It's Official: Feds Open Up Central California to More Drilling
State Proposes Rules to Protect Drinking Water From Fracking Waste
Interior Secretary: Local Fracking Bans Are 'Wrong Way To Go'
New California County Fracking Bans Likely to Face Challenges
With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking's Water Use
How Water and Oil Mix in California
What California's New Fracking Rules Would Do (And Not Do)
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The move follows a similar October \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948604/feds-open-californias-central-coast-for-new-oil-drilling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ruling\u003c/a> to open up nearly 800,000 acres for gas and oil extraction in parts of the Central Coast as well as land in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, although the likelihood of new production there is slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s action further inflamed tensions between the federal government, which is barreling ahead with policies to expand domestic oil and gas production, and California and environmentalists, who want to scale back fossil fuel extraction. The state is pursuing increased oversight of fracking, for instance, recently moving to review its permitting process for drilling and passing a moratorium on some types of high-pressure well injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra immediately criticized the Trump administration’s plan, calling it “patently deficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last June, the state’s top attorney challenged a draft of the plan, arguing that officials failed to analyze how new drilling could harm residents and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not how we do things in California,” Becerra said in an emailed statement. “We’re prepared to do whatever we must to protect the health and safety of our people. We intend to be good stewards of our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustavo Aguirre Jr., Kern County director of the Central California Environmental Justice Network, argues that fossil fuel extraction is a step backward in the fight against climate change and exposes people who live in San Joaquin Valley to increased levels of pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just another system of oppression to these communities who are already overburdened,” he said. “This is not welcom(e) news at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Trump administration providing the greenlight for new drilling, the focus now turns to energy companies. Industry experts \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1951384/california-is-phasing-out-fossil-fuels-trump-wants-to-expand-drilling-somethings-gotta-give\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">say\u003c/a> they have shown little interest in developing the areas that the administration is opening up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BLM regional staff say they have received thousands of written comments from people who are concerned about the plan and promised to consider objections, the Sacramento Bee \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article238321848.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Peter Jon Shuler contributed reporting to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On Thursday, the Trump administration opened up more than a million acres of public land to drilling just as California leaders try to limit fossil fuel extraction. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848009,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":401},"headData":{"title":"It's Official: Feds Open Up Central California to More Drilling | KQED","description":"On Thursday, the Trump administration opened up more than a million acres of public land to drilling just as California leaders try to limit fossil fuel extraction. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"It's Official: Feds Open Up Central California to More Drilling","datePublished":"2019-12-13T23:09:12.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:53:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sourceUrl":"Energy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1951605/its-official-feds-open-up-central-california-to-more-drilling","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Thursday, the Trump administration pushed forward a plan to open up more than a million acres of public lands to fracking and drilling in eight counties of Central California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Land Management finalized the \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/california_fracking/pdfs/19-12-12--Prepublication-notice-of-ROD.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a>, which ends a federal moratorium on offering new leases in the state. The move follows a similar October \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948604/feds-open-californias-central-coast-for-new-oil-drilling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ruling\u003c/a> to open up nearly 800,000 acres for gas and oil extraction in parts of the Central Coast as well as land in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, although the likelihood of new production there is slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s action further inflamed tensions between the federal government, which is barreling ahead with policies to expand domestic oil and gas production, and California and environmentalists, who want to scale back fossil fuel extraction. The state is pursuing increased oversight of fracking, for instance, recently moving to review its permitting process for drilling and passing a moratorium on some types of high-pressure well injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra immediately criticized the Trump administration’s plan, calling it “patently deficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last June, the state’s top attorney challenged a draft of the plan, arguing that officials failed to analyze how new drilling could harm residents and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not how we do things in California,” Becerra said in an emailed statement. “We’re prepared to do whatever we must to protect the health and safety of our people. We intend to be good stewards of our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustavo Aguirre Jr., Kern County director of the Central California Environmental Justice Network, argues that fossil fuel extraction is a step backward in the fight against climate change and exposes people who live in San Joaquin Valley to increased levels of pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just another system of oppression to these communities who are already overburdened,” he said. “This is not welcom(e) news at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Trump administration providing the greenlight for new drilling, the focus now turns to energy companies. Industry experts \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1951384/california-is-phasing-out-fossil-fuels-trump-wants-to-expand-drilling-somethings-gotta-give\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">say\u003c/a> they have shown little interest in developing the areas that the administration is opening up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BLM regional staff say they have received thousands of written comments from people who are concerned about the plan and promised to consider objections, the Sacramento Bee \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article238321848.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Peter Jon Shuler contributed reporting to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1951605/its-official-feds-open-up-central-california-to-more-drilling","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_3840","science_134","science_3370","science_429","science_953","science_955","science_1041","science_2541","science_3322","science_3514"],"featImg":"science_1951607","label":"science"},"science_27168":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27168","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27168","score":null,"sort":[1423614500000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"state-proposes-rules-to-protect-drinking-water-from-fracking-waste","title":"State Proposes Rules to Protect Drinking Water From Fracking Waste","publishDate":1423614500,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State Proposes Rules to Protect Drinking Water From Fracking Waste | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/fracking-photo-e1423612950444-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27177 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/fracking-photo-e1423612950444-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A pump jack and hydraulic fracturing tanks next to a farm over the Monterey Shale formation where a majority of fracking in California takes place. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pump jack and hydraulic fracturing tanks next to a farm in Lost Hills, Calif. (David McNew/Getty Images) \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California officials have outlined a plan to make sure oil companies don’t contaminate aquifers where the water is clean enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules proposal was drafted under pressure, amid a federal deadline and reports that, for years, state regulators gave oil companies permission to inject wastewater into aquifers that were supposed to be protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every barrel of petroleum that oil companies bring up, they get several more barrels of wastewater, which can be tainted with salt and chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For California, the country’s third-largest oil producer, this adds up to billions of gallons of wastewater each year, the bulk of which is simply injected back underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/State-let-oil-companies-taint-drinkable-water-in-6054242.php\">recent reports\u003c/a> say \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/business/article9345830.html\">in more than 2,500 cases\u003c/a>, state officials gave permission for oil companies to inject wastewater into aquifers protected under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/index.cfm\">Safe Drinking Water Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a fourth year of drought looming, more people and farms in California are relying on water pumped from underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules could affect everything from how injection wells are built to monitoring requirements.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Under pressure from a federal deadline and amid news reports that state regulators allowed oil companies to inject wastewater into aquifers clean enough to drink from, officials outlined plans for new safeguards.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932286,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":203},"headData":{"title":"State Proposes Rules to Protect Drinking Water From Fracking Waste | KQED","description":"Under pressure from a federal deadline and amid news reports that state regulators allowed oil companies to inject wastewater into aquifers clean enough to drink from, officials outlined plans for new safeguards.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"State Proposes Rules to Protect Drinking Water From Fracking Waste","datePublished":"2015-02-11T00:28:20.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:18:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/27168/state-proposes-rules-to-protect-drinking-water-from-fracking-waste","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/fracking-photo-e1423612950444-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27177 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/fracking-photo-e1423612950444-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A pump jack and hydraulic fracturing tanks next to a farm over the Monterey Shale formation where a majority of fracking in California takes place. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pump jack and hydraulic fracturing tanks next to a farm in Lost Hills, Calif. (David McNew/Getty Images) \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California officials have outlined a plan to make sure oil companies don’t contaminate aquifers where the water is clean enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules proposal was drafted under pressure, amid a federal deadline and reports that, for years, state regulators gave oil companies permission to inject wastewater into aquifers that were supposed to be protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every barrel of petroleum that oil companies bring up, they get several more barrels of wastewater, which can be tainted with salt and chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For California, the country’s third-largest oil producer, this adds up to billions of gallons of wastewater each year, the bulk of which is simply injected back underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/State-let-oil-companies-taint-drinkable-water-in-6054242.php\">recent reports\u003c/a> say \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/business/article9345830.html\">in more than 2,500 cases\u003c/a>, state officials gave permission for oil companies to inject wastewater into aquifers protected under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/index.cfm\">Safe Drinking Water Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a fourth year of drought looming, more people and farms in California are relying on water pumped from underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules could affect everything from how injection wells are built to monitoring requirements.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27168/state-proposes-rules-to-protect-drinking-water-from-fracking-waste","authors":["6609"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_38","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_429","science_955"],"label":"science"},"science_25752":{"type":"posts","id":"science_25752","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"25752","score":null,"sort":[1420207248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"interior-secretary-local-fracking-bans-are-wrong-way-to-go","title":"Interior Secretary: Local Fracking Bans Are 'Wrong Way To Go'","publishDate":1420207248,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Interior Secretary: Local Fracking Bans Are ‘Wrong Way To Go’ | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25788\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Fracking-feature-e1420074728976-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25788 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Fracking-feature-e1420074728976-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking feature\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpjacks draw crude oil from wells on Signal Hill in Long Beach. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama’s chief custodian of federal lands says local and regional bans on fracking are taking regulation of oil and gas recovery in the wrong direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say that is the wrong way to go,” Interior Secretary Sally Jewell told KQED in an exclusive interview. “I think it’s going to be very difficult for industry to figure out what the rules are if different counties have different rules.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, two California counties added themselves to a growing list of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/05/new-california-county-fracking-bans-likely-to-face-challenges/\">local bans on hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a>. Voters approved measures in San Benito and Mendocino Counties by wide margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of fears out there in the general public and that manifests itself with local laws or regional laws,” Jewell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Nat Geo - post\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2014/12/141218-fracking-ban-new-york-states-oil-gas-drilling-energy-news/\">recent move by New York\u003c/a> to extend a statewide ban does not sit especially well with Jewell, who, as a former petroleum engineer, has hands-on experience with fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of misinformation about fracking,” Jewell said. “I think that localized efforts or statewide efforts in many cases don’t understand the science behind it and I think there needs to be more science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think that localized efforts or statewide efforts in many cases don’t understand the science.’\u003ccite>— Sally Jewell,\u003cbr>\nU.S. Secretary of the Interior\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“These are very troubling comments,” said Kassie Siegel, who directs the Climate Law Institute at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In essence Secretary Jewell seems to be saying that communities around the country, the governor and public health commissioner of New York, and the over 600,000 people who wrote to the Interior Department urging her to adopt a ban on fracking, don’t understand the science and are just acting out of an irrational fear of fracking,” Siegel said. “It’s insulting, and quite simply wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siegel said “numerous studies” have established the health dangers posed by common oilfield chemicals, and noted that “the oil and gas fields on federal land under her jurisdiction are among the biggest sources of methane and ozone pollution in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jewell said she’s counting on government scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies to “really help us understand what is happening on the landscapes with hydraulic fracturing and also deep water injections, induced seismicity, those kinds of things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas companies use fracking, or \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Fracking\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> methods to get at reserves that were previously too costly to pursue. Chemical slurries forced into underground rock fissures at high pressure create channels for crude oil and natural gas to flow to surface wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need is sound science that is driving our decision-making,” Jewell said, “and as a regulator that is exactly what we’re relying on as we are looking at releasing our own fracking regulations, which are out for public comment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a public meeting in Napa in December, Jewell told KQED that the public is speaking. “They are concerned about this and they want to make sure any kind of oil and gas activity is done safely and responsibly in terms of their water supply and in terms of their communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where does that responsibility lie?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is an industry responsibility,” Jewell said. “I’ve made it very clear to industry that it’s not my job to defend their practices; it’s their job to both ensure their practices are safe and then communicate with communities that their practices are safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not surprising that with state and federal officials in denial,” Siegel said, “Californians are taking action at the local level to protect themselves from all the perils of oil and gas drilling, and this is a trend that will continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly there are more local measures in the works. The Los Angeles city attorney is drafting a moratorium for consideration by the city council, and officials in Monterey County are also considering placing a fracking ban on the ballot in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"County and even statewide strictures are misguided, says federal lands chief.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932449,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":728},"headData":{"title":"Interior Secretary: Local Fracking Bans Are 'Wrong Way To Go' | KQED","description":"County and even statewide strictures are misguided, says federal lands chief.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Interior Secretary: Local Fracking Bans Are 'Wrong Way To Go'","datePublished":"2015-01-02T14:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:20:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/25752/interior-secretary-local-fracking-bans-are-wrong-way-to-go","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25788\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Fracking-feature-e1420074728976-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25788 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Fracking-feature-e1420074728976-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking feature\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpjacks draw crude oil from wells on Signal Hill in Long Beach. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama’s chief custodian of federal lands says local and regional bans on fracking are taking regulation of oil and gas recovery in the wrong direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say that is the wrong way to go,” Interior Secretary Sally Jewell told KQED in an exclusive interview. “I think it’s going to be very difficult for industry to figure out what the rules are if different counties have different rules.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, two California counties added themselves to a growing list of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/05/new-california-county-fracking-bans-likely-to-face-challenges/\">local bans on hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a>. Voters approved measures in San Benito and Mendocino Counties by wide margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of fears out there in the general public and that manifests itself with local laws or regional laws,” Jewell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Nat Geo - post\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2014/12/141218-fracking-ban-new-york-states-oil-gas-drilling-energy-news/\">recent move by New York\u003c/a> to extend a statewide ban does not sit especially well with Jewell, who, as a former petroleum engineer, has hands-on experience with fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of misinformation about fracking,” Jewell said. “I think that localized efforts or statewide efforts in many cases don’t understand the science behind it and I think there needs to be more science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think that localized efforts or statewide efforts in many cases don’t understand the science.’\u003ccite>— Sally Jewell,\u003cbr>\nU.S. Secretary of the Interior\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“These are very troubling comments,” said Kassie Siegel, who directs the Climate Law Institute at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In essence Secretary Jewell seems to be saying that communities around the country, the governor and public health commissioner of New York, and the over 600,000 people who wrote to the Interior Department urging her to adopt a ban on fracking, don’t understand the science and are just acting out of an irrational fear of fracking,” Siegel said. “It’s insulting, and quite simply wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siegel said “numerous studies” have established the health dangers posed by common oilfield chemicals, and noted that “the oil and gas fields on federal land under her jurisdiction are among the biggest sources of methane and ozone pollution in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jewell said she’s counting on government scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies to “really help us understand what is happening on the landscapes with hydraulic fracturing and also deep water injections, induced seismicity, those kinds of things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas companies use fracking, or \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Fracking\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> methods to get at reserves that were previously too costly to pursue. Chemical slurries forced into underground rock fissures at high pressure create channels for crude oil and natural gas to flow to surface wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need is sound science that is driving our decision-making,” Jewell said, “and as a regulator that is exactly what we’re relying on as we are looking at releasing our own fracking regulations, which are out for public comment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a public meeting in Napa in December, Jewell told KQED that the public is speaking. “They are concerned about this and they want to make sure any kind of oil and gas activity is done safely and responsibly in terms of their water supply and in terms of their communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where does that responsibility lie?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is an industry responsibility,” Jewell said. “I’ve made it very clear to industry that it’s not my job to defend their practices; it’s their job to both ensure their practices are safe and then communicate with communities that their practices are safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not surprising that with state and federal officials in denial,” Siegel said, “Californians are taking action at the local level to protect themselves from all the perils of oil and gas drilling, and this is a trend that will continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly there are more local measures in the works. The Los Angeles city attorney is drafting a moratorium for consideration by the city council, and officials in Monterey County are also considering placing a fracking ban on the ballot in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/25752/interior-secretary-local-fracking-bans-are-wrong-way-to-go","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1022"],"categories":["science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_429","science_955"],"featImg":"science_25788","label":"science_1022"},"science_23473":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23473","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23473","score":null,"sort":[1415239760000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-california-county-fracking-bans-likely-to-face-challenges","title":"New California County Fracking Bans Likely to Face Challenges","publishDate":1415239760,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New California County Fracking Bans Likely to Face Challenges | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\" alt=\"San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it's likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it’s likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the first major test of how California voters would react to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> on the ballot, two counties in California approved fracking bans on Tuesday. Opponents of fracking are hoping the movement will spread to other counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a measure to bar the controversial oil production technique in Santa Barbara County — where the oil industry is well-established — fell short. And in San Benito and Mendocino Counties, where the bans passed, they are likely to face court challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was incredibly exciting,” says organizer Andy Hsia-Coron, who rallied support for the San Benito fracking ban by raising environmental concerns, like possible risks to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it sets a model for how you do these initiatives,” he says. “We’ve already been contacted by other counties making inquiries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HS3lmwEtvxtUvFY4tQglZEHsaS46E95y”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bans are pre-emptive. Currently, fracking doesn’t occur in San Benito or Mendocino Counties. But both measures also ban a more common oil extraction technique where steam is injected underground to induce oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Benito County’s oil industry is small, the change could be significant for the producers who work there, some of whom regard the law as a confiscation of property rights, also known as a “taking” in legal parlance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a regulatory taking because it’s the regulation which is depriving property owners of the ability to extract value from their minerals or property,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that’s developing an oil project in San Benito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it’s the duty of the county at this point to either allow people to continue to extract value from their property and not enforce the initiative or to compensate them accordingly with the fair market value of what they’ve been deprived of,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Nahabedian\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\"> described the use of steam injection\u003c/a> in a KQED report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The oil industry went all-out to head off a ban in Santa Barbara County, where oil production is a larger part of the local economy. The “No on P” campaign raised more than $7 million to defeat it, largely from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battles over fracking on the local level are far from over. Butte County is set to vote on a fracking ban in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Passage of two out of three local measures may just set the stage for next battle.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932649,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":549},"headData":{"title":"New California County Fracking Bans Likely to Face Challenges | KQED","description":"Passage of two out of three local measures may just set the stage for next battle.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New California County Fracking Bans Likely to Face Challenges","datePublished":"2014-11-06T02:09:20.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:24:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23473/new-california-county-fracking-bans-likely-to-face-challenges","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\" alt=\"San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it's likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it’s likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the first major test of how California voters would react to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> on the ballot, two counties in California approved fracking bans on Tuesday. Opponents of fracking are hoping the movement will spread to other counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a measure to bar the controversial oil production technique in Santa Barbara County — where the oil industry is well-established — fell short. And in San Benito and Mendocino Counties, where the bans passed, they are likely to face court challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was incredibly exciting,” says organizer Andy Hsia-Coron, who rallied support for the San Benito fracking ban by raising environmental concerns, like possible risks to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it sets a model for how you do these initiatives,” he says. “We’ve already been contacted by other counties making inquiries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bans are pre-emptive. Currently, fracking doesn’t occur in San Benito or Mendocino Counties. But both measures also ban a more common oil extraction technique where steam is injected underground to induce oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Benito County’s oil industry is small, the change could be significant for the producers who work there, some of whom regard the law as a confiscation of property rights, also known as a “taking” in legal parlance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a regulatory taking because it’s the regulation which is depriving property owners of the ability to extract value from their minerals or property,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that’s developing an oil project in San Benito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it’s the duty of the county at this point to either allow people to continue to extract value from their property and not enforce the initiative or to compensate them accordingly with the fair market value of what they’ve been deprived of,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Nahabedian\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\"> described the use of steam injection\u003c/a> in a KQED report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The oil industry went all-out to head off a ban in Santa Barbara County, where oil production is a larger part of the local economy. The “No on P” campaign raised more than $7 million to defeat it, largely from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battles over fracking on the local level are far from over. Butte County is set to vote on a fracking ban in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23473/new-california-county-fracking-bans-likely-to-face-challenges","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1022"],"categories":["science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_2006","science_134","science_192","science_955","science_952"],"featImg":"science_23478","label":"science_1022"},"science_15905":{"type":"posts","id":"science_15905","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"15905","score":null,"sort":[1412938209000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use","title":"With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking's Water Use","publishDate":1412938209,"format":"aside","headTitle":"With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking’s Water Use | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140331science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8zOgu9O1L5lTIhWWVEgBHTV49aaFbArt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”c75386035aa9ab592a7ad0d259e54872″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The drought is putting a spotlight on water use around California, including for hydraulic fracturing. How much water does fracking use and will it increase as companies tap into the Monterey Shale, estimated to be the largest oil resource in country?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932786,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":62,"wordCount":2377},"headData":{"title":"With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking's Water Use | KQED","description":"The drought is putting a spotlight on water use around California, including for hydraulic fracturing. How much water does fracking use and will it increase as companies tap into the Monterey Shale, estimated to be the largest oil resource in country?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking's Water Use","datePublished":"2014-10-10T10:50:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:26:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140331science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/15905/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140331science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/15905/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151","science_1022"],"categories":["science_46","science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_572","science_134","science_1452","science_429","science_955","science_813","science_952","science_876"],"featImg":"science_15995","label":"science_1022"},"science_15910":{"type":"posts","id":"science_15910","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"15910","score":null,"sort":[1396272656000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california","title":"How Water and Oil Mix in California","publishDate":1396272656,"format":"aside","headTitle":"How Water and Oil Mix in California | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is the third-largest oil producing state in the country. To produce oil, companies deal with massive amounts of water. They need it for hydraulic fracturing, and they produce a lot from underground. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">More in our related story\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Water Usage in the Fracking Process\" src=\"http://publicmedia.psu.edu/kqed/indexV2.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 626px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\" alt=\"Graphics designed by Penn State Public Media/WPSU\" width=\"626\" height=\"563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphics designed by \u003ca href=\"http://exploreshale.org/\">Penn State Public Media/WPSU\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is the third-largest oil producing state in the country. To produce oil, companies deal with massive amounts of water. They need it for hydraulic fracturing, and they produce a lot from underground.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933919,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://publicmedia.psu.edu/kqed/indexV2.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":50},"headData":{"title":"How Water and Oil Mix in California | KQED","description":"California is the third-largest oil producing state in the country. To produce oil, companies deal with massive amounts of water. They need it for hydraulic fracturing, and they produce a lot from underground.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Water and Oil Mix in California","datePublished":"2014-03-31T13:30:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:45:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/15910/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is the third-largest oil producing state in the country. To produce oil, companies deal with massive amounts of water. They need it for hydraulic fracturing, and they produce a lot from underground. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">More in our related story\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Water Usage in the Fracking Process\" src=\"http://publicmedia.psu.edu/kqed/indexV2.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 626px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\" alt=\"Graphics designed by Penn State Public Media/WPSU\" width=\"626\" height=\"563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphics designed by \u003ca href=\"http://exploreshale.org/\">Penn State Public Media/WPSU\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/15910/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151","science_1022"],"categories":["science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_134","science_429","science_955","science_952","science_201"],"featImg":"science_15914","label":"science_1022"},"science_11045":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11045","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11045","score":null,"sort":[1384556247000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do","title":"What California's New Fracking Rules Would Do (And Not Do)","publishDate":1384556247,"format":"aside","headTitle":"What California’s New Fracking Rules Would Do (And Not Do) | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/RS3844_OilPumps_20120711b-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/RS3844_OilPumps_20120711b-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in Kern County, where much of California's fracking has taken place. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in Kern County, where much of California’s fracking has taken place. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing is heating up in California, as the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/index/Documents/Text%20of%20Proposed%20Regulations%20-%20SB%204%20Well%20Stimulation%20Treatment%20Regulations.pdf\">released draft regulations\u003c/a> on Friday for the controversial oil extraction technique. This follows a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB4\">bill\u003c/a> signed by Governor Jerry Brown earlier this year that adds new requirements for oil companies to protect groundwater and disclose more public information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These regulations are the strongest and most comprehensive environmental public health protections of any oil and gas producing state,” said Mark Nechodom, director of the California Department of Conservation, which oversees the state’s oil and gas division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time,” he said, “these regulations are designed to ensure that the oil and gas industry in California, which is a key element of the California economy, will remain productive and competitive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique by which water, sand and chemicals are injected underground at high pressure to release more oil has been used for decades in California. The long-awaited draft regulations represent the state’s first effort to address fracking, beyond the standards for oil well construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New requirements in proposed fracking rules:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Oil companies must apply for a permit before fracking and disclose where it will take place, how much water will be used, the source of that water and how it will be disposed of.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli> They must disclose what chemicals are used in fracking, but not the concentrations in cases where they claim a trade secret exemption.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Oil well operators must provide at least 30 days advance written notice before fracking, to landowners and neighbors within 1,500 feet of the well.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Property owners may request water quality testing of their own wells before and after fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Well operators must review earthquake faults in the area to ensure that the fluids used fracking don’t migrate along faults.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>An independent science panel will study the potential risks from hydraulic fracturing and other extraction techniques like acid well stimulation and report by January 1, 2015.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>State oil and gas regulators will do an environmental impact review of the potential environmental risks of fracking in the state and report by July 1, 2015.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli> The state will also set up a website by January 2016 for public information about fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The State Water Resources Control Board will create a program to monitor groundwater basins specifically to protect drinking water sources from fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call for a Moratorium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m feeling mixed about the regulations,” says David Pettit, attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the best approach would be a straight up moratorium until fracking is proved safe,” he said. “But the regulations, particularly the scientific study and the statewide environmental impact report do give us a possibility of having a good analysis of the safety and public health issues that I hope the state can act on in a sensible way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”586a7ee57327ff9ff49152618277d546”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been doing it for 60 years and there hasn’t been an incident anywhere in the state,” says Catherine Reheis-Boyd of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>, an industry group. “To have a moratorium would make it even more difficult for California to supply the crude oil it needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand we have to do this right and if we don’t, we won’t be doing it the state of California,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Oil Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has a century-old oil industry, located mainly in Kern County. With much of the easily-accessed oil recovered, focus has shifted to the Monterey Shale, which holds an estimated 15 billion barrels of oil. Oil companies say recovering that oil is a challenge, given California’s complex underground geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it is developed to the extent we hope, it really will provide jobs and a valuable to resource to California,” said Reheis-Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say extracting and using that oil runs counter to the state’s aggressive climate change goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to shift to renewables,” said Kathryn Phillips of \u003ca href=\"http://california2.sierraclub.org/\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “California is doing a good job at that, but we need to accelerate. To get investment, you need to stop putting investment in false hope. Extracting more oil is false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We want to make sure people have an opportunity to know what’s happening in their region.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>State regulators are required to look at the potential greenhouse gas emissions associated with fracking as part of the statewide environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Regulations Don’t Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions remain about the environmental review of each oil and gas well, under \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/\">California’s Environmental Quality Act\u003c/a> (CEQA). Under the new rules, oil well operators must get a permit for fracking. The permit triggers a review of the potential impacts on the local water, air and community. Officials haven’t yet specified how they’ll do this review. A comprehensive review could be done on a case-by-case basis for each individual well site, or regulators could rely on the statewide environmental review when granting fracking permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure people have an opportunity to know what’s happening in their region,” said Kathryn Phillips. “We think you can only have that if you have a well-by-well review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions also remain about whether several wells could be grouped together and approved with a single permit. In a signing statement, Governor Brown directed regulators “to develop an efficient permitting program for well-stimulation activities that groups permits together based on factors such as known geologic conditions and environmental impacts.” Oil and gas regulators say the conditions for grouping wells together will be developed in a separate rule-making process this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fracking regulations take effect on or before January 1, 2015. The division of oil and gas is developing a set of “emergency regulations” that will cover fracking until that time and the agency plans to release those in mid-December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are expecting a deluge of public comments over the next 60 days. \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;line-height: 19px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx\">Five public hearings\u003c/a> will also be held. Another public comment period will follow in the spring after the agency makes revisions to this draft of the regulations. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The debate over hydraulic fracturing in California is heating up as oil and gas regulators release draft rules for the controversial oil extraction technique.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934686,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1094},"headData":{"title":"What California's New Fracking Rules Would Do (And Not Do) | KQED","description":"The debate over hydraulic fracturing in California is heating up as oil and gas regulators release draft rules for the controversial oil extraction technique.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What California's New Fracking Rules Would Do (And Not Do)","datePublished":"2013-11-15T22:57:27.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:58:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/11045/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/RS3844_OilPumps_20120711b-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/RS3844_OilPumps_20120711b-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in Kern County, where much of California's fracking has taken place. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in Kern County, where much of California’s fracking has taken place. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing is heating up in California, as the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/index/Documents/Text%20of%20Proposed%20Regulations%20-%20SB%204%20Well%20Stimulation%20Treatment%20Regulations.pdf\">released draft regulations\u003c/a> on Friday for the controversial oil extraction technique. This follows a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB4\">bill\u003c/a> signed by Governor Jerry Brown earlier this year that adds new requirements for oil companies to protect groundwater and disclose more public information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These regulations are the strongest and most comprehensive environmental public health protections of any oil and gas producing state,” said Mark Nechodom, director of the California Department of Conservation, which oversees the state’s oil and gas division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time,” he said, “these regulations are designed to ensure that the oil and gas industry in California, which is a key element of the California economy, will remain productive and competitive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique by which water, sand and chemicals are injected underground at high pressure to release more oil has been used for decades in California. The long-awaited draft regulations represent the state’s first effort to address fracking, beyond the standards for oil well construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New requirements in proposed fracking rules:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Oil companies must apply for a permit before fracking and disclose where it will take place, how much water will be used, the source of that water and how it will be disposed of.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli> They must disclose what chemicals are used in fracking, but not the concentrations in cases where they claim a trade secret exemption.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Oil well operators must provide at least 30 days advance written notice before fracking, to landowners and neighbors within 1,500 feet of the well.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Property owners may request water quality testing of their own wells before and after fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Well operators must review earthquake faults in the area to ensure that the fluids used fracking don’t migrate along faults.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>An independent science panel will study the potential risks from hydraulic fracturing and other extraction techniques like acid well stimulation and report by January 1, 2015.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>State oil and gas regulators will do an environmental impact review of the potential environmental risks of fracking in the state and report by July 1, 2015.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli> The state will also set up a website by January 2016 for public information about fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The State Water Resources Control Board will create a program to monitor groundwater basins specifically to protect drinking water sources from fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call for a Moratorium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m feeling mixed about the regulations,” says David Pettit, attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the best approach would be a straight up moratorium until fracking is proved safe,” he said. “But the regulations, particularly the scientific study and the statewide environmental impact report do give us a possibility of having a good analysis of the safety and public health issues that I hope the state can act on in a sensible way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been doing it for 60 years and there hasn’t been an incident anywhere in the state,” says Catherine Reheis-Boyd of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>, an industry group. “To have a moratorium would make it even more difficult for California to supply the crude oil it needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand we have to do this right and if we don’t, we won’t be doing it the state of California,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Oil Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has a century-old oil industry, located mainly in Kern County. With much of the easily-accessed oil recovered, focus has shifted to the Monterey Shale, which holds an estimated 15 billion barrels of oil. Oil companies say recovering that oil is a challenge, given California’s complex underground geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it is developed to the extent we hope, it really will provide jobs and a valuable to resource to California,” said Reheis-Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say extracting and using that oil runs counter to the state’s aggressive climate change goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to shift to renewables,” said Kathryn Phillips of \u003ca href=\"http://california2.sierraclub.org/\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “California is doing a good job at that, but we need to accelerate. To get investment, you need to stop putting investment in false hope. Extracting more oil is false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We want to make sure people have an opportunity to know what’s happening in their region.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>State regulators are required to look at the potential greenhouse gas emissions associated with fracking as part of the statewide environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Regulations Don’t Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions remain about the environmental review of each oil and gas well, under \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/\">California’s Environmental Quality Act\u003c/a> (CEQA). Under the new rules, oil well operators must get a permit for fracking. The permit triggers a review of the potential impacts on the local water, air and community. Officials haven’t yet specified how they’ll do this review. A comprehensive review could be done on a case-by-case basis for each individual well site, or regulators could rely on the statewide environmental review when granting fracking permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure people have an opportunity to know what’s happening in their region,” said Kathryn Phillips. “We think you can only have that if you have a well-by-well review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions also remain about whether several wells could be grouped together and approved with a single permit. In a signing statement, Governor Brown directed regulators “to develop an efficient permitting program for well-stimulation activities that groups permits together based on factors such as known geologic conditions and environmental impacts.” Oil and gas regulators say the conditions for grouping wells together will be developed in a separate rule-making process this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fracking regulations take effect on or before January 1, 2015. The division of oil and gas is developing a set of “emergency regulations” that will cover fracking until that time and the agency plans to release those in mid-December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are expecting a deluge of public comments over the next 60 days. \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;line-height: 19px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx\">Five public hearings\u003c/a> will also be held. Another public comment period will follow in the spring after the agency makes revisions to this draft of the regulations. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11045/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1022"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_182","science_134","science_429","science_64","science_953","science_955","science_952","science_778","science_201"],"featImg":"science_11062","label":"science_1022"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":40,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/geology"},"science_98":{"type":"terms","id":"science_98","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"98","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Water","slug":"water","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Water Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":102,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/water"},"science_1022":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1022","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1022","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Fracking in California","slug":"fracking-california","taxonomy":"series","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Fracking in California Archives | KQED Science","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1030,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/fracking-california"},"science_89":{"type":"terms","id":"science_89","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"89","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Engineering","slug":"engineering","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Engineering Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":92,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/engineering"},"science_2006":{"type":"terms","id":"science_2006","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"2006","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"election","slug":"election","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"election Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":2017,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/election"},"science_192":{"type":"terms","id":"science_192","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"192","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"environment","slug":"environment-2","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"environment Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":196,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/environment-2"},"science_952":{"type":"terms","id":"science_952","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"952","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"oil","slug":"oil","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"oil Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":959,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/oil"},"science_1151":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1151","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1151","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Drought Watch","slug":"california-drought-watch","taxonomy":"series","description":"\u003cem>What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n[iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"]\r\n\r\n\u003cem>We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the \u003ca href=\"#background\">background\u003c/a> and rounding up \u003ca href=\"#river\">all the stories\u003c/a> we’ve produced.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Relief at Last\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science","description":"What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. 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