Of Ancient Rivers and Rusting Robots: The Unceasing Search for Life on Mars
What Does Mars Sound Like? Thanks to the Perseverance Rover, Now We Know
NASA's Artemis I Launch Date — How to Watch the First Moon Mission in 50 Years
How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky
Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete
Are There Lakes Hiding on Mars? Echoes From the Deep Raise This Tantalizing Question
By Flying Helicopter, Making Oxygen on Mars, NASA Lays Groundwork for Human Visit
A Helicopter Takes Flight on Mars
NASA Is Considering 5 Space Tech Concepts That Sound Like Sci-Fi
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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1982015":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1982015","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1982015","score":null,"sort":[1680043635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"of-ancient-rivers-and-rusting-robots-the-unceasing-search-for-life-on-mars","title":"Of Ancient Rivers and Rusting Robots: The Unceasing Search for Life on Mars","publishDate":1680043635,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Of Ancient Rivers and Rusting Robots: The Unceasing Search for Life on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>It’s been nearly 60 years since NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-4\">Mariner 4\u003c/a> journeyed to \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/\">Mars\u003c/a>, becoming the first spacecraft to fly by the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much has happened since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generations, even family groups, of robotic probes have made the months-long voyage to Mars, shared epic adventures with us, and retired to pass the torch to younger explorers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-800x318.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-1020x405.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-160x64.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-768x305.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-1536x610.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of landing sites on Mars by robotic landers and rovers since the early 1960s. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS/MOLA/DLR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Decades of investigation mapping Mars’ surface, probing its interior, analyzing its atmosphere and geology, tracking its seasonal weather patterns and even digging up soil and grinding into rock to unlock its chemical secrets with microscopes and other specialized instruments has generated volumes of knowledge about our neighbor planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty successful \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/every-mars-mission\">missions of Martian exploration\u003c/a> have been accomplished by multiple countries and agencies, including the United States, Russia, China, the European Space Agency, India and the United Arab Emirates. These include seven flyby spacecraft, 18 orbiters, eight stationary landers, six rovers and a helicopter. Even today, 11 of these robotic explorers are still in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is by far the most explored planet in the solar system, other than Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are we looking for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The short answer: \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/articles/life-on-mars-your-questions-answered?gclid=CjwKCAjwzuqgBhAcEiwAdj5dRgZu-hFxq8NtnHvobH1YnLR-Q0RNwiTJgWawFp0sHjNcJBqs2KQcMRoCIhUQAvD_BwE\">Martians\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more nuanced response is: any sign of biological activity or its fossil residues, and past or present environments that may have life-friendly elements, including liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"985\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS.png 985w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-800x443.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-768x426.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Perseverance rover sampling a rock in the dry lake bed of Jezero Crater on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s twin rovers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a>, prospected the soil and rock of \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/30dec_gusevcrater\">Gusev Crater\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5260/meridiani-planum/\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a> looking for the chemical signatures of past water, while the larger, next-gen robot, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, is currently scaling a mountain of sediments (Mount Sharp) to read the geologic and climate history of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts, along with the work of other landers and orbiters, have revealed the ancient Martian past as a wet one, with liquid water rivers, lakes and seas; precipitation; and a potentially life-hospitable environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"mars\"]Curiosity’s younger “sibling,” \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, along with its experimental helicopter companion, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.clarksvilleonline.com/2023/02/20/nasas-mars-perseverance-rover-ready-for-third-year-at-jezero-crater/\">just entered its third year\u003c/a> exploring the ancient lake bed and river delta complex in \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Jezero_crater_through_the_eyes_of_Mars_Express\">Jezero crater\u003c/a>. Since landing in February 2021, the nuclear-powered rover has driven over 9 miles, analyzing rock, soil and atmospheric gasses, and leaving behind a cache of sealed sample tubes for the proposed \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msr/\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission to collect and bring back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance’s mission is to seek evidence of past microbial life — those long-sought Martians. Last September, the results from an analysis of samples of delta sediment were announced as the strongest evidence yet for past life on Mars. On Earth, river deltas are environments where life thrives, and their organic residues are often concentrated and preserved in deposited sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance found \u003ca href=\"https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/science/space/nasa-perseverance-rover-finds-strongest-signs-yet-of-ancient-life-on-mars\">very strong evidence of potential biosignatures\u003c/a> — signs of past life — in delta sediments in Jezero. Definitive proof that the organic compounds it detected came from ancient Martian life will probably have to wait until the specimens are brought back to Earth for analysis — but the promise is exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Martian robot retirement\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mars has become the final rusting place of many prospecting landers, a modern Martian version of abandoned Gold Rush equipment in Western ghost towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2020\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x631.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x805.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x606.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-1536x1212.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-2048x1616.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-1920x1515.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the first images taken from the surface of Mars, by the Viking 2 lander in 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of NASA’s arsenal, the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/viking-1-2/\">Viking \u003c/a>landers fell silent in 1980, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/pathfinder/\">Pathfinder/Sojourner\u003c/a> in 1997, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/main/index.html\">Phoenix \u003c/a>in 2008, Spirit in 2010 and Opportunity in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recent to go off the air is NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/\">InSight\u003c/a> (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) lander, which arrived at Mars in 2018, even as the Opportunity rover’s batteries were running out of power under a sunlight-choking dust storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight performed an unprecedented four-year study of Mars’ interior to explore what the structure of its rock layers and core can reveal about the planet’s early formation and, by extension, the formation of other rocky planets, like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA said goodnight to InSight last December, when it was determined that the accumulation of dust on its solar panels had reduced the spacecraft’s capacity to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Next up?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>And the adventure continues! Japan is scheduled to launch the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/\">Martian Moons eXploration\u003c/a> (MMX) mission and India the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/MarsOrbiterMissionSpacecraft.html\">Mars Orbiter Mission\u003c/a> 2 in 2024. China has plans for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/articles/tianwen-3-china-mars-sample-return-mission\">Tianwen-3\u003c/a> and NASA/ESA the Mars Sample Return missions in 2028 — and a much longer list of proposed expeditions extending decades ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence of actual Martian life, living today or only in the distant past, is yet to be found. But it’s probably safe to say that we’ve never been closer to that world-changing discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mars is by far the most explored planet in the solar system, aside from our own, amid an ongoing, expansive search for any signs of life.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846065,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":835},"headData":{"title":"Of Ancient Rivers and Rusting Robots: The Unceasing Search for Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Mars is by far the most explored planet in the solar system, aside from our own, amid an ongoing, expansive search for any signs of life.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982015/of-ancient-rivers-and-rusting-robots-the-unceasing-search-for-life-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been nearly 60 years since NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-4\">Mariner 4\u003c/a> journeyed to \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/\">Mars\u003c/a>, becoming the first spacecraft to fly by the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much has happened since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generations, even family groups, of robotic probes have made the months-long voyage to Mars, shared epic adventures with us, and retired to pass the torch to younger explorers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-800x318.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-1020x405.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-160x64.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-768x305.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/landing-site-mars-mission-Credit-NASA-JPL-USGS-MOLA-DLR-1536x610.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of landing sites on Mars by robotic landers and rovers since the early 1960s. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS/MOLA/DLR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Decades of investigation mapping Mars’ surface, probing its interior, analyzing its atmosphere and geology, tracking its seasonal weather patterns and even digging up soil and grinding into rock to unlock its chemical secrets with microscopes and other specialized instruments has generated volumes of knowledge about our neighbor planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty successful \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/every-mars-mission\">missions of Martian exploration\u003c/a> have been accomplished by multiple countries and agencies, including the United States, Russia, China, the European Space Agency, India and the United Arab Emirates. These include seven flyby spacecraft, 18 orbiters, eight stationary landers, six rovers and a helicopter. Even today, 11 of these robotic explorers are still in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is by far the most explored planet in the solar system, other than Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are we looking for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The short answer: \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/articles/life-on-mars-your-questions-answered?gclid=CjwKCAjwzuqgBhAcEiwAdj5dRgZu-hFxq8NtnHvobH1YnLR-Q0RNwiTJgWawFp0sHjNcJBqs2KQcMRoCIhUQAvD_BwE\">Martians\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more nuanced response is: any sign of biological activity or its fossil residues, and past or present environments that may have life-friendly elements, including liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"985\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS.png 985w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-800x443.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-768x426.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/shuster_2_screenshot_skinner-NASAJPL-CaltechASUMSSS-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Perseverance rover sampling a rock in the dry lake bed of Jezero Crater on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s twin rovers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a>, prospected the soil and rock of \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/30dec_gusevcrater\">Gusev Crater\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5260/meridiani-planum/\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a> looking for the chemical signatures of past water, while the larger, next-gen robot, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, is currently scaling a mountain of sediments (Mount Sharp) to read the geologic and climate history of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts, along with the work of other landers and orbiters, have revealed the ancient Martian past as a wet one, with liquid water rivers, lakes and seas; precipitation; and a potentially life-hospitable environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","tag":"mars"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Curiosity’s younger “sibling,” \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, along with its experimental helicopter companion, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.clarksvilleonline.com/2023/02/20/nasas-mars-perseverance-rover-ready-for-third-year-at-jezero-crater/\">just entered its third year\u003c/a> exploring the ancient lake bed and river delta complex in \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Jezero_crater_through_the_eyes_of_Mars_Express\">Jezero crater\u003c/a>. Since landing in February 2021, the nuclear-powered rover has driven over 9 miles, analyzing rock, soil and atmospheric gasses, and leaving behind a cache of sealed sample tubes for the proposed \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msr/\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission to collect and bring back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance’s mission is to seek evidence of past microbial life — those long-sought Martians. Last September, the results from an analysis of samples of delta sediment were announced as the strongest evidence yet for past life on Mars. On Earth, river deltas are environments where life thrives, and their organic residues are often concentrated and preserved in deposited sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance found \u003ca href=\"https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/science/space/nasa-perseverance-rover-finds-strongest-signs-yet-of-ancient-life-on-mars\">very strong evidence of potential biosignatures\u003c/a> — signs of past life — in delta sediments in Jezero. Definitive proof that the organic compounds it detected came from ancient Martian life will probably have to wait until the specimens are brought back to Earth for analysis — but the promise is exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Martian robot retirement\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mars has become the final rusting place of many prospecting landers, a modern Martian version of abandoned Gold Rush equipment in Western ghost towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2020\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x631.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x805.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x606.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-1536x1212.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-2048x1616.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/PIA01522-nasa-jpl-caltech-1920x1515.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the first images taken from the surface of Mars, by the Viking 2 lander in 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of NASA’s arsenal, the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/viking-1-2/\">Viking \u003c/a>landers fell silent in 1980, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/pathfinder/\">Pathfinder/Sojourner\u003c/a> in 1997, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/main/index.html\">Phoenix \u003c/a>in 2008, Spirit in 2010 and Opportunity in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recent to go off the air is NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/\">InSight\u003c/a> (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) lander, which arrived at Mars in 2018, even as the Opportunity rover’s batteries were running out of power under a sunlight-choking dust storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight performed an unprecedented four-year study of Mars’ interior to explore what the structure of its rock layers and core can reveal about the planet’s early formation and, by extension, the formation of other rocky planets, like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA said goodnight to InSight last December, when it was determined that the accumulation of dust on its solar panels had reduced the spacecraft’s capacity to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Next up?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>And the adventure continues! Japan is scheduled to launch the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/\">Martian Moons eXploration\u003c/a> (MMX) mission and India the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/MarsOrbiterMissionSpacecraft.html\">Mars Orbiter Mission\u003c/a> 2 in 2024. China has plans for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/articles/tianwen-3-china-mars-sample-return-mission\">Tianwen-3\u003c/a> and NASA/ESA the Mars Sample Return missions in 2028 — and a much longer list of proposed expeditions extending decades ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence of actual Martian life, living today or only in the distant past, is yet to be found. But it’s probably safe to say that we’ve never been closer to that world-changing discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982015/of-ancient-rivers-and-rusting-robots-the-unceasing-search-for-life-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_5179"],"featImg":"science_1974332","label":"science"},"science_1980891":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1980891","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1980891","score":null,"sort":[1671112802000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-does-mars-sound-like-thanks-to-perseverance-now-we-know","title":"What Does Mars Sound Like? Thanks to the Perseverance Rover, Now We Know","publishDate":1671112802,"format":"audio","headTitle":"What Does Mars Sound Like? Thanks to the Perseverance Rover, Now We Know | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Mars has been the subject of human curiosity for thousands of years. Observations of the red planet appear in ancient texts from Egypt, China, Greece, India and Babylonia. So it’s no wonder humans have sent 50 missions to the planet so far, with half of them successful. That includes landing six rovers on the planet, five of which were sent by NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rovers carry all kinds of specialized tools to analyze the Martian landscape, but it wasn’t until the Perseverance rover landed in 2021 that people successfully put microphones on Mars. That’s not for lack of trying — it took four missions to make this happen, the first one back in the ’90s \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/sci-tech/mars-microphones\">at the urging of Carl Sagan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Perseverance’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/supercam/\">SuperCam instrument\u003c/a> is sending back recordings from the planet’s surface. In this episode of Audible Cosmos, we explore what the audio reveals, including an unexpected discovery about the speed of sound on Mars — or, rather, \u003cem>speeds. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/audio/#:~:text=Perseverance%20Rover's%20SuperCam%20Records%20Wind%20on%20Mars&text=22%2C%202021%2C%20on%20the%20fourth,deployment%20of%20the%20rover's%20mast.\">Hear the recordings Perseverance made from the surface of Mars.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/sounds/?voice=true\">Hear what you would sound like on Mars.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audible Cosmos is produced and reported by Amanda Font and Lowell Robinson; Robinson also provided original scoring for this episode.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this episode of Audible Cosmos, we explore what the audio reveals, including an unexpected discovery about the speed of sound on Mars — or rather, speeds.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846131,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":212},"headData":{"title":"What Does Mars Sound Like? Thanks to the Perseverance Rover, Now We Know | KQED","description":"In this episode of Audible Cosmos, we explore what the audio reveals, including an unexpected discovery about the speed of sound on Mars — or rather, speeds.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Audible Cosmos","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/audiblecosmos","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/3474d77d-ebb5-444c-8208-af66012776aa/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1980891/what-does-mars-sound-like-thanks-to-perseverance-now-we-know","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mars has been the subject of human curiosity for thousands of years. Observations of the red planet appear in ancient texts from Egypt, China, Greece, India and Babylonia. So it’s no wonder humans have sent 50 missions to the planet so far, with half of them successful. That includes landing six rovers on the planet, five of which were sent by NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rovers carry all kinds of specialized tools to analyze the Martian landscape, but it wasn’t until the Perseverance rover landed in 2021 that people successfully put microphones on Mars. That’s not for lack of trying — it took four missions to make this happen, the first one back in the ’90s \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/sci-tech/mars-microphones\">at the urging of Carl Sagan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Perseverance’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/supercam/\">SuperCam instrument\u003c/a> is sending back recordings from the planet’s surface. In this episode of Audible Cosmos, we explore what the audio reveals, including an unexpected discovery about the speed of sound on Mars — or, rather, \u003cem>speeds. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/audio/#:~:text=Perseverance%20Rover's%20SuperCam%20Records%20Wind%20on%20Mars&text=22%2C%202021%2C%20on%20the%20fourth,deployment%20of%20the%20rover's%20mast.\">Hear the recordings Perseverance made from the surface of Mars.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/sounds/?voice=true\">Hear what you would sound like on Mars.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audible Cosmos is produced and reported by Amanda Font and Lowell Robinson; Robinson also provided original scoring for this episode.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980891/what-does-mars-sound-like-thanks-to-perseverance-now-we-know","authors":["8637","11620"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450","science_3947"],"tags":["science_1073","science_5157","science_5179","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1980893","label":"source_science_1980891"},"science_1980108":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1980108","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1980108","score":null,"sort":[1661497261000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"artemis-launch-date-how-to-watch","title":"NASA's Artemis I Launch Date — How to Watch the First Moon Mission in 50 Years","publishDate":1661497261,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Artemis I Launch Date — How to Watch the First Moon Mission in 50 Years | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Update 8:20 a.m., Friday: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980136/artemis-i-launch-postponed-because-of-engine-problem\">The Artemis I launch has been postponed\u003c/a> due to a fuel leak and then an engine problem. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-sets-coverage-for-artemis-i-moon-mission-next-launch-attempt\">The next launch attempt will be on Saturday, September 3 at 11:17 a.m. PST\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s launch of Artemis I will kick-start the space agency’s “Moon to Mars” initiative by sending an uncrewed spacecraft to orbit the moon for six weeks. The Artemis program, which you can watch below, aims to return humans to the moon in order to learn about survival in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“NASA’s Artemis program will pave the way for humanity’s giant leap for future missions to Mars. There’s no doubt that we are in a golden era of human space exploration, discovery and ingenuity in space and it all begins with Artemis I,” said NASA administrator Bill Nelson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is providing a livestream of the liftoff from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. You can watch the livestream right here, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/artemis-i-registration-144043131885?linkId=157646545\">join a watch party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) - Nov. 16, 2022\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CMLD0Lp0JBg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should weather or any other problem interfere with the launch, NASA has set Sept. 2 and Sept. 5 as alternative dates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis I will send the Orion capsule into orbit carrying three mannequins fitted with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience in future flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orion will orbit the moon for about 42 days, allowing time for NASA to test a series of critical systems before it moves forward with a crewed mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1978759']The spacecraft’s heat shield, for example, must protect the Orion capsule from the extreme temperatures (approximately 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit) that it will encounter when reentering Earth’s atmosphere. NASA will also monitor Orion’s navigation systems and its resilience when traveling through high radiation environments near Earth and the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will approach the lunar surface, getting as close as 60 miles aboveground before traveling roughly 40,000 miles beyond the moon and back to Earth, in a test of reentry, descent and splashdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, this will pave the way for Artemis II, which will carry a human crew around the moon\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980111\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway. \u003ccite>(Alberto Bertolin/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between 1968 and 1972, America launched nine human missions to the moon, six of which successfully touched down, allowing 12 men to walk on the lunar surfaces. Artemis III — slated for 2025 and the last mission in the Artemis program — will land the first woman and the first person of color on the moon’s surface. It will be the first time humans have stepped foot on the moon for more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis III lifts off, NASA plans to build Gateway, a multipurpose outpost orbiting the moon that will be a home base for astronauts to live between landings on the lunar surface, and a laboratory to support scientific research and human exploration on and around the moon. Gateway will provide options for Earth science, heliophysics, lunar and planetary science, and more by allowing extended views of the Earth, sun, moon and space not possible from Earth’s surface or from Earth’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a mission that truly will do what hasn’t been done and learn what isn’t known,” said Mike Sarafin, NASA’s mission manager for Artemis I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980110\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg\" alt=\"NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out to the launch pad at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, on Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida \u003ccite>(Joel Kowsky/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Artemis I mission was originally scheduled to lift off in 2021, but supply chain lags and other problems delayed the development of the vehicles NASA plans to use for the mission. The cost so far is at least $37 billion, and Artemis missions will cost NASA around $93 billion by 2025. NASA’s Bill Nelson has called the Artemis program an \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-poised-historic-artemis-i-lunar-launch-florida-2022-08-23/\">“economic engine,”\u003c/a> noting that in 2019 alone it generated $14 billion in commerce and supported 70,000 American jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Artemis missions aim to learn about long-term human survival in space, one small step on the road to Mars.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846209,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":708},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Artemis I Launch Date — How to Watch the First Moon Mission in 50 Years | KQED","description":"NASA's Artemis missions aim to learn about long-term human survival in space, one small step on the road to Mars.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1980108/artemis-launch-date-how-to-watch","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update 8:20 a.m., Friday: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980136/artemis-i-launch-postponed-because-of-engine-problem\">The Artemis I launch has been postponed\u003c/a> due to a fuel leak and then an engine problem. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-sets-coverage-for-artemis-i-moon-mission-next-launch-attempt\">The next launch attempt will be on Saturday, September 3 at 11:17 a.m. PST\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s launch of Artemis I will kick-start the space agency’s “Moon to Mars” initiative by sending an uncrewed spacecraft to orbit the moon for six weeks. The Artemis program, which you can watch below, aims to return humans to the moon in order to learn about survival in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“NASA’s Artemis program will pave the way for humanity’s giant leap for future missions to Mars. There’s no doubt that we are in a golden era of human space exploration, discovery and ingenuity in space and it all begins with Artemis I,” said NASA administrator Bill Nelson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is providing a livestream of the liftoff from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. You can watch the livestream right here, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/artemis-i-registration-144043131885?linkId=157646545\">join a watch party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) - Nov. 16, 2022\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CMLD0Lp0JBg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should weather or any other problem interfere with the launch, NASA has set Sept. 2 and Sept. 5 as alternative dates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis I will send the Orion capsule into orbit carrying three mannequins fitted with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience in future flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orion will orbit the moon for about 42 days, allowing time for NASA to test a series of critical systems before it moves forward with a crewed mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1978759","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The spacecraft’s heat shield, for example, must protect the Orion capsule from the extreme temperatures (approximately 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit) that it will encounter when reentering Earth’s atmosphere. NASA will also monitor Orion’s navigation systems and its resilience when traveling through high radiation environments near Earth and the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will approach the lunar surface, getting as close as 60 miles aboveground before traveling roughly 40,000 miles beyond the moon and back to Earth, in a test of reentry, descent and splashdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, this will pave the way for Artemis II, which will carry a human crew around the moon\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980111\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway. \u003ccite>(Alberto Bertolin/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between 1968 and 1972, America launched nine human missions to the moon, six of which successfully touched down, allowing 12 men to walk on the lunar surfaces. Artemis III — slated for 2025 and the last mission in the Artemis program — will land the first woman and the first person of color on the moon’s surface. It will be the first time humans have stepped foot on the moon for more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis III lifts off, NASA plans to build Gateway, a multipurpose outpost orbiting the moon that will be a home base for astronauts to live between landings on the lunar surface, and a laboratory to support scientific research and human exploration on and around the moon. Gateway will provide options for Earth science, heliophysics, lunar and planetary science, and more by allowing extended views of the Earth, sun, moon and space not possible from Earth’s surface or from Earth’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a mission that truly will do what hasn’t been done and learn what isn’t known,” said Mike Sarafin, NASA’s mission manager for Artemis I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980110\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg\" alt=\"NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out to the launch pad at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, on Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida \u003ccite>(Joel Kowsky/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Artemis I mission was originally scheduled to lift off in 2021, but supply chain lags and other problems delayed the development of the vehicles NASA plans to use for the mission. The cost so far is at least $37 billion, and Artemis missions will cost NASA around $93 billion by 2025. NASA’s Bill Nelson has called the Artemis program an \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-poised-historic-artemis-i-lunar-launch-florida-2022-08-23/\">“economic engine,”\u003c/a> noting that in 2019 alone it generated $14 billion in commerce and supported 70,000 American jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980108/artemis-launch-date-how-to-watch","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_628","science_4414","science_5179","science_351"],"featImg":"science_1980109","label":"source_science_1980108"},"science_1979526":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979526","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979526","score":null,"sort":[1655509847000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","title":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky","publishDate":1655509847,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A spectacular summer lineup is on the schedule for June, and it isn’t on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From mid-June to almost the end of the month, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">a family of planets will come together in the early morning sky\u003c/a>, in a glittering bracelet of celestial gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From June 16 on, starting around 4 a.m., look to the southeast. Strung in a line stretching from the east toward the west shine all five of the planets visible to the unaided eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — and our waning gibbous moon as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-768x472.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking east in the morning after June 16, 2022, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — stretch westward from the predawn twilight near the horizon. Until June 24, the moon also will be visible, moving night to night from its gibbous phase on June 16, west of Saturn, toward a thin crescent between Venus and Mars on June 24. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mercury and Venus form the pair nearest the horizon while Mars and Jupiter hang out higher in the southeast. Saturn shines highest of all, almost directly south.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tips for spotting all five\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mercury doesn’t stray far from the sun and can be challenging to spot, hiding in the glow of twilight or lost in the sun’s glare. To find Mercury you’ll need a clear eastern horizon, free of obstacles like trees, buildings and hills. Fortunately, brilliant Venus, the brightest of the planets, is nearby, and can be used as a signpost to spot the elusive innermost planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Center your sights on Venus, then look down and to the left about 10 degrees, roughly the width of your fist. There, you may glimpse a fiery spark in the growing twilight: Mercury. If you are successful, enjoy the moment, for it is a rare sighting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 994px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979511\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"994\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg 994w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-800x454.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is a difficult planet to spot under the best of conditions, but in late June 2022, especially around June 24, Venus is well-positioned to aid in finding the elusive innermost planet. Bright Venus is easy to see, and on this morning, Mercury is found down and to the left at a distance about the width of your fist held against the sky. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On June 24, the waning moon will move farther east and diminish to a delicate crescent, staging a finale for this rare and beautiful assembly of celestial orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days after, the moon will dive into the dawn, and Mercury will disappear quickly into the sun’s glow, followed in August by Venus. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent well into autumn, but spread farther and farther apart over the weeks, dissolving their close partnership of summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How rare is this alignment?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All five visible planets gathering in the same patch of sky occurs, on average, every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matchups of two planets happen regularly. As the \u003ca href=\"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/orbit_viewer.html\">planets circle the sun\u003c/a> at their various orbital velocities, they pass each other like cars on a freeway moving at different speeds. Mars makes a complete circuit around the ecliptic — the great circle that the sun and planets travel along as seen from Earth — about every two years, reliably buzzing Jupiter and Saturn each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/inferior+planet\">inner planets Mercury and Venus\u003c/a> — closer to the sun than Earth — move more quickly, emerging from the sun’s glare in the morning and evening in seasonal turns, cyclically lining up with more distant planets as they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1135px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1135\" height=\"815\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg 1135w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-768x551.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1135px) 100vw, 1135px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbital positions of the planets out to Saturn in the second half of June 2022. As viewed from Earth, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye fall in a westward sweeping line from the sun, all appearing together in a dazzling lineup before fading in dawn’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Orbit Viewer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these pairings are breathtakingly close, bringing a pair of planets within a thumb’s width of each other, or closer. Venus and Jupiter had such a rendezvous in late April, passing less than half a degree from each other as seen from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the chance to see all five of the visible planets in one vista is rare. The celestial math of the planets’ dance only brings them together every couple of decades, and when the sun gets into the act we may not see the performance at all. The last time these planets clustered together, in May of 2000, the sun was right in the middle of the stage and outshined all the other luminaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So June brings a rare opportunity to gaze upon all the visible planets, compare their brightness and color, and appreciate the celestial choreography that allows us to witness such splendor. You need to get up early to enjoy the show, but it’s worth it!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's rare to see a lineup of all five of the planets visible to us with the naked eye. June is your chance to catch this striking planetary arc in the sky.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846248,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":825},"headData":{"title":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky | KQED","description":"It's rare to see a lineup of all five of the planets visible to us with the naked eye. June is your chance to catch this striking planetary arc in the sky.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1979526/how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A spectacular summer lineup is on the schedule for June, and it isn’t on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From mid-June to almost the end of the month, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">a family of planets will come together in the early morning sky\u003c/a>, in a glittering bracelet of celestial gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From June 16 on, starting around 4 a.m., look to the southeast. Strung in a line stretching from the east toward the west shine all five of the planets visible to the unaided eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — and our waning gibbous moon as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-768x472.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking east in the morning after June 16, 2022, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — stretch westward from the predawn twilight near the horizon. Until June 24, the moon also will be visible, moving night to night from its gibbous phase on June 16, west of Saturn, toward a thin crescent between Venus and Mars on June 24. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mercury and Venus form the pair nearest the horizon while Mars and Jupiter hang out higher in the southeast. Saturn shines highest of all, almost directly south.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tips for spotting all five\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mercury doesn’t stray far from the sun and can be challenging to spot, hiding in the glow of twilight or lost in the sun’s glare. To find Mercury you’ll need a clear eastern horizon, free of obstacles like trees, buildings and hills. Fortunately, brilliant Venus, the brightest of the planets, is nearby, and can be used as a signpost to spot the elusive innermost planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Center your sights on Venus, then look down and to the left about 10 degrees, roughly the width of your fist. There, you may glimpse a fiery spark in the growing twilight: Mercury. If you are successful, enjoy the moment, for it is a rare sighting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 994px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979511\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"994\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg 994w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-800x454.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is a difficult planet to spot under the best of conditions, but in late June 2022, especially around June 24, Venus is well-positioned to aid in finding the elusive innermost planet. Bright Venus is easy to see, and on this morning, Mercury is found down and to the left at a distance about the width of your fist held against the sky. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On June 24, the waning moon will move farther east and diminish to a delicate crescent, staging a finale for this rare and beautiful assembly of celestial orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days after, the moon will dive into the dawn, and Mercury will disappear quickly into the sun’s glow, followed in August by Venus. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent well into autumn, but spread farther and farther apart over the weeks, dissolving their close partnership of summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How rare is this alignment?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All five visible planets gathering in the same patch of sky occurs, on average, every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matchups of two planets happen regularly. As the \u003ca href=\"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/orbit_viewer.html\">planets circle the sun\u003c/a> at their various orbital velocities, they pass each other like cars on a freeway moving at different speeds. Mars makes a complete circuit around the ecliptic — the great circle that the sun and planets travel along as seen from Earth — about every two years, reliably buzzing Jupiter and Saturn each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/inferior+planet\">inner planets Mercury and Venus\u003c/a> — closer to the sun than Earth — move more quickly, emerging from the sun’s glare in the morning and evening in seasonal turns, cyclically lining up with more distant planets as they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1135px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1135\" height=\"815\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg 1135w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-768x551.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1135px) 100vw, 1135px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbital positions of the planets out to Saturn in the second half of June 2022. As viewed from Earth, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye fall in a westward sweeping line from the sun, all appearing together in a dazzling lineup before fading in dawn’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Orbit Viewer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these pairings are breathtakingly close, bringing a pair of planets within a thumb’s width of each other, or closer. Venus and Jupiter had such a rendezvous in late April, passing less than half a degree from each other as seen from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the chance to see all five of the visible planets in one vista is rare. The celestial math of the planets’ dance only brings them together every couple of decades, and when the sun gets into the act we may not see the performance at all. The last time these planets clustered together, in May of 2000, the sun was right in the middle of the stage and outshined all the other luminaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So June brings a rare opportunity to gaze upon all the visible planets, compare their brightness and color, and appreciate the celestial choreography that allows us to witness such splendor. You need to get up early to enjoy the show, but it’s worth it!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979526/how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5180","science_5179","science_1272","science_501","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1979510","label":"source_science_1979526"},"science_1976908":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976908","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976908","score":null,"sort":[1633014052000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"perseverance-pays-off-first-successful-rock-collection-from-mars-complete","title":"Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete","publishDate":1633014052,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance rover\u003c/a> has successfully collected its first rock samples from Mars’ Jezero Crater, specimens that will help illuminate the geologic and possibly \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiological \u003c/a>history of our planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a> was once a lake, long ago in Mars’ past, and a prime spot to search for chemical residues left behind by any water-dwelling microbes that may have existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which NASA’s rover Perseverance drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though previous Mars missions have analyzed rocks before, Perseverance takes its prospecting a step further by sealing the samples in special titanium tubes that can be retrieved and brought back to Earth by a future mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Perseverance makes its way across the Jezero Crater, a joint NASA-European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-sample-return-msr\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission is under development to bring the rock samples back to Earth. MSR will include a rover to collect sample tubes that Perseverance will deposit along its path and a rocket stage that will carry the samples off Mars and back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is the first mission designed to look for signs of past life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier missions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is still actively exploring Mars’ Gale Crater, and the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-exploration-rovers/\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a> rovers have examined past water and environmental conditions friendly to life. Their work revealed an ancient Mars with many Earth-like qualities: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, precipitation, as well as surface rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers still don’t know if life ever arose in Mars’ watery past. Discovering geological evidence of Martian life would be a pivotal moment not only in the history of science, but in history, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drilling rock to probe the past\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 6 and 8, Perseverance \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-collects-puzzle-pieces-of-mars-history\">drilled out two small sample cores\u003c/a> from a rock that researchers dubbed “Rochette.” After taking pictures of the tubes’ contents to ensure the collection was successful, the rover cached the samples away for future analysis on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseverance rover’s “turret,” the ensemble of tools and instruments at the end of its robotic arm, hovers over the rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which the rover drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sampled rock may have been formed long ago in a lava flow but has since been chemically and physically altered by the presence of liquid water later in its history. The current condition of the rocks tells scientists the water was present for a long period of time and not merely a fleeting wet spell. Whether the waters persisted for tens of thousands or millions of years is not clear, but it appears to have lasted long enough to maintain an aquatic environment friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected salt minerals, often found in connection to water on Earth, in Jezero’s rocks. Sometimes salt is deposited by groundwater flowing through rock or left behind after water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/26219_PIA24806-web.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation of images captured by “Cachecam” on NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance, peering down the sample tube containing the rover’s first successful rock core sample. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Perseverance will collect and store up to 43 samples of rock from a wide area of Jezero’s crater floor and walls, deposits spanning millions or billions of years of its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each tiny sample, along with measurements and analysis made around their collection sites, constitutes a small piece of information about Jezero Crater’s history. As Perseverance collects more samples, a detailed understanding of Jezero’s past will develop — when it was formed, when water appeared and how long it remained, and with any luck, if anything ever lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is currently prospecting a portion of Jezero’s dry lakebed, but later in its mission will visit a variety of terrains, including a large formation of sedimentary deposits carried into the lake by a river, and the lake’s ancient shoreline where shallow water may have provided even more life-friendly habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976853 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-768x615.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False colored mineral map of the region of the Jezero Crater that NASA’s Perseverance rover is exploring, captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image features a portion of the crater’s western rim (left) and the river inlet and sediment deposits (center) washed into the crater lake in the distant past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Searching for signs of life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is equipped with a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">suite of specialized instruments\u003c/a> to answer these questions by measuring rock composition, capturing microscopic images and detecting organic compounds. But, as capable as our mobile robotic science laboratories have become, there is still no substitute for the depth of analysis that can be accomplished in laboratories on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will not see any discoveries made from Perseverance’s cached rock samples for several years, when the Mars Sample Return mission proceeds, but the potential rewards are worth waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA’s Perseverance rover has successfully collected its first rock samples on Mars, specimens that will help illuminate the history of our planetary neighbor. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846418,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":853},"headData":{"title":"Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete | KQED","description":"NASA’s Perseverance rover has successfully collected its first rock samples on Mars, specimens that will help illuminate the history of our planetary neighbor. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1976908/perseverance-pays-off-first-successful-rock-collection-from-mars-complete","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance rover\u003c/a> has successfully collected its first rock samples from Mars’ Jezero Crater, specimens that will help illuminate the geologic and possibly \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiological \u003c/a>history of our planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a> was once a lake, long ago in Mars’ past, and a prime spot to search for chemical residues left behind by any water-dwelling microbes that may have existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which NASA’s rover Perseverance drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though previous Mars missions have analyzed rocks before, Perseverance takes its prospecting a step further by sealing the samples in special titanium tubes that can be retrieved and brought back to Earth by a future mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Perseverance makes its way across the Jezero Crater, a joint NASA-European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-sample-return-msr\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission is under development to bring the rock samples back to Earth. MSR will include a rover to collect sample tubes that Perseverance will deposit along its path and a rocket stage that will carry the samples off Mars and back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is the first mission designed to look for signs of past life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier missions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is still actively exploring Mars’ Gale Crater, and the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-exploration-rovers/\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a> rovers have examined past water and environmental conditions friendly to life. Their work revealed an ancient Mars with many Earth-like qualities: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, precipitation, as well as surface rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers still don’t know if life ever arose in Mars’ watery past. Discovering geological evidence of Martian life would be a pivotal moment not only in the history of science, but in history, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drilling rock to probe the past\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 6 and 8, Perseverance \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-collects-puzzle-pieces-of-mars-history\">drilled out two small sample cores\u003c/a> from a rock that researchers dubbed “Rochette.” After taking pictures of the tubes’ contents to ensure the collection was successful, the rover cached the samples away for future analysis on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseverance rover’s “turret,” the ensemble of tools and instruments at the end of its robotic arm, hovers over the rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which the rover drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sampled rock may have been formed long ago in a lava flow but has since been chemically and physically altered by the presence of liquid water later in its history. The current condition of the rocks tells scientists the water was present for a long period of time and not merely a fleeting wet spell. Whether the waters persisted for tens of thousands or millions of years is not clear, but it appears to have lasted long enough to maintain an aquatic environment friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected salt minerals, often found in connection to water on Earth, in Jezero’s rocks. Sometimes salt is deposited by groundwater flowing through rock or left behind after water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/26219_PIA24806-web.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation of images captured by “Cachecam” on NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance, peering down the sample tube containing the rover’s first successful rock core sample. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Perseverance will collect and store up to 43 samples of rock from a wide area of Jezero’s crater floor and walls, deposits spanning millions or billions of years of its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each tiny sample, along with measurements and analysis made around their collection sites, constitutes a small piece of information about Jezero Crater’s history. As Perseverance collects more samples, a detailed understanding of Jezero’s past will develop — when it was formed, when water appeared and how long it remained, and with any luck, if anything ever lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is currently prospecting a portion of Jezero’s dry lakebed, but later in its mission will visit a variety of terrains, including a large formation of sedimentary deposits carried into the lake by a river, and the lake’s ancient shoreline where shallow water may have provided even more life-friendly habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976853 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-768x615.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False colored mineral map of the region of the Jezero Crater that NASA’s Perseverance rover is exploring, captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image features a portion of the crater’s western rim (left) and the river inlet and sediment deposits (center) washed into the crater lake in the distant past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Searching for signs of life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is equipped with a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">suite of specialized instruments\u003c/a> to answer these questions by measuring rock composition, capturing microscopic images and detecting organic compounds. But, as capable as our mobile robotic science laboratories have become, there is still no substitute for the depth of analysis that can be accomplished in laboratories on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will not see any discoveries made from Perseverance’s cached rock samples for several years, when the Mars Sample Return mission proceeds, but the potential rewards are worth waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976908/perseverance-pays-off-first-successful-rock-collection-from-mars-complete","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1216","science_4414","science_5179","science_420"],"featImg":"science_1976854","label":"source_science_1976908"},"science_1975865":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1975865","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1975865","score":null,"sort":[1626971721000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"are-there-lakes-hiding-on-mars-echoes-from-the-deep-raise-this-tantalizing-question","title":"Are There Lakes Hiding on Mars? Echoes From the Deep Raise This Tantalizing Question","publishDate":1626971721,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Are There Lakes Hiding on Mars? Echoes From the Deep Raise This Tantalizing Question | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In 2018, a highly sophisticated instrument probing the surface of Mars called \u003ca href=\"https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/projects/MARSIS/\">MARSIS\u003c/a> (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding) detected radar echoes from an area deep beneath the dry, frigid surface of the planet’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of researchers analyzing that data from the European \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>Mars Express\u003c/i>\u003c/a> spacecraft were excited by a tempting possibility: the radar pings could have reflected off a lake of liquid water laying hidden below the surface of the planet, a protected underworld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-1536x1243.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa.jpg 1749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft, in orbit around Mars. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Later, the researchers identified several more similar reflections nearby. And just last month, two scientists from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/study-looks-more-closely-at-mars-underground-water-signals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reported finding \u003c/a> dozens of the unusual formations, deepening the mystery further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The JPL scientists, examining 15 years of MARSIS observations, found the lake-like, radar-reflecting bodies were actually spread across an area much broader than suggested by the original findings from back in 2018, and at greater range of depths below the planet’s surface. The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25997/subsurface-lakes-or-something-else/\">region surrounds Mars’ South Pole.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975869\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x928.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"928\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x928.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1020x1183.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-160x186.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-768x891.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech.jpg 1155w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars’ southern polar region showing the spots where the ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft detected strong radar echoes, initially interpreted as caused by underground lakes. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of this research raises a tantalizing question: Are there lakes hiding on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ghost Lakes, or Something Else?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If the MARSIS radar reflections are caused by pools of actual, liquid water, researchers will have found another place in the solar system with the potential to harbor a life-friendly environment; a possible gold mine for astrobiologists searching for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there’s reason to be skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the so-called lakes are within a mile of Mars’ polar surface, where temperatures, as low as -63 degrees Celsius, should freeze water solid. Even briney water with a colder freezing point has little chance of remaining liquid under these frigid conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could heat flowing outward from \u003ca href=\"https://www.seis-insight.eu/en/public-2/martian-science/internal-models-of-mars\"> deep within Mars\u003c/a> keep temperatures near the planet’s surface warm enough to thaw ice? Might there be active \u003ca href=\"https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/exploring-the-planets/online/solar-system/mars/surface/volcanoes/\">volcanism\u003c/a> going on down there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have considered these possibilities, but find them unlikely. The flow of heat from Mars’ interior would need to be double what scientists understand the planet’s internal thermal dynamics are capable of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they haven’t identified any strong evidence of current or recent volcanic activity at the South Pole, which throws a brick of frozen ice on that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, lakes? Yes or no? At this time, the answer is not certain one way or the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dozens of mysterious radar reflections spread around Mars’ South Pole are like a swarm of ghosts: we have sensed their presence, but so far their true nature eludes explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Clues to Mars’ Past?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Whatever the unusual radar reflections detected by MARSIS turn out to be, their discovery and further investigation may yield more clues to secrets of Mars’ past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-1020x552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-1536x832.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-1920x1039.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers.jpg 1995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the ice cap at Mars’ South Pole. Layers of water, ice, frozen carbon dioxide, and dust built up over a billion years. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are interested in what Mars’ southern polar region can tell us about the planet’s climate history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last billion or so years, Mars’ climate shifted between warmer, wetter conditions and cold, dry spells. Layer upon layer of water-ice, frozen carbon dioxide, and dust have built up to form a \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Water_at_Martian_south_pole\">vast ice cap\u003c/a>. By studying the layers, scientists can learn about the planet’s past, similar to how paleoclimatologists on Earth track ancient climate by studying the growth rings of trees or the surface of granite boulders embedded in glacial moraines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Hunt For Water on Mars\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Mars exploration is all about the search for liquid water, and the possibly life-friendly environments it could nurture. Scientists are thirsty to find Martian water, wherever and whenever it may have existed: flowing down crater walls in seasonal bursts; underground, away from the dry, frigid conditions on the planet’s surface; or deep in Mars’ distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That Mars long ago possessed copious amounts of liquid surface water is an almost indisputable fact, based on many observations and measurements by orbital spacecraft, landers and rovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-800x583.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"583\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-800x583.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-1020x743.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-768x559.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-1536x1118.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS.jpg 1648w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image captured by NASA’s Perseverance rover of a tall mound of sediment on the floor of Jezero Crater on Mars. The sediment is believed to have been deposited by a river flowing into the crater when it was filled with water, long ago. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASUMSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity rover\u003c/a> is currently crawling up the slope of a mountain in a 90-mile wide crater that once held a vast lake. The newer \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance \u003c/a>robot is prospecting the dry lakebed of Jezero Crater, as well as a complex of sediments deposited by a river that once flowed into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both rovers are probing mineral and geological clues left behind by water now long dried up, piecing together a window into Mars’ past environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can the life-giving liquid be found anywhere on Mars today?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only further exploration can answer this.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dozens of mysterious radar reflections spread around Mars’ South Pole are like a swarm of ghosts: we have sensed their presence, but their true nature eludes explanation. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846505,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":872},"headData":{"title":"Are There Lakes Hiding on Mars? Echoes From the Deep Raise This Tantalizing Question | KQED","description":"Dozens of mysterious radar reflections spread around Mars’ South Pole are like a swarm of ghosts: we have sensed their presence, but their true nature eludes explanation. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1975865/are-there-lakes-hiding-on-mars-echoes-from-the-deep-raise-this-tantalizing-question","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2018, a highly sophisticated instrument probing the surface of Mars called \u003ca href=\"https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/projects/MARSIS/\">MARSIS\u003c/a> (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding) detected radar echoes from an area deep beneath the dry, frigid surface of the planet’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of researchers analyzing that data from the European \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>Mars Express\u003c/i>\u003c/a> spacecraft were excited by a tempting possibility: the radar pings could have reflected off a lake of liquid water laying hidden below the surface of the planet, a protected underworld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa-1536x1243.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/MarsExpress_Auto98-esa.jpg 1749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft, in orbit around Mars. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Later, the researchers identified several more similar reflections nearby. And just last month, two scientists from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/study-looks-more-closely-at-mars-underground-water-signals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reported finding \u003c/a> dozens of the unusual formations, deepening the mystery further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The JPL scientists, examining 15 years of MARSIS observations, found the lake-like, radar-reflecting bodies were actually spread across an area much broader than suggested by the original findings from back in 2018, and at greater range of depths below the planet’s surface. The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25997/subsurface-lakes-or-something-else/\">region surrounds Mars’ South Pole.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975869\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x928.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"928\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x928.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1020x1183.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-160x186.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech-768x891.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25997_bright-radar-reflections-web-ESA-NASA-JPL-Caltech.jpg 1155w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars’ southern polar region showing the spots where the ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft detected strong radar echoes, initially interpreted as caused by underground lakes. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of this research raises a tantalizing question: Are there lakes hiding on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ghost Lakes, or Something Else?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If the MARSIS radar reflections are caused by pools of actual, liquid water, researchers will have found another place in the solar system with the potential to harbor a life-friendly environment; a possible gold mine for astrobiologists searching for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there’s reason to be skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the so-called lakes are within a mile of Mars’ polar surface, where temperatures, as low as -63 degrees Celsius, should freeze water solid. Even briney water with a colder freezing point has little chance of remaining liquid under these frigid conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could heat flowing outward from \u003ca href=\"https://www.seis-insight.eu/en/public-2/martian-science/internal-models-of-mars\"> deep within Mars\u003c/a> keep temperatures near the planet’s surface warm enough to thaw ice? Might there be active \u003ca href=\"https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/exploring-the-planets/online/solar-system/mars/surface/volcanoes/\">volcanism\u003c/a> going on down there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have considered these possibilities, but find them unlikely. The flow of heat from Mars’ interior would need to be double what scientists understand the planet’s internal thermal dynamics are capable of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they haven’t identified any strong evidence of current or recent volcanic activity at the South Pole, which throws a brick of frozen ice on that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, lakes? Yes or no? At this time, the answer is not certain one way or the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dozens of mysterious radar reflections spread around Mars’ South Pole are like a swarm of ghosts: we have sensed their presence, but so far their true nature eludes explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Clues to Mars’ Past?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Whatever the unusual radar reflections detected by MARSIS turn out to be, their discovery and further investigation may yield more clues to secrets of Mars’ past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-1020x552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-1536x832.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers-1920x1039.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/mars-south-pole-layers.jpg 1995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the ice cap at Mars’ South Pole. Layers of water, ice, frozen carbon dioxide, and dust built up over a billion years. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are interested in what Mars’ southern polar region can tell us about the planet’s climate history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last billion or so years, Mars’ climate shifted between warmer, wetter conditions and cold, dry spells. Layer upon layer of water-ice, frozen carbon dioxide, and dust have built up to form a \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Water_at_Martian_south_pole\">vast ice cap\u003c/a>. By studying the layers, scientists can learn about the planet’s past, similar to how paleoclimatologists on Earth track ancient climate by studying the growth rings of trees or the surface of granite boulders embedded in glacial moraines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Hunt For Water on Mars\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Mars exploration is all about the search for liquid water, and the possibly life-friendly environments it could nurture. Scientists are thirsty to find Martian water, wherever and whenever it may have existed: flowing down crater walls in seasonal bursts; underground, away from the dry, frigid conditions on the planet’s surface; or deep in Mars’ distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That Mars long ago possessed copious amounts of liquid surface water is an almost indisputable fact, based on many observations and measurements by orbital spacecraft, landers and rovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-800x583.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"583\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-800x583.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-1020x743.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-768x559.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS-1536x1118.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/25695_PIA24485_K4_ZCAM_main_sol004_Delta_Remnant_unannotated-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-MSSS.jpg 1648w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image captured by NASA’s Perseverance rover of a tall mound of sediment on the floor of Jezero Crater on Mars. The sediment is believed to have been deposited by a river flowing into the crater when it was filled with water, long ago. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASUMSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity rover\u003c/a> is currently crawling up the slope of a mountain in a 90-mile wide crater that once held a vast lake. The newer \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance \u003c/a>robot is prospecting the dry lakebed of Jezero Crater, as well as a complex of sediments deposited by a river that once flowed into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both rovers are probing mineral and geological clues left behind by water now long dried up, piecing together a window into Mars’ past environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can the life-giving liquid be found anywhere on Mars today?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only further exploration can answer this.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1975865/are-there-lakes-hiding-on-mars-echoes-from-the-deep-raise-this-tantalizing-question","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_2356","science_4414","science_5179","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1975870","label":"source_science_1975865"},"science_1974407":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1974407","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1974407","score":null,"sort":[1619822776000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"making-oxygen-and-flying-a-helicopter-on-mars-nasa-has-laid-groundwork-for-human-visits","title":"By Flying Helicopter, Making Oxygen on Mars, NASA Lays Groundwork for Human Visit","publishDate":1619822776,"format":"image","headTitle":"By Flying Helicopter, Making Oxygen on Mars, NASA Lays Groundwork for Human Visit | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The only helicopter on Mars has \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/297/ingenuity-completes-its-fourth-flight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">done it\u003c/a> again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/ingenuity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ingenuity\u003c/a> took off on its fourth flight Friday, reaching an altitude of 16 feet and traveling a distance of almost three football fields — 872 feet — round trip, its longest sojourn yet. Airtime: Just short of two minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not even 2 feet tall, the spunky flier is part of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Perseverance mission, which has been exploring Martian terrain for over two months, and is still checking off first-ever achievements in planetary exploration from its ambitious to-do list. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perseverance\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rover and its helicopter sidekick \u003c/span>—\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nicknamed Percy and Ginny by some team members at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — are just as busy proving technology concepts for future Mars missions as they are conducting scientific exploration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides the ever more daring flights by Ingenuity, the latest technical feats include Perseverance manufacturing oxygen directly from the Martian atmosphere.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Making 10 Minutes of Oxygen\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To explore what valuable natural resources Mars offers future human missions, Perseverance has the MOXIE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actually, that’s the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, a small, double-shoebox-sized device designed to produce up to 10 grams of oxygen per hour directly from the planet’s thin carbon dioxide atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMnOo2zcjXA?start=14]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On April 20, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MOXIE produced 5 grams of oxygen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by heating carbon dioxide to over 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit. Five grams may not seem like much, but it’s enough to last an adult for about 10 minutes of breathing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future human missions would benefit hugely from making their own oxygen on Mars, not only for humans to breathe, but for making rocket fuel. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a planet where free oxygen is scarce, astronauts will breathe easier if they are not dependent on supplies brought all the way from Earth. The first quick visits to Mars will probably rely on stored oxygen, but longer habitations will require astronauts to tap such a valuable resource, as well as water, where they find it, living off the land. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ingenuity Aces Flying Tests\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mars Helicopter’s mission to demonstrate the feasibility of aerial exploration of the planet got off to a flying start on April 19 with the first-ever powered flight on another planet, a 40-second hover maneuver that lifted it about 10 feet off the ground. But this was only the beginning of a 30-day testing program still underway. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the altitude of 16 feet attained by the helicopter on Friday and the flight before doesn’t seem very high, consider that Mars’ atmospheric pressure at ground level is equivalent to Earth’s at an elevation of 100,000 feet. Ingenuity’s feathery 4-pound weight and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Anatomy\">specially designed twin rotors\u003c/a> spinning at 2,500 rotations per minute allow it to fly where conventional helicopters couldn’t. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1974332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, resting on the ground before its first flight on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s ahead for Ingenuity? NASA just announced that the helicopter’s mission has been extended by an additional 30 days, and will enter a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8936/nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-to-begin-new-demonstration-phase/\">new phase of flight testing\u003c/a> following its sixth flight in about two weeks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, unless NASA adds another extension, Ingenuity will be grounded and the rover will move on with its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/perseverance\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mission to search for clues of past life on Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asked if “Ginny” could be used for reconnaissance to aid the rover’s scientific mission, one JPL team member commented there is no need since “Percy’s” general route has already been mapped out and the rover will drive autonomously between programmed points of scientific interest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The only helicopter on Mars has completed another roundtrip sojourn. The Perseverance mission has included not only the first flights of an aircraft on another planet, but the manufacture of oxygen by heating carbon dioxide from the Mars atmosphere.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846634,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":650},"headData":{"title":"By Flying Helicopter, Making Oxygen on Mars, NASA Lays Groundwork for Human Visit | KQED","description":"The only helicopter on Mars has completed another roundtrip sojourn. The Perseverance mission has included not only the first flights of an aircraft on another planet, but the manufacture of oxygen by heating carbon dioxide from the Mars atmosphere.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1974407/making-oxygen-and-flying-a-helicopter-on-mars-nasa-has-laid-groundwork-for-human-visits","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The only helicopter on Mars has \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/297/ingenuity-completes-its-fourth-flight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">done it\u003c/a> again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/ingenuity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ingenuity\u003c/a> took off on its fourth flight Friday, reaching an altitude of 16 feet and traveling a distance of almost three football fields — 872 feet — round trip, its longest sojourn yet. Airtime: Just short of two minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not even 2 feet tall, the spunky flier is part of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Perseverance mission, which has been exploring Martian terrain for over two months, and is still checking off first-ever achievements in planetary exploration from its ambitious to-do list. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perseverance\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rover and its helicopter sidekick \u003c/span>—\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nicknamed Percy and Ginny by some team members at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — are just as busy proving technology concepts for future Mars missions as they are conducting scientific exploration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides the ever more daring flights by Ingenuity, the latest technical feats include Perseverance manufacturing oxygen directly from the Martian atmosphere.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Making 10 Minutes of Oxygen\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To explore what valuable natural resources Mars offers future human missions, Perseverance has the MOXIE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actually, that’s the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, a small, double-shoebox-sized device designed to produce up to 10 grams of oxygen per hour directly from the planet’s thin carbon dioxide atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wMnOo2zcjXA?start=14'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wMnOo2zcjXA?start=14'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On April 20, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MOXIE produced 5 grams of oxygen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by heating carbon dioxide to over 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit. Five grams may not seem like much, but it’s enough to last an adult for about 10 minutes of breathing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future human missions would benefit hugely from making their own oxygen on Mars, not only for humans to breathe, but for making rocket fuel. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a planet where free oxygen is scarce, astronauts will breathe easier if they are not dependent on supplies brought all the way from Earth. The first quick visits to Mars will probably rely on stored oxygen, but longer habitations will require astronauts to tap such a valuable resource, as well as water, where they find it, living off the land. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ingenuity Aces Flying Tests\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mars Helicopter’s mission to demonstrate the feasibility of aerial exploration of the planet got off to a flying start on April 19 with the first-ever powered flight on another planet, a 40-second hover maneuver that lifted it about 10 feet off the ground. But this was only the beginning of a 30-day testing program still underway. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the altitude of 16 feet attained by the helicopter on Friday and the flight before doesn’t seem very high, consider that Mars’ atmospheric pressure at ground level is equivalent to Earth’s at an elevation of 100,000 feet. Ingenuity’s feathery 4-pound weight and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Anatomy\">specially designed twin rotors\u003c/a> spinning at 2,500 rotations per minute allow it to fly where conventional helicopters couldn’t. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1974332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, resting on the ground before its first flight on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s ahead for Ingenuity? NASA just announced that the helicopter’s mission has been extended by an additional 30 days, and will enter a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8936/nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-to-begin-new-demonstration-phase/\">new phase of flight testing\u003c/a> following its sixth flight in about two weeks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, unless NASA adds another extension, Ingenuity will be grounded and the rover will move on with its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/perseverance\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mission to search for clues of past life on Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asked if “Ginny” could be used for reconnaissance to aid the rover’s scientific mission, one JPL team member commented there is no need since “Percy’s” general route has already been mapped out and the rover will drive autonomously between programmed points of scientific interest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1974407/making-oxygen-and-flying-a-helicopter-on-mars-nasa-has-laid-groundwork-for-human-visits","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_5179"],"featImg":"science_1974326","label":"source_science_1974407"},"science_1973884":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973884","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973884","score":null,"sort":[1618861352000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-helicopter-takes-off-on-mars","title":"A Helicopter Takes Flight on Mars","publishDate":1618861352,"format":"image","headTitle":"A Helicopter Takes Flight on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than a century ago the first propeller-driven aircraft took off on Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Monday, another one took flight for the first time on a different planet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s experimental Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1KolyCqICI\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">successfully lifted off the ground\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at 3:34 a.m. EDT — that’s around noon local Martian time in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jezero Crater\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the current location of Ingenuity and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance-rover\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perseverance rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The flight data, sent from Perseverance and relayed by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter-mro\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, was transmitted back to Earth almost three hours later. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1973875 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image captured by a camera on the Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, during its historic first flight on Mars. The image is an overhead view of the ground where Ingenuity took off from, showing the twin wheel tracks of the Perseverance rover that deposited in on the ground, and the shadow of the helicopter in flight. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ingenuity’s first flight took it straight up about 10 feet, where it hovered, made a small victory turn-in-place for Perseverance’s cameras, then settled back to the ground about 40 seconds after liftoff. Not a flight endurance record by tried-and-true Earth aviation standards, but certainly a one-small-hop-for-a-robot, one-giant-leap-for-interplanetary-exploration achievement. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ingenuity’s maiden flight had been scheduled for April 11, but was postponed when a software glitch failed to engage the system’s flight mode during a pre-flight rotor test. After some analysis and software testing, NASA Jet Propulsion Lab engineers worked out a fix and ran further tests before mission controllers approved another flight attempt. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973876\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973876\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/km6rnydpMsN7heLcoaNw5A-970-80-NASAJPLCaltechASU.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation showing the Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, testing its twin rotors in preparation for its historic first flight on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With more test flights planned in days ahead, engineers at JPL, located in Pasadena, California, will have further opportunity to hone their brand new Martian aviation skills. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Proof of Concept\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/6-things-to-know-about-nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mars Helicopter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is an add-on experiment to last year’s Perseverance mission. Equipped with only an onboard computer, two small cameras and a wireless link to Perseverance, Ingenuity carries no science instruments; its entire mission is to provide proof of concept for aerial exploration of Mars, and maybe of other worlds. Even if it never leaves the ground again, Ingenuity has still achieved the mission’s primary goal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-800x1099.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1099\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-800x1099.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-1020x1401.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-160x220.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-768x1055.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-1118x1536.jpg 1118w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, still attached to the underbelly of the Perseverance rover, before begin placed on the ground. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As scientists and engineers \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948555/nasa-wants-to-send-shapeshifting-robots-to-saturn-moon\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">conceive new designs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for robots to move around the surfaces of other worlds, which to this point has all been done by wheeled rovers, Ingenuity’s successful flight opens a path to greater freedom for humans to explore areas where wheels cannot carry us. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To achieve this flight, engineers at JPL had to meet some steep design challenges, not the least of which was to build a helicopter that can fly in Mars’ thin atmosphere, which is about a hundredth the density of Earth’s at sea level. Even helicopters on Earth that have reached the highest mountain peaks such as Mount Everest, where the air is still one-third as dense as it is at sea level, have strained the limits of conventional engine and rotor blade technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1973873 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by the Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, showing the Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, placed on the ground from where it would later take to flight. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ingenuity’s specially designed twin counter-rotating propeller blades must spin at around 2,500 revolutions per minute to lift the 1.8 kilogram (4-pound) craft off Mars’ surface. Mars’ lower surface gravity, which is 38% of Earth’s, makes the feat easier, but the low air density underscores the unearthly challenges of exploring other planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Future missions may include airborne drones to perform aerial reconnaissance, collect rock and soil samples over a wider area, or even independently explore a much vaster region than a wheeled rover crawling carefully through an obstacle-laden terrain can. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of how Mars’ Jezero Crater, where the Mars 2020 rover Perseverance is currently exploring, may have looked when it was a river-fed lake in Mars’ distant, wetter past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perseverance landed on Feb. 18 in Mars’ Jezero Crater, on a mission to search for clues to ancient life locked in the rocks and soil of a dry lakebed and a formation of sediments washed into it long ago, when Mars possessed a wetter, more Earth-like climate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The NASA Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, successfully lifted off the ground Monday at 3:34 a.m. EDT.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846668,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":785},"headData":{"title":"A Helicopter Takes Flight on Mars | KQED","description":"The NASA Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, successfully lifted off the ground Monday at 3:34 a.m. EDT.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973884/a-helicopter-takes-off-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than a century ago the first propeller-driven aircraft took off on Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Monday, another one took flight for the first time on a different planet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s experimental Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1KolyCqICI\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">successfully lifted off the ground\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at 3:34 a.m. EDT — that’s around noon local Martian time in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jezero Crater\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the current location of Ingenuity and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance-rover\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perseverance rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The flight data, sent from Perseverance and relayed by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter-mro\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, was transmitted back to Earth almost three hours later. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1973875 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/shadow-of-ingenuity-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image captured by a camera on the Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, during its historic first flight on Mars. The image is an overhead view of the ground where Ingenuity took off from, showing the twin wheel tracks of the Perseverance rover that deposited in on the ground, and the shadow of the helicopter in flight. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ingenuity’s first flight took it straight up about 10 feet, where it hovered, made a small victory turn-in-place for Perseverance’s cameras, then settled back to the ground about 40 seconds after liftoff. Not a flight endurance record by tried-and-true Earth aviation standards, but certainly a one-small-hop-for-a-robot, one-giant-leap-for-interplanetary-exploration achievement. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ingenuity’s maiden flight had been scheduled for April 11, but was postponed when a software glitch failed to engage the system’s flight mode during a pre-flight rotor test. After some analysis and software testing, NASA Jet Propulsion Lab engineers worked out a fix and ran further tests before mission controllers approved another flight attempt. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973876\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973876\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/km6rnydpMsN7heLcoaNw5A-970-80-NASAJPLCaltechASU.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation showing the Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, testing its twin rotors in preparation for its historic first flight on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With more test flights planned in days ahead, engineers at JPL, located in Pasadena, California, will have further opportunity to hone their brand new Martian aviation skills. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Proof of Concept\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/6-things-to-know-about-nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mars Helicopter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is an add-on experiment to last year’s Perseverance mission. Equipped with only an onboard computer, two small cameras and a wireless link to Perseverance, Ingenuity carries no science instruments; its entire mission is to provide proof of concept for aerial exploration of Mars, and maybe of other worlds. Even if it never leaves the ground again, Ingenuity has still achieved the mission’s primary goal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-800x1099.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1099\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-800x1099.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-1020x1401.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-160x220.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-768x1055.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech-1118x1536.jpg 1118w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/ingenuity1-underbelly-NASAJPLCaltech.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, still attached to the underbelly of the Perseverance rover, before begin placed on the ground. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As scientists and engineers \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948555/nasa-wants-to-send-shapeshifting-robots-to-saturn-moon\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">conceive new designs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for robots to move around the surfaces of other worlds, which to this point has all been done by wheeled rovers, Ingenuity’s successful flight opens a path to greater freedom for humans to explore areas where wheels cannot carry us. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To achieve this flight, engineers at JPL had to meet some steep design challenges, not the least of which was to build a helicopter that can fly in Mars’ thin atmosphere, which is about a hundredth the density of Earth’s at sea level. Even helicopters on Earth that have reached the highest mountain peaks such as Mount Everest, where the air is still one-third as dense as it is at sea level, have strained the limits of conventional engine and rotor blade technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1973873 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Selfie_NASAJPLCaltechASU-MSSS-Sean-Doran-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by the Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, showing the Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, placed on the ground from where it would later take to flight. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ingenuity’s specially designed twin counter-rotating propeller blades must spin at around 2,500 revolutions per minute to lift the 1.8 kilogram (4-pound) craft off Mars’ surface. Mars’ lower surface gravity, which is 38% of Earth’s, makes the feat easier, but the low air density underscores the unearthly challenges of exploring other planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Future missions may include airborne drones to perform aerial reconnaissance, collect rock and soil samples over a wider area, or even independently explore a much vaster region than a wheeled rover crawling carefully through an obstacle-laden terrain can. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia24172-jezerolake-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of how Mars’ Jezero Crater, where the Mars 2020 rover Perseverance is currently exploring, may have looked when it was a river-fed lake in Mars’ distant, wetter past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perseverance landed on Feb. 18 in Mars’ Jezero Crater, on a mission to search for clues to ancient life locked in the rocks and soil of a dry lakebed and a formation of sediments washed into it long ago, when Mars possessed a wetter, more Earth-like climate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973884/a-helicopter-takes-off-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_4414","science_5179"],"featImg":"science_1973878","label":"source_science_1973884"},"science_1973413":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973413","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973413","score":null,"sort":[1616715513000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"5-space-tech-concepts-nasa-is-considering-that-sound-like-sci-fi","title":"NASA Is Considering 5 Space Tech Concepts That Sound Like Sci-Fi","publishDate":1616715513,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Is Considering 5 Space Tech Concepts That Sound Like Sci-Fi | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Farming space with soil from asteroids “digested” by fungus?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Levitating across the lunar landscape? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How about powering a moon base with sunlight? Or scaffolding enormous spinning space habitats? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sounds like a science fiction epic about taming the solar system with a high-tech plough through the sweat of an astronaut’s brow. These concepts, however, are a step closer to reality than mere science fiction. Their authors are researchers at various technology corporations, educational institutions, and NASA centers, and their inventive plot devices are not conceived merely to entertain, but to facilitate future expeditions to the moon, Mars and beyond.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than a dozen researchers have been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/Futuristic_Space_Technology_Concepts_Selected_by_NASA_for_Initial_Study\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">awarded grants by the NASA\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Innovative Advanced Concepts program to study the feasibility of their near-sci-fi technology concepts. Working in a gray zone between the real and the imagined, they are kicking ideas from the shadows of the fictional into the light of real potential. And with the $125,000 boost of each NIAC Phase 1 study grant, their speculations on future space technology have been reified just a titch.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Who are the grant recipients, and what kinds of ideas are they coming up with? A few examples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Portable Magnetic Highway\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A robotics engineer at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is exploring a concept for a portable \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/FLOAT/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">magnetic “rail” transportation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> system for use on the moon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973299\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-800x615.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"615\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-800x615.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-160x123.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-768x590.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for a portable “road way” to be rolled out across the moon’s surface, on which transport robots magnetically levitate loads from one place to another, efficiently and autonomously. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Ethan Schaler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When humans begin to establish long-term lunar habitats, there will be a need to regularly transport a lot of material around the surface. Mining lunar materials for air, water, and fuel components will involve moving the raw “ore” to processing facilities. Excavating rock and soil to build living and working structures will dig up a lot of debris that needs to be carted away. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To do this, the initial concept calls for a flat “track” to be rolled out onto the moon’s surface between locations, creating a sort of instant roadbed without the need for permanent construction. Autonomous transport robots then levitate above the track on a magnetic cushion, carrying their loads across the landscape with no friction or air resistance, and without a need for constant human management.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Swimbots\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The same JPL researcher is also exploring a concept for robotic exploration vehicles that can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/SWIM/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">swim in the oceans\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of other worlds like Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Titan, which has a methane sea. As we get closer to mounting expeditions to these remote and hazardous liquid environments, we’ll need more than wheels and helicopter blades to drive exploration forward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-800x391.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-800x391.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-768x375.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for ocean-swimming probes deployed in a liquid environment, such as the sub-ice ocean on Jupiter’s moon Europa. In this concept, small swimming robots would be released from an ice-boring vessel connected to the lander vehicle on top the icy crust far above. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Ethan Schaler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cultivating Space Soil\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A researcher with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.transastracorp.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trans Astronautica Corporation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is eyeing the asteroids as possible source material for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/Making_Soil_for_Space_Habitats/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">creating arable soil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and putting Earth fungus to work to make it happen. The idea is for the fungus to break down or “digest” the sterile asteroid material into soil for growing plants.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with aspirations for humans to live on the moon and make the arduous voyage to Mars comes the need to feed them. Such expeditions will no doubt bring along food staples and water, but carrying cargo into space — even the short hop from Earth to the International Space Station — is costly, especially with a continual need to resupply. And sending supplies to a moon base, or a long-range Mars mission, is an even greater expense and challenge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Any food that can be produced or grown on the ship or station where it is to be consumed will grant a mission greater autonomy and food security, and eventually may allow space-faring humans to become self-sufficient. Even today, plants are experimentally grown and harvested onboard the International Space Station, laying the groundwork for future space farms much farther from home.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea of mining asteroids for precious metals, either by traveling to one or relocating it to an orbit around Earth or the moon, has been envisioned for some time. But the thought of tapping the worthless rocky components of asteroids to produce a commodity far more valuable than gold to astronauts who need to eat is a stroke of brilliance. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since there are plenty of asteroids flying around the solar system, the potential to produce usable soil is practically unlimited, and the practice may one day feed large-scale space habitations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Prefabbed Space Homes\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cmu.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carnegie Mellon University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> assistant professor is conceiving a lightweight collapsible apparatus as a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/Kilometer-Scale_Space_Structures_from_a_Single_Launch/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">deployable “building block”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for constructing enormous, kilometer-scaled space structures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-800x510.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-800x510.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-160x102.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-768x490.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for a lightweight, compact construct that is launched into space and then expands to a large-scale structure. \u003ccite>(Zac Manchester/Jeff Lipton/Tziporah Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This idea accepts an ambitious challenge set by science fiction writers over the decades: to engineer an artificial space habitat, or “space ark,” of a scale grand enough to accommodate a population of humans and a sustainable, even self-sufficient ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Supercharged Solar Power\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A researcher at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/langley\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Langley Research Center\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is shining light on a concept to generate and distribute \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/Light_Bender/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">electrical power for use on the moon\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, using telescope optics to capture, redirect and focus sunlight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-800x492.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-800x492.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-1020x628.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-768x473.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-1536x945.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale.png 1599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for the collection and distribution of solar energy across the moon’s surface to buildings, spacecraft, and other vehicles, using telescope optics. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ronald Neale)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though concentrated solar energy systems are nothing new, engineering a system for the moon presents some unearthly technical challenges — for one, designing a system small and light enough to be transported from Earth to the lunar surface while still maximizing energy production to squeeze out as much power from the sun’s rays as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Back to Sci-Fi\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science fiction may inspire the invention of new technologies and scientific endeavors, but the reverse is also true. Real achievements in space exploration and the tech that enables it inspire us to wonder more deeply about where the adventure can lead, which can inspire further innovation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We may not see giant space habitats and crops harvested from asteroid dirt for some time, but thinking about how to do these things needs to start now. As humans gradually move farther from Earth and dwell in space for longer stretches of time, visions of this kind may inevitably become the reality of future generations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Levitating across the lunar landscape? Powering a moon base with sunlight? Researchers have been awarded grants by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts program to study the feasibility of future technologies. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846698,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1150},"headData":{"title":"NASA Is Considering 5 Space Tech Concepts That Sound Like Sci-Fi | KQED","description":"Levitating across the lunar landscape? Powering a moon base with sunlight? Researchers have been awarded grants by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts program to study the feasibility of future technologies. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973413/5-space-tech-concepts-nasa-is-considering-that-sound-like-sci-fi","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Farming space with soil from asteroids “digested” by fungus?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Levitating across the lunar landscape? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How about powering a moon base with sunlight? Or scaffolding enormous spinning space habitats? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sounds like a science fiction epic about taming the solar system with a high-tech plough through the sweat of an astronaut’s brow. These concepts, however, are a step closer to reality than mere science fiction. Their authors are researchers at various technology corporations, educational institutions, and NASA centers, and their inventive plot devices are not conceived merely to entertain, but to facilitate future expeditions to the moon, Mars and beyond.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than a dozen researchers have been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/Futuristic_Space_Technology_Concepts_Selected_by_NASA_for_Initial_Study\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">awarded grants by the NASA\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Innovative Advanced Concepts program to study the feasibility of their near-sci-fi technology concepts. Working in a gray zone between the real and the imagined, they are kicking ideas from the shadows of the fictional into the light of real potential. And with the $125,000 boost of each NIAC Phase 1 study grant, their speculations on future space technology have been reified just a titch.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Who are the grant recipients, and what kinds of ideas are they coming up with? A few examples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Portable Magnetic Highway\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A robotics engineer at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is exploring a concept for a portable \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/FLOAT/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">magnetic “rail” transportation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> system for use on the moon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973299\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-800x615.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"615\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-800x615.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-160x123.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler-768x590.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_float_graphic_2021_ph_i-ethan-schaler.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for a portable “road way” to be rolled out across the moon’s surface, on which transport robots magnetically levitate loads from one place to another, efficiently and autonomously. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Ethan Schaler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When humans begin to establish long-term lunar habitats, there will be a need to regularly transport a lot of material around the surface. Mining lunar materials for air, water, and fuel components will involve moving the raw “ore” to processing facilities. Excavating rock and soil to build living and working structures will dig up a lot of debris that needs to be carted away. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To do this, the initial concept calls for a flat “track” to be rolled out onto the moon’s surface between locations, creating a sort of instant roadbed without the need for permanent construction. Autonomous transport robots then levitate above the track on a magnetic cushion, carrying their loads across the landscape with no friction or air resistance, and without a need for constant human management.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Swimbots\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The same JPL researcher is also exploring a concept for robotic exploration vehicles that can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/SWIM/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">swim in the oceans\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of other worlds like Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Titan, which has a methane sea. As we get closer to mounting expeditions to these remote and hazardous liquid environments, we’ll need more than wheels and helicopter blades to drive exploration forward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-800x391.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-800x391.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i-768x375.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/schaler_swim_graphic_2021_ph_i.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for ocean-swimming probes deployed in a liquid environment, such as the sub-ice ocean on Jupiter’s moon Europa. In this concept, small swimming robots would be released from an ice-boring vessel connected to the lander vehicle on top the icy crust far above. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Ethan Schaler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cultivating Space Soil\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A researcher with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.transastracorp.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trans Astronautica Corporation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is eyeing the asteroids as possible source material for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/Making_Soil_for_Space_Habitats/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">creating arable soil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and putting Earth fungus to work to make it happen. The idea is for the fungus to break down or “digest” the sterile asteroid material into soil for growing plants.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with aspirations for humans to live on the moon and make the arduous voyage to Mars comes the need to feed them. Such expeditions will no doubt bring along food staples and water, but carrying cargo into space — even the short hop from Earth to the International Space Station — is costly, especially with a continual need to resupply. And sending supplies to a moon base, or a long-range Mars mission, is an even greater expense and challenge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Any food that can be produced or grown on the ship or station where it is to be consumed will grant a mission greater autonomy and food security, and eventually may allow space-faring humans to become self-sufficient. Even today, plants are experimentally grown and harvested onboard the International Space Station, laying the groundwork for future space farms much farther from home.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea of mining asteroids for precious metals, either by traveling to one or relocating it to an orbit around Earth or the moon, has been envisioned for some time. But the thought of tapping the worthless rocky components of asteroids to produce a commodity far more valuable than gold to astronauts who need to eat is a stroke of brilliance. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since there are plenty of asteroids flying around the solar system, the potential to produce usable soil is practically unlimited, and the practice may one day feed large-scale space habitations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Prefabbed Space Homes\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cmu.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carnegie Mellon University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> assistant professor is conceiving a lightweight collapsible apparatus as a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/Kilometer-Scale_Space_Structures_from_a_Single_Launch/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">deployable “building block”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for constructing enormous, kilometer-scaled space structures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-800x510.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-800x510.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-160x102.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson-768x490.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/manchester_graphic_2021_ph_i_0-Zachary-Manchester-graphic-by-Tzipora-Thompson.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for a lightweight, compact construct that is launched into space and then expands to a large-scale structure. \u003ccite>(Zac Manchester/Jeff Lipton/Tziporah Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This idea accepts an ambitious challenge set by science fiction writers over the decades: to engineer an artificial space habitat, or “space ark,” of a scale grand enough to accommodate a population of humans and a sustainable, even self-sufficient ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Supercharged Solar Power\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A researcher at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/langley\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Langley Research Center\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is shining light on a concept to generate and distribute \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2021_Phase_I/Light_Bender/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">electrical power for use on the moon\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, using telescope optics to capture, redirect and focus sunlight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-800x492.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-800x492.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-1020x628.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-768x473.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale-1536x945.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/taylor_graphic_2021_ph_i_lg-Ronald-Neale.png 1599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concept for the collection and distribution of solar energy across the moon’s surface to buildings, spacecraft, and other vehicles, using telescope optics. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ronald Neale)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though concentrated solar energy systems are nothing new, engineering a system for the moon presents some unearthly technical challenges — for one, designing a system small and light enough to be transported from Earth to the lunar surface while still maximizing energy production to squeeze out as much power from the sun’s rays as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Back to Sci-Fi\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science fiction may inspire the invention of new technologies and scientific endeavors, but the reverse is also true. Real achievements in space exploration and the tech that enables it inspire us to wonder more deeply about where the adventure can lead, which can inspire further innovation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We may not see giant space habitats and crops harvested from asteroid dirt for some time, but thinking about how to do these things needs to start now. As humans gradually move farther from Earth and dwell in space for longer stretches of time, visions of this kind may inevitably become the reality of future generations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973413/5-space-tech-concepts-nasa-is-considering-that-sound-like-sci-fi","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_4414","science_5179","science_351"],"featImg":"science_1973302","label":"source_science_1973413"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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