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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1978509":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1978509","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1978509","score":null,"sort":[1644616534000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"juno-spacecraft-captures-sounds-as-it-flies-past-jupiters-moon","title":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter's Moon","publishDate":1644616534,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter’s Moon | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last June, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/see-the-first-images-nasas-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">whizzed past Jupiter’s largest moon\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Ganymede, zipping along at over 40,000 miles per hour. Juno swung within 645 miles of the moon’s surface — the closest any spacecraft has come to it in two decades. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it flew by, Juno raked the moon for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One instrument in particular, called “Waves,” has delivered something beyond the dazzling imagery we’ve come to expect from solar system exploration: a 50-second sweep of \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">magnetic \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">measurements, later \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_09R6jIo74U\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">converted to audio\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> frequencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_09R6jIo74U\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dynamic whistles and whirs of the soundtrack \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">off\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">er a rare opportunity to imagine ourselves exploring deep space in person, via the telepresence of a robot. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’ve heard direct recordings of sound from different places in the solar system before, like the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/huygens_alien_winds_descent.mp3\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as the Huygens probe descended, or the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25714/perseverance-rovers-supercam-records-wind-on-mars/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">winds of Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> heard by the Perseverance rover. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in this case, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-juno-spacecraft-hears-jupiters-moon\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s “ear,”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the Waves instrument, measures the properties of magnetic fields the spacecraft passes through, giving us the chance to hear something normally inaccessible to human senses. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's moon, Ganymede, etches a curve of white against a black sky. The planet's surface is a crisscrossing network of dun-colored streaks, punctuated by white sparks. \" width=\"480\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up image of Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during its June 7, 2021, flyby. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Thomas Thomopoulos)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Moonlighting at Ganymede\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s primary mission is to explore the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but NASA often takes advantage of serendipitous encounters to explore more. On June 8, 2021, the close flyby of Ganymede created an opportunity for some side work beyond the mission routine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is the largest moon in the solar system and the only one to possess a significant global enveloping magnetic field — a magnetic field that extends from the moon into space. This is a feature that even the planets Venus and Mars\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">do not possess. If Ganymede orbited the sun instead of Jupiter, it would be considered a planet, larger even than Mercury. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede’s mystery runs below its icy, cratered, cracked surface. Hidden beneath that frosty shell may be an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/first-evidence-of-water-vapor-at-jupiters-moon-ganymede-may-hold-more-water-than-all-of-earths-oceans/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, one that contains more water than all of Earth’s. This alone ranks Ganymede as prime real estate for the search for extraterrestrial life, like other tantalizing moons where we have detected the presence of liquid water — Jupiter’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and Saturn’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enceladus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978261\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"778\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1020x992.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-768x747.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1536x1493.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-2048x1991.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1920x1866.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s batch of flyby data most likely won’t discover extraterrestrials, but magnetic and other data collected by instruments like Waves may provide insights into the ocean lurking beneath Ganymede’s crust, such as its depth, volume, salinity and other properties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Juno’s day job\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA launched Juno a decade ago on a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission to explore Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to give us our first-ever look at the gas giant’s mysterious polar regions, and to probe its interior by measuring its magnetic and gravitational fields. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since arriving in 2016, Juno has circled the giant planet on an elongated orbit that sends it buzzing close to Jupiter’s polar regions every 53 days, cruising to within 2,100 miles of its cloud tops, arguably one of the most stunning vista points in the solar system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From this vantage, Juno has captured thousands of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?featured=1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">captivating images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Jupiter’s colorful cloud belts, swirling storm systems and auroras. And we have glimpsed processes and structures of the planet’s interior that may help scientists understand how Jupiter originally formed and evolved. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1742px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978260\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1742\" height=\"1742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg 1742w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1742px) 100vw, 1742px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images of Jupiter’s turbulent cloud and storm systems during a close flyby of the gas giant world by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt and Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, some of Juno’s major discoveries include: insights into a mysterious magnetic anomaly near Jupiter’s equator, called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25035-mapping-jupiters-great-blue-spot\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Blue Spot\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">; similarities in patterns between \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25037-vortices-on-jupiter-and-earth\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter’s swirling cyclones\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and vortices in Earth’s oceans; and detailed imagery of the thin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/multimedia/largest/rings.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ring of dust encircling Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and its relationship to the two tiny moons Metis and Adrastea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>The Future of Juno\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has extended Juno’s mission through September 2025, so more discoveries about the king of planets and its entourage of amazing moons are sure to come. Whether the solar-powered spacecraft will survive Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts until then remains to be seen, but for now we can continue to enjoy the grand vista.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the Juno spacecraft flew by Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, it raked for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846314,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":800},"headData":{"title":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter's Moon | KQED","description":"As the Juno spacecraft flew by Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, it raked for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter's Moon","datePublished":"2022-02-11T21:55:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:25:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1978509/juno-spacecraft-captures-sounds-as-it-flies-past-jupiters-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last June, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/see-the-first-images-nasas-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">whizzed past Jupiter’s largest moon\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Ganymede, zipping along at over 40,000 miles per hour. Juno swung within 645 miles of the moon’s surface — the closest any spacecraft has come to it in two decades. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it flew by, Juno raked the moon for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One instrument in particular, called “Waves,” has delivered something beyond the dazzling imagery we’ve come to expect from solar system exploration: a 50-second sweep of \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">magnetic \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">measurements, later \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_09R6jIo74U\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">converted to audio\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> frequencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_09R6jIo74U'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_09R6jIo74U'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dynamic whistles and whirs of the soundtrack \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">off\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">er a rare opportunity to imagine ourselves exploring deep space in person, via the telepresence of a robot. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’ve heard direct recordings of sound from different places in the solar system before, like the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/huygens_alien_winds_descent.mp3\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as the Huygens probe descended, or the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25714/perseverance-rovers-supercam-records-wind-on-mars/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">winds of Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> heard by the Perseverance rover. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in this case, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-juno-spacecraft-hears-jupiters-moon\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s “ear,”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the Waves instrument, measures the properties of magnetic fields the spacecraft passes through, giving us the chance to hear something normally inaccessible to human senses. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's moon, Ganymede, etches a curve of white against a black sky. The planet's surface is a crisscrossing network of dun-colored streaks, punctuated by white sparks. \" width=\"480\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up image of Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during its June 7, 2021, flyby. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Thomas Thomopoulos)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Moonlighting at Ganymede\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s primary mission is to explore the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but NASA often takes advantage of serendipitous encounters to explore more. On June 8, 2021, the close flyby of Ganymede created an opportunity for some side work beyond the mission routine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is the largest moon in the solar system and the only one to possess a significant global enveloping magnetic field — a magnetic field that extends from the moon into space. This is a feature that even the planets Venus and Mars\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">do not possess. If Ganymede orbited the sun instead of Jupiter, it would be considered a planet, larger even than Mercury. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede’s mystery runs below its icy, cratered, cracked surface. Hidden beneath that frosty shell may be an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/first-evidence-of-water-vapor-at-jupiters-moon-ganymede-may-hold-more-water-than-all-of-earths-oceans/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, one that contains more water than all of Earth’s. This alone ranks Ganymede as prime real estate for the search for extraterrestrial life, like other tantalizing moons where we have detected the presence of liquid water — Jupiter’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and Saturn’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enceladus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978261\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"778\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1020x992.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-768x747.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1536x1493.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-2048x1991.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1920x1866.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s batch of flyby data most likely won’t discover extraterrestrials, but magnetic and other data collected by instruments like Waves may provide insights into the ocean lurking beneath Ganymede’s crust, such as its depth, volume, salinity and other properties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Juno’s day job\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA launched Juno a decade ago on a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission to explore Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to give us our first-ever look at the gas giant’s mysterious polar regions, and to probe its interior by measuring its magnetic and gravitational fields. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since arriving in 2016, Juno has circled the giant planet on an elongated orbit that sends it buzzing close to Jupiter’s polar regions every 53 days, cruising to within 2,100 miles of its cloud tops, arguably one of the most stunning vista points in the solar system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From this vantage, Juno has captured thousands of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?featured=1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">captivating images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Jupiter’s colorful cloud belts, swirling storm systems and auroras. And we have glimpsed processes and structures of the planet’s interior that may help scientists understand how Jupiter originally formed and evolved. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1742px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978260\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1742\" height=\"1742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg 1742w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1742px) 100vw, 1742px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images of Jupiter’s turbulent cloud and storm systems during a close flyby of the gas giant world by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt and Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, some of Juno’s major discoveries include: insights into a mysterious magnetic anomaly near Jupiter’s equator, called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25035-mapping-jupiters-great-blue-spot\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Blue Spot\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">; similarities in patterns between \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25037-vortices-on-jupiter-and-earth\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter’s swirling cyclones\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and vortices in Earth’s oceans; and detailed imagery of the thin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/multimedia/largest/rings.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ring of dust encircling Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and its relationship to the two tiny moons Metis and Adrastea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>The Future of Juno\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has extended Juno’s mission through September 2025, so more discoveries about the king of planets and its entourage of amazing moons are sure to come. Whether the solar-powered spacecraft will survive Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts until then remains to be seen, but for now we can continue to enjoy the grand vista.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1978509/juno-spacecraft-captures-sounds-as-it-flies-past-jupiters-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_1056","science_5180"],"featImg":"science_1978259","label":"source_science_1978509"},"science_1972554":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972554","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972554","score":null,"sort":[1612575832000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter","publishDate":1612575832,"format":"image","headTitle":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846772,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1095},"headData":{"title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","description":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter","datePublished":"2021-02-06T01:43:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:32:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1216","science_1064","science_1056","science_5180"],"featImg":"science_1972434","label":"source_science_1972554"},"science_1968693":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1968693","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1968693","score":null,"sort":[1598364002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","title":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning","publishDate":1598364002,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four years after arriving at the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Four years after arriving at Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft has discovered \"shallow\" lightning and \"mushballs.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847084,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1168},"headData":{"title":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning | KQED","description":"Four years after arriving at Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft has discovered "shallow" lightning and "mushballs." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning","datePublished":"2020-08-25T14:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:38:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1968693/draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four years after arriving at the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1968693/draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1056","science_5180","science_1746"],"featImg":"science_1968699","label":"source_science_1968693"},"science_1961943":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1961943","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1961943","score":null,"sort":[1587056627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","publishDate":1587056627,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847569,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1290},"headData":{"title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","description":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","datePublished":"2020-04-16T17:03:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:46:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_498","science_330","science_1056","science_5180","science_5179","science_364","science_351","science_5175","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1961967","label":"source_science_1961943"},"science_1929750":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1929750","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1929750","score":null,"sort":[1534948511000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jupiter-actually-stretches-and-squeezes-its-moon-to-make-volcanos","title":"You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos","publishDate":1534948511,"format":"standard","headTitle":"You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft may have discovered another volcano on Jupiter’s moon Io, adding to an already impressive list of known active volcanoes there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the \u003ca href=\"http://solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyager\u003c/a> spacecraft, and later \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo\u003c/a>, began collecting data in the Jupiter system in the 1970’s and 1980’s, about 150 active volcanoes have been spotted on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe there may be as many as 250 more that remain undiscovered, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7189\">this latest hot-spot\u003c/a> has scientists eagerly anticipating future, closer flybys of Io, a moon just slightly larger than Earth’s own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929755\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of Jupiter's moon Io, captured by Juno's JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of Jupiter’s moon Io, captured by Juno’s JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from Juno revealed the newest volcano as a previously undetected heat source near Io’s southern pole. Juno collected the data last December, when the spacecraft passed within 290,000 miles of Io—a bit farther than the distance from Earth to our own moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno mission\u003c/a> is focused mainly on Jupiter, specifically to unveil the secrets of its little-understood polar region, as well as to probe its deep interior and even its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s \u003cem>Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper\u003c/em> instrument was designed primarily to study the stunning light shows in Jupiter’s atmosphere, known as auroras. They’re caused by interactions of electrically charged particles from space. However, the heat-sensitive instrument also works very well in sensing heat from other things–in this case, volcanic eruptions on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why So Many Active Volcanoes on Such a Small Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s volcanic activity is driven by the same force that causes the tides in Earth’s oceans: gravitational tidal energy. Earth’s tides are driven by the pull of the moon and sun, which raise bulges in the ocean’s waters. As Earth rotates, its surface moves into and out of these “bulge” regions, and people on the ground experience the rising and falling of the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the powerful pull of \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">Jupiter’s gravity tugs at Io\u003c/a>. Io has no oceans, so no swells of ocean water occur. But the tidal forces act to “stretch” Io itself into a slightly elongated sphere, its solid surface “bulging” all the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter's moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter’s moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while Earth’s tidal ocean bulges amount to a range of only a couple of feet in open ocean (though usually greater near land due to geographical effects), Jupiter’s powerful gravity \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">stretches Io’s surface over a range of 200 feet\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Io orbits, its elliptical path carries it closer to and farther from Jupiter, which changes the strength of the tidal pull and the amount of stretching. With each orbit, Io is stretched and then relaxed, and this continual stretch-relax-stretch-relax cycle produces frictional heat, warming up the interior. This is a bit like how you would squeeze and stretch a cold lump of playdough to warm it up and make it softer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s internal heat source is potent enough to liquify materials into magma and drive volcanic eruptions at its surface. With potentially hundreds of volcanoes spewing out the sulfur-rich lava, Io’s surface is a multicolor mottle of flows and deposits. Devoid of impact craters, Io sometimes appears like a big cheese pizza, or a moldy orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929780\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929780\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Io captured by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo.jpg 1817w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Io captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno’s Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With visible and infrared cameras, Juno has captured \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\">stunning pictures\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s chaotic polar storms and atmospheric gyres, and by measuring Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields it has yielded clues to the gas giant’s internal structure and fluid dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno makes most of these observations during the brief intervals when it swings close to Jupiter on an elongated orbit, bringing the spacecraft to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops. The majority of each 53-day orbit is spent coasting much farther away, out to 5 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-re-plans-juno-s-jupiter-mission\">rollercoaster orbit\u003c/a> is designed to protect Juno from the intense radiation belts close to Jupiter, allowing it to zip through the danger zone and then spend most of its time in safer realms farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending so much time far from Jupiter gives Juno scientists the opportunity to observe other objects in the Jupiter system, including Io and its entourage of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929754\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter's north polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-960x695.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-520x377.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl.jpg 968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter’s north polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else In The Solar System Can You Find Active Volcanoes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io and Earth are not the only objects in the solar system with active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know from observations by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft that there may be active volcanoes on Venus, though this has not been confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also objects in the solar system that show evidence of a type of volcano not found on Earth, a cryovolcano, some of which may even be active today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cryovolcanoes, sometimes called “ice volcanoes,” are similar to the hot volcanoes we are familiar with, but erupt with “cold” volatile liquids, like water, methane, and ammonia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, Voyager 2 detected nitrogen gas erupting from Neptune’s moon, Triton. It also showed us that Triton’s surface is young and is likely to have been shaped by tectonic activity and cryovolcanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft detected water vapor and ammonia spewing from Saturn’s moon Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indirect evidence suggests cryovolcanic activity on Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede, Saturn’s moon Titan, and Uranus’ moon Miranda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, cryovolcanic activity has been detected on the dwarf planets \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-ceres-ice-volcanoes.html\">Ceres\u003c/a> and Pluto, as well as Pluto’s moon, Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Ahead for Juno?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s primary mission schedule would have sent the spacecraft to a self-disposing incineration in Jupiter’s atmosphere in mid-September, but the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/06/juno-good-health-decision-point-missions-end-extension/\">good state of its health\u003c/a> allowed mission managers to consider extending its tour of Jovian investigation and volcano-spotting moonlighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission has now been extended to July 2021, offering about 20 more close flybys of Jupiter, and potentially additional flybys of Io and its host of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Juno spacecraft didn’t set out to look for volcanos on Jupiter’s moon Io, but it sure is good at spotting them.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927556,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1122},"headData":{"title":"You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos | KQED","description":"NASA's Juno spacecraft didn’t set out to look for volcanos on Jupiter’s moon Io, but it sure is good at spotting them.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos","datePublished":"2018-08-22T14:35:11.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:59:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1929750/jupiter-actually-stretches-and-squeezes-its-moon-to-make-volcanos","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft may have discovered another volcano on Jupiter’s moon Io, adding to an already impressive list of known active volcanoes there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the \u003ca href=\"http://solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyager\u003c/a> spacecraft, and later \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo\u003c/a>, began collecting data in the Jupiter system in the 1970’s and 1980’s, about 150 active volcanoes have been spotted on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe there may be as many as 250 more that remain undiscovered, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7189\">this latest hot-spot\u003c/a> has scientists eagerly anticipating future, closer flybys of Io, a moon just slightly larger than Earth’s own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929755\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of Jupiter's moon Io, captured by Juno's JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of Jupiter’s moon Io, captured by Juno’s JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from Juno revealed the newest volcano as a previously undetected heat source near Io’s southern pole. Juno collected the data last December, when the spacecraft passed within 290,000 miles of Io—a bit farther than the distance from Earth to our own moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno mission\u003c/a> is focused mainly on Jupiter, specifically to unveil the secrets of its little-understood polar region, as well as to probe its deep interior and even its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s \u003cem>Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper\u003c/em> instrument was designed primarily to study the stunning light shows in Jupiter’s atmosphere, known as auroras. They’re caused by interactions of electrically charged particles from space. However, the heat-sensitive instrument also works very well in sensing heat from other things–in this case, volcanic eruptions on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why So Many Active Volcanoes on Such a Small Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s volcanic activity is driven by the same force that causes the tides in Earth’s oceans: gravitational tidal energy. Earth’s tides are driven by the pull of the moon and sun, which raise bulges in the ocean’s waters. As Earth rotates, its surface moves into and out of these “bulge” regions, and people on the ground experience the rising and falling of the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the powerful pull of \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">Jupiter’s gravity tugs at Io\u003c/a>. Io has no oceans, so no swells of ocean water occur. But the tidal forces act to “stretch” Io itself into a slightly elongated sphere, its solid surface “bulging” all the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter's moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter’s moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while Earth’s tidal ocean bulges amount to a range of only a couple of feet in open ocean (though usually greater near land due to geographical effects), Jupiter’s powerful gravity \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">stretches Io’s surface over a range of 200 feet\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Io orbits, its elliptical path carries it closer to and farther from Jupiter, which changes the strength of the tidal pull and the amount of stretching. With each orbit, Io is stretched and then relaxed, and this continual stretch-relax-stretch-relax cycle produces frictional heat, warming up the interior. This is a bit like how you would squeeze and stretch a cold lump of playdough to warm it up and make it softer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s internal heat source is potent enough to liquify materials into magma and drive volcanic eruptions at its surface. With potentially hundreds of volcanoes spewing out the sulfur-rich lava, Io’s surface is a multicolor mottle of flows and deposits. Devoid of impact craters, Io sometimes appears like a big cheese pizza, or a moldy orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929780\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929780\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Io captured by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo.jpg 1817w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Io captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno’s Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With visible and infrared cameras, Juno has captured \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\">stunning pictures\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s chaotic polar storms and atmospheric gyres, and by measuring Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields it has yielded clues to the gas giant’s internal structure and fluid dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno makes most of these observations during the brief intervals when it swings close to Jupiter on an elongated orbit, bringing the spacecraft to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops. The majority of each 53-day orbit is spent coasting much farther away, out to 5 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-re-plans-juno-s-jupiter-mission\">rollercoaster orbit\u003c/a> is designed to protect Juno from the intense radiation belts close to Jupiter, allowing it to zip through the danger zone and then spend most of its time in safer realms farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending so much time far from Jupiter gives Juno scientists the opportunity to observe other objects in the Jupiter system, including Io and its entourage of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929754\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter's north polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-960x695.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-520x377.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl.jpg 968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter’s north polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else In The Solar System Can You Find Active Volcanoes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io and Earth are not the only objects in the solar system with active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know from observations by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft that there may be active volcanoes on Venus, though this has not been confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also objects in the solar system that show evidence of a type of volcano not found on Earth, a cryovolcano, some of which may even be active today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cryovolcanoes, sometimes called “ice volcanoes,” are similar to the hot volcanoes we are familiar with, but erupt with “cold” volatile liquids, like water, methane, and ammonia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, Voyager 2 detected nitrogen gas erupting from Neptune’s moon, Triton. It also showed us that Triton’s surface is young and is likely to have been shaped by tectonic activity and cryovolcanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft detected water vapor and ammonia spewing from Saturn’s moon Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indirect evidence suggests cryovolcanic activity on Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede, Saturn’s moon Titan, and Uranus’ moon Miranda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, cryovolcanic activity has been detected on the dwarf planets \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-ceres-ice-volcanoes.html\">Ceres\u003c/a> and Pluto, as well as Pluto’s moon, Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Ahead for Juno?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s primary mission schedule would have sent the spacecraft to a self-disposing incineration in Jupiter’s atmosphere in mid-September, but the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/06/juno-good-health-decision-point-missions-end-extension/\">good state of its health\u003c/a> allowed mission managers to consider extending its tour of Jovian investigation and volcano-spotting moonlighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission has now been extended to July 2021, offering about 20 more close flybys of Jupiter, and potentially additional flybys of Io and its host of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1929750/jupiter-actually-stretches-and-squeezes-its-moon-to-make-volcanos","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_3370","science_1056","science_5180","science_5175","science_1999"],"featImg":"science_1929756","label":"source_science_1929750"},"science_1858486":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1858486","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1858486","score":null,"sort":[1500649223000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-juno-spacecraft-unveils-jupiters-deep-mysteries","title":"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Unveils Jupiter's Deep Mysteries","publishDate":1500649223,"format":"image","headTitle":"NASA’s Juno Spacecraft Unveils Jupiter’s Deep Mysteries | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On July 10, NASA’s Juno spacecraft flew closer to Jupiter’s famous “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery\">Great Red Spot\u003c/a>” than ever before, capturing images of the ancient and gargantuan storm from only 5,600 miles away as it skimmed over the gas giant’s cloud tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/juno-spots-great-red-spot\">Juno’s first close encounter\u003c/a> with Jupiter’s most iconic feature, the 10,000-mile wide atmospheric gyre that has been raging near the planet’s equator for at least a couple of centuries—and possibly much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all that time, the Spot—large enough to encompass two or three planet Earths—has generated more questions than answers. Why has it lasted so long? How deep into Jupiter’s thick atmosphere and gaseous depths do its roots plunge? What causes its namesake coloration? Why has it been slowly shrinking over past decades?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take some time to analyze the flyby data collected by Juno’s eight science instruments, so answers to questions like these won’t come immediately, but the preliminary images are as tantalizing as they are stunning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since arriving at Jupiter a little over a year ago, the Juno mission has focused on other Jovian mysteries. Getting a close view of the Great Red Spot was somewhat of a bonus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprises from Cloud Tops to the Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have long known that Jupiter is wrapped in clouds of ammonia, but microwave data from Juno has revealed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-jupiter-idUSKBN18L2I7\">unexpectedly strong concentration\u003c/a> of the stuff in a band around Jupiter’s equator—not to mention other areas of the planet that appear to have little. The equatorial band of ammonia may also run very deep, perhaps reaching a depth of around 200 miles into Jupiter’s interior—the distance between San Francisco and San Luis Obispo!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings suggest weather systems based on ammonia, which circulate and concentrate the chemical in different areas and at different altitudes and depths, maybe like how Earth’s weather systems transport and concentrate water. Imagine getting caught in a caustic rainstorm of eye-burning ammonia!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858631 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3800\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt.jpg 3800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-800x337.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-768x323.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-1020x429.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-1920x808.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-1180x497.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-960x404.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3800px) 100vw, 3800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up view of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, captured by the Juno spacecraft on July 10, 2017 during its closest encounter with the huge storm. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Juno has also challenged earlier assumptions and models of the structure of Jupiter’s interior. It was previously thought that Jupiter is made up of smooth, uniform layers beneath its outer patina of cloud systems. Older textbook illustrations usually show a thin outer layer of liquid hydrogen wrapped around a deeper, thicker layer of metallic hydrogen, all enclosing a solid core at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, measurements of Jupiter’s gravitational field, made by detecting tiny variations in Juno’s altitude as it flies through gravitational “bumps in the road” along its orbit during close passes, have suggested that the layers within are not smooth global blankets, but are irregular—maybe warped and blobby envelopes, as opposed to smooth spherical shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “choppy” irregularity of the internal layers suggests that the nature of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/origin?show=hs_origin_story_whats-in-jupiters-core\">Jupiter’s deep core\u003c/a> may be different than previously thought. The core was assumed to be a solid sphere nested smoothly within the surrounding layers—like the yolk of a hard-boiled egg set within the egg white surrounded by the shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858632\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858632 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Jupiter's powerful magnetic field, which the Juno mission has discovered may be 50-80% stronger than predicted. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field, which the Juno mission has discovered may be 50 to 80 percent stronger than predicted. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s findings hint that the core may be “sticky,” or “fuzzy,” interacting strongly with and agitating surrounding materials as the planet and its layers rotate. Think of how the blades of a blender interact with your raspberry smoothie….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And we have long known that Jupiter is surrounded by a powerful magnetic field, which emerges from inside the planet and extends far into the surrounding space. Earlier models explaining this magnetic field assumed it was generated deep within Jupiter, near its core, like the dynamo that drives Earth’s magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Juno-fashion, this idea has been turned on its head. Not only is Jupiter’s magnetic field \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2129805-first-results-from-jupiter-probe-show-huge-magnetism-and-storms/\">much stronger than predicted\u003c/a> before Juno’s arrival, its shape—variations in the field across different regions—suggest its origin is much closer to Jupiter’s surface, not deep within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mega-Cyclones\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Great Red Spot is famous for being a storm that could swallow two or three planet Earths—and it is the biggest atmospheric gyration on Jupiter by far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858636\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1858636\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-800x623.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's previously unexplored polar region, which the Juno spacecraft was sent to investigate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"623\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-800x623.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-768x598.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-1020x795.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-1180x920.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-960x748.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-375x292.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-520x405.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles.jpg 1264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s previously unexplored polar region, which the Juno spacecraft was sent to investigate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SwRI/MSSS/Betsy Asher Hall/Gervasio Robles)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Juno has discovered many \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/25/530002348/juno-spacecraft-reveals-spectacular-cyclones-at-jupiters-poles\">previously unseen cyclone systems\u003c/a>—some up to the size of a single Earth, perhaps. These cyclones went unseen before Juno’s arrival because they are located in Jupiter’s polar region, which Juno specializes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno’s “Life Spiral”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-juno-current-orbit-jupiter.html\">Juno orbits Jupiter\u003c/a> once every 53 days, swinging along an elliptical path that carries it through a long, slow loop 5 million miles from the planet, then into a rapid plunge to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s polar region. The orbit was designed to allow the spacecraft to spend as little time as possible within the intense radiation belts close to Jupiter, over concerns of the radiation damaging its sensitive instruments and electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy seems to be working, for Juno appears to be in the pink of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1858630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Juno spacecraft. The large solar panels are necessary to power the spacecraft at Jupiter's distance from the sun, where sunlight is about 25 times weaker than at Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Juno spacecraft. The large solar panels are necessary to power the spacecraft at Jupiter’s distance from the sun, where sunlight is about 25 times weaker than at Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, however, Juno’s winding orbit will become a “death spiral,” and the spacecraft will steer into Jupiter’s atmosphere and burn up. This robot version of a Viking funeral has been done before. Juno’s own predecessor, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo\">Galileo\u003c/a>, met this end back in 1995, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/cassini-death-grand-finale-reason-2017-4\">Cassini \u003c/a>is slated to crash and burn in Saturn’s atmosphere this September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This disposal technique is carried out to prevent the spacecraft from crashing into a possibly life-bearing moon, like Europa or Enceladus, and contaminating it with any dormant Earth microbes they might be carrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s demise has been scheduled for February 2018, so we still have several months left to unravel Jupiter’s mysteries—a good thing, since Jupiter has turned out to be far more mysterious than we ever thought!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Jupiter's \"Great Red Spot\" has generated more questions than answers so far, but NASA's Juno spacecraft could change that.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928505,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1137},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Unveils Jupiter's Deep Mysteries | KQED","description":"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot" has generated more questions than answers so far, but NASA's Juno spacecraft could change that.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Unveils Jupiter's Deep Mysteries","datePublished":"2017-07-21T15:00:23.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:15:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1858486/nasas-juno-spacecraft-unveils-jupiters-deep-mysteries","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On July 10, NASA’s Juno spacecraft flew closer to Jupiter’s famous “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery\">Great Red Spot\u003c/a>” than ever before, capturing images of the ancient and gargantuan storm from only 5,600 miles away as it skimmed over the gas giant’s cloud tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/juno-spots-great-red-spot\">Juno’s first close encounter\u003c/a> with Jupiter’s most iconic feature, the 10,000-mile wide atmospheric gyre that has been raging near the planet’s equator for at least a couple of centuries—and possibly much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all that time, the Spot—large enough to encompass two or three planet Earths—has generated more questions than answers. Why has it lasted so long? How deep into Jupiter’s thick atmosphere and gaseous depths do its roots plunge? What causes its namesake coloration? Why has it been slowly shrinking over past decades?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take some time to analyze the flyby data collected by Juno’s eight science instruments, so answers to questions like these won’t come immediately, but the preliminary images are as tantalizing as they are stunning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since arriving at Jupiter a little over a year ago, the Juno mission has focused on other Jovian mysteries. Getting a close view of the Great Red Spot was somewhat of a bonus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprises from Cloud Tops to the Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have long known that Jupiter is wrapped in clouds of ammonia, but microwave data from Juno has revealed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-jupiter-idUSKBN18L2I7\">unexpectedly strong concentration\u003c/a> of the stuff in a band around Jupiter’s equator—not to mention other areas of the planet that appear to have little. The equatorial band of ammonia may also run very deep, perhaps reaching a depth of around 200 miles into Jupiter’s interior—the distance between San Francisco and San Luis Obispo!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings suggest weather systems based on ammonia, which circulate and concentrate the chemical in different areas and at different altitudes and depths, maybe like how Earth’s weather systems transport and concentrate water. Imagine getting caught in a caustic rainstorm of eye-burning ammonia!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858631 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3800\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt.jpg 3800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-800x337.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-768x323.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-1020x429.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-1920x808.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-1180x497.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-960x404.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/pia21773-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3800px) 100vw, 3800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up view of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, captured by the Juno spacecraft on July 10, 2017 during its closest encounter with the huge storm. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Juno has also challenged earlier assumptions and models of the structure of Jupiter’s interior. It was previously thought that Jupiter is made up of smooth, uniform layers beneath its outer patina of cloud systems. Older textbook illustrations usually show a thin outer layer of liquid hydrogen wrapped around a deeper, thicker layer of metallic hydrogen, all enclosing a solid core at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, measurements of Jupiter’s gravitational field, made by detecting tiny variations in Juno’s altitude as it flies through gravitational “bumps in the road” along its orbit during close passes, have suggested that the layers within are not smooth global blankets, but are irregular—maybe warped and blobby envelopes, as opposed to smooth spherical shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “choppy” irregularity of the internal layers suggests that the nature of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/origin?show=hs_origin_story_whats-in-jupiters-core\">Jupiter’s deep core\u003c/a> may be different than previously thought. The core was assumed to be a solid sphere nested smoothly within the surrounding layers—like the yolk of a hard-boiled egg set within the egg white surrounded by the shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858632\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858632 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Jupiter's powerful magnetic field, which the Juno mission has discovered may be 50-80% stronger than predicted. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/c-1024-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field, which the Juno mission has discovered may be 50 to 80 percent stronger than predicted. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s findings hint that the core may be “sticky,” or “fuzzy,” interacting strongly with and agitating surrounding materials as the planet and its layers rotate. Think of how the blades of a blender interact with your raspberry smoothie….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And we have long known that Jupiter is surrounded by a powerful magnetic field, which emerges from inside the planet and extends far into the surrounding space. Earlier models explaining this magnetic field assumed it was generated deep within Jupiter, near its core, like the dynamo that drives Earth’s magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Juno-fashion, this idea has been turned on its head. Not only is Jupiter’s magnetic field \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2129805-first-results-from-jupiter-probe-show-huge-magnetism-and-storms/\">much stronger than predicted\u003c/a> before Juno’s arrival, its shape—variations in the field across different regions—suggest its origin is much closer to Jupiter’s surface, not deep within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mega-Cyclones\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Great Red Spot is famous for being a storm that could swallow two or three planet Earths—and it is the biggest atmospheric gyration on Jupiter by far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858636\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1858636\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-800x623.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's previously unexplored polar region, which the Juno spacecraft was sent to investigate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"623\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-800x623.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-768x598.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-1020x795.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-1180x920.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-960x748.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-375x292.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles-520x405.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/17-051-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Betsy-Asher-Hall-Gervasio-Robles.jpg 1264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s previously unexplored polar region, which the Juno spacecraft was sent to investigate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SwRI/MSSS/Betsy Asher Hall/Gervasio Robles)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Juno has discovered many \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/25/530002348/juno-spacecraft-reveals-spectacular-cyclones-at-jupiters-poles\">previously unseen cyclone systems\u003c/a>—some up to the size of a single Earth, perhaps. These cyclones went unseen before Juno’s arrival because they are located in Jupiter’s polar region, which Juno specializes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno’s “Life Spiral”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-juno-current-orbit-jupiter.html\">Juno orbits Jupiter\u003c/a> once every 53 days, swinging along an elliptical path that carries it through a long, slow loop 5 million miles from the planet, then into a rapid plunge to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s polar region. The orbit was designed to allow the spacecraft to spend as little time as possible within the intense radiation belts close to Jupiter, over concerns of the radiation damaging its sensitive instruments and electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy seems to be working, for Juno appears to be in the pink of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1858630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Juno spacecraft. The large solar panels are necessary to power the spacecraft at Jupiter's distance from the sun, where sunlight is about 25 times weaker than at Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno_MainEngine_Firing_ViewA_NASA-JPL-CalTech-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Juno spacecraft. The large solar panels are necessary to power the spacecraft at Jupiter’s distance from the sun, where sunlight is about 25 times weaker than at Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, however, Juno’s winding orbit will become a “death spiral,” and the spacecraft will steer into Jupiter’s atmosphere and burn up. This robot version of a Viking funeral has been done before. Juno’s own predecessor, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo\">Galileo\u003c/a>, met this end back in 1995, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/cassini-death-grand-finale-reason-2017-4\">Cassini \u003c/a>is slated to crash and burn in Saturn’s atmosphere this September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This disposal technique is carried out to prevent the spacecraft from crashing into a possibly life-bearing moon, like Europa or Enceladus, and contaminating it with any dormant Earth microbes they might be carrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s demise has been scheduled for February 2018, so we still have several months left to unravel Jupiter’s mysteries—a good thing, since Jupiter has turned out to be far more mysterious than we ever thought!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1858486/nasas-juno-spacecraft-unveils-jupiters-deep-mysteries","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1073","science_3370","science_1056","science_5180","science_5175","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1858629","label":"science"},"science_758960":{"type":"posts","id":"science_758960","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"758960","score":null,"sort":[1467378026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whats-inside-nasa-spacecraft-to-probe-beneath-jupiters-surface","title":"On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up","publishDate":1467378026,"format":"standard","headTitle":"On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally crossed over into Jupiter territory, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun's. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system's largest planet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929980,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":964},"headData":{"title":"On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up | KQED","description":"NASA's farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally crossed over into Jupiter territory, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun's. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system's largest planet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up","datePublished":"2016-07-01T13:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:39:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/758960/whats-inside-nasa-spacecraft-to-probe-beneath-jupiters-surface","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/758960/whats-inside-nasa-spacecraft-to-probe-beneath-jupiters-surface","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1064","science_1056","science_5180","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_759061","label":"science"},"science_482732":{"type":"posts","id":"science_482732","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"482732","score":null,"sort":[1453471237000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"millions-of-miles-from-the-sun-nasa-spacecraft-still-runs-on-solar","title":"Millions of Miles from the Sun, NASA Spacecraft Still Runs on Solar","publishDate":1453471237,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Millions of Miles from the Sun, NASA Spacecraft Still Runs on Solar | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/origin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> spacecraft, bound for Jupiter, passed a milestone on January 13 when it reached a distance of 493 million miles from the sun. That’s about five times the distance between the Earth and sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distance by itself is not the milestone, since numerous spacecraft have ventured far beyond this. The news is that Juno is powered by sunlight, a sparse commodity out in Jupiter’s realm–a sort of “twilight zone” for spacecraft that depend on sunshine!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 8,000-pound Juno was launched in 2011 on a mission to explore the planet Jupiter in greater detail than previous spacecraft, including the gas giant’s composition, gravity, global magnetic field, and in particular the magnetic field in Jupiter’s polar regions, even probing the properties of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Juno, the record-holder was the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft. Rosetta cruised in hibernation mode through its orbital aphelion (its most distant point from the sun) back in 2012. Later it fell sunward toward its encounter with comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close to the Sun, Solar-Powered Spacecraft Are the Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the inner solar system, from the planet Mercury out into the Main Asteroid Belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, robotic exploration is powered almost entirely by \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photovoltaics\u003c/a>—solar cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_482754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-482754 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation.jpg\" alt=\"Present location of the Juno spacecraft as it approaches Jupiter for a July 2016 encounter.\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Present location of the Juno spacecraft as it approaches Jupiter for a July 2016 encounter. \u003ccite>(Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, solar photovoltaic technology was developed for Earth-orbiting satellites. Notable exceptions include short-lived probes dropped to the surface of Venus, which were powered by chemical batteries, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Curiosity\u003c/a> rover on Mars, which requires the kick of nuclear power to drive its equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the sun, sunlight is intense enough to make photovoltaic power practical. At Earth’s distance, sunlight intensity amounts to over a thousand Watts per square meter. A reasonably sized array of solar panels can generate a practical amount of electrical power for a satellite or spacecraft, even though the technology is not 100 percent efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the farther a spacecraft gets from the sun, the weaker the sunlight becomes, by a factor of the square of the distance. Jupiter is five times farther from the sun than Earth, so sunlight at that distance is weaker by a factor of five-squared, or 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s photovoltaic system consists of three, 30-foot-long panels, which at Earth would generate up to 14,000 Watts of electrical power. At Jupiter where Juno is now approaching, that solar array generates a mere 500 Watts! But, it will be enough to power the efficiently-designed Juno as it probes Jupiter’s interior, atmosphere and magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_482758\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2093px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-482758 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster.jpg\" alt=\"Solar energy across the solar system.\" width=\"2093\" height=\"1371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster.jpg 2093w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-400x262.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-800x524.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-1440x943.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-1920x1258.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-1180x773.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-960x629.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2093px) 100vw, 2093px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar energy across the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators Run the Show in the Outer Solar System and Beyond\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most missions sent beyond the Main Asteroid Belt are nuclear-powered. \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Galileo\u003c/a>, the only other spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, was powered by two \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a> (RTGs) that produced about 570 Watts of electrical power by converting the heat of decaying radioactive material into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve seen the movie, “The Martian,” you may recall Matt Damon’s character digging up a device to keep the cab of his rover warm—that was an RTG.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the Galileo probe, photovoltaic technology wasn’t advanced enough to be a practical power source. The spacecraft would have needed at least 700 square feet of solar panels to function!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Jupiter, solar-powered spacecraft will likely remain impractical for a long time to come. As sunlight becomes weaker, spacecraft simply need larger collection surfaces to squeeze out energy from sparser photons. At Saturn, where \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/a> spacecraft has been operating on RTG power for about 12 years now, sunlight is 90 times weaker than at Earth—almost four times weaker than at Jupiter!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pioneers, Voyagers, and New Horizons range even farther, in the cold darkness well beyond Neptune’s orbit, where the sunlight trickles in at one-nine-hundredth the strength of Earth-side sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will arrive at Jupiter this July, to begin the one-year science phase of its mission, after a five-year voyage to get there. At the conclusion of its mission, the spacecraft will be de-orbited to burn up in Jupiter’s atmosphere, following in the fiery footsteps of its predecessor, the Galileo probe.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Juno spacecraft, bound for Jupiter, passed a milestone on January 13th when it became the most distant solar-powered spacecraft from the sun. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930745,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":759},"headData":{"title":"Millions of Miles from the Sun, NASA Spacecraft Still Runs on Solar | KQED","description":"NASA's Juno spacecraft, bound for Jupiter, passed a milestone on January 13th when it became the most distant solar-powered spacecraft from the sun. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Millions of Miles from the Sun, NASA Spacecraft Still Runs on Solar","datePublished":"2016-01-22T14:00:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:52:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/482732/millions-of-miles-from-the-sun-nasa-spacecraft-still-runs-on-solar","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/origin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> spacecraft, bound for Jupiter, passed a milestone on January 13 when it reached a distance of 493 million miles from the sun. That’s about five times the distance between the Earth and sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distance by itself is not the milestone, since numerous spacecraft have ventured far beyond this. The news is that Juno is powered by sunlight, a sparse commodity out in Jupiter’s realm–a sort of “twilight zone” for spacecraft that depend on sunshine!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 8,000-pound Juno was launched in 2011 on a mission to explore the planet Jupiter in greater detail than previous spacecraft, including the gas giant’s composition, gravity, global magnetic field, and in particular the magnetic field in Jupiter’s polar regions, even probing the properties of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Juno, the record-holder was the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft. Rosetta cruised in hibernation mode through its orbital aphelion (its most distant point from the sun) back in 2012. Later it fell sunward toward its encounter with comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close to the Sun, Solar-Powered Spacecraft Are the Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the inner solar system, from the planet Mercury out into the Main Asteroid Belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, robotic exploration is powered almost entirely by \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photovoltaics\u003c/a>—solar cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_482754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-482754 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation.jpg\" alt=\"Present location of the Juno spacecraft as it approaches Jupiter for a July 2016 encounter.\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/junoslocation-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Present location of the Juno spacecraft as it approaches Jupiter for a July 2016 encounter. \u003ccite>(Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, solar photovoltaic technology was developed for Earth-orbiting satellites. Notable exceptions include short-lived probes dropped to the surface of Venus, which were powered by chemical batteries, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Curiosity\u003c/a> rover on Mars, which requires the kick of nuclear power to drive its equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the sun, sunlight is intense enough to make photovoltaic power practical. At Earth’s distance, sunlight intensity amounts to over a thousand Watts per square meter. A reasonably sized array of solar panels can generate a practical amount of electrical power for a satellite or spacecraft, even though the technology is not 100 percent efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the farther a spacecraft gets from the sun, the weaker the sunlight becomes, by a factor of the square of the distance. Jupiter is five times farther from the sun than Earth, so sunlight at that distance is weaker by a factor of five-squared, or 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s photovoltaic system consists of three, 30-foot-long panels, which at Earth would generate up to 14,000 Watts of electrical power. At Jupiter where Juno is now approaching, that solar array generates a mere 500 Watts! But, it will be enough to power the efficiently-designed Juno as it probes Jupiter’s interior, atmosphere and magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_482758\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2093px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-482758 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster.jpg\" alt=\"Solar energy across the solar system.\" width=\"2093\" height=\"1371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster.jpg 2093w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-400x262.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-800x524.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-1440x943.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-1920x1258.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-1180x773.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/solarpanel-poster-960x629.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2093px) 100vw, 2093px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar energy across the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators Run the Show in the Outer Solar System and Beyond\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most missions sent beyond the Main Asteroid Belt are nuclear-powered. \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Galileo\u003c/a>, the only other spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, was powered by two \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a> (RTGs) that produced about 570 Watts of electrical power by converting the heat of decaying radioactive material into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve seen the movie, “The Martian,” you may recall Matt Damon’s character digging up a device to keep the cab of his rover warm—that was an RTG.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the Galileo probe, photovoltaic technology wasn’t advanced enough to be a practical power source. The spacecraft would have needed at least 700 square feet of solar panels to function!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Jupiter, solar-powered spacecraft will likely remain impractical for a long time to come. As sunlight becomes weaker, spacecraft simply need larger collection surfaces to squeeze out energy from sparser photons. At Saturn, where \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/a> spacecraft has been operating on RTG power for about 12 years now, sunlight is 90 times weaker than at Earth—almost four times weaker than at Jupiter!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pioneers, Voyagers, and New Horizons range even farther, in the cold darkness well beyond Neptune’s orbit, where the sunlight trickles in at one-nine-hundredth the strength of Earth-side sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will arrive at Jupiter this July, to begin the one-year science phase of its mission, after a five-year voyage to get there. At the conclusion of its mission, the spacecraft will be de-orbited to burn up in Jupiter’s atmosphere, following in the fiery footsteps of its predecessor, the Galileo probe.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/482732/millions-of-miles-from-the-sun-nasa-spacecraft-still-runs-on-solar","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1056","science_5180","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_482734","label":"science"},"science_168173":{"type":"posts","id":"science_168173","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"168173","score":null,"sort":[1438984351000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"three-current-space-missions-you-may-not-know-about","title":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About","publishDate":1438984351,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With all of the attention grabbed by high-profile cosmic expeditions in recent months, it's easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931462,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":978},"headData":{"title":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About | KQED","description":"With all of the attention grabbed by high-profile cosmic expeditions in recent months, it's easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About","datePublished":"2015-08-07T21:52:31.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:04:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/168173/three-current-space-missions-you-may-not-know-about","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/168173/three-current-space-missions-you-may-not-know-about","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_144","science_1216","science_1056","science_5180","science_351","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_168378","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. 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