Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet
NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet
Kepler Telescope Dead After Nearly a Decade of Finding Distant Worlds
NASA’s Kepler Telescope Almost Out of Fuel, Forced to Nap
TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home
The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence
NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets
Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle
NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet
Sponsored
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(JPL-CalTech/NASA)","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"byline_science_1933831":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1933831","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1933831","name":"The Associated Press","isLoading":false},"byline_science_1927125":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1927125","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1927125","name":"Marcia Dunn\u003cbr />The Associated Press","isLoading":false},"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | 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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1967018":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1967018","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1967018","score":null,"sort":[1594651537000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","title":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet","publishDate":1594651537,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists have made an exciting discovery in deep space — but not with an existing telescope or space probe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combing through a backlog of data collected several years ago by NASA’s now defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler space telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they ran across a previously overlooked gem in the cosmos: an extrasolar planet, or “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/exoplanets/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exoplanet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” estimated to be almost exactly the size of Earth, in what’s called the “habitable zone,” at the right distance from its star to potentially harbor liquid water and a life-friendly environment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kepler-1649c\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exoplanet, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/kepler-1649c-earth-size-habitable-zone-planet-hides-in-plain-sight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler-1649c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, orbits a small red dwarf star about 300 light years away in the constellation \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cygnus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — which means we won’t be visiting it anytime soon. But with an estimated size of only 1.06 times that of Earth, and getting about 75% of the sunlight from its star that Earth receives from the sun, this exoplanet is the closest to Earth in size and solar heating of any discovered to date.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extrasolar planet Kepler-1649c is a terrestrial planet almost the same size as the Earth–1.06 times Earth’s diameter. Its size, along with the fact that it is located within its star’s habitable zone, makes it a candidate for being hospitable to some form of life. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether Kepler-1649c possesses an atmosphere capable of supporting liquid water on its surface is not yet known, but follow-up investigations may give us a more complete picture of this tantalizing world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Catching What a Computer Algorithm Overlooked\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive exoplanet-finding spacecraft yet launched, was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-retires-kepler-space-telescope-passes-planet-hunting-torch\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retired in 2018\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after running out of the fuel needed to continue scientific observations. But over its nine years of service, Kepler amassed a huge amount of data — so much so, that scientists are still making new discoveries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here’s how scientists look for evidence of exoplanets in the data\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kepler searches for the minor dimming of a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it, or “transiting.” This “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/137480/what-is-the-transit-method/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transit method\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” is responsible for most exoplanet detections made since the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/technology/2015/10/51-pegasi-b-the-first-exoplanet-discovered-orbiting-a-sun-like-star.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first discoveries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nearly three decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967016\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967016 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the majority of its nine-year mission of searching for extrasolar planets, NASA’s Kepler space telescope stared continually at 150,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus. This image shows the detector fields of Kepler’s giant space camera, with which it discovered over 2,000 exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/J. Jenkins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each measured dip in a star’s brightness must be carefully analyzed to determine if it was caused by a transiting exoplanet or some other factor, like a fluctuation in a star’s luminosity, or a random celestial object passing momentarily between us and the star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With so much data to analyze, a first pass through it is done by computer programs, with algorithms designed to weed out all the non-transit events. Only about 12% of detections turn out to be transiting exoplanets, with the rest classified as “false positives.” However, sometimes the algorithm gets it wrong, which is what happened with Kepler-1649c. Scientists in the Kepler False Positive Working Group discovered the mistake as they \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://aasnova.org/2020/04/22/rescuing-an-overlooked-planet/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">double-checked\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the computer’s results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potentially Habitable?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exoplanets that interest astronomers and astrobiologists most are the potentially Earth-like ones: planets close to Earth’s size, and within their star’s “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nvap-sci-goldilocks/the-goldilocks-zone/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">habitable zone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” — the right distance for liquid surface water to potentially exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other exoplanets have been found that are closer to Earth’s size than Kepler-1649c, like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/3454/trappist-1-f/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRAPPIST-1f \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7424/teegardens-star-c/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teegarden-c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Still others are known that receive more sunlight, that are closer to the warmth of the Earth. But none come as close as Kepler-1649c in both factors, making this once-overlooked exoplanet the nearest we’ve come to spotting another planet with Earth-like characteristics\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the cosmos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, as Earth-like as Kepler-1649c might appear, there are some significant differences between it and planet Earth. The exoplanet orbits close to a small, dim, red dwarf star — so close that it zips around it once in only 19.5 days, instead of 365. It also shares its system with at least one other planet, also close to Earth in size, but about half the distance from its star, and because of that, probably very hot. There is also some evidence for a possible third planet in the system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Buried in the Data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries made from Kepler’s hoard of backlogged data are not unique. Other completed space missions have piled up their own mountains of observations that scientists review and revisit to gain new understandings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive detector of extrasolar planets ever launched into space. Kepler used the “transit method” of detecting exoplanets, looking for the small drop in a star’s brightness caused by one of its planets crossing in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Galileo \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassini \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft, whose missions were terminated in fiery burnups in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. But they gathered enough data on the gas giant planets and their systems of rings and moons that scientists are still studying it today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opportunity rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which went silent two years ago following a major dust storm, collected enough images and other data along its 28 mile, 14-year trek across Mars that scientists are still analyzing it all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 30, 2020, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total of 4,183 exoplanets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been confirmed to exist in 3,092 planetary systems. The Kepler space telescope found 2,751 exoplanets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the grand total, 160 are classified as “terrestrial” — rocky planets around Earth’s size, with iron-rich cores, like Venus and Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As more exoplanets are discovered by ground-based observatories and active spacecraft like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), more examples of Earth-sized planets within their stars’ habitable zones are being found. An understanding is emerging that planets with potentially Earth-like conditions may be more commonplace in our galaxy than we previously thought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists discover a potentially Earth-like exoplanet previously overlooked in data from the defunct Kepler space telescope. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847193,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1089},"headData":{"title":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet | KQED","description":"Scientists discover a potentially Earth-like exoplanet previously overlooked in data from the defunct Kepler space telescope. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1967018/kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists have made an exciting discovery in deep space — but not with an existing telescope or space probe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combing through a backlog of data collected several years ago by NASA’s now defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler space telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they ran across a previously overlooked gem in the cosmos: an extrasolar planet, or “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/exoplanets/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exoplanet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” estimated to be almost exactly the size of Earth, in what’s called the “habitable zone,” at the right distance from its star to potentially harbor liquid water and a life-friendly environment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kepler-1649c\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exoplanet, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/kepler-1649c-earth-size-habitable-zone-planet-hides-in-plain-sight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler-1649c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, orbits a small red dwarf star about 300 light years away in the constellation \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cygnus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — which means we won’t be visiting it anytime soon. But with an estimated size of only 1.06 times that of Earth, and getting about 75% of the sunlight from its star that Earth receives from the sun, this exoplanet is the closest to Earth in size and solar heating of any discovered to date.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extrasolar planet Kepler-1649c is a terrestrial planet almost the same size as the Earth–1.06 times Earth’s diameter. Its size, along with the fact that it is located within its star’s habitable zone, makes it a candidate for being hospitable to some form of life. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether Kepler-1649c possesses an atmosphere capable of supporting liquid water on its surface is not yet known, but follow-up investigations may give us a more complete picture of this tantalizing world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Catching What a Computer Algorithm Overlooked\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive exoplanet-finding spacecraft yet launched, was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-retires-kepler-space-telescope-passes-planet-hunting-torch\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retired in 2018\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after running out of the fuel needed to continue scientific observations. But over its nine years of service, Kepler amassed a huge amount of data — so much so, that scientists are still making new discoveries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here’s how scientists look for evidence of exoplanets in the data\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kepler searches for the minor dimming of a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it, or “transiting.” This “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/137480/what-is-the-transit-method/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transit method\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” is responsible for most exoplanet detections made since the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/technology/2015/10/51-pegasi-b-the-first-exoplanet-discovered-orbiting-a-sun-like-star.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first discoveries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nearly three decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967016\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967016 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the majority of its nine-year mission of searching for extrasolar planets, NASA’s Kepler space telescope stared continually at 150,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus. This image shows the detector fields of Kepler’s giant space camera, with which it discovered over 2,000 exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/J. Jenkins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each measured dip in a star’s brightness must be carefully analyzed to determine if it was caused by a transiting exoplanet or some other factor, like a fluctuation in a star’s luminosity, or a random celestial object passing momentarily between us and the star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With so much data to analyze, a first pass through it is done by computer programs, with algorithms designed to weed out all the non-transit events. Only about 12% of detections turn out to be transiting exoplanets, with the rest classified as “false positives.” However, sometimes the algorithm gets it wrong, which is what happened with Kepler-1649c. Scientists in the Kepler False Positive Working Group discovered the mistake as they \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://aasnova.org/2020/04/22/rescuing-an-overlooked-planet/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">double-checked\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the computer’s results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potentially Habitable?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exoplanets that interest astronomers and astrobiologists most are the potentially Earth-like ones: planets close to Earth’s size, and within their star’s “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nvap-sci-goldilocks/the-goldilocks-zone/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">habitable zone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” — the right distance for liquid surface water to potentially exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other exoplanets have been found that are closer to Earth’s size than Kepler-1649c, like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/3454/trappist-1-f/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRAPPIST-1f \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7424/teegardens-star-c/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teegarden-c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Still others are known that receive more sunlight, that are closer to the warmth of the Earth. But none come as close as Kepler-1649c in both factors, making this once-overlooked exoplanet the nearest we’ve come to spotting another planet with Earth-like characteristics\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the cosmos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, as Earth-like as Kepler-1649c might appear, there are some significant differences between it and planet Earth. The exoplanet orbits close to a small, dim, red dwarf star — so close that it zips around it once in only 19.5 days, instead of 365. It also shares its system with at least one other planet, also close to Earth in size, but about half the distance from its star, and because of that, probably very hot. There is also some evidence for a possible third planet in the system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Buried in the Data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries made from Kepler’s hoard of backlogged data are not unique. Other completed space missions have piled up their own mountains of observations that scientists review and revisit to gain new understandings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive detector of extrasolar planets ever launched into space. Kepler used the “transit method” of detecting exoplanets, looking for the small drop in a star’s brightness caused by one of its planets crossing in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Galileo \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassini \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft, whose missions were terminated in fiery burnups in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. But they gathered enough data on the gas giant planets and their systems of rings and moons that scientists are still studying it today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opportunity rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which went silent two years ago following a major dust storm, collected enough images and other data along its 28 mile, 14-year trek across Mars that scientists are still analyzing it all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 30, 2020, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total of 4,183 exoplanets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been confirmed to exist in 3,092 planetary systems. The Kepler space telescope found 2,751 exoplanets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the grand total, 160 are classified as “terrestrial” — rocky planets around Earth’s size, with iron-rich cores, like Venus and Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As more exoplanets are discovered by ground-based observatories and active spacecraft like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), more examples of Earth-sized planets within their stars’ habitable zones are being found. An understanding is emerging that planets with potentially Earth-like conditions may be more commonplace in our galaxy than we previously thought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1967018/kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_23"],"featImg":"science_1967017","label":"source_science_1967018"},"science_1955504":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955504","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955504","score":null,"sort":[1578953332000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet","publishDate":1578953332,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847911,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1198},"headData":{"title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","description":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1510520","label":"source_science_1955504"},"science_1933831":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933831","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933831","score":null,"sort":[1540934465000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-telescope-declared-dead-after-nearly-a-decade-of-finding-distant-worlds","title":"Kepler Telescope Dead After Nearly a Decade of Finding Distant Worlds","publishDate":1540934465,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Kepler Telescope Dead After Nearly a Decade of Finding Distant Worlds | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s elite planet-hunting spacecraft has been declared dead, just a few months shy of its 10th anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials announced the Kepler Space Telescope’s demise Tuesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”jqy9UfxCBZ90iOrUTtyPnNP95TxF0iDM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already well past its expected lifetime, the 9 1/2-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> had been running low on fuel for months. Its ability to point at distant stars and identify possible alien worlds worsened dramatically at the beginning of October, but flight controllers still managed to retrieve its latest observations. The telescope has now gone silent, its fuel tank empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kepler opened the gate for mankind’s exploration of the cosmos,” said retired NASA scientist William Borucki, who led the original Kepler science team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler discovered 2,681 planets outside our solar system and even more potential candidates. It showed us rocky worlds the size of Earth that, like Earth, might harbor life. It also unveiled incredible super Earths: planets bigger than Earth but smaller than Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s astrophysics director Paul Hertz estimated that anywhere from two to a dozen of the planets discovered by Kepler are rocky and Earth-sized in the so-called Goldilocks zone. But Kepler’s overall planet census showed that 20 to 50 percent of the stars visible in the night sky could have planets like ours in the habitable zone for life, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $700 million mission even helped to uncover last year a solar system with eight planets, just like ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has revolutionized our understanding of our place in the cosmos,” Hertz said. “Now we know because of the Kepler Space Telescope and its science mission that planets are more common than stars in our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost lost in 2013 because of equipment failure, Kepler was salvaged by engineers and kept peering into the cosmos, thick with stars and galaxies, ever on the lookout for dips in in the brightness of stars that could indicate an orbiting planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like trying to detect a flea crawling across a car headlight when the car was 100 miles away,” said Borucki said.[contextly_sidebar id=”Sjtq1fHgMA0vbbF5Mg2P0qERo6HNrz6B”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurrected mission became known as K2 and yielded 350 confirmed exoplanets, or planets orbiting other stars, on top of what the telescope had already uncovered since its March 7, 2009, launch from Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, close to 4,000 exoplanets have been confirmed over the past two decades, two-thirds of them thanks to Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler focused on stars thousands of light-years away and, according to NASA, showed that statistically there’s at least one planet around every star in our Milky Way Galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borucki, who dreamed up the mission decades ago, said one of his favorite discoveries was Kepler 22b, a water planet bigger than Earth but where it is not too warm and not too cold — the type “that could lead to life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successor to Kepler launched in April, NASA’s Tess spacecraft, has its sights on stars closer to home. It’s already identified some possible planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tess project scientist Padi Boyd called Kepler’s mission “stunningly successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler showed us that “we live in a galaxy that’s teeming with planets, and we’re ready to take the next step to explore those planets,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another longtime spacecraft chasing strange worlds in our own solar system, meanwhile, is also close to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s 11-year-old Dawn spacecraft is pretty much out of fuel after orbiting the asteroid Vesta as well as the dwarf planet Ceres. It remains in orbit around Ceres, which, like Vesta, is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.[contextly_sidebar id=”GgEd7jnSg1jG313uw74Dfgp2slUrmEqk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of NASA’s older telescopes have been hit with equipment trouble recently, but have recovered. The 28-year-old Hubble Space Telescope resumed science observations last weekend, following a three-week shutdown. The 19-year-old Chandra X-ray Telescope’s pointing system also ran into trouble briefly in October. Both cases involved critical gyroscopes, needed to point the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz said all the spacecraft problems were “completely independent” and coincidental in timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 94 million miles from Earth, Kepler should remain in a safe, stable orbit around the sun. Flight controllers will disable the spacecraft’s transmitters, before bidding a final “good night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The nearly decade old spacecraft's ability to point at distant stars and identify possible alien worlds had worsened dramatically at the beginning of October.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927337,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":762},"headData":{"title":"Kepler Telescope Dead After Nearly a Decade of Finding Distant Worlds | KQED","description":"The nearly decade old spacecraft's ability to point at distant stars and identify possible alien worlds had worsened dramatically at the beginning of October.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/10/TCRAM20181031DanielleVentonKepler.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","audioTrackLength":106,"path":"/science/1933831/kepler-telescope-declared-dead-after-nearly-a-decade-of-finding-distant-worlds","audioDuration":122000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s elite planet-hunting spacecraft has been declared dead, just a few months shy of its 10th anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials announced the Kepler Space Telescope’s demise Tuesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already well past its expected lifetime, the 9 1/2-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> had been running low on fuel for months. Its ability to point at distant stars and identify possible alien worlds worsened dramatically at the beginning of October, but flight controllers still managed to retrieve its latest observations. The telescope has now gone silent, its fuel tank empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kepler opened the gate for mankind’s exploration of the cosmos,” said retired NASA scientist William Borucki, who led the original Kepler science team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler discovered 2,681 planets outside our solar system and even more potential candidates. It showed us rocky worlds the size of Earth that, like Earth, might harbor life. It also unveiled incredible super Earths: planets bigger than Earth but smaller than Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s astrophysics director Paul Hertz estimated that anywhere from two to a dozen of the planets discovered by Kepler are rocky and Earth-sized in the so-called Goldilocks zone. But Kepler’s overall planet census showed that 20 to 50 percent of the stars visible in the night sky could have planets like ours in the habitable zone for life, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $700 million mission even helped to uncover last year a solar system with eight planets, just like ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has revolutionized our understanding of our place in the cosmos,” Hertz said. “Now we know because of the Kepler Space Telescope and its science mission that planets are more common than stars in our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost lost in 2013 because of equipment failure, Kepler was salvaged by engineers and kept peering into the cosmos, thick with stars and galaxies, ever on the lookout for dips in in the brightness of stars that could indicate an orbiting planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like trying to detect a flea crawling across a car headlight when the car was 100 miles away,” said Borucki said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurrected mission became known as K2 and yielded 350 confirmed exoplanets, or planets orbiting other stars, on top of what the telescope had already uncovered since its March 7, 2009, launch from Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, close to 4,000 exoplanets have been confirmed over the past two decades, two-thirds of them thanks to Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler focused on stars thousands of light-years away and, according to NASA, showed that statistically there’s at least one planet around every star in our Milky Way Galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borucki, who dreamed up the mission decades ago, said one of his favorite discoveries was Kepler 22b, a water planet bigger than Earth but where it is not too warm and not too cold — the type “that could lead to life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successor to Kepler launched in April, NASA’s Tess spacecraft, has its sights on stars closer to home. It’s already identified some possible planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tess project scientist Padi Boyd called Kepler’s mission “stunningly successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler showed us that “we live in a galaxy that’s teeming with planets, and we’re ready to take the next step to explore those planets,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another longtime spacecraft chasing strange worlds in our own solar system, meanwhile, is also close to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s 11-year-old Dawn spacecraft is pretty much out of fuel after orbiting the asteroid Vesta as well as the dwarf planet Ceres. It remains in orbit around Ceres, which, like Vesta, is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of NASA’s older telescopes have been hit with equipment trouble recently, but have recovered. The 28-year-old Hubble Space Telescope resumed science observations last weekend, following a three-week shutdown. The 19-year-old Chandra X-ray Telescope’s pointing system also ran into trouble briefly in October. Both cases involved critical gyroscopes, needed to point the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz said all the spacecraft problems were “completely independent” and coincidental in timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 94 million miles from Earth, Kepler should remain in a safe, stable orbit around the sun. Flight controllers will disable the spacecraft’s transmitters, before bidding a final “good night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933831/kepler-telescope-declared-dead-after-nearly-a-decade-of-finding-distant-worlds","authors":["byline_science_1933831"],"categories":["science_28","science_89","science_40"],"tags":["science_1073","science_23","science_5175","science_1272","science_3416"],"featImg":"science_1933834","label":"source_science_1933831"},"science_1927125":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927125","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927125","score":null,"sort":[1531249209000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-kepler-telescope-almost-out-of-fuel-forced-to-nap","title":"NASA’s Kepler Telescope Almost Out of Fuel, Forced to Nap","publishDate":1531249209,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Kepler Telescope Almost Out of Fuel, Forced to Nap | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope is almost out of fuel and has been forced to take a nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flight controllers placed the planet-hunting spacecraft into hibernation last week to save energy. It will remain asleep until early August, when controllers attempt to send down the data collected before observations were interrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler has been searching for planets outside our solar system for nearly a decade. Considered the pioneer of planet hunting, it’s discovered nearly 3,000 confirmed worlds and as many potential candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched in 2009, Kepler has endured mechanical failures and other mishaps. But there’s no getting around an empty fuel tank. The fuel is needed for pointing the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s antenna must be pointed toward Earth to get the most recent observations back. For now, that’s the team’s highest priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Kepler has been searching for planets outside our solar system for nearly a decade. Considered the pioneer of planet hunting, it’s discovered nearly 3,000 confirmed worlds.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927711,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":146},"headData":{"title":"NASA’s Kepler Telescope Almost Out of Fuel, Forced to Nap | KQED","description":"Kepler has been searching for planets outside our solar system for nearly a decade. Considered the pioneer of planet hunting, it’s discovered nearly 3,000 confirmed worlds.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Marcia Dunn\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1927125/nasas-kepler-telescope-almost-out-of-fuel-forced-to-nap","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope is almost out of fuel and has been forced to take a nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flight controllers placed the planet-hunting spacecraft into hibernation last week to save energy. It will remain asleep until early August, when controllers attempt to send down the data collected before observations were interrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler has been searching for planets outside our solar system for nearly a decade. Considered the pioneer of planet hunting, it’s discovered nearly 3,000 confirmed worlds and as many potential candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched in 2009, Kepler has endured mechanical failures and other mishaps. But there’s no getting around an empty fuel tank. The fuel is needed for pointing the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s antenna must be pointed toward Earth to get the most recent observations back. For now, that’s the team’s highest priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927125/nasas-kepler-telescope-almost-out-of-fuel-forced-to-nap","authors":["byline_science_1927125"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_23","science_5175","science_1272","science_577"],"featImg":"science_27323","label":"source_science_1927125"},"science_1922294":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922294","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922294","score":null,"sort":[1523628084000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home","publishDate":1523628084,"format":"audio","headTitle":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zPtcY42nMEbLmJsJhCQj2y06wlfTs2CH”]We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928016,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":902},"headData":{"title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","description":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/04/VentonTESSSatellite.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_3370","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1922342","label":"source_science_1922294"},"science_1918600":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1918600","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1918600","score":null,"sort":[1515175856000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","title":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence","publishDate":1515175856,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler mission\u003c/a> announced in December the discovery of an eighth planet orbiting Kepler 90, a sun-like star located about 2,500 light years from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery is noteworthy not only for the fact that Kepler 90 \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/S_HRh0ZynjE\">possesses as many planets\u003c/a> as our own solar system, but also for how NASA made the discovery: using artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Kepler 90i.\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Kepler 90i. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mining Data for Exoplanet Gems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Training” special AI software, developed by Google, to recognize the elusive signals produced by extrasolar planets (exoplanets), NASA set the AI loose on data collected years ago by the Kepler mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft, launched in 2009, searched for exoplanets using the Transit Method: looking for the slight dimming in a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it (transiting). Kepler continually measured the brightness of 150,000 individual stars near the constellation Cygnus for three years, beaming the data back to Earth for analysis and storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg\" alt=\"All eight of Kepler 90's planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \" width=\"730\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg 730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All eight of Kepler 90’s planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Wendy Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional analysis of Kepler’s observations ultimately revealed seven planets in the star system called Kepler 90. But the system’s eighth planet, named Kepler 90i, went undetected–\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/artificial-intelligence-nasa-data-used-to-discover-eighth-planet-circling-distant-star\">until the AI took a crack at it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding a Needle in a Haystack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting the minuscule dimming in a star’s light caused by a small transiting exoplanet may be likened to searching for a needle in a haystack—a monumental task for a human, though not so difficult for a well-trained, artificially intelligent computer. Once the AI learns the shape and appearance of a needle, it’s just a matter of examining each straw of hay in the stack, one by one, until it finds any that look like a needle. A computer can do that kind of repetitive task without tiring, and do it very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 90i is a super-Earth-sized world, with about 1.32 times the diameter of Earth. Orbiting its sun-like star eight times closer than the Earth orbits the sun, Kepler 90i’s surface temperature is estimated to be 817 degrees Fahrenheit. At present, that’s about all we know about it—other than the fact that it orbits its star once in less than 15 days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the similarities between detecting exoplanets and finding haystack-embedded needles, conventional analysis has found—\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">quite a lot of needles \u003c/a>since the first exoplanet discovery in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DnDeBa0KFc&w=854&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 21, 2017, astronomers have confirmed more than 3,500 exoplanets in 2,660 star systems, with an additional 4,500 candidates awaiting confirmation. Of the confirmed exoplanets, 2,431 of the discoveries are attributed to the Kepler spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the exoplanets confirmed to exist, 882 are classed as Terrestrial, or approximately the same size as the Earth. And of these Earth-sized worlds, six are located within their stars’ “habitable zones,” which means they’re at the right distance for liquid water to possibly exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/20-intriguing-exoplanets\">known exoplanetary systems\u003c/a> represent only a tiny fraction of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Extrapolating from the abundance of planets in this small sampling, astronomers estimate there may be billions of Earth-sized exoplanets within the habitable zones of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a breath and let that sink in….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application of \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2016/6/29/12045632/self-learning-software-enterprise-predictive-big-data-net-intelligence\">“teachable” AI software\u003c/a> to dig through stacks of transit data opens even more possibilities for discovering elusive extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Kepler 90i was found by fine-sifting through old data, this only means that there may be more—perhaps many more—exoplanets laying hidden on hard drives, waiting to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now NASA has the AI tool to do the sifting.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If AI can be trained to find distant planets circling their stars, how many more do you think we can find?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":694},"headData":{"title":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence | KQED","description":"If AI can be trained to find distant planets circling their stars, how many more do you think we can find?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1918600/the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler mission\u003c/a> announced in December the discovery of an eighth planet orbiting Kepler 90, a sun-like star located about 2,500 light years from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery is noteworthy not only for the fact that Kepler 90 \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/S_HRh0ZynjE\">possesses as many planets\u003c/a> as our own solar system, but also for how NASA made the discovery: using artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Kepler 90i.\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Kepler 90i. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mining Data for Exoplanet Gems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Training” special AI software, developed by Google, to recognize the elusive signals produced by extrasolar planets (exoplanets), NASA set the AI loose on data collected years ago by the Kepler mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft, launched in 2009, searched for exoplanets using the Transit Method: looking for the slight dimming in a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it (transiting). Kepler continually measured the brightness of 150,000 individual stars near the constellation Cygnus for three years, beaming the data back to Earth for analysis and storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg\" alt=\"All eight of Kepler 90's planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \" width=\"730\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg 730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All eight of Kepler 90’s planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Wendy Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional analysis of Kepler’s observations ultimately revealed seven planets in the star system called Kepler 90. But the system’s eighth planet, named Kepler 90i, went undetected–\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/artificial-intelligence-nasa-data-used-to-discover-eighth-planet-circling-distant-star\">until the AI took a crack at it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding a Needle in a Haystack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting the minuscule dimming in a star’s light caused by a small transiting exoplanet may be likened to searching for a needle in a haystack—a monumental task for a human, though not so difficult for a well-trained, artificially intelligent computer. Once the AI learns the shape and appearance of a needle, it’s just a matter of examining each straw of hay in the stack, one by one, until it finds any that look like a needle. A computer can do that kind of repetitive task without tiring, and do it very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 90i is a super-Earth-sized world, with about 1.32 times the diameter of Earth. Orbiting its sun-like star eight times closer than the Earth orbits the sun, Kepler 90i’s surface temperature is estimated to be 817 degrees Fahrenheit. At present, that’s about all we know about it—other than the fact that it orbits its star once in less than 15 days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the similarities between detecting exoplanets and finding haystack-embedded needles, conventional analysis has found—\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">quite a lot of needles \u003c/a>since the first exoplanet discovery in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_DnDeBa0KFc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_DnDeBa0KFc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 21, 2017, astronomers have confirmed more than 3,500 exoplanets in 2,660 star systems, with an additional 4,500 candidates awaiting confirmation. Of the confirmed exoplanets, 2,431 of the discoveries are attributed to the Kepler spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the exoplanets confirmed to exist, 882 are classed as Terrestrial, or approximately the same size as the Earth. And of these Earth-sized worlds, six are located within their stars’ “habitable zones,” which means they’re at the right distance for liquid water to possibly exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/20-intriguing-exoplanets\">known exoplanetary systems\u003c/a> represent only a tiny fraction of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Extrapolating from the abundance of planets in this small sampling, astronomers estimate there may be billions of Earth-sized exoplanets within the habitable zones of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a breath and let that sink in….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application of \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2016/6/29/12045632/self-learning-software-enterprise-predictive-big-data-net-intelligence\">“teachable” AI software\u003c/a> to dig through stacks of transit data opens even more possibilities for discovering elusive extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Kepler 90i was found by fine-sifting through old data, this only means that there may be more—perhaps many more—exoplanets laying hidden on hard drives, waiting to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now NASA has the AI tool to do the sifting.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1918600/the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_23","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1918604","label":"science"},"science_1443551":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1443551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1443551","score":null,"sort":[1488563853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets","publishDate":1488563853,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929025,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":901},"headData":{"title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","description":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_5186","science_23","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1443663","label":"science"},"science_637185":{"type":"posts","id":"science_637185","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"637185","score":null,"sort":[1460725201000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"despite-hiccup-kepler-discoveries-continue-to-dazzle","title":"Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle","publishDate":1460725201,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Seventy-five million miles out in space is not where you want to be when an emergency crops up, but that’s exactly where \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a> was earlier this week when the red lights and sirens went off back at mission control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler suddenly placed itself in “emergency mode,” for reasons under investigation. Mission operators at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California were given immediate priority to use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio dishes to communicate with Kepler and download data to help them diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a 13-minute round-trip communication delay, project engineers managed to get Kepler out of emergency mode and placed the spacecraft into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mission-manager-update-kepler-recovered-from-emergency-and-stable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stable waiting state\u003c/a>, as they analyze the diagnostic data and figure out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers hope to return Kepler to science operations soon, once the spacecraft is given a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seven-Year Hunting Trip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler is a sun-orbiting space telescope designed to discover small, Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at the right distance so that liquid water could exist on their surfaces—planets within their stars’ so-called “Goldilocks Zone,” or \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/astrobiology/astroventure/challenge/Articles/habitablezone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/NewKeplerPlanetCandidates-20150723.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/W. Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Despite this week's mishap, the spacecraft has detected and confirmed an impressive 1,080 extrasolar planets since its launch in 2009.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930329,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":750},"headData":{"title":"Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle | KQED","description":"Despite this week's mishap, the spacecraft has detected and confirmed an impressive 1,080 extrasolar planets since its launch in 2009.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/637185/despite-hiccup-kepler-discoveries-continue-to-dazzle","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seventy-five million miles out in space is not where you want to be when an emergency crops up, but that’s exactly where \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a> was earlier this week when the red lights and sirens went off back at mission control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler suddenly placed itself in “emergency mode,” for reasons under investigation. Mission operators at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California were given immediate priority to use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio dishes to communicate with Kepler and download data to help them diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a 13-minute round-trip communication delay, project engineers managed to get Kepler out of emergency mode and placed the spacecraft into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mission-manager-update-kepler-recovered-from-emergency-and-stable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stable waiting state\u003c/a>, as they analyze the diagnostic data and figure out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers hope to return Kepler to science operations soon, once the spacecraft is given a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seven-Year Hunting Trip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler is a sun-orbiting space telescope designed to discover small, Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at the right distance so that liquid water could exist on their surfaces—planets within their stars’ so-called “Goldilocks Zone,” or \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/astrobiology/astroventure/challenge/Articles/habitablezone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/NewKeplerPlanetCandidates-20150723.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/W. Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/637185/despite-hiccup-kepler-discoveries-continue-to-dazzle","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_637197","label":"science"},"science_30177":{"type":"posts","id":"science_30177","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"30177","score":null,"sort":[1431704090000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-co-discovers-the-most-distant-extrasolar-planet-yet","title":"NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet","publishDate":1431704090,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. Or rather, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/6053-sig15-006-Map-of-Exoplanets-Found-in-Our-Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> and Poland’s \u003ca href=\"http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment\u003c/a> (OGLE) have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extrasolar planets (exoplanets) are planets that orbit stars other than our sun, and in the past two decades we have detected over 1,800 of them. Most of these alien worlds belong to stars in our galaxy that are relatively close to our solar system, but scientists have used different techniques for detecting and studying exoplanets at greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered exoplanet, called OGLE-2014-BLG-0124L, has about half the mass of Jupiter and orbits a star 13,000 light years from Earth, close to the crowded, star-rich central core of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing campaign to find and study far-flung exoplanets like this one is aimed at giving us a clearer understanding of the distribution of exoplanets across the galaxy, and insight into the conditions under which planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing the Exoplanet’s Distance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OGLE and Spitzer made the detection through “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>” observations, which take advantage of the situation when a star passes between us and another star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\" width=\"400\" height=\"189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just as a telescope’s glass lens bends and focuses light to produce a brighter image of a distant object, a star’s gravity can do the same trick, but on a much grander scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a star passes between us and a more distant star, its gravity can bend and focus the farther star’s light, causing a temporary increase in its brightness. If there happens to be a planet orbiting the intermediate star, its light also may be magnified and detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the distance to this far-off exoplanet was accomplished by comparing observations made by an Earth-based OGLE telescope and NASA’s Spitzer, which orbits the sun far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By noting the difference in the times of the lensing event as observed by OGLE and Spitzer, scientists were able to triangulate the distance of 13,000 light years—or 78 quadrillion miles! And by pinpointing the distance, the estimate of the exoplanet’s half-Jupiter mass was also possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polling the Galactic Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polling the population of exoplanets in the star-dense region of the galactic core adds to our knowledge of exoplanets both near and far, providing data to help answer questions like: are exoplanets more or less common in the galactic core, versus the spiral arms where our solar system resides? Scientists seek to explore how planetary formation may be influenced by a star system’s location in the galaxy, so the more we know about the nature of exoplanetary systems in different regions, the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30181 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\" alt=\"A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\" width=\"193\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microlensing detections made by a single observatory cannot always yield much more than an exoplanet’s presence. A very distant star detected with this technique isn’t normally visible, making the determination of its exact distance (and that of any planets it may possess) difficult to impossible. Of the 30 exoplanets detected through gravitational microlensing, the farthest being 25,000 light years away, we know the distance to only about half of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor in this type of observation is the chance nature of the star crossings, which we can only observe once for any given pair of stars. So, we may have only one chance to make a planet detection, with no possible follow-up observations. Still, the far greater concentration of stars in and near the galactic core provides many more star crossings and opportunities to make exoplanet detections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanets Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, the more common techniques for finding exoplanets—either by measuring the wobble of a star caused by an orbiting planet or the dimming of its light when a planet transits in front of it—has yielded \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 1800 confirmed worlds\u003c/a>, mostly orbiting stars much closer to our solar system’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler space telescope, which pursues exoplanets using the transit method, is responsible for the bulk of those finds, as well as most of the detections of \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth-sized planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 65 exoplanets have been confirmed within 50 light years of Earth—close enough for the television and radio transmissions that we began broadcasting in the middle of the 20th century to have reached. As of next year, in fact, the first broadcasts of Star Trek (the original series) will have reached all 65 of these closest exoplanets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the prospects of visiting any of these exoplanets in person—well, that may take a while. The \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closest known exoplanet\u003c/a>, which orbits the nearest star to our solar system, Alpha Centauri, is 4.36 light years away, or 26.16 trillion miles, a distance that would take the fastest spacecraft we’ve ever flown almost 60,000 years to reach.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A collaboration between NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and Poland's Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) project has recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931791,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":890},"headData":{"title":"NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet | KQED","description":"A collaboration between NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and Poland's Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) project has recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/30177/nasa-co-discovers-the-most-distant-extrasolar-planet-yet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. Or rather, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/6053-sig15-006-Map-of-Exoplanets-Found-in-Our-Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> and Poland’s \u003ca href=\"http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment\u003c/a> (OGLE) have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extrasolar planets (exoplanets) are planets that orbit stars other than our sun, and in the past two decades we have detected over 1,800 of them. Most of these alien worlds belong to stars in our galaxy that are relatively close to our solar system, but scientists have used different techniques for detecting and studying exoplanets at greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered exoplanet, called OGLE-2014-BLG-0124L, has about half the mass of Jupiter and orbits a star 13,000 light years from Earth, close to the crowded, star-rich central core of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing campaign to find and study far-flung exoplanets like this one is aimed at giving us a clearer understanding of the distribution of exoplanets across the galaxy, and insight into the conditions under which planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing the Exoplanet’s Distance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OGLE and Spitzer made the detection through “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>” observations, which take advantage of the situation when a star passes between us and another star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\" width=\"400\" height=\"189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just as a telescope’s glass lens bends and focuses light to produce a brighter image of a distant object, a star’s gravity can do the same trick, but on a much grander scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a star passes between us and a more distant star, its gravity can bend and focus the farther star’s light, causing a temporary increase in its brightness. If there happens to be a planet orbiting the intermediate star, its light also may be magnified and detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the distance to this far-off exoplanet was accomplished by comparing observations made by an Earth-based OGLE telescope and NASA’s Spitzer, which orbits the sun far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By noting the difference in the times of the lensing event as observed by OGLE and Spitzer, scientists were able to triangulate the distance of 13,000 light years—or 78 quadrillion miles! And by pinpointing the distance, the estimate of the exoplanet’s half-Jupiter mass was also possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polling the Galactic Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polling the population of exoplanets in the star-dense region of the galactic core adds to our knowledge of exoplanets both near and far, providing data to help answer questions like: are exoplanets more or less common in the galactic core, versus the spiral arms where our solar system resides? Scientists seek to explore how planetary formation may be influenced by a star system’s location in the galaxy, so the more we know about the nature of exoplanetary systems in different regions, the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30181 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\" alt=\"A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\" width=\"193\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microlensing detections made by a single observatory cannot always yield much more than an exoplanet’s presence. A very distant star detected with this technique isn’t normally visible, making the determination of its exact distance (and that of any planets it may possess) difficult to impossible. Of the 30 exoplanets detected through gravitational microlensing, the farthest being 25,000 light years away, we know the distance to only about half of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor in this type of observation is the chance nature of the star crossings, which we can only observe once for any given pair of stars. So, we may have only one chance to make a planet detection, with no possible follow-up observations. Still, the far greater concentration of stars in and near the galactic core provides many more star crossings and opportunities to make exoplanet detections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanets Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, the more common techniques for finding exoplanets—either by measuring the wobble of a star caused by an orbiting planet or the dimming of its light when a planet transits in front of it—has yielded \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 1800 confirmed worlds\u003c/a>, mostly orbiting stars much closer to our solar system’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler space telescope, which pursues exoplanets using the transit method, is responsible for the bulk of those finds, as well as most of the detections of \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth-sized planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 65 exoplanets have been confirmed within 50 light years of Earth—close enough for the television and radio transmissions that we began broadcasting in the middle of the 20th century to have reached. As of next year, in fact, the first broadcasts of Star Trek (the original series) will have reached all 65 of these closest exoplanets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the prospects of visiting any of these exoplanets in person—well, that may take a while. The \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closest known exoplanet\u003c/a>, which orbits the nearest star to our solar system, Alpha Centauri, is 4.36 light years away, or 26.16 trillion miles, a distance that would take the fastest spacecraft we’ve ever flown almost 60,000 years to reach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/30177/nasa-co-discovers-the-most-distant-extrasolar-planet-yet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_30179","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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