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Do they occur someplace differently now than they used to? Are they vanished or gone from an area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the data contained in that herbarium might even raise the possibility of using plant DNA to bring back extinct species.[contextly_sidebar id=”8TLuDXkaOmOA3taoPJSOlBjrjWD1emd3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s more like a Jurassic Park dream,” McCourt says. “But DNA is DNA, who knows? Before 1952 we wouldn’t have known what DNA was, much less that you could get it out of museum specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Academy, the 1.5 million plant species in the collection are housed in large metal cabinets, which are compressed together in a windowless, 3rd floor room that smells pungently of herbs. The plants were dried, then sewn, glued or taped to paper, and placed in manila folders that are stacked up inside the cabinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he pulls out specimens, McCourt points to the careful handwritten notes from the collector, detailing the location and date of the specimen. Some date back 400 years. He says the collectors took pride in their herbarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I almost think of it like any collector, like baseball trading cards,” said McCourt. “It was a competitive game to see if you could describe a lot of new species, find a lot of new species, make them valuable to the people you were working for or your own reputation scientifically. And there were different levels of vanity associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether those collectors searched for valuable medicinal or agricultural plants, or whether it was simply a labor of love, few would have known they were creating such a rich database for future scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the National Science Foundation, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mamdigitization.org/\">Mid-Atlantic Megalopolis Project \u003c/a>will put about 800,000 records from about a dozen herbaria online via high-resolution photos of plant specimens that span the urbanized corridor from New York City to Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plant hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Muhlenberg College in Allentown, plant ecologist Rich Niesenbaum has begun using the data from the herbarium to help find out what made some of the plants in its collection go extinct. Muhlenberg already digitized about 50,000 specimens and added it to the Megalopolis database.[contextly_sidebar id=”AEjUQJAZsTIjAgF4Bx4pf5UtuUETn7Hx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The database allowed student Lindsay Press to pull the records of plant species that have been registered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as extinct, rare or endangered. But going by the handwritten notes is difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would say by a railroad track, and that railroad didn’t exist anymore,” said Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her professor, Rich Niesenbaum, has begun the hunt for these plants to help document the impact of urbanization, but also to possibly protect vulnerable species and the region’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we find a rare plant and it exists in Pennsylvania and it’s extinct in every other state, then that becomes a valuable piece of information,” he says. “It’s not just extinct in Pennsylvania or rare in Pennsylvania, it’s possibly being lost as a species nationally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Into the creek\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a blistering hot day in August, Niesenbaum and Press head out to hunt for one of the rare specimens in the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specimen collection of \u003cem>Potomogeten zosterformis\u003c/em>, otherwise known as flat-stemmed pondweed, includes notes from the amateur botanist that it was found on July 20, 1924 in “cedar creek south of Fairview Street.” The notes also mention a quarry. Niesenbaum says there’s only one old quarry in Allentown so he’s pretty sure he knows where to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banks of Cedar Creek in this part of Allentown are lined with thickets of reeds and cattails. The creek is across from a city park, so Niesenbaum hopes the plant will be found. But so far, he’s been unlucky with these searches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species like Japanese knotweed and stiltgrass crowd out everything else except poison ivy, providing one reason why some of these species may have gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niesenbaum points out railroad ties lying in the brush, and, spotting grass, he then jumps in the creek. He pulls out a handful of aquatic grass, and says he’ll take it back to the lab to grow it and see if it’s a match.[contextly_sidebar id=”uV7jRP77t1qZyk8qcqyU5iRWYiAWumnc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that’s exciting because you know as as a plant hunter we spend a lot more time hunting and looking than actually finding,” he says. “And so if this is indeed the rare plant and it’s here right now in the urban environment in an urban setting that offers a lot of hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several weeks later, he’s still unsure if the grass found in the creek is what he was looking for, but he’s hoping to get a team of students together to search for more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is history,” he says. “This is historical data right in front of us. We can start to ask all sorts of questions that we were unable to answer or would be unable to answer without this kind of resource, we can’t go back in time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Centuries-Old+Plant+Collection+Now+Online+%E2%80%94+A+Treasure+Trove+For+Researchers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Close to 800,000 records from about a dozen plant collections or \"herbaria\" are being digitized, allowing researchers broad access to data on plant species collected and preserved in past centuries.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927530,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1083},"headData":{"title":"New Digital Database for Centuries-Old Plant Collection | KQED","description":"Close to 800,000 records from about a dozen plant collections or "herbaria" are being digitized, allowing researchers broad access to data on plant species collected and preserved in past centuries.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Digital Database for Centuries-Old Plant Collection","datePublished":"2018-09-04T15:00:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Emma Lee","nprByline":"Susan Phillips, NPR","nprImageAgency":"WHYY","nprStoryId":"641310268","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=641310268&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/641310268/centuries-old-plant-collection-now-online-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers?ft=nprml&f=641310268","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sun, 02 Sep 2018 07:43:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sun, 02 Sep 2018 05:59:16 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sun, 02 Sep 2018 06:03:14 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2018/09/20180902_wesun_centuries_old_plant_collection_now_online_a_treasure_trove_for_researchers.mp3?orgId=432&topicId=1007&d=227&p=10&story=641310268&ft=nprml&f=641310268","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1644085251-4d6823.m3u?orgId=432&topicId=1007&d=227&p=10&story=641310268&ft=nprml&f=641310268","audioTrackLength":228,"path":"/science/1930621/new-digital-database-for-centuries-old-plant-collection","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2018/09/20180902_wesun_centuries_old_plant_collection_now_online_a_treasure_trove_for_researchers.mp3?orgId=432&topicId=1007&d=227&p=10&story=641310268&ft=nprml&f=641310268","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a new effort underway make hundreds of thousands of dried and preserved plants collected along the East Coast available through a digital database.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, explorers, scientists, and amateur botanists scoured the country to document and preserve plant species. Once prized like fine art, the collections were often bequeathed to institutions that housed herbaria, or libraries for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time these collections became obscure, and fell out of use. Aside from the occasional researcher who had to schedule an appointment to view the records, and often travel long distances, these plant collections were difficult to access for most people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick McCourt, botany curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University in Philadelphia, helps manage the oldest herbarium in North America. The herbarium has an estimated one and a half million plant species in its collection. About 35,000 plant species were collected along the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new database will allow researchers to answer questions about climate change, conservation and urbanization. Questions like: “How has the environment changed?” said McCourt. “What plants occur where? Do they occur someplace differently now than they used to? Are they vanished or gone from an area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the data contained in that herbarium might even raise the possibility of using plant DNA to bring back extinct species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s more like a Jurassic Park dream,” McCourt says. “But DNA is DNA, who knows? Before 1952 we wouldn’t have known what DNA was, much less that you could get it out of museum specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Academy, the 1.5 million plant species in the collection are housed in large metal cabinets, which are compressed together in a windowless, 3rd floor room that smells pungently of herbs. The plants were dried, then sewn, glued or taped to paper, and placed in manila folders that are stacked up inside the cabinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he pulls out specimens, McCourt points to the careful handwritten notes from the collector, detailing the location and date of the specimen. Some date back 400 years. He says the collectors took pride in their herbarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I almost think of it like any collector, like baseball trading cards,” said McCourt. “It was a competitive game to see if you could describe a lot of new species, find a lot of new species, make them valuable to the people you were working for or your own reputation scientifically. And there were different levels of vanity associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether those collectors searched for valuable medicinal or agricultural plants, or whether it was simply a labor of love, few would have known they were creating such a rich database for future scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the National Science Foundation, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mamdigitization.org/\">Mid-Atlantic Megalopolis Project \u003c/a>will put about 800,000 records from about a dozen herbaria online via high-resolution photos of plant specimens that span the urbanized corridor from New York City to Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plant hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Muhlenberg College in Allentown, plant ecologist Rich Niesenbaum has begun using the data from the herbarium to help find out what made some of the plants in its collection go extinct. Muhlenberg already digitized about 50,000 specimens and added it to the Megalopolis database.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The database allowed student Lindsay Press to pull the records of plant species that have been registered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as extinct, rare or endangered. But going by the handwritten notes is difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would say by a railroad track, and that railroad didn’t exist anymore,” said Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her professor, Rich Niesenbaum, has begun the hunt for these plants to help document the impact of urbanization, but also to possibly protect vulnerable species and the region’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we find a rare plant and it exists in Pennsylvania and it’s extinct in every other state, then that becomes a valuable piece of information,” he says. “It’s not just extinct in Pennsylvania or rare in Pennsylvania, it’s possibly being lost as a species nationally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Into the creek\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a blistering hot day in August, Niesenbaum and Press head out to hunt for one of the rare specimens in the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specimen collection of \u003cem>Potomogeten zosterformis\u003c/em>, otherwise known as flat-stemmed pondweed, includes notes from the amateur botanist that it was found on July 20, 1924 in “cedar creek south of Fairview Street.” The notes also mention a quarry. Niesenbaum says there’s only one old quarry in Allentown so he’s pretty sure he knows where to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banks of Cedar Creek in this part of Allentown are lined with thickets of reeds and cattails. The creek is across from a city park, so Niesenbaum hopes the plant will be found. But so far, he’s been unlucky with these searches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species like Japanese knotweed and stiltgrass crowd out everything else except poison ivy, providing one reason why some of these species may have gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niesenbaum points out railroad ties lying in the brush, and, spotting grass, he then jumps in the creek. He pulls out a handful of aquatic grass, and says he’ll take it back to the lab to grow it and see if it’s a match.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that’s exciting because you know as as a plant hunter we spend a lot more time hunting and looking than actually finding,” he says. “And so if this is indeed the rare plant and it’s here right now in the urban environment in an urban setting that offers a lot of hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several weeks later, he’s still unsure if the grass found in the creek is what he was looking for, but he’s hoping to get a team of students together to search for more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is history,” he says. “This is historical data right in front of us. We can start to ask all sorts of questions that we were unable to answer or would be unable to answer without this kind of resource, we can’t go back in time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Centuries-Old+Plant+Collection+Now+Online+%E2%80%94+A+Treasure+Trove+For+Researchers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930621/new-digital-database-for-centuries-old-plant-collection","authors":["byline_science_1930621"],"categories":["science_35","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_2254","science_508","science_3543","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1930622","label":"source_science_1930621"},"science_1927537":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927537","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927537","score":null,"sort":[1531855334000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rising-seas-could-cause-problems-for-internet-infrastructure","title":"Rising Seas Could Cause Problems For Internet Infrastructure","publishDate":1531855334,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Rising Seas Could Cause Problems For Internet Infrastructure | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The dense network of cables that make up the Internet is likely to be inundated with saltwater as sea levels rise, a new analysis suggests, putting thousands of miles of critical infrastructure along U.S. coastlines underwater in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is actually the wires and the hardware that make the Internet run,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~ram/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ramakrishnan Durairajan\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at the University of Oregon and an author of the research. The analysis estimates under the most severe model for sea level rise that more than 4,000 miles of fiber optic cable along U.S. coastlines will be underwater by the early 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet is particularly susceptible to flooding because data travels through underground cables buried along roadways and through tunnels. While the massive deep sea cables that carry data under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are designed to be permanently underwater, other infrastructure such as copper wiring and power stations are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If thousands of miles of cable were flooded because sea level rise, it could potentially impact Internet reliability for millions of Americans in major cities. In fact, higher temperatures and more powerful storms, both of which are more likely as the climate changes, have already affected Internet hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.itnews.com.au/news/iinets-perth-data-centre-melts-in-heatwave-399128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat wave in Australia\u003c/a> fried air conditioners at a key data center, cutting off a major company’s Internet service for hours. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/hurricane-sandy-disrupts-wireless-and-internet-services/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Superstorm Sandy\u003c/a> knocked out some Internet in New York City when floodwaters cut off power and drowned the underground cables that carry data. At the time, Verizon’s executive director of operations \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/17/3655442/restoring-verizon-service-manhattan-hurricane-sandy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>that there had been a “catastrophic failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Irma blew across Florida last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174827041.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Miami Herald reported\u003c/a> that many people were without Internet for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels will make the flooding from such storms worse, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590901652/new-report-predicts-rising-tides-more-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600140-Durairajan-ANRW-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly published analysis\u003c/a> sets aside storms and, for the sake of clarity, focuses on predictable flooding from sea level rise. Large, dense coastal cities such as New York, Miami and Seattle appear to have the highest risk of Internet disruption from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet service providers say they are already thinking about the risks from flooding along the U.S. coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AT&T uses fiber optic cable “designed for use in coastal areas as well as being submerged in either salt- or fresh-water conditions,” spokesman Jeff Kobs says. “In certain locations where cabling will be submerged for long periods of time or consistently exposed, such as beaches or in subways, we use submarine underwater cabling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to mitigate flood risk is to replace copper wiring with more flood-resilient cables. “After Sandy, we started upgrading our network in earnest, and replacing our copper assets with fiber assets,” says Verizon spokeswoman Karen Schulz. “Copper is impacted by water, whereas fiber is not. We’ve switched significant amounts of our network from copper to fiber in the Northeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Verizon has also elevated buildings and power stations in areas that flood. In most cases, the company’s focus on flood risk “really has less to do with sea level change, and more to do with general flooding concerns,” Schulz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one exception is at so-called cable landing stations where undersea cables connect the U.S. Internet to the rest of the world. “For cable landing stations that are very close to the oceans and that have undersea cables, we specifically assess sea level changes,” Schulz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities are already working on hardening Internet infrastructure to handle the effects of climate change. For example, public buildings in and around \u003ca href=\"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~ordpics/31158_ex1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seattle are connected\u003c/a> by fiber optic cable meant to make the region more resilient to disasters, including floods. Other cities are rethinking how and where they build roads, which could affect where Internet infrastructure ends up; cables often follow highways and other public rights of way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durairajan says that upgrading hardware is one good strategy, but that avoiding Internet disruptions from sea level rise also might require companies to rethink the way data flows through their networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, if some wires are temporarily flooded, “can we reroute traffic from that area, to keep communication going? Can we isolate damage at coastal areas from inland assets? We have to start the mitigation strategies and planning right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rising+Seas+Could+Cause+Problems+For+Internet+Infrastructure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Internet relies on a network of cables, many buried underground along U.S. coastlines. A new analysis finds sea level rise could put thousands of miles of cable underwater in the next 15 years.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927686,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":757},"headData":{"title":"Rising Seas Could Cause Problems For Internet Infrastructure | KQED","description":"The Internet relies on a network of cables, many buried underground along U.S. coastlines. A new analysis finds sea level rise could put thousands of miles of cable underwater in the next 15 years.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Rising Seas Could Cause Problems For Internet Infrastructure","datePublished":"2018-07-17T19:22:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:01:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Stan Honda","nprByline":"Rebecca Hersher, NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"627254166","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=627254166&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/16/627254166/rising-seas-could-cause-problems-for-internet-infrastructure?ft=nprml&f=627254166","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 16 Jul 2018 17:54:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 16 Jul 2018 14:53:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 16 Jul 2018 17:54:30 -0400","path":"/science/1927537/rising-seas-could-cause-problems-for-internet-infrastructure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The dense network of cables that make up the Internet is likely to be inundated with saltwater as sea levels rise, a new analysis suggests, putting thousands of miles of critical infrastructure along U.S. coastlines underwater in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is actually the wires and the hardware that make the Internet run,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~ram/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ramakrishnan Durairajan\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at the University of Oregon and an author of the research. The analysis estimates under the most severe model for sea level rise that more than 4,000 miles of fiber optic cable along U.S. coastlines will be underwater by the early 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet is particularly susceptible to flooding because data travels through underground cables buried along roadways and through tunnels. While the massive deep sea cables that carry data under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are designed to be permanently underwater, other infrastructure such as copper wiring and power stations are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If thousands of miles of cable were flooded because sea level rise, it could potentially impact Internet reliability for millions of Americans in major cities. In fact, higher temperatures and more powerful storms, both of which are more likely as the climate changes, have already affected Internet hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.itnews.com.au/news/iinets-perth-data-centre-melts-in-heatwave-399128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat wave in Australia\u003c/a> fried air conditioners at a key data center, cutting off a major company’s Internet service for hours. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/hurricane-sandy-disrupts-wireless-and-internet-services/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Superstorm Sandy\u003c/a> knocked out some Internet in New York City when floodwaters cut off power and drowned the underground cables that carry data. At the time, Verizon’s executive director of operations \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/17/3655442/restoring-verizon-service-manhattan-hurricane-sandy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>that there had been a “catastrophic failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Irma blew across Florida last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174827041.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Miami Herald reported\u003c/a> that many people were without Internet for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels will make the flooding from such storms worse, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590901652/new-report-predicts-rising-tides-more-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600140-Durairajan-ANRW-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly published analysis\u003c/a> sets aside storms and, for the sake of clarity, focuses on predictable flooding from sea level rise. Large, dense coastal cities such as New York, Miami and Seattle appear to have the highest risk of Internet disruption from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet service providers say they are already thinking about the risks from flooding along the U.S. coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AT&T uses fiber optic cable “designed for use in coastal areas as well as being submerged in either salt- or fresh-water conditions,” spokesman Jeff Kobs says. “In certain locations where cabling will be submerged for long periods of time or consistently exposed, such as beaches or in subways, we use submarine underwater cabling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to mitigate flood risk is to replace copper wiring with more flood-resilient cables. “After Sandy, we started upgrading our network in earnest, and replacing our copper assets with fiber assets,” says Verizon spokeswoman Karen Schulz. “Copper is impacted by water, whereas fiber is not. We’ve switched significant amounts of our network from copper to fiber in the Northeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Verizon has also elevated buildings and power stations in areas that flood. In most cases, the company’s focus on flood risk “really has less to do with sea level change, and more to do with general flooding concerns,” Schulz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one exception is at so-called cable landing stations where undersea cables connect the U.S. Internet to the rest of the world. “For cable landing stations that are very close to the oceans and that have undersea cables, we specifically assess sea level changes,” Schulz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities are already working on hardening Internet infrastructure to handle the effects of climate change. For example, public buildings in and around \u003ca href=\"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~ordpics/31158_ex1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seattle are connected\u003c/a> by fiber optic cable meant to make the region more resilient to disasters, including floods. Other cities are rethinking how and where they build roads, which could affect where Internet infrastructure ends up; cables often follow highways and other public rights of way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durairajan says that upgrading hardware is one good strategy, but that avoiding Internet disruptions from sea level rise also might require companies to rethink the way data flows through their networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, if some wires are temporarily flooded, “can we reroute traffic from that area, to keep communication going? Can we isolate damage at coastal areas from inland assets? We have to start the mitigation strategies and planning right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rising+Seas+Could+Cause+Problems+For+Internet+Infrastructure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927537/rising-seas-could-cause-problems-for-internet-infrastructure","authors":["byline_science_1927537"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_194","science_2114","science_508","science_206","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1927538","label":"source_science_1927537"},"science_1925435":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925435","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925435","score":null,"sort":[1528491630000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"google-pledges-not-to-use-ai-for-weapons-or-surveillance","title":"Google Pledges Not To Use AI For Weapons Or Surveillance","publishDate":1528491630,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Google Pledges Not To Use AI For Weapons Or Surveillance | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Google pledges that it will not use artificial intelligence in applications related to weapons or surveillance, part of a new set of principles designed to govern how it uses AI.[contextly_sidebar id=”1Fqy01u4TEQmHYN2FDcuGZjPZeRXobLZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those principles, released by Google CEO Sundar Pichai, commit Google to building AI applications that are “socially beneficial,” that avoid creating or reinforcing bias and that are accountable to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement follows Google’s reported decision not to renew a Pentagon contract in which its AI technology helped analyze drone footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google recently announced Duplex, a human-sounding digital concierge that booked appointments with human receptionists in a May demonstration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some ethicists were concerned that call recipients could be duped into thinking the robot was human. Google has said Duplex will identify itself so that wouldn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The announcement follows Google’s reported decision not to renew a Pentagon contract in which its AI technology helped analyze drone footage.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927829,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":140},"headData":{"title":"Google Pledges Not To Use AI For Weapons Or Surveillance | KQED","description":"The announcement follows Google’s reported decision not to renew a Pentagon contract in which its AI technology helped analyze drone footage.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Google Pledges Not To Use AI For Weapons Or Surveillance","datePublished":"2018-06-08T21:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:03:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Technology","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/science/1925435/google-pledges-not-to-use-ai-for-weapons-or-surveillance","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Google pledges that it will not use artificial intelligence in applications related to weapons or surveillance, part of a new set of principles designed to govern how it uses AI.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those principles, released by Google CEO Sundar Pichai, commit Google to building AI applications that are “socially beneficial,” that avoid creating or reinforcing bias and that are accountable to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement follows Google’s reported decision not to renew a Pentagon contract in which its AI technology helped analyze drone footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google recently announced Duplex, a human-sounding digital concierge that booked appointments with human receptionists in a May demonstration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some ethicists were concerned that call recipients could be duped into thinking the robot was human. Google has said Duplex will identify itself so that wouldn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925435/google-pledges-not-to-use-ai-for-weapons-or-surveillance","authors":["byline_science_1925435"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_508","science_3563","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1925440","label":"source_science_1925435"},"science_1921753":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921753","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921753","score":null,"sort":[1522177174000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-even-possible-to-protect-your-privacy-on-facebook","title":"Is It Even Possible To Protect Your Privacy On Facebook?","publishDate":1522177174,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Is It Even Possible To Protect Your Privacy On Facebook? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The recent revelations that personal data from about 50 million Facebook users were used by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/20/595124809/u-k-seeks-search-warrant-on-cambridge-analytica-ceo-seen-in-hidden-camera-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data analytics firm\u003c/a> working for the Trump campaign are making a lot of the social network’s users uneasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are wondering if there’s a better way to limit who can access their personal information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shanna Carlile-Roy, a part time student living in a remote area of northern California, is on Facebook, but she’s uncomfortable with its privacy policies. Yet she stays on the site. “I feel trapped with the site because it’s such a form of connection that I’ve become dependent on,” she says.[contextly_sidebar id=”EyH5cxcz9PZU44HfEIuMX4JdFkNZ6ZY2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlile-Roy tries to use Facebook’s privacy settings. But she says it’s not so easy. “You’re expected to go and try to research it yourself, read through all the fine print and it’s still really elusive,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few things you can do. Let’s start with apps. Cambridge Analytica, the firm with ties to the Trump campaign, got user data through a researcher who had an app. Apps are one way your Facebook information winds up outside of its walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you use an app for a game, a survey or anything, you’re sharing your data. There is a way to stop this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emory Roane of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse says “users can and certainly should go to their Facebook page and check their connected apps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, go to settings. Click on Apps. Click on Apps, Websites and Plugins. Then you can deny access to all apps by clicking “disable platform.” That’s straightforward.[contextly_sidebar id=”4E4fKwaomliyXcSdVoG74ae4iDZgQcjP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want to deny all apps, you can deny access to certain details about yourself — your religion, your family connections, your interests. Just click on “Edit” for “Apps Others Use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want Facebook following you around, Roane says, turn off location services. “If it’s asking for your location information all the time or when the app is up,” he says, “maybe set it to only when the app is up or disable it altogether.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or just don’t use Facebook on your phone. There are other steps you can take, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/privacy/facebook-privacy-settings/\">laid out\u003c/a> by public interest organizations like Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Terrell McSweeny, a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission, warns users not to be overly confident of keeping all their information private. There are certain details that will be made public on Facebook no matter what you do.[contextly_sidebar id=”wiOL5HI9xlmWfVQho7mySIQIaTcna1cW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your name, your profile picture, your gender, your cover photos, your networks, your user name are always publicly available,” McSweeny says. “That’s part of the policy of that website.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, a group that advocates for privacy rights, says Facebook has a reputation for suddenly changing its privacy rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could spend all day trying to protect your privacy on Facebook,” he says. “You wouldn’t be able to go to work or school. You’d be spending your day full time dealing with Facebook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester does not think creating better privacy controls is the answer for consumers. “I think for the average person there’s nothing that one can do to protect their privacy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester thinks Europe has the right idea. On May 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eugdpr.org/the-regulation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new law\u003c/a> there will take effect allowing regulators there “to be able to come down heavy on Facebook, Google and the others,” Chester says. The companies will be required “to get your permission first before they can use your data and create new limits on the ways that Facebook and Google and others operate,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester says it will be interesting to see if the new rules in Europe hurt Facebook profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview earlier this week on CNN, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said he wouldn’t object to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/21/595793244/zuckerberg-breaks-silence-promises-to-protect-facebook-community\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some regulation of Facebook\u003c/a>. But it seems unlikely he’d welcome what’s about to happen in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+Even+Possible+To+Protect+Your+Privacy+On+Facebook%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Creating better privacy controls is not an adequate solution for consumers, says one expert.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928064,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":746},"headData":{"title":"Is It Even Possible To Protect Your Privacy On Facebook? | KQED","description":"Creating better privacy controls is not an adequate solution for consumers, says one expert.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is It Even Possible To Protect Your Privacy On Facebook?","datePublished":"2018-03-27T18:59:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:07:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Future of You","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Justin Sullivan","nprByline":"Laura Sydell\u003cbr />NPR All Tech Considered","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"596206770","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=596206770&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/03/24/596206770/is-it-even-possible-to-protect-your-privacy-on-facebook?ft=nprml&f=596206770","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 24 Mar 2018 19:28:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 24 Mar 2018 07:27:36 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 24 Mar 2018 19:28:53 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/03/20180324_wesat_is_it_even_possible_to_protect_your_privacy_on_facebook.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&d=191&p=7&story=596206770&ft=nprml&f=596206770","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1596647539-4c8da0.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1019&d=191&p=7&story=596206770&ft=nprml&f=596206770","path":"/science/1921753/is-it-even-possible-to-protect-your-privacy-on-facebook","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/03/20180324_wesat_is_it_even_possible_to_protect_your_privacy_on_facebook.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&d=191&p=7&story=596206770&ft=nprml&f=596206770","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The recent revelations that personal data from about 50 million Facebook users were used by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/20/595124809/u-k-seeks-search-warrant-on-cambridge-analytica-ceo-seen-in-hidden-camera-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data analytics firm\u003c/a> working for the Trump campaign are making a lot of the social network’s users uneasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are wondering if there’s a better way to limit who can access their personal information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shanna Carlile-Roy, a part time student living in a remote area of northern California, is on Facebook, but she’s uncomfortable with its privacy policies. Yet she stays on the site. “I feel trapped with the site because it’s such a form of connection that I’ve become dependent on,” she says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlile-Roy tries to use Facebook’s privacy settings. But she says it’s not so easy. “You’re expected to go and try to research it yourself, read through all the fine print and it’s still really elusive,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few things you can do. Let’s start with apps. Cambridge Analytica, the firm with ties to the Trump campaign, got user data through a researcher who had an app. Apps are one way your Facebook information winds up outside of its walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you use an app for a game, a survey or anything, you’re sharing your data. There is a way to stop this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emory Roane of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse says “users can and certainly should go to their Facebook page and check their connected apps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, go to settings. Click on Apps. Click on Apps, Websites and Plugins. Then you can deny access to all apps by clicking “disable platform.” That’s straightforward.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want to deny all apps, you can deny access to certain details about yourself — your religion, your family connections, your interests. Just click on “Edit” for “Apps Others Use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want Facebook following you around, Roane says, turn off location services. “If it’s asking for your location information all the time or when the app is up,” he says, “maybe set it to only when the app is up or disable it altogether.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or just don’t use Facebook on your phone. There are other steps you can take, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/privacy/facebook-privacy-settings/\">laid out\u003c/a> by public interest organizations like Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Terrell McSweeny, a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission, warns users not to be overly confident of keeping all their information private. There are certain details that will be made public on Facebook no matter what you do.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your name, your profile picture, your gender, your cover photos, your networks, your user name are always publicly available,” McSweeny says. “That’s part of the policy of that website.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, a group that advocates for privacy rights, says Facebook has a reputation for suddenly changing its privacy rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could spend all day trying to protect your privacy on Facebook,” he says. “You wouldn’t be able to go to work or school. You’d be spending your day full time dealing with Facebook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester does not think creating better privacy controls is the answer for consumers. “I think for the average person there’s nothing that one can do to protect their privacy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester thinks Europe has the right idea. On May 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eugdpr.org/the-regulation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new law\u003c/a> there will take effect allowing regulators there “to be able to come down heavy on Facebook, Google and the others,” Chester says. The companies will be required “to get your permission first before they can use your data and create new limits on the ways that Facebook and Google and others operate,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester says it will be interesting to see if the new rules in Europe hurt Facebook profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview earlier this week on CNN, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said he wouldn’t object to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/21/595793244/zuckerberg-breaks-silence-promises-to-protect-facebook-community\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some regulation of Facebook\u003c/a>. But it seems unlikely he’d welcome what’s about to happen in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+Even+Possible+To+Protect+Your+Privacy+On+Facebook%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921753/is-it-even-possible-to-protect-your-privacy-on-facebook","authors":["byline_science_1921753"],"categories":["science_35","science_37","science_3151","science_40"],"tags":["science_508","science_3563","science_697","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1921754","label":"source_science_1921753"},"science_1920917":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920917","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920917","score":null,"sort":[1520622922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"study-finds-false-stories-travel-way-faster-than-the-truth","title":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth","publishDate":1520622922,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Twitter loves lies. A new study finds that false information on the social media network travels six times faster than the truth and reaches far more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t blame bots; it’s us, say the authors of the largest study of online misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology looked at more than 126,000 stories tweeted millions of times between 2006 and the end of 2016 — before Donald Trump took office but during the combative presidential campaign. They found that “fake news” sped through Twitter “farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information,” according to the study in Thursday’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> .[contextly_sidebar id=”Vupmk4xaDXVozxxmbAzhN2mrm5PSx8XI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, falsity wins out,” said co-author Deb Roy, who runs MIT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/social-machines/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory for Social Machines\u003c/a> and is a former chief media scientist at Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter funded the study but had no say in the outcome, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retweeting Fake News\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe scientists calculated that the average false story takes about 10 hours to reach 1,500 Twitter users, versus about 60 hours for the truth. On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people than true news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While true news stories almost never got retweeted to 1,000 people, the top 1 percent of the false ones got to as many as 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers looked at how stories cascade — how they link from one person to another like a family tree — false information reached as many as 24 generations, while true information maxed out at a dozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concern over bogus stories online has escalated in recent months because of evidence the Russians spread disinformation on social media during the 2016 presidential campaign to sow discord in the U.S. and damage Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-642085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Social media companies have experimented with using computer algorithms and human fact-checkers to try to weed out false information and abuse online. Twitter earlier this month said it is seeking help from outside experts to better deal with the problem. And Facebook this week announced a partnership with The Associated Press to identify and debunk false and misleading stories about the midterm elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have witnessed abuse, harassment, troll armies, manipulation through bots and human-coordination, misinformation campaigns and increasingly divisive echo chambers,” tweeted Twitter co-founder and CEO Jack Dorsey. “We aren’t proud of how people have taken advantage of our service, or our inability to address it fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact-Checking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe MIT study took the 126,285 stories and checked them against six independent fact-checking sites — snopes.com, politifact.com, factcheck.org, truthorfiction.com, hoax-slayer.com and urbanlegends.about.com— to classify them as true, false or mixed. Nearly two-thirds were false, just under one-fifth were true, and the rest were mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six fact-checking websites agreed with each other on classification at least 95 percent of the time, plus two outside researchers did some independent fact-checking to make sure everything was OK, said co-author Sinan Aral, an MIT management professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Soroush Vosoughi, an MIT data scientist, said the three false stories that traveled the farthest and fastest were about a Muslim \u003ca href=\"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/zouheir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guard\u003c/a> called a hero in the Paris bombings of 2015; an Iraq war veteran finishing as runner-up to Caitlyn Jenner for an ESPN courage \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jun/04/facebook-posts/no-iraq-veteran-wasnt-runnerup-caitlyn-jenner-espn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award\u003c/a> ; and an episode of “The Simpsons” that had a story line in 2000 about a Trump presidency. (It was in 2015.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson, a co-founder of factcheck.org, had problems with the way the study looked at true and false stories. The MIT team characterized a story’s truth on a 1-to-5 scale, with 1 being completely false. Factcheck.org, Jamieson said, looks more at context and does not label something either true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also suggested that calling this bogus information “false stories” does not capture how malignant it is. She said it would “better be called viral deception. VD. And treated as analogous to venereal disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bots & Cyborgs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers looked at obvious bots — automated accounts — and took them out. While the bots tweeted false information at a higher rate than humans, it wasn’t that much of a difference, and even without bots, lies still spread faster and farther, Roy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lazer, a political and computer scientist at Northeastern University who wasn’t part of the study but wrote an accompanying report, praised the MIT research but said the scientists may have missed a lot of bots and cyborgs — sort of in-between humans. His ongoing, not-yet-published research has found that about 80 percent of false stories come from just one-tenth of 1 percent of users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers dug deeper to find out what kind of false information travels faster and farther. False political stories — researchers didn’t separate conservative versus liberal — and stuff that was surprising or anger-provoking spread faster than other types of lies, Aral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Falsehood was significantly more novel than the truth,” Aral said. “It’s easy to be novel when you make things up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits perfectly with previous research on the psychology of fake information, said Yale University’s Dan Kahan and Dartmouth College’s Brendan Nyhan, scientists who study the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more strange and more sensational the story sounds, the more likely they are going to retweet,” Kahan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan and Lazer said that while more fact-checking and education of people on how to tell fake from real can be helpful, the more effective solution will have to come from the social media platforms themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy said the study results reminded him of the often-cited quotation that essentially says a lie can travel halfway around the world before the truth can get its boots — or pants — on. It’s been attributed to Mark Twain and Winston Churchill. But that would be misinformation. Politifact traced a version of it back to Jonathan Swift in 1710.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people while true news almost never got retweeted.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928131,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1067},"headData":{"title":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth | KQED","description":"On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people while true news almost never got retweeted.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth","datePublished":"2018-03-09T19:15:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Seth Borenstein\u003cbr />Associated Press","path":"/science/1920917/study-finds-false-stories-travel-way-faster-than-the-truth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twitter loves lies. A new study finds that false information on the social media network travels six times faster than the truth and reaches far more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t blame bots; it’s us, say the authors of the largest study of online misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology looked at more than 126,000 stories tweeted millions of times between 2006 and the end of 2016 — before Donald Trump took office but during the combative presidential campaign. They found that “fake news” sped through Twitter “farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information,” according to the study in Thursday’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, falsity wins out,” said co-author Deb Roy, who runs MIT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/social-machines/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory for Social Machines\u003c/a> and is a former chief media scientist at Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter funded the study but had no say in the outcome, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retweeting Fake News\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe scientists calculated that the average false story takes about 10 hours to reach 1,500 Twitter users, versus about 60 hours for the truth. On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people than true news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While true news stories almost never got retweeted to 1,000 people, the top 1 percent of the false ones got to as many as 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers looked at how stories cascade — how they link from one person to another like a family tree — false information reached as many as 24 generations, while true information maxed out at a dozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concern over bogus stories online has escalated in recent months because of evidence the Russians spread disinformation on social media during the 2016 presidential campaign to sow discord in the U.S. and damage Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-642085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Social media companies have experimented with using computer algorithms and human fact-checkers to try to weed out false information and abuse online. Twitter earlier this month said it is seeking help from outside experts to better deal with the problem. And Facebook this week announced a partnership with The Associated Press to identify and debunk false and misleading stories about the midterm elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have witnessed abuse, harassment, troll armies, manipulation through bots and human-coordination, misinformation campaigns and increasingly divisive echo chambers,” tweeted Twitter co-founder and CEO Jack Dorsey. “We aren’t proud of how people have taken advantage of our service, or our inability to address it fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact-Checking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe MIT study took the 126,285 stories and checked them against six independent fact-checking sites — snopes.com, politifact.com, factcheck.org, truthorfiction.com, hoax-slayer.com and urbanlegends.about.com— to classify them as true, false or mixed. Nearly two-thirds were false, just under one-fifth were true, and the rest were mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six fact-checking websites agreed with each other on classification at least 95 percent of the time, plus two outside researchers did some independent fact-checking to make sure everything was OK, said co-author Sinan Aral, an MIT management professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Soroush Vosoughi, an MIT data scientist, said the three false stories that traveled the farthest and fastest were about a Muslim \u003ca href=\"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/zouheir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guard\u003c/a> called a hero in the Paris bombings of 2015; an Iraq war veteran finishing as runner-up to Caitlyn Jenner for an ESPN courage \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jun/04/facebook-posts/no-iraq-veteran-wasnt-runnerup-caitlyn-jenner-espn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award\u003c/a> ; and an episode of “The Simpsons” that had a story line in 2000 about a Trump presidency. (It was in 2015.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson, a co-founder of factcheck.org, had problems with the way the study looked at true and false stories. The MIT team characterized a story’s truth on a 1-to-5 scale, with 1 being completely false. Factcheck.org, Jamieson said, looks more at context and does not label something either true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also suggested that calling this bogus information “false stories” does not capture how malignant it is. She said it would “better be called viral deception. VD. And treated as analogous to venereal disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bots & Cyborgs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers looked at obvious bots — automated accounts — and took them out. While the bots tweeted false information at a higher rate than humans, it wasn’t that much of a difference, and even without bots, lies still spread faster and farther, Roy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lazer, a political and computer scientist at Northeastern University who wasn’t part of the study but wrote an accompanying report, praised the MIT research but said the scientists may have missed a lot of bots and cyborgs — sort of in-between humans. His ongoing, not-yet-published research has found that about 80 percent of false stories come from just one-tenth of 1 percent of users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers dug deeper to find out what kind of false information travels faster and farther. False political stories — researchers didn’t separate conservative versus liberal — and stuff that was surprising or anger-provoking spread faster than other types of lies, Aral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Falsehood was significantly more novel than the truth,” Aral said. “It’s easy to be novel when you make things up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits perfectly with previous research on the psychology of fake information, said Yale University’s Dan Kahan and Dartmouth College’s Brendan Nyhan, scientists who study the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more strange and more sensational the story sounds, the more likely they are going to retweet,” Kahan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan and Lazer said that while more fact-checking and education of people on how to tell fake from real can be helpful, the more effective solution will have to come from the social media platforms themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy said the study results reminded him of the often-cited quotation that essentially says a lie can travel halfway around the world before the truth can get its boots — or pants — on. It’s been attributed to Mark Twain and Winston Churchill. But that would be misinformation. Politifact traced a version of it back to Jonathan Swift in 1710.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920917/study-finds-false-stories-travel-way-faster-than-the-truth","authors":["byline_science_1920917"],"categories":["science_32","science_40"],"tags":["science_508","science_813","science_1342","science_697","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1920919","label":"science"},"science_14456":{"type":"posts","id":"science_14456","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"14456","score":null,"sort":[1393945249000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"compassion-happiness-internet","title":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness?","publishDate":1393945249,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14830\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14830\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" alt='\"Kindness\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Kindness” (Hossein Ghodsi/\u003ca title=\"Hossein Ghodsi - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mhghodsi/3532021956/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know how Jesus said to love thy neighbor and Buddha urged compassion for all beings? Well, modern science agrees. Stanford psychologists \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Jazaieri-et-al.-2013.pdf\">recently found\u003c/a> that cultivating compassion not only makes you kinder, it makes you happier—as well as less worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But compassion is having a tough time in the age of the internet. We’re more connected than ever, but also more distracted. We answer e-mail while talking on the phone, text one friend while having dinner with another. Such multitasking erodes awareness, a key component of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 244px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14829\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14829 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" alt=\"Trolls\" width=\"244\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trolls can terrorize the internet, as well as Bilbo Baggins. (Tristan Schmurr/\u003ca title=\"Tristan Schmurr - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kewl/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Distraction isn’t the worst of it. \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Internet Troll\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)\">Internet trolls\u003c/a> fill the web with flame wars, offensive YouTube comments and bullying. For the most part, trolls aren’t psychopaths, just ordinary people who act like jerks online. Psychologist John Suler \u003ca title=\"The Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://www.samblackman.org/Articles/Suler.pdf\">described the phenomenon\u003c/a> in 2007, attributing it to a combination of factors such as physical invisibility and anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotional disconnect caused by technological connection is a thorny problem. And if anyone loves to solve problems, it’s Silicon Valley engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coding Compassion Into the Internet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology isn’t the end; it’s the means to a greater end,” says Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of \u003ca title=\"IndieGoGo\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/\">Indiegogo\u003c/a>. She described how the crowdfunding platform has been used to give gifts and right wrongs at \u003ca title=\"Wisdom 2.0\" href=\"http://www.wisdom2summit.com/About\">Wisdom 2.0\u003c/a>, an annual Bay Area conference about integrating kindness and mindfulness with business and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”120a7ee1c0208676cc812348061b1636″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at this year’s gathering (February 14-17 at the San Francisco Marriot Marquis) included a Benedictine monk, the CEO of Zappos.com, a VP from Google and Alanis Morissette. It’s not just talk—a past conference inspired \u003ca title=\"Mercury New - Interview with Facebook's Arturo Bejar\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_21544652/mercury-news-interview-arturo-bejar-facebook-director-engineering\">changes in Facebook\u003c/a> to help users work out interpersonal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisdom 2.0 has blossomed from a few hundred people at its inaugural meeting in 2010 to a few thousand in 2014. San Francisco, once famed for its hippie culture of love, yoga and drugs, now appears to be the epicenter for a “second wave” of interest in love, yoga—and tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science of Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Stanford University School of Medicine founded the \u003ca title=\"The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/\">Center for Compassion and Altruism Research Education\u003c/a>, aiming to study basic human goodness with scientific rigor. Researchers developed a 9-week Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) program, which includes meditation and practicing compassion for yourself and for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researcher Hooria Jazaieri conducted a randomized controlled trial with 100 subjects and found that the training did indeed increase compassion. Not only that, but it enhanced happiness and decreased worry. Their findings were published in February in the journal \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11031-013-9368-z\">Motivation and Emotion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the emphasis in CCT on focusing on the suffering of oneself and others, the increases in happiness associated with CCT may seem paradoxical,” they wrote. They speculated that the boost could be due to participants learning to be simply aware of suffering, without trying to suppress it or ruminate on it. Participants are also taught to cultivate a desire to help, which might bolster their opinion of their own competence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14833\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14833 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Hands holding phones\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technology has tremendous power to connect, not just distract (JR_Paris/\u003ca title=\"JR_Paris - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jrparis/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future studies could test exactly what it is about compassion that makes people happier, but the mere fact that it does is both encouragement for the future and explanation for the present. Even on the internet, the troll-creating \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect\">online disinhibition effect\u003c/a> is not always toxic—as Suler wrote, people can also “show unusual acts of kindness and generosity, sometimes going out of their way to help others.” Ringelmann offered the example of an Indiegogo campaign to \u003ca title=\"Indiegogo - Let's Give Karen a Vacation\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/lets-give-karen-the-bus-monitor-h-klein-a-vacation--6\">give a vacation\u003c/a> to a woman who had been bullied at her job. The funding goal was exceeded a hundred times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps one day these “internet elves” will outnumber the trolls.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Compassion makes us happy, but the internet makes us jerks. Is there a way to cultivate kindness in the digital age? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934084,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness? | KQED","description":"Compassion makes us happy, but the internet makes us jerks. Is there a way to cultivate kindness in the digital age? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness?","datePublished":"2014-03-04T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:48:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/14456/compassion-happiness-internet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14830\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14830\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" alt='\"Kindness\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Kindness” (Hossein Ghodsi/\u003ca title=\"Hossein Ghodsi - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mhghodsi/3532021956/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know how Jesus said to love thy neighbor and Buddha urged compassion for all beings? Well, modern science agrees. Stanford psychologists \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Jazaieri-et-al.-2013.pdf\">recently found\u003c/a> that cultivating compassion not only makes you kinder, it makes you happier—as well as less worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But compassion is having a tough time in the age of the internet. We’re more connected than ever, but also more distracted. We answer e-mail while talking on the phone, text one friend while having dinner with another. Such multitasking erodes awareness, a key component of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 244px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14829\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14829 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" alt=\"Trolls\" width=\"244\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trolls can terrorize the internet, as well as Bilbo Baggins. (Tristan Schmurr/\u003ca title=\"Tristan Schmurr - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kewl/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Distraction isn’t the worst of it. \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Internet Troll\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)\">Internet trolls\u003c/a> fill the web with flame wars, offensive YouTube comments and bullying. For the most part, trolls aren’t psychopaths, just ordinary people who act like jerks online. Psychologist John Suler \u003ca title=\"The Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://www.samblackman.org/Articles/Suler.pdf\">described the phenomenon\u003c/a> in 2007, attributing it to a combination of factors such as physical invisibility and anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotional disconnect caused by technological connection is a thorny problem. And if anyone loves to solve problems, it’s Silicon Valley engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coding Compassion Into the Internet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology isn’t the end; it’s the means to a greater end,” says Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of \u003ca title=\"IndieGoGo\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/\">Indiegogo\u003c/a>. She described how the crowdfunding platform has been used to give gifts and right wrongs at \u003ca title=\"Wisdom 2.0\" href=\"http://www.wisdom2summit.com/About\">Wisdom 2.0\u003c/a>, an annual Bay Area conference about integrating kindness and mindfulness with business and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at this year’s gathering (February 14-17 at the San Francisco Marriot Marquis) included a Benedictine monk, the CEO of Zappos.com, a VP from Google and Alanis Morissette. It’s not just talk—a past conference inspired \u003ca title=\"Mercury New - Interview with Facebook's Arturo Bejar\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_21544652/mercury-news-interview-arturo-bejar-facebook-director-engineering\">changes in Facebook\u003c/a> to help users work out interpersonal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisdom 2.0 has blossomed from a few hundred people at its inaugural meeting in 2010 to a few thousand in 2014. San Francisco, once famed for its hippie culture of love, yoga and drugs, now appears to be the epicenter for a “second wave” of interest in love, yoga—and tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science of Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Stanford University School of Medicine founded the \u003ca title=\"The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/\">Center for Compassion and Altruism Research Education\u003c/a>, aiming to study basic human goodness with scientific rigor. Researchers developed a 9-week Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) program, which includes meditation and practicing compassion for yourself and for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researcher Hooria Jazaieri conducted a randomized controlled trial with 100 subjects and found that the training did indeed increase compassion. Not only that, but it enhanced happiness and decreased worry. Their findings were published in February in the journal \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11031-013-9368-z\">Motivation and Emotion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the emphasis in CCT on focusing on the suffering of oneself and others, the increases in happiness associated with CCT may seem paradoxical,” they wrote. They speculated that the boost could be due to participants learning to be simply aware of suffering, without trying to suppress it or ruminate on it. Participants are also taught to cultivate a desire to help, which might bolster their opinion of their own competence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14833\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14833 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Hands holding phones\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technology has tremendous power to connect, not just distract (JR_Paris/\u003ca title=\"JR_Paris - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jrparis/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future studies could test exactly what it is about compassion that makes people happier, but the mere fact that it does is both encouragement for the future and explanation for the present. Even on the internet, the troll-creating \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect\">online disinhibition effect\u003c/a> is not always toxic—as Suler wrote, people can also “show unusual acts of kindness and generosity, sometimes going out of their way to help others.” Ringelmann offered the example of an Indiegogo campaign to \u003ca title=\"Indiegogo - Let's Give Karen a Vacation\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/lets-give-karen-the-bus-monitor-h-klein-a-vacation--6\">give a vacation\u003c/a> to a woman who had been bullied at her job. The funding goal was exceeded a hundred times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps one day these “internet elves” will outnumber the trolls.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/14456/compassion-happiness-internet","authors":["6324"],"categories":["science_89","science_39"],"tags":["science_64","science_508","science_1342"],"featImg":"science_14830","label":"science"},"science_6216":{"type":"posts","id":"science_6216","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"6216","score":null,"sort":[1375195270000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"google-looking-to-launch-high-flying-wireless-project","title":"Google Looking to Launch High-Flying Wireless Project","publishDate":1375195270,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Google Looking to Launch High-Flying Wireless Project | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Google is testing a project that would bring the internet to people in rural areas and developing nations via high-altitude balloons. The program, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/loon/\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, comes out of Google’s experimental lab, known as Google X. The idea is to send big remote-controlled balloons up into the atmosphere, about twice as high as commercial jets fly. Radios mounted on the balloons would send internet back to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/loon-e1375143486256.jpg\" alt=\"A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That would be useful in places too remote for cables, explained Google aerospace engineer Sameera Ponda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By virtue of our technology, which is essentially a network that flies above everything, we’re not limited by the same limitations that cell towers, for instance, would have,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers have tested the project in various stages in California and in New Zealand, where Ponda said, it was well-received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a few farmers in New Zealand who were able to connect from their houses. Normally they didn’t have reliable internet, and they were really excited to see this,” she said. “It was just really nice to see that this could really improve their lives a lot. They could get weather reports for their farms and things like that that could really benefit their businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet access isn’t just important for business, though. Chris Coward a research scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://tascha.uw.edu/\">Technology and Social Change Group\u003c/a> at the University of Washington’s Information School, said leisure and communication are just as important for development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people are able to expand their communication networks, we see they’re able to expand their economic and educational and even health benefits, as well,” he said. Coward said he thought that there would be regulatory and business model challenges to the project, but said it looked interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they get over their technical and other challenges, that could be a really huge boon and advantage to those rural areas which are very challenging to connect,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers are testing the balloons in California over the next few months but there’s no date for when Project Loon would officially get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Google is testing a project that would bring the internet to people in rural areas and developing nations via high-altitude balloons. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935383,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":391},"headData":{"title":"Google Looking to Launch High-Flying Wireless Project | KQED","description":"Google is testing a project that would bring the internet to people in rural areas and developing nations via high-altitude balloons. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Google Looking to Launch High-Flying Wireless Project","datePublished":"2013-07-30T14:41:10.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:09:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/6216/google-looking-to-launch-high-flying-wireless-project","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Google is testing a project that would bring the internet to people in rural areas and developing nations via high-altitude balloons. The program, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/loon/\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, comes out of Google’s experimental lab, known as Google X. The idea is to send big remote-controlled balloons up into the atmosphere, about twice as high as commercial jets fly. Radios mounted on the balloons would send internet back to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/loon-e1375143486256.jpg\" alt=\"A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That would be useful in places too remote for cables, explained Google aerospace engineer Sameera Ponda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By virtue of our technology, which is essentially a network that flies above everything, we’re not limited by the same limitations that cell towers, for instance, would have,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers have tested the project in various stages in California and in New Zealand, where Ponda said, it was well-received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a few farmers in New Zealand who were able to connect from their houses. Normally they didn’t have reliable internet, and they were really excited to see this,” she said. “It was just really nice to see that this could really improve their lives a lot. They could get weather reports for their farms and things like that that could really benefit their businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet access isn’t just important for business, though. Chris Coward a research scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://tascha.uw.edu/\">Technology and Social Change Group\u003c/a> at the University of Washington’s Information School, said leisure and communication are just as important for development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people are able to expand their communication networks, we see they’re able to expand their economic and educational and even health benefits, as well,” he said. Coward said he thought that there would be regulatory and business model challenges to the project, but said it looked interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they get over their technical and other challenges, that could be a really huge boon and advantage to those rural areas which are very challenging to connect,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers are testing the balloons in California over the next few months but there’s no date for when Project Loon would officially get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/6216/google-looking-to-launch-high-flying-wireless-project","authors":["200"],"categories":["science_89","science_40"],"tags":["science_458","science_508"],"featImg":"science_6224","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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