this is manmade.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For a while, Feely explained, scientists thought that was a good thing. The thinking went, if the ocean absorbed all that carbon dioxide, then it was keeping climate change from being that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t think that any more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re beginning to see that this is a very serious problem,” he said. That’s because when the carbon dioxide goes into the ocean, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (the stuff that gives mineral water its fizz).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9cbdccd6169afce40db970551f29bf12″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sets off a chain of chemical reactions. The end result is, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">pH of the oceans is changing\u003c/a>, and the supply of calcium carbonate minerals, the stuff that shellfish use to build their shells, is decreasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been able to measure the change in the acidity of the oceans since the Pre-Industrial,” Feely said. “It would be about 26% because of the uptake of carbon dioxide. This is what mankind has done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Industrial Age began, he said, humans have dumped about 550 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the oceans. “And we can actually identify that this is manmade,” he said, because the carbon atoms have a unique fingerprint that shows they come from burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It’s Worse Here\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason ocean acidification is so bad here on the West Coast is, ironically, also why our coast is so rich with marine life: coastal upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the summer the wind shifts, Feely explained, and it pulls the water at the surface of the ocean away from shore. Then, water from deeper in the ocean rises up to replace it. That deep ocean water is full of stuff that decayed and sank. That means it’s full of nutrients. And it has more carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have the combined impact of CO2-rich water from the bottom and an additional anthropogenic CO2 from human kind, that combined impact is what has put us over the threshold for these corrosive waters to exist,” said Feely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Past and Future Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification has happened before in Earth’s history, but Feely said changes on the scale happening now took place over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years. Not a couple of centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some small local solutions. Feely has helped oyster hatcheries monitor and prepare for more corrosive waters. And he says they could consider locating hatcheries near seagrass, which takes up carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast oceans, Feely is focused now on monitoring, so he can see the changes as they take place.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earlier this year, managers at a hatchery near Vancouver, Canada said they lost three years' worth of scallops -- 10 million animals -- to acidic waters. Ocean acidification is worse off the West Coast than anywhere else in North America. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934007,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":987},"headData":{"title":"How Corrosive Water off the West Coast Threatens the Food Chain | KQED","description":"Earlier this year, managers at a hatchery near Vancouver, Canada said they lost three years' worth of scallops -- 10 million animals -- to acidic waters. Ocean acidification is worse off the West Coast than anywhere else in North America. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Corrosive Water off the West Coast Threatens the Food Chain","datePublished":"2014-03-17T13:30:00.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:46:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140317science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/15337/how-corrosive-water-off-the-west-coast-threatens-the-food-chain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140317science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/pteropod3.gif\" alt=\"In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they're still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they’re still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, managers at a hatchery near Vancouver, Canada announced they had \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/02/26/acidic-water-blamed-for-bcs-10-million-scallop-die-off/\">lost three years’ worth of scallops\u003c/a> — 10 million animals — to acidic ocean waters. They laid off staff and shut down a processing plant. This was \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\">not the first time\u003c/a> a West Coast shellfish hatchery lost stock to the phenomenon known as ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been happening at the hatcheries,” said Richard Feely, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Feely studies the process by which carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere gradually turns ocean waters more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When these corrosive waters get into the hatcheries of our shell-forming shellfish species, for example oyster larvae on the Washington, Oregon coast, they can kill the oyster larvae within two days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is worse off the West Coast than anywhere else in North America, and threatens animals up and down the food chain. Scientists are now studying how these corrosive waters are already affecting West Coast marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15419 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/FAirweather_2491_small-897x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA) \" width=\"264\" height=\"301\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, corrosive waters also dissolve the shells of tiny marine snails called pteropods, a favorite food of some salmon species. The dissolution in some cases happens when the animal is still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters not just if you happen to be a shellfish, or like to eat them — or if you depend on fisheries for your livelihood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see how this would permeate through the food chain,” said Feely. “From the lowest levels of the food chain up to the highest level. Organisms that mankind really worries about.” Not just salmon and shellfish, he said, but also seals, whales, seabirds and — eventually — us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feely is leading NOAA’s effort to study the effects of ocean acidification, including what’s happening to pteropods. Since 2007, NOAA has periodically sent ships doing ocean acidification research up and down the West Coast. The ships bristle with scientific equipment, and researchers pack on board to conduct various studies. There was a \u003ca href=\"http://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/WhatsNew/CruiseBlog.aspx\">research cruise last summer\u003c/a>; the next one is scheduled for 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chemistry of Corrosive Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s going on. Humans release a lot of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels. Most of that CO2 goes up into the atmosphere and traps heat. That’s what’s contributing to climate change. The rest, about one-quarter of all anthropogenic CO2, gets absorbed by the ocean instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We can actually identify that this is manmade.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For a while, Feely explained, scientists thought that was a good thing. The thinking went, if the ocean absorbed all that carbon dioxide, then it was keeping climate change from being that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t think that any more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re beginning to see that this is a very serious problem,” he said. That’s because when the carbon dioxide goes into the ocean, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (the stuff that gives mineral water its fizz).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sets off a chain of chemical reactions. The end result is, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">pH of the oceans is changing\u003c/a>, and the supply of calcium carbonate minerals, the stuff that shellfish use to build their shells, is decreasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been able to measure the change in the acidity of the oceans since the Pre-Industrial,” Feely said. “It would be about 26% because of the uptake of carbon dioxide. This is what mankind has done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Industrial Age began, he said, humans have dumped about 550 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the oceans. “And we can actually identify that this is manmade,” he said, because the carbon atoms have a unique fingerprint that shows they come from burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It’s Worse Here\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason ocean acidification is so bad here on the West Coast is, ironically, also why our coast is so rich with marine life: coastal upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the summer the wind shifts, Feely explained, and it pulls the water at the surface of the ocean away from shore. Then, water from deeper in the ocean rises up to replace it. That deep ocean water is full of stuff that decayed and sank. That means it’s full of nutrients. And it has more carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have the combined impact of CO2-rich water from the bottom and an additional anthropogenic CO2 from human kind, that combined impact is what has put us over the threshold for these corrosive waters to exist,” said Feely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Past and Future Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification has happened before in Earth’s history, but Feely said changes on the scale happening now took place over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years. Not a couple of centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some small local solutions. Feely has helped oyster hatcheries monitor and prepare for more corrosive waters. And he says they could consider locating hatcheries near seagrass, which takes up carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast oceans, Feely is focused now on monitoring, so he can see the changes as they take place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/15337/how-corrosive-water-off-the-west-coast-threatens-the-food-chain","authors":["200"],"categories":["science_29","science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1404","science_64","science_306","science_5182","science_1321"],"featImg":"science_15424","label":"science"},"science_14466":{"type":"posts","id":"science_14466","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"14466","score":null,"sort":[1392998418000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"seven-things-to-know-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction","title":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction","publishDate":1392998418,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral reefs are the first major ecosystems that could be wiped out by human impacts. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\">Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta love an author who manages to turn complex scientific theories and millions of years of history into an easy-to-understand thesis — even if that thesis is that humans are causing mass extinction. Elizabeth Kolbert’s book \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780805092998\">“The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History”\u003c/a> centers around two ideas: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that we’re causing much of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolbert joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402191000\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> to discuss her book and the disappearance of everything from the snails of the Hawaiian islands to bats in upstate New York. The topic isn’t a cheery one, but as Kolbert writes in the introduction, “If extinction is a morbid topic, mass extinction is, well, massively so. It’s also a fascinating one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are highlights from the Forum interview, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. We Don’t Know Yet How Bad This Extinction Will Be\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly at a time of very high extinction rates. Whether we rise to the level of the major – the five major – mass extinctions of the last half billion years certainly remains to be determined. There have also been, somewhat oxymoronically, “minor” mass extinctions in the record. Where this extinction event is going to fit into that is obviously impossible to know when you’re in the midst of it. But increasingly you hear scientists comparing us to the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs and many other groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\" alt=\"Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (Kevin Walsh/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86624586@N00/513424023/\">Kevin Walsh/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Based on Carbon Emissions, We May Be On Track For the Worst Mass Extinction, Ever\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst mass extinction in the history of the planet happened about 250 million years ago at the end of what’s known as the Permian period. And it’s believed that it was caused by this major burst of volcanic activity that emitted a lot of CO2 into the air and warmed the planet very radically and changed the chemistry of the oceans very radically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And very soberingly, scientists have recently tried to figure out at what rate was CO2 being emitted at that point. And the best estimate that they can come up with – this is a pretty recent paper – suggests that we are pouring CO2 into the air faster than was poured into the air in the events leading up to the end of the Permian extinction. So you increasingly hear ‘We cannot rule out that kind of an outcome: the Permian,’ which was the worst mass extinction in history. I find that – even I, who wrote this book, and feel like I couldn’t be surprised by much anymore – find that, just extremely sobering and terrifying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Invasive Species Have Created a “New Pangea”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Invasive species actually are implicated in, some people would say, the majority of extinctions we know about. Invasive species turn out to be really important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effectively about 250 million years ago all of the continents of the world were smushed together in this supercontinent that has been called Pangea. And then they drifted apart due to plate tectonics and we eventually got the world as we know it, with seven continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’re doing by bringing together all of the flora and fauna of the world just by transporting things around the world, in a biological sense, is erasing those boundaries between the continents and smushing them back together. So a term has been coined: the ‘New Pangea.’ We are creating the New Pangea. We’re bringing everything back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that can have, it turns out, very devastating consequences. Often it has no consequences — you move something around the world, it can’t make it in a new place so it just disappears, or it establishes itself and it doesn’t do any damage, it just sort of coexists with what was there before. But a certain percentage of the time, and even if it’s a very small percentage – [because] you are doing it over and over again, it obviously adds up – a certain percentage of the time you bring together these evolutionary lineages that have been separated for tens of millions of years and very devastating things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\" alt=\"Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. White-Nose Syndrome, a European Fungus, Is Decimating North American Bats\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fungus] has been traced back to Europe – it came over quite possibly on someone’s shoe, or in their suitcase. It almost certainly landed somewhere in upstate New York, because that is where we first started to see these huge die-offs. It’s very devastating to bats, it gets on their skin, it irritates their skin. You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/\">see it\u003c/a>. It looks like the bats have been dunked in talcum powder or cocaine, some people have said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens is that bats in the North Eastern U.S. hibernate during the winter. So they hang by their toes, their body temperature drops, their immune system shuts down and they really, really need to conserve energy. They are very small little creatures, they need that energy to get through the winter – there’s nothing to eat. And this fungus irritates them, they wake up, they fly around, there’s nothing to eat, they drop dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Coral Reefs Could Be the First Major Ecosystems to Disappear Because of Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many marine scientists believe that coral reefs will be the first major ecosystem to be done in by human impacts. So there will still be corals, but they will no longer be able to form these fantastic reefs that support a tremendous variety of species anywhere between half a million and something like nine million species spend part of their lives on coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing water temperatures are really dramatically affecting reefs. Reefs have this interesting symbiosis going on. They have algae inside them, that feed them, that provide carbohydrates for them and that they get a lot of their energy from. And when water temperatures get too high this relationship breaks down, they expel [the algae] and they basically starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html\">Coral bleaching events\u003c/a>, which are happening more and more frequently because water temperatures are going up, those are already really reducing coral cover in a lot of parts of the world. So for example, in the Great Barrier Reef, which is the world’s largest reef, coral cover has declined by something like 50 percent just in the last few decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. The Chemistry of the Oceans Is Changing Radically\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you talk to scientists – certainly if you talk to marine scientists – one thing that really, really worries them that has not gotten the press it deserves is this issue of ocean acidification. That’s the phenomenon where, when you pour CO2 into the air as we are — there’s just no debate about that, we’re pouring about ten billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year just by burning fossil fuels — a lot of it is going to end up in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CO2 dissolves in water it forms a weak acid. It forms carbonic acid … And it’s changing the chemistry of the oceans very radically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. There’s No Saying What Will Survive This Extinction Event\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are actively interested in this question precisely because we seem to be in another mass extinction event. What comes through? What tends to come through these extinction events? And they’ve found very very few rules. It’s very hard to say that there’s a rule. The dinosaurs were the dominate group on Earth for tens of millions of years and they all – every species of non-avian dinosaur dies out. Why is that? No one really knows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete interview below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/135726672&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Elizabeth Kolbert’s book “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History” centers around two premises: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that humans are causing much of it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934143,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1408},"headData":{"title":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction | KQED","description":"Elizabeth Kolbert’s book “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History” centers around two premises: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that humans are causing much of it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction","datePublished":"2014-02-21T16:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:49:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/14466/seven-things-to-know-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral reefs are the first major ecosystems that could be wiped out by human impacts. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\">Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta love an author who manages to turn complex scientific theories and millions of years of history into an easy-to-understand thesis — even if that thesis is that humans are causing mass extinction. Elizabeth Kolbert’s book \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780805092998\">“The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History”\u003c/a> centers around two ideas: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that we’re causing much of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolbert joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402191000\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> to discuss her book and the disappearance of everything from the snails of the Hawaiian islands to bats in upstate New York. The topic isn’t a cheery one, but as Kolbert writes in the introduction, “If extinction is a morbid topic, mass extinction is, well, massively so. It’s also a fascinating one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are highlights from the Forum interview, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. We Don’t Know Yet How Bad This Extinction Will Be\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly at a time of very high extinction rates. Whether we rise to the level of the major – the five major – mass extinctions of the last half billion years certainly remains to be determined. There have also been, somewhat oxymoronically, “minor” mass extinctions in the record. Where this extinction event is going to fit into that is obviously impossible to know when you’re in the midst of it. But increasingly you hear scientists comparing us to the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs and many other groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\" alt=\"Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (Kevin Walsh/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86624586@N00/513424023/\">Kevin Walsh/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Based on Carbon Emissions, We May Be On Track For the Worst Mass Extinction, Ever\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst mass extinction in the history of the planet happened about 250 million years ago at the end of what’s known as the Permian period. And it’s believed that it was caused by this major burst of volcanic activity that emitted a lot of CO2 into the air and warmed the planet very radically and changed the chemistry of the oceans very radically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And very soberingly, scientists have recently tried to figure out at what rate was CO2 being emitted at that point. And the best estimate that they can come up with – this is a pretty recent paper – suggests that we are pouring CO2 into the air faster than was poured into the air in the events leading up to the end of the Permian extinction. So you increasingly hear ‘We cannot rule out that kind of an outcome: the Permian,’ which was the worst mass extinction in history. I find that – even I, who wrote this book, and feel like I couldn’t be surprised by much anymore – find that, just extremely sobering and terrifying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Invasive Species Have Created a “New Pangea”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Invasive species actually are implicated in, some people would say, the majority of extinctions we know about. Invasive species turn out to be really important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effectively about 250 million years ago all of the continents of the world were smushed together in this supercontinent that has been called Pangea. And then they drifted apart due to plate tectonics and we eventually got the world as we know it, with seven continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’re doing by bringing together all of the flora and fauna of the world just by transporting things around the world, in a biological sense, is erasing those boundaries between the continents and smushing them back together. So a term has been coined: the ‘New Pangea.’ We are creating the New Pangea. We’re bringing everything back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that can have, it turns out, very devastating consequences. Often it has no consequences — you move something around the world, it can’t make it in a new place so it just disappears, or it establishes itself and it doesn’t do any damage, it just sort of coexists with what was there before. But a certain percentage of the time, and even if it’s a very small percentage – [because] you are doing it over and over again, it obviously adds up – a certain percentage of the time you bring together these evolutionary lineages that have been separated for tens of millions of years and very devastating things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\" alt=\"Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. White-Nose Syndrome, a European Fungus, Is Decimating North American Bats\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fungus] has been traced back to Europe – it came over quite possibly on someone’s shoe, or in their suitcase. It almost certainly landed somewhere in upstate New York, because that is where we first started to see these huge die-offs. It’s very devastating to bats, it gets on their skin, it irritates their skin. You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/\">see it\u003c/a>. It looks like the bats have been dunked in talcum powder or cocaine, some people have said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens is that bats in the North Eastern U.S. hibernate during the winter. So they hang by their toes, their body temperature drops, their immune system shuts down and they really, really need to conserve energy. They are very small little creatures, they need that energy to get through the winter – there’s nothing to eat. And this fungus irritates them, they wake up, they fly around, there’s nothing to eat, they drop dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Coral Reefs Could Be the First Major Ecosystems to Disappear Because of Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many marine scientists believe that coral reefs will be the first major ecosystem to be done in by human impacts. So there will still be corals, but they will no longer be able to form these fantastic reefs that support a tremendous variety of species anywhere between half a million and something like nine million species spend part of their lives on coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing water temperatures are really dramatically affecting reefs. Reefs have this interesting symbiosis going on. They have algae inside them, that feed them, that provide carbohydrates for them and that they get a lot of their energy from. And when water temperatures get too high this relationship breaks down, they expel [the algae] and they basically starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html\">Coral bleaching events\u003c/a>, which are happening more and more frequently because water temperatures are going up, those are already really reducing coral cover in a lot of parts of the world. So for example, in the Great Barrier Reef, which is the world’s largest reef, coral cover has declined by something like 50 percent just in the last few decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. The Chemistry of the Oceans Is Changing Radically\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you talk to scientists – certainly if you talk to marine scientists – one thing that really, really worries them that has not gotten the press it deserves is this issue of ocean acidification. That’s the phenomenon where, when you pour CO2 into the air as we are — there’s just no debate about that, we’re pouring about ten billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year just by burning fossil fuels — a lot of it is going to end up in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CO2 dissolves in water it forms a weak acid. It forms carbonic acid … And it’s changing the chemistry of the oceans very radically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. There’s No Saying What Will Survive This Extinction Event\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are actively interested in this question precisely because we seem to be in another mass extinction event. What comes through? What tends to come through these extinction events? And they’ve found very very few rules. It’s very hard to say that there’s a rule. The dinosaurs were the dominate group on Earth for tens of millions of years and they all – every species of non-avian dinosaur dies out. Why is that? No one really knows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete interview below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/135726672&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/14466/seven-things-to-know-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction","authors":["70"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_31","science_35","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_1320","science_1321"],"featImg":"science_14482","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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