EPA Aims to Combat Climate Change With New Methane Reduction Rules
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EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California
California Leaves Another Big Footprint at U.N. Climate Talks -- But Does It Matter?
Governor Brown's New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes
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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"aahmed":{"type":"authors","id":"11428","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11428","found":true},"name":"Amel Ahmed","firstName":"Amel","lastName":"Ahmed","slug":"aahmed","email":"aahmed@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1985663":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1985663","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1985663","score":null,"sort":[1701547223000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"epa-aims-to-combat-climate-change-with-new-methane-reduction-rules","title":"EPA Aims to Combat Climate Change With New Methane Reduction Rules","publishDate":1701547223,"format":"standard","headTitle":"EPA Aims to Combat Climate Change With New Methane Reduction Rules | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The oil industry has long leaked methane into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse gasses that are warming the planet. Now, new federal rules aim to dramatically reduce that pollution in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration has issued strict new regulations to reduce methane from oil and gas industry operations. The announcement from the Environmental Protection Agency comes as world leaders are in Dubai for the annual United Nations climate meeting, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/events/methane-cop28\">controlling methane is a big focus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas. It stays in the atmosphere for a shorter time than carbon dioxide — the most abundant greenhouse gas from humans. But methane is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane\">much more potent climate-warming gas\u003c/a>. Research shows that even small amounts of methane escaping into the atmosphere can \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187648553/natural-gas-can-rival-coals-climate-warming-potential-when-leaks-are-counted\">equal the climate-warming effects of burning coal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Michael Regan, in a written statement, called the new final rule an “historic action to reduce climate pollution, protecting people and the planet.” He says the regulation is part of President Biden’s ambitious climate change efforts to zero out the country’s greenhouse gasses by 2050 and meet goals in the landmark Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates the new rule will reduce methane emissions nearly 80% below what they were projected to be, and that will “prevent an estimated 58 million tons of methane emissions from 2024 to 2038.” The agency says that’s the equivalent climate warming power “as all the carbon dioxide emitted by the power sector in 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says that over that period, the amount of methane that will be captured or leaks avoided would be enough to heat nearly 8 million American homes for a winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also estimates the final rule will have net financial benefits of at least $7.3 billion a year from 2024 to 2038. Included in that accounting are the cost of deploying new technologies, climate savings, and health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-caused methane emissions are responsible for about 30% of global warming today, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/44216/eye_on_methane_summary.pdf?sequence=3\">United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. Most of the methane emitted by humans comes from the energy sector, agriculture and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule includes a “Super Emitter Program” that allows third parties, including environmental groups, to detect and report large methane releases from oil and gas sites. The EPA says studies show these large emitters account for almost half the methane emissions from the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is also required to phase out routine natural gas flaring at new oil wells. Drillers often flare or burn gas from the ground with more valuable oil when there isn’t a pipeline nearby to transport the gas to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule also requires “comprehensive monitoring” for methane leaks from well sites and compressor stations. In addition to regularly inspecting sites, the EPA says oil and gas companies must choose “low-cost and innovative methane monitoring technologies” to detect leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the rule creates standards for reducing emissions from equipment, such as controllers, pumps and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states already have methane emissions programs. They will now have two years to submit them to EPA for approval to ensure they comply with the new federal regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With other countries also zeroing in on methane as a key climate risk, it’s a signal to operators worldwide that clean-up time is here,” says Fred Krupp, Environmental Defense Fund president, in a statement. EDF is among groups that have established methane monitoring programs, including plans to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/08/17/methane-satellite-ball-aerospace-boulder/\">launch a $90 million satellite\u003c/a> to detect methane from oil and gas fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the new rules are aimed at the oil industry, they’re getting praise from some larger companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BP welcomes the finalization of a federal methane rule for new, modified and — for the first time — existing sources,” Orlando Alvarez, chairman and president of BP America, says in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But smaller companies have been critical, fearing increased costs that could make some wells unprofitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry’s largest trade group, the American Petroleum Institute, says it’s still reviewing the final rule. Earlier this year, API detailed its concerns in \u003ca href=\"https://www.api.org/~/media/files/news/2023/02/13/api-comments-epa-supplemental-proposed-methane-rule\">comments submitted to the EPA\u003c/a>. Among them, API mentioned potential legal issues with using third-party monitors for the “Super Emitter Program.” The group says the EPA “must establish requirements for monitoring of third-party data” and provide limits on how that information is released to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior EPA official says the agency made changes based on such comments. The official says now the EPA will certify groups with methane monitoring expertise, assess reports of releases for accuracy, and then notify a responsible company of the release so they can fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether that will satisfy API’s concerns, but the comments highlight something many people involved in this rulemaking process assume: the new regulations will likely be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+aims+to+slash+the+oil+industry%27s+climate-warming+methane+pollution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New EPA rules require oil and gas companies to slash climate-changing methane from their operations. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1711154013,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":861},"headData":{"title":"EPA Aims to Combat Climate Change With New Methane Reduction Rules | KQED","description":"New EPA rules require oil and gas companies to slash climate-changing methane from their operations. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"David Goldman","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/4127076/jeff-brady\">Jeff Brady\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"1216401828","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1216401828&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/02/1216401828/epa-aims-to-slash-the-oil-industrys-climate-warming-methane-pollution?ft=nprml&f=1216401828","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 02 Dec 2023 07:10:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 02 Dec 2023 03:00:25 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 02 Dec 2023 07:10:59 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1985663/epa-aims-to-combat-climate-change-with-new-methane-reduction-rules","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The oil industry has long leaked methane into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse gasses that are warming the planet. Now, new federal rules aim to dramatically reduce that pollution in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration has issued strict new regulations to reduce methane from oil and gas industry operations. The announcement from the Environmental Protection Agency comes as world leaders are in Dubai for the annual United Nations climate meeting, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/events/methane-cop28\">controlling methane is a big focus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas. It stays in the atmosphere for a shorter time than carbon dioxide — the most abundant greenhouse gas from humans. But methane is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane\">much more potent climate-warming gas\u003c/a>. Research shows that even small amounts of methane escaping into the atmosphere can \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187648553/natural-gas-can-rival-coals-climate-warming-potential-when-leaks-are-counted\">equal the climate-warming effects of burning coal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Michael Regan, in a written statement, called the new final rule an “historic action to reduce climate pollution, protecting people and the planet.” He says the regulation is part of President Biden’s ambitious climate change efforts to zero out the country’s greenhouse gasses by 2050 and meet goals in the landmark Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates the new rule will reduce methane emissions nearly 80% below what they were projected to be, and that will “prevent an estimated 58 million tons of methane emissions from 2024 to 2038.” The agency says that’s the equivalent climate warming power “as all the carbon dioxide emitted by the power sector in 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says that over that period, the amount of methane that will be captured or leaks avoided would be enough to heat nearly 8 million American homes for a winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also estimates the final rule will have net financial benefits of at least $7.3 billion a year from 2024 to 2038. Included in that accounting are the cost of deploying new technologies, climate savings, and health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-caused methane emissions are responsible for about 30% of global warming today, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/44216/eye_on_methane_summary.pdf?sequence=3\">United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. Most of the methane emitted by humans comes from the energy sector, agriculture and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule includes a “Super Emitter Program” that allows third parties, including environmental groups, to detect and report large methane releases from oil and gas sites. The EPA says studies show these large emitters account for almost half the methane emissions from the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is also required to phase out routine natural gas flaring at new oil wells. Drillers often flare or burn gas from the ground with more valuable oil when there isn’t a pipeline nearby to transport the gas to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule also requires “comprehensive monitoring” for methane leaks from well sites and compressor stations. In addition to regularly inspecting sites, the EPA says oil and gas companies must choose “low-cost and innovative methane monitoring technologies” to detect leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the rule creates standards for reducing emissions from equipment, such as controllers, pumps and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states already have methane emissions programs. They will now have two years to submit them to EPA for approval to ensure they comply with the new federal regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With other countries also zeroing in on methane as a key climate risk, it’s a signal to operators worldwide that clean-up time is here,” says Fred Krupp, Environmental Defense Fund president, in a statement. EDF is among groups that have established methane monitoring programs, including plans to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/08/17/methane-satellite-ball-aerospace-boulder/\">launch a $90 million satellite\u003c/a> to detect methane from oil and gas fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the new rules are aimed at the oil industry, they’re getting praise from some larger companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BP welcomes the finalization of a federal methane rule for new, modified and — for the first time — existing sources,” Orlando Alvarez, chairman and president of BP America, says in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But smaller companies have been critical, fearing increased costs that could make some wells unprofitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry’s largest trade group, the American Petroleum Institute, says it’s still reviewing the final rule. Earlier this year, API detailed its concerns in \u003ca href=\"https://www.api.org/~/media/files/news/2023/02/13/api-comments-epa-supplemental-proposed-methane-rule\">comments submitted to the EPA\u003c/a>. Among them, API mentioned potential legal issues with using third-party monitors for the “Super Emitter Program.” The group says the EPA “must establish requirements for monitoring of third-party data” and provide limits on how that information is released to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior EPA official says the agency made changes based on such comments. The official says now the EPA will certify groups with methane monitoring expertise, assess reports of releases for accuracy, and then notify a responsible company of the release so they can fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether that will satisfy API’s concerns, but the comments highlight something many people involved in this rulemaking process assume: the new regulations will likely be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+aims+to+slash+the+oil+industry%27s+climate-warming+methane+pollution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1985663/epa-aims-to-combat-climate-change-with-new-methane-reduction-rules","authors":["byline_science_1985663"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_194","science_2080","science_556","science_452","science_784","science_952"],"featImg":"science_1985664","label":"source_science_1985663"},"science_1931545":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931545","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931545","score":null,"sort":[1537370131000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands","title":"Trump Administration Proposes Rolling Back Regulations on Methane Leaks From Oil Sites","publishDate":1537370131,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Trump Administration Proposes Rolling Back Regulations on Methane Leaks From Oil Sites | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Final%20Rule%20-1004-AE53%20-%20%20Ready%20for%20OFR%209.18.18_508%20%281%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposing\u003c/a> to roll back another Obama-era energy regulation, this time one that aimed to curb methane leaks from oil and gas operations on tribal and public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”wYJiHjg8DpGkOB72kvNLqXy3sCIDV7tW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, even more potent than carbon dioxide in the short term, that contributes to climate change. The Obama administration said that large amounts of methane are lost into the atmosphere through through leaks, as well as intentional venting and flaring at energy production sites. It moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/methane_waste_prevention_rule_factsheet_final.pdf\">limit \u003c/a>that by requiring oil and gas companies to capture leaking and vented methane at existing sites, to gradually update their technology and to make plans for monitoring escaping gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Government Accountability Office says as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-275R\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$23 million of potential royalty revenue\u003c/a> from those gases is lost annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a statement, the Department of the Interior said that rule was “unnecessarily burdensome on the private sector.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flawed 2016 rule was a radical assertion of legal authority that stood in stark contrast to the longstanding understanding of Interior’s own lawyers,” said Deputy Secretary David Bernhardt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration revised the rule after Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526729339/inside-the-debate-over-repealing-curbs-on-methane-leaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> failed to repeal\u003c/a> it outright last year. The proposal will be open to public comment for 60 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes a week after the Environmental Protection Agency eased its own protections on methane emissions. That proposal was aimed more at new oil and gas sites and would cut required inspections for leaks from every six months to once a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute welcomed the latest rollback, noting in a statement that “methane emissions have plummeted 14 percent since 1990″ even as natural gas production has greatly expanded.[contextly_sidebar id=”A9KSO5S7kHUlB6r3ue697cqP7IVIAWXT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas producers say they already have an economic incentive to capture methane, because they can sell it. Several large oil and gas companies have also announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-emissions/shell-targets-lower-methane-emissions-from-oil-and-gas-operations-idUSKCN1LX0P8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new efforts\u003c/a> to limit the release of methane, to help rein in their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups criticized the Trump administration rollback. “More methane waste will harm our air and water and have significant public health impacts,” said Jamie Williams, president of The Wilderness Society, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of state attorneys general also threatened a legal challenge, calling Interior’s proposal “a shocking abdication of the Secretary’s fundamental fiscal and environmental stewardship responsibilities over our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane proposal is the latest in a series of moves meant to undercut President Obama’s signature moves to address climate change. This year President Trump has also announced proposals to ease carbon emissions limits for power plants, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Eases+Regulation+Of+Methane+Leaks+On+Public+Lands&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The proposal to reduce limits on methane emissions from oil and gas operations on public land is the latest move to roll back Obama-era climate regulations.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927479,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":473},"headData":{"title":"Trump Administration Proposes Rolling Back Regulations on Methane Leaks From Oil Sites | KQED","description":"The proposal to reduce limits on methane emissions from oil and gas operations on public land is the latest move to roll back Obama-era climate regulations.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jennifer Ludden, NPR","nprStoryId":"649326026","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=649326026&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/18/649326026/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands?ft=nprml&f=649326026","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 20:17:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 20:17:03 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 20:17:03 -0400","path":"/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Final%20Rule%20-1004-AE53%20-%20%20Ready%20for%20OFR%209.18.18_508%20%281%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposing\u003c/a> to roll back another Obama-era energy regulation, this time one that aimed to curb methane leaks from oil and gas operations on tribal and public lands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, even more potent than carbon dioxide in the short term, that contributes to climate change. The Obama administration said that large amounts of methane are lost into the atmosphere through through leaks, as well as intentional venting and flaring at energy production sites. It moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/methane_waste_prevention_rule_factsheet_final.pdf\">limit \u003c/a>that by requiring oil and gas companies to capture leaking and vented methane at existing sites, to gradually update their technology and to make plans for monitoring escaping gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Government Accountability Office says as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-275R\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$23 million of potential royalty revenue\u003c/a> from those gases is lost annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a statement, the Department of the Interior said that rule was “unnecessarily burdensome on the private sector.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flawed 2016 rule was a radical assertion of legal authority that stood in stark contrast to the longstanding understanding of Interior’s own lawyers,” said Deputy Secretary David Bernhardt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration revised the rule after Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526729339/inside-the-debate-over-repealing-curbs-on-methane-leaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> failed to repeal\u003c/a> it outright last year. The proposal will be open to public comment for 60 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes a week after the Environmental Protection Agency eased its own protections on methane emissions. That proposal was aimed more at new oil and gas sites and would cut required inspections for leaks from every six months to once a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute welcomed the latest rollback, noting in a statement that “methane emissions have plummeted 14 percent since 1990″ even as natural gas production has greatly expanded.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas producers say they already have an economic incentive to capture methane, because they can sell it. Several large oil and gas companies have also announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-emissions/shell-targets-lower-methane-emissions-from-oil-and-gas-operations-idUSKCN1LX0P8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new efforts\u003c/a> to limit the release of methane, to help rein in their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups criticized the Trump administration rollback. “More methane waste will harm our air and water and have significant public health impacts,” said Jamie Williams, president of The Wilderness Society, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of state attorneys general also threatened a legal challenge, calling Interior’s proposal “a shocking abdication of the Secretary’s fundamental fiscal and environmental stewardship responsibilities over our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane proposal is the latest in a series of moves meant to undercut President Obama’s signature moves to address climate change. This year President Trump has also announced proposals to ease carbon emissions limits for power plants, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Eases+Regulation+Of+Methane+Leaks+On+Public+Lands&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands","authors":["byline_science_1931545"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_3221","science_192","science_3370","science_452","science_784"],"featImg":"science_1931547","label":"source_science_1931545"},"science_1928481":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928481","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928481","score":null,"sort":[1533232834000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"warmer-soil-releasing-more-carbon-worsening-climate-change","title":"Warmer Soil Releasing More Carbon, Worsening Climate Change","publishDate":1533232834,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Warmer Soil Releasing More Carbon, Worsening Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Even the dirt on the ground is making climate change worse, a new study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants capture massive amounts of carbon, pumping it into the soil where usually it stays for hundreds or thousands of years.[contextly_sidebar id=”v3ttozJyWQs5K9BIGVidVliV7j6bQ44K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations from across the globe show that as temperatures have warmed, bacteria and fungi in the soil are becoming more active. These turbo-charged microbes are feeding on dead leaves and plants, releasing more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the air, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it a vicious cycle of warming. Burning of coal, oil and natural gas heats the air and soil, which worsens warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and amplifies climate change, said Jerry Melillo of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s coming out of microbes when compared to other releases of carbon. They analyzed sensor readings, soil measurements, plant growth data and satellite observations in what’s the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil.[contextly_sidebar id=”XrkLbElgnB0X9BQRquMpqsaNDTpklZn4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world really is showing an effect here,” said lead researcher Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “It’s a fingerprint of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human-caused activities, but that’s part of a natural cycle when the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon taken out by oceans and plants. Fossil fuel emissions knock the atmosphere out of balance by putting more in than comes out. Heated soil releases more carbon, further putting the cycle out of whack, Bond-Lamberty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said as the world continues to warm, the soil will release yet more carbon that it has been holding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something isn’t done, “we are really in trouble,” said Rattan Lal of Ohio State University, who wasn’t part of the study. He added that proper soil conservation techniques — such as avoiding plowing, off-season cover crop and leaving crop residue on the ground — can help keep more of the carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil, researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927616,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":390},"headData":{"title":"Warmer Soil Releasing More Carbon, Worsening Climate Change | KQED","description":"In the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil, researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Seth Borenstein\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1928481/warmer-soil-releasing-more-carbon-worsening-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even the dirt on the ground is making climate change worse, a new study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants capture massive amounts of carbon, pumping it into the soil where usually it stays for hundreds or thousands of years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations from across the globe show that as temperatures have warmed, bacteria and fungi in the soil are becoming more active. These turbo-charged microbes are feeding on dead leaves and plants, releasing more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the air, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it a vicious cycle of warming. Burning of coal, oil and natural gas heats the air and soil, which worsens warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and amplifies climate change, said Jerry Melillo of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s coming out of microbes when compared to other releases of carbon. They analyzed sensor readings, soil measurements, plant growth data and satellite observations in what’s the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world really is showing an effect here,” said lead researcher Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “It’s a fingerprint of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human-caused activities, but that’s part of a natural cycle when the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon taken out by oceans and plants. Fossil fuel emissions knock the atmosphere out of balance by putting more in than comes out. Heated soil releases more carbon, further putting the cycle out of whack, Bond-Lamberty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said as the world continues to warm, the soil will release yet more carbon that it has been holding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something isn’t done, “we are really in trouble,” said Rattan Lal of Ohio State University, who wasn’t part of the study. He added that proper soil conservation techniques — such as avoiding plowing, off-season cover crop and leaving crop residue on the ground — can help keep more of the carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928481/warmer-soil-releasing-more-carbon-worsening-climate-change","authors":["byline_science_1928481"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_765","science_194","science_192","science_556","science_452"],"featImg":"science_1928484","label":"science"},"science_1928201":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928201","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928201","score":null,"sort":[1532966451000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-says-record-heat-fires-worsened-by-climate-change","title":"Record Heat, Fires Worsened By Climate Change","publishDate":1532966451,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Record Heat, Fires Worsened By Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Heat waves are setting all-time temperature records across the globe, again. Europe suffered its deadliest wildfire in more than a century, and one of nearly 90 large fires in the U.S. West burned dozens of homes and forced the evacuation of at least 37,000 people near Redding, California. Flood-inducing downpours have pounded the U.S. East this week.[contextly_sidebar id=”230sLAPRzLOXfRsPS4qfMGZHlKYA7p98″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of summer — but it’s all being made worse by human-caused climate change, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weirdness abounds,” said Rutgers University climate scientist Jennifer Francis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan hit 106 degrees on Monday, its hottest temperature ever. Records fell in parts of Massachusetts, Maine, Wyoming, Colorado, Oregon, New Mexico and Texas. And then there’s crazy heat in Europe, where normally chill Norway, Sweden and Finland all saw temperatures they have never seen before on any date, pushing past 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this month, at least 118 of these all-time heat records have been set or tied across the globe, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explanations should sound as familiar as the crash of broken records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have very strong evidence that global warming has already put a thumb on the scales, upping the odds of extremes like severe heat and heavy rainfall,” Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh said. “We find that global warming has increased the odds of record-setting hot events over more than 80 percent of the planet, and has increased the odds of record-setting wet events at around half of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the world warmer because of the build-up of heat-trapping gases from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil and other human activities. And experts say the jet stream — which dictates weather in the Northern Hemisphere — is again behaving strangely.[contextly_sidebar id=”HFX1bmd78yzB41Sj8w7bvH2k2Jl175K0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An unusually sharply kinked jet stream has been stuck in place for weeks now,” said Jeff Masters, director of the private Weather Underground. He says that allows the heat to stay in place over three areas where the kinks are: Europe, Japan and the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same jet stream pattern caused the 2003 European heat wave, the 2010 Russian heat wave and fires, the 2011 Texas and Oklahoma drought and the 2016 Canadian wildfires, Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said, pointing to past studies by him and others. He said in an email that these extremes are “becoming more common because of human-caused climate change and in particular, the amplified warming in the Arctic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long said they can’t directly link single weather events, like a heat wave, to human caused climate change without extensive study. In the past decade they have used observations, statistics and computer simulations to calculate if global warming increases the chances of the events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by European scientists Friday found that the ongoing European heat wave is twice as likely because of human-caused global warming, though those conclusions have not yet been confirmed by outside scientists. The World Weather Attribution team said they compared three-day heat measurements and forecasts for the Netherlands, Denmark and Ireland with historical records going back to the early 1900s.[contextly_sidebar id=”lPZjy9tps81YDBgJDm50rI5BoWOkpmrF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is becoming warmer and so heat waves like this are becoming more common,” said Friederike Otto, a member of the team and deputy director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erich Fischer, an expert on weather extremes at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who wasn’t part of the analysis said the authors used well-established methods to make their conclusions, adding “their estimates may even be rather conservative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb said the link between climate change and fires isn’t as strong as it is with heat waves, but it is becoming clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A devastating fire in Greece — with at least 86 fatalities — is the deadliest fire in Europe since 1900, according to the International Disaster Database run by the Centre for the Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States on Friday, there were 89 active large fires, consuming nearly 900,000 acres, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. So far this year, fires have burned 4.15 million acres, which is nearly 14 percent higher than average over the past 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first major science study to connect greenhouse gases to stronger and longer heat waves was in 2004. It was titled “More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century.” Study author Gerald Meehl of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said Friday that now it “reads like a prediction of what has been happening and will continue to happen as long as average temperatures continue to rise with ever-increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. It’s no mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borenstein reported from Washington, Jordans from Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927645,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":872},"headData":{"title":"Record Heat, Fires Worsened By Climate Change | KQED","description":"Heat waves are setting all-time temperature records across the globe, again. Europe suffered its deadliest wildfire in more than a century, and one of nearly 90 large fires in the U.S. West burned dozens of homes and forced the evacuation of at least 37,000 people near Redding, California. Flood-inducing downpours have pounded the U.S. East","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Seth Borenstein and Frank Jordans\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1928201/science-says-record-heat-fires-worsened-by-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Heat waves are setting all-time temperature records across the globe, again. Europe suffered its deadliest wildfire in more than a century, and one of nearly 90 large fires in the U.S. West burned dozens of homes and forced the evacuation of at least 37,000 people near Redding, California. Flood-inducing downpours have pounded the U.S. East this week.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of summer — but it’s all being made worse by human-caused climate change, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weirdness abounds,” said Rutgers University climate scientist Jennifer Francis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan hit 106 degrees on Monday, its hottest temperature ever. Records fell in parts of Massachusetts, Maine, Wyoming, Colorado, Oregon, New Mexico and Texas. And then there’s crazy heat in Europe, where normally chill Norway, Sweden and Finland all saw temperatures they have never seen before on any date, pushing past 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this month, at least 118 of these all-time heat records have been set or tied across the globe, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explanations should sound as familiar as the crash of broken records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have very strong evidence that global warming has already put a thumb on the scales, upping the odds of extremes like severe heat and heavy rainfall,” Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh said. “We find that global warming has increased the odds of record-setting hot events over more than 80 percent of the planet, and has increased the odds of record-setting wet events at around half of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the world warmer because of the build-up of heat-trapping gases from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil and other human activities. And experts say the jet stream — which dictates weather in the Northern Hemisphere — is again behaving strangely.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An unusually sharply kinked jet stream has been stuck in place for weeks now,” said Jeff Masters, director of the private Weather Underground. He says that allows the heat to stay in place over three areas where the kinks are: Europe, Japan and the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same jet stream pattern caused the 2003 European heat wave, the 2010 Russian heat wave and fires, the 2011 Texas and Oklahoma drought and the 2016 Canadian wildfires, Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said, pointing to past studies by him and others. He said in an email that these extremes are “becoming more common because of human-caused climate change and in particular, the amplified warming in the Arctic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long said they can’t directly link single weather events, like a heat wave, to human caused climate change without extensive study. In the past decade they have used observations, statistics and computer simulations to calculate if global warming increases the chances of the events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by European scientists Friday found that the ongoing European heat wave is twice as likely because of human-caused global warming, though those conclusions have not yet been confirmed by outside scientists. The World Weather Attribution team said they compared three-day heat measurements and forecasts for the Netherlands, Denmark and Ireland with historical records going back to the early 1900s.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is becoming warmer and so heat waves like this are becoming more common,” said Friederike Otto, a member of the team and deputy director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erich Fischer, an expert on weather extremes at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who wasn’t part of the analysis said the authors used well-established methods to make their conclusions, adding “their estimates may even be rather conservative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb said the link between climate change and fires isn’t as strong as it is with heat waves, but it is becoming clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A devastating fire in Greece — with at least 86 fatalities — is the deadliest fire in Europe since 1900, according to the International Disaster Database run by the Centre for the Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States on Friday, there were 89 active large fires, consuming nearly 900,000 acres, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. So far this year, fires have burned 4.15 million acres, which is nearly 14 percent higher than average over the past 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first major science study to connect greenhouse gases to stronger and longer heat waves was in 2004. It was titled “More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century.” Study author Gerald Meehl of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said Friday that now it “reads like a prediction of what has been happening and will continue to happen as long as average temperatures continue to rise with ever-increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. It’s no mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borenstein reported from Washington, Jordans from Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928201/science-says-record-heat-fires-worsened-by-climate-change","authors":["byline_science_1928201"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_194","science_192","science_556","science_452","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1928127","label":"science"},"science_1926385":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926385","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926385","score":null,"sort":[1530041449000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"zero-emissions-ferry-coming-to-bay-waters","title":"Zero-Emissions Ferry Coming to Bay Waters","publishDate":1530041449,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Zero-Emissions Ferry Coming to Bay Waters | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The Bay Area will soon welcome the nation’s first energy efficient ferry, powered by hydrogen fuel cells, a green technology that its inventor hopes will revolutionize the global maritime industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”kvJIZpqgH2ivlFvoS4Q39uAqwkkditb1″]Alameda startup\u003ca href=\"https://ggzeromarine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine\u003c/a> announced on Monday that it had won a $3 million grant from the California Air Resources Board to help develop the “Water-Go-Round” passenger ferry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prototype is the brainchild of Joseph Pratt, an engineer who has researched hydrogen fuel cell technology for 20 years. The catalyst for the Water-Go-Round was a study he led during his work at Sandia National Labs, where he helped develop fuel cell technology for use in cars, among other applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted in 2015 and 2016, looked at the feasibility of developing a high-speed ferry powered only by hydrogen fuel cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a real stretch from what had been previously done,” he said in an email, “as we were both challenging the limits of the technology as well as exploring the feasibility in a much greater depth than ever before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity came knocking last year, when the California Air Resources Board announced it was accepting proposals for a zero-emissions ferry.[contextly_sidebar id=”J9x5WX8Cg0tHxuLAEpEmKAfJa8PdynAP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard of the grant,” Pratt wrote, “I knew it was the perfect opportunity to both prove the system works in the short term, while creating Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine in the process to enable long-term commercial adoption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maritime industry remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Pratt’s research has found that hydrogen fuel cells can power a wide range of vessels, from small fishing boats to the largest container ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology has the potential to completely eliminate emissions nearly everywhere we use combustion engines today,” he said, “including the entire maritime fleet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a global scale, shipping accounted for 2.8 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from 2007-2012, according to a study from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Maritime Organization. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to being energy-efficient, the technology developed by Pratt requires little maintenance compared to combustion engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel cells are fundamentally different than combustion engines in that they have very few moving parts, while an engine has hundreds, ” he noted, “and they convert fuel directly to electricity without any mixing or burning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, for passengers, the ships make for a smooth, less smelly ride. The company is about halfway through the design phase and will begin construction of the ferry at an Alameda plant in late summer or early fall. Ultimately, Pratt says he wants to expand his work to include all kinds of diesel-powered ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal here is simple,” Pratt wrote. “Eliminate air pollution to improve our health and get our world’s climate back on track.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Inventor Joseph Pratt says his ferry will be smoother and less smelly, and could revolutionize the global maritime industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927760,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":496},"headData":{"title":"Zero-Emissions Ferry Coming to Bay Waters | KQED","description":"Inventor Joseph Pratt says his ferry will be smoother and less smelly, and could revolutionize the global maritime industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1926385/zero-emissions-ferry-coming-to-bay-waters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area will soon welcome the nation’s first energy efficient ferry, powered by hydrogen fuel cells, a green technology that its inventor hopes will revolutionize the global maritime industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Alameda startup\u003ca href=\"https://ggzeromarine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine\u003c/a> announced on Monday that it had won a $3 million grant from the California Air Resources Board to help develop the “Water-Go-Round” passenger ferry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prototype is the brainchild of Joseph Pratt, an engineer who has researched hydrogen fuel cell technology for 20 years. The catalyst for the Water-Go-Round was a study he led during his work at Sandia National Labs, where he helped develop fuel cell technology for use in cars, among other applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted in 2015 and 2016, looked at the feasibility of developing a high-speed ferry powered only by hydrogen fuel cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a real stretch from what had been previously done,” he said in an email, “as we were both challenging the limits of the technology as well as exploring the feasibility in a much greater depth than ever before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity came knocking last year, when the California Air Resources Board announced it was accepting proposals for a zero-emissions ferry.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard of the grant,” Pratt wrote, “I knew it was the perfect opportunity to both prove the system works in the short term, while creating Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine in the process to enable long-term commercial adoption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maritime industry remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Pratt’s research has found that hydrogen fuel cells can power a wide range of vessels, from small fishing boats to the largest container ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology has the potential to completely eliminate emissions nearly everywhere we use combustion engines today,” he said, “including the entire maritime fleet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a global scale, shipping accounted for 2.8 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from 2007-2012, according to a study from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Maritime Organization. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to being energy-efficient, the technology developed by Pratt requires little maintenance compared to combustion engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel cells are fundamentally different than combustion engines in that they have very few moving parts, while an engine has hundreds, ” he noted, “and they convert fuel directly to electricity without any mixing or burning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, for passengers, the ships make for a smooth, less smelly ride. The company is about halfway through the design phase and will begin construction of the ferry at an Alameda plant in late summer or early fall. Ultimately, Pratt says he wants to expand his work to include all kinds of diesel-powered ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal here is simple,” Pratt wrote. “Eliminate air pollution to improve our health and get our world’s climate back on track.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926385/zero-emissions-ferry-coming-to-bay-waters","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_505","science_556","science_452"],"featImg":"science_1926388","label":"source_science_1926385"},"science_1921958":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921958","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921958","score":null,"sort":[1522697655000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards","title":"EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California","publishDate":1522697655,"format":"aside","headTitle":"EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"When this photo was taken in 2009, self-driving cars seemed a distant promise. Now they're becoming a new challenge for highway engineers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California leaders vow a fight to preserve the state’s strict tailpipe emissions limits. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> announced \u003c/a>on Monday that it has rejected an Obama-era plan to cut tailpipe emissions for cars and light trucks. The statement also signaled an oncoming legal battle over California’s own stricter emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is in America’s best interest to have a national standard,” said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. “Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, California officials immediately fired off condemnations of the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch out for this belated April Fools’ Day trick,” said Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Air Resources Board Chair Mary Nichols noted that the decision changes nothing in California and the 12 other states with strong emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision takes the U.S. auto industry backward,” she said in a statement, “and we will vigorously defend the existing clean vehicle standards and fight to preserve one national clean vehicle program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it completed a review that will affect vehicles for model years 2022-2025 but it did not specify details on new standards, which it said would be forthcoming. Current regulations from the EPA require the fleet of new vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon in real-world driving by 2025. That’s about 10 mpg over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of a broader effort by the Trump administration to dismantle environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruit said that the Obama administration cut the rule-making process short for political expediency and “made assumptions about the standards that didn’t comport with reality, and set the standards too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Obama Administration’s determination was wrong,” said Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers \u003ca href=\"https://autoalliance.org/2018/04/02/auto-alliance-statement-response-epas-announcement-midterm-review-fuel-economy-ghg-program/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">applauded\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the right decision, and we support the Administration for pursuing a data-driven effort and a single national program as it works to finalize future standards,” said Gloria Bergquist, vice president, communications and public affairs for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Obama-era standards were part of a larger commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928048,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":406},"headData":{"title":"EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California | KQED","description":"The Obama-era standards were part of a larger commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1921958/trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"When this photo was taken in 2009, self-driving cars seemed a distant promise. Now they're becoming a new challenge for highway engineers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California leaders vow a fight to preserve the state’s strict tailpipe emissions limits. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> announced \u003c/a>on Monday that it has rejected an Obama-era plan to cut tailpipe emissions for cars and light trucks. The statement also signaled an oncoming legal battle over California’s own stricter emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is in America’s best interest to have a national standard,” said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. “Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, California officials immediately fired off condemnations of the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch out for this belated April Fools’ Day trick,” said Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Air Resources Board Chair Mary Nichols noted that the decision changes nothing in California and the 12 other states with strong emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision takes the U.S. auto industry backward,” she said in a statement, “and we will vigorously defend the existing clean vehicle standards and fight to preserve one national clean vehicle program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it completed a review that will affect vehicles for model years 2022-2025 but it did not specify details on new standards, which it said would be forthcoming. Current regulations from the EPA require the fleet of new vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon in real-world driving by 2025. That’s about 10 mpg over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of a broader effort by the Trump administration to dismantle environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruit said that the Obama administration cut the rule-making process short for political expediency and “made assumptions about the standards that didn’t comport with reality, and set the standards too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Obama Administration’s determination was wrong,” said Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers \u003ca href=\"https://autoalliance.org/2018/04/02/auto-alliance-statement-response-epas-announcement-midterm-review-fuel-economy-ghg-program/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">applauded\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the right decision, and we support the Administration for pursuing a data-driven effort and a single national program as it works to finalize future standards,” said Gloria Bergquist, vice president, communications and public affairs for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921958/trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_2948","science_192","science_2080","science_3370","science_452"],"featImg":"science_711650","label":"source_science_1921958"},"science_1917844":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1917844","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1917844","score":null,"sort":[1511035280000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-leaves-another-big-footprint-at-u-n-climate-talks-but-does-it-matter","title":"California Leaves Another Big Footprint at U.N. Climate Talks -- But Does It Matter?","publishDate":1511035280,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Leaves Another Big Footprint at U.N. Climate Talks — But Does It Matter? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown blazed a trail through this year’s round of U.N. climate talks, just concluded in Bonn, Germany. Along the way he spoke at the Vatican, met with key players in the European Union and signed up some more subnational leaders to his \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/coalition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 Coalition\u003c/a> for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can all this activity really help move the needle toward lower \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate emissions\u003c/a>? We put that question to \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/people/jonathan-pershing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jonathan Pershing\u003c/a>, who was the chief U.S. climate negotiator under the Obama administration. He now directs \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/programs/environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental programs\u003c/a> at the Hewlett Foundation in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png\" alt=\"Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png 250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord. \u003ccite>(The William & Flora Hewlett Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: First of all, where do we stand with respect to the climate agreement signed in Paris in 2015?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: The last two years, countries have really moved forward. We’ve seen substantial implementation. In fact, by many we’ve seen even more aggressive implementation than required. So two key countries that we care a lot about: on the Chinese side, they’ve made some major strides [to become] the world’s largest purchaser and installer of renewable energy for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a case like India’s, they’ve made a pledge to rapidly increase, not just renewable energy, but also electric vehicles. So we’re seeing enormous playing out of the commitments, and in most parts of the world, frankly with the exception of the United States, we’re seeing countries on track and seeking to be even more aggressive than their original targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Ed. note: this year Syria signed on to the Paris accord, leaving the U.S. as the only nation not participating, since the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/02/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repudiation of the agreement\u003c/a>.]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: The latest installment of the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> is out. Does anything jump out at you as particularly concerning? Do you think that the findings in that report up the ante at all or increases the urgency? Or what’s your take on it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: So, every time we come out with a new science assessment, it makes more clear, more explicit, the nature of the crisis — and I use the word crisis advisedly — and the urgency with which we have to act if we want to address it. This report is yet another in a very long series of convincing, compelling articulations about our understanding of the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a body that looks at this issue that doesn’t have the exact same conclusion. It’s getting worse, faster. The damages are more significant. And every time we do another report, it makes those clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2351px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917880 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2351\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png 2351w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-160x72.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-800x361.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-768x347.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1020x461.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1920x867.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1180x533.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-960x434.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-240x108.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-375x169.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-520x235.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2351px) 100vw, 2351px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Largest emitters of greenhouse gases, projected to 2020. (Click the image to enlarge). \u003ccite>(Center for Climate & Energy Solutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: So, let’s talk about Governor Brown, who had a “special advisor” role in Bonn. I’m not sure what significance is attached to that but he has definitely been mounting a major international effort to rally support for climate action. Do you think that he can really make a difference though, without meaningful national policy to back it up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I don’t think by itself it’s sufficient. But I think that meaningful national policy comes out of a host of different places. It’s not as if the chief executive, the president, decides, “I’m going to change the world tomorrow and it changes.” You’ve got to build coalitions of interest. Those often come from historical preferences and efforts mounted by multiple levels of government, by civil society, by whole coalitions of common interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Governor Brown’s trying to do exactly that. And it’s not that he just began this last week. He’s been working in the context of trying to drive state and sub-national action for years now. And this is the next logical step in that program. It’s been given a lot more attention because the executive branch under President Trump has decided not to move. And so Governor Brown’s saying, “Wait a minute. There are those of us who feel that it is imperative that we must move and we’re going to go forward anyway.” And he’s building coalitions of like-minded players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: And so you see this activity by Brown as being more than just symbolic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: Considerably more. He’s got enormous capacity to influence California, to work with the states that California has allied with, which represent about half the states in the nation, to really change the national dynamic…to change emissions, and to change the politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of things that only happen at a sub-national level. A couple of examples: cities control building codes. If you want to make your buildings more efficient, it’s often the city that dictates what the minimum standard is. States control certain kinds of things like zoning. They control a lot of our transportation infrastructure. They deal with things like state taxes on gasoline. They’re the ones that can provide incentives for new companies to move in — companies like Tesla or companies like GM developing the [Chevy] Bolt. Those are things that happen often with state incentives. Those aren’t done at the federal level. Those are much more local. Those kinds of things then can be driven by an executive, at a state level, or a city level, or a county level that can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to me, Governor Brown is tapping into two things. One, the urgency and the need to act and his commitment in California to do so. And two, the fact that governments at these levels have independent authority and autonomy and need to exercise it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1917878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-160x117.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-240x175.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-375x274.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-520x380.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003c/a>KQED: The governor has claimed that the “Trump factor,” as he put it, will be a minor blip and not amount to a major setback in climate progress. Do you agree with that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I think he’s right, although I’m not sure I would have characterized it quite the same way. If I look at this problem, the United States is responsible for less than 20% of global emissions…which means that 80% is happening elsewhere. And in the other 80%, every other country except the United States are in and are apparently meeting their commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the United States, therefore, does represent a small share. And with states moving forward and making part of the difference, the difference will be even smaller. But I want to point out a problem with this, because the extension of that could lead people to believe that it doesn’t matter what the U.S. does. And I don’t think that is true. I think it matters deeply. We are a country that is noted for its innovation, for its ability — not just on the technology side — but on the policy side. I think the existence of Paris itself is in part a function of American input and aggressive work on diplomacy. And it will make a difference. We will not succeed as quickly. And if the world moves forward without the U.S., which it’s going to try to do, the U.S. is likely to lose domestically on economic grounds and on climate grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is faced with a problem it’s never dealt with before. You need the best minds working on it. And California is usually at the forefront, and I think will remain at the forefront of that discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED has asked the governor’s office what potential reduction in carbon emissions is represented by the more than 200 members of his Under 2 Coalition. We are told they have not made that calculation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This veteran of multinational climate talks thinks it does. Here's why.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928294,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1345},"headData":{"title":"California Leaves Another Big Footprint at U.N. Climate Talks -- But Does It Matter? | KQED","description":"This veteran of multinational climate talks thinks it does. Here's why.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1917844/california-leaves-another-big-footprint-at-u-n-climate-talks-but-does-it-matter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown blazed a trail through this year’s round of U.N. climate talks, just concluded in Bonn, Germany. Along the way he spoke at the Vatican, met with key players in the European Union and signed up some more subnational leaders to his \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/coalition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 Coalition\u003c/a> for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can all this activity really help move the needle toward lower \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate emissions\u003c/a>? We put that question to \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/people/jonathan-pershing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jonathan Pershing\u003c/a>, who was the chief U.S. climate negotiator under the Obama administration. He now directs \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/programs/environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental programs\u003c/a> at the Hewlett Foundation in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png\" alt=\"Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png 250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord. \u003ccite>(The William & Flora Hewlett Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: First of all, where do we stand with respect to the climate agreement signed in Paris in 2015?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: The last two years, countries have really moved forward. We’ve seen substantial implementation. In fact, by many we’ve seen even more aggressive implementation than required. So two key countries that we care a lot about: on the Chinese side, they’ve made some major strides [to become] the world’s largest purchaser and installer of renewable energy for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a case like India’s, they’ve made a pledge to rapidly increase, not just renewable energy, but also electric vehicles. So we’re seeing enormous playing out of the commitments, and in most parts of the world, frankly with the exception of the United States, we’re seeing countries on track and seeking to be even more aggressive than their original targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Ed. note: this year Syria signed on to the Paris accord, leaving the U.S. as the only nation not participating, since the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/02/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repudiation of the agreement\u003c/a>.]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: The latest installment of the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> is out. Does anything jump out at you as particularly concerning? Do you think that the findings in that report up the ante at all or increases the urgency? Or what’s your take on it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: So, every time we come out with a new science assessment, it makes more clear, more explicit, the nature of the crisis — and I use the word crisis advisedly — and the urgency with which we have to act if we want to address it. This report is yet another in a very long series of convincing, compelling articulations about our understanding of the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a body that looks at this issue that doesn’t have the exact same conclusion. It’s getting worse, faster. The damages are more significant. And every time we do another report, it makes those clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2351px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917880 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2351\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png 2351w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-160x72.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-800x361.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-768x347.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1020x461.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1920x867.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1180x533.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-960x434.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-240x108.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-375x169.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-520x235.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2351px) 100vw, 2351px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Largest emitters of greenhouse gases, projected to 2020. (Click the image to enlarge). \u003ccite>(Center for Climate & Energy Solutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: So, let’s talk about Governor Brown, who had a “special advisor” role in Bonn. I’m not sure what significance is attached to that but he has definitely been mounting a major international effort to rally support for climate action. Do you think that he can really make a difference though, without meaningful national policy to back it up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I don’t think by itself it’s sufficient. But I think that meaningful national policy comes out of a host of different places. It’s not as if the chief executive, the president, decides, “I’m going to change the world tomorrow and it changes.” You’ve got to build coalitions of interest. Those often come from historical preferences and efforts mounted by multiple levels of government, by civil society, by whole coalitions of common interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Governor Brown’s trying to do exactly that. And it’s not that he just began this last week. He’s been working in the context of trying to drive state and sub-national action for years now. And this is the next logical step in that program. It’s been given a lot more attention because the executive branch under President Trump has decided not to move. And so Governor Brown’s saying, “Wait a minute. There are those of us who feel that it is imperative that we must move and we’re going to go forward anyway.” And he’s building coalitions of like-minded players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: And so you see this activity by Brown as being more than just symbolic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: Considerably more. He’s got enormous capacity to influence California, to work with the states that California has allied with, which represent about half the states in the nation, to really change the national dynamic…to change emissions, and to change the politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of things that only happen at a sub-national level. A couple of examples: cities control building codes. If you want to make your buildings more efficient, it’s often the city that dictates what the minimum standard is. States control certain kinds of things like zoning. They control a lot of our transportation infrastructure. They deal with things like state taxes on gasoline. They’re the ones that can provide incentives for new companies to move in — companies like Tesla or companies like GM developing the [Chevy] Bolt. Those are things that happen often with state incentives. Those aren’t done at the federal level. Those are much more local. Those kinds of things then can be driven by an executive, at a state level, or a city level, or a county level that can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to me, Governor Brown is tapping into two things. One, the urgency and the need to act and his commitment in California to do so. And two, the fact that governments at these levels have independent authority and autonomy and need to exercise it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1917878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-160x117.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-240x175.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-375x274.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-520x380.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003c/a>KQED: The governor has claimed that the “Trump factor,” as he put it, will be a minor blip and not amount to a major setback in climate progress. Do you agree with that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I think he’s right, although I’m not sure I would have characterized it quite the same way. If I look at this problem, the United States is responsible for less than 20% of global emissions…which means that 80% is happening elsewhere. And in the other 80%, every other country except the United States are in and are apparently meeting their commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the United States, therefore, does represent a small share. And with states moving forward and making part of the difference, the difference will be even smaller. But I want to point out a problem with this, because the extension of that could lead people to believe that it doesn’t matter what the U.S. does. And I don’t think that is true. I think it matters deeply. We are a country that is noted for its innovation, for its ability — not just on the technology side — but on the policy side. I think the existence of Paris itself is in part a function of American input and aggressive work on diplomacy. And it will make a difference. We will not succeed as quickly. And if the world moves forward without the U.S., which it’s going to try to do, the U.S. is likely to lose domestically on economic grounds and on climate grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is faced with a problem it’s never dealt with before. You need the best minds working on it. And California is usually at the forefront, and I think will remain at the forefront of that discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED has asked the governor’s office what potential reduction in carbon emissions is represented by the more than 200 members of his Under 2 Coalition. We are told they have not made that calculation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1917844/california-leaves-another-big-footprint-at-u-n-climate-talks-but-does-it-matter","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_556","science_452","science_101"],"featImg":"science_1917875","label":"science"},"science_29874":{"type":"posts","id":"science_29874","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"29874","score":null,"sort":[1430420872000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"governor-browns-new-climate-offensive-in-five-good-quotes","title":"Governor Brown's New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes","publishDate":1430420872,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Governor Brown’s New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29879\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is pursuing a new set of targets for reducing the amount of greenhouse gas released in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/29/brown-orders-ambitious-new-cuts-in-greenhouse-gases\">write-up\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-jerry-brown-orders-emission-targets-for-climate-change-20150429-story.html\">this\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a nutshell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s plan is an extension of the state’s original “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/?s=AB32\">AB 32\u003c/a>” goals – passed into law when Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor – that called for the state to return to its 1990 levels of carbon pollution by 2020. A follow-up Schwarzenegger plan tightened the screws even further, calling for an eighty-percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“When Hitler was marching on Germany, we didn’t have any airplane factories…we transformed the whole economy.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/gov-jerry-browns-executive-order-greenhouse-gas-emissions/\">Yesterday’s executive order\u003c/a> sets a concrete “intermediate target” between those two goals. By 2030, Brown wants California – “the state of imagination” as he put it — to be putting out 40 percent less greenhouse gas than we did in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/conferences/global-conference/global-conference-2015/panel-detail/5462\">Speaking \u003c/a>at the Milken Institute in Los Angeles, Brown compared the fight against climate change to World War II, railed against climate change deniers in Washington, and suggested Californians might need to open their minds to the idea of drinking recycled toilet water, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expressing contempt for lawmakers in Washington who still debate whether climate change is real or driven by human activity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“In California, there is something called global warming. We’re four degrees warmer than we were historically. Our forest fire season is months longer. It’s almost year-round. This is real stuff.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new plan is ambitious, sure, he said. But we’ve done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“When Hitler was marching on Germany [sic], we didn’t have any airplane factories going and tank factories. But with Roosevelt leading, we transformed the whole economy. Dealing with the threat of climate change is going to require an analogous mobilization.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meeting the new goals and responding to California’s epic drought will require cleaner cars, greater energy efficiency, and coming to terms with new \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">sources of drinking water\u003c/a> that may make some Californians squeamish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“They don’t like to think of toilet to tap. You know, like drinking your toilet water. But you can make it as clean as the water on that table! You have to confidence in this filtration system!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Comparing the slow crisis of climate change to headline news like the recent events in Baltimore:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>\u003cem>You’ve got the problems in the Middle East, Iranian nuclear deal and all that…we’ve got violence in Baltimore. Those are hot and they’re immediate. But we’ve got a slow, rolling crisis that if we don’t deal with it, before we know it we will have passed a tipping point, an irreversible tendency that will be melting the Antarctic ice cap in Greenland, raising sea level, causing temperature rises. I don’t want to go through all the parade of horribles. But it’s serious, it’s catastrophic and it’s longer term.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And finally, whether he, a self-described “old fogey,” can appreciate the kind of radical innovation it will take for Californians to find solutions for its drought woes and other environmental crises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m very optimistic on California because we’re not bound by the obvious. We’re not hampered by so many old-fogey ideas. And even though I’m kind of an old fogey, I’m still a radical thinker when it comes to California and what we can do.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not specified how to achieve his new emissions target. His 2030 target adds to an \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">ambitious list of climate goals\u003c/a> that he outlined in his State of the State address in January.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In promoting his new greenhouse gas reduction targets, the governor invokes World War II, climate-change deniers in Washington, and the recycled toilet water in our future.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931876,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":687},"headData":{"title":"Governor Brown's New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes | KQED","description":"In promoting his new greenhouse gas reduction targets, the governor invokes World War II, climate-change deniers in Washington, and the recycled toilet water in our future.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/29874/governor-browns-new-climate-offensive-in-five-good-quotes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29879\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is pursuing a new set of targets for reducing the amount of greenhouse gas released in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/29/brown-orders-ambitious-new-cuts-in-greenhouse-gases\">write-up\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-jerry-brown-orders-emission-targets-for-climate-change-20150429-story.html\">this\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a nutshell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s plan is an extension of the state’s original “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/?s=AB32\">AB 32\u003c/a>” goals – passed into law when Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor – that called for the state to return to its 1990 levels of carbon pollution by 2020. A follow-up Schwarzenegger plan tightened the screws even further, calling for an eighty-percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“When Hitler was marching on Germany, we didn’t have any airplane factories…we transformed the whole economy.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/gov-jerry-browns-executive-order-greenhouse-gas-emissions/\">Yesterday’s executive order\u003c/a> sets a concrete “intermediate target” between those two goals. By 2030, Brown wants California – “the state of imagination” as he put it — to be putting out 40 percent less greenhouse gas than we did in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/conferences/global-conference/global-conference-2015/panel-detail/5462\">Speaking \u003c/a>at the Milken Institute in Los Angeles, Brown compared the fight against climate change to World War II, railed against climate change deniers in Washington, and suggested Californians might need to open their minds to the idea of drinking recycled toilet water, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expressing contempt for lawmakers in Washington who still debate whether climate change is real or driven by human activity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“In California, there is something called global warming. We’re four degrees warmer than we were historically. Our forest fire season is months longer. It’s almost year-round. This is real stuff.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new plan is ambitious, sure, he said. But we’ve done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“When Hitler was marching on Germany [sic], we didn’t have any airplane factories going and tank factories. But with Roosevelt leading, we transformed the whole economy. Dealing with the threat of climate change is going to require an analogous mobilization.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meeting the new goals and responding to California’s epic drought will require cleaner cars, greater energy efficiency, and coming to terms with new \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">sources of drinking water\u003c/a> that may make some Californians squeamish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“They don’t like to think of toilet to tap. You know, like drinking your toilet water. But you can make it as clean as the water on that table! You have to confidence in this filtration system!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Comparing the slow crisis of climate change to headline news like the recent events in Baltimore:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>\u003cem>You’ve got the problems in the Middle East, Iranian nuclear deal and all that…we’ve got violence in Baltimore. Those are hot and they’re immediate. But we’ve got a slow, rolling crisis that if we don’t deal with it, before we know it we will have passed a tipping point, an irreversible tendency that will be melting the Antarctic ice cap in Greenland, raising sea level, causing temperature rises. I don’t want to go through all the parade of horribles. But it’s serious, it’s catastrophic and it’s longer term.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And finally, whether he, a self-described “old fogey,” can appreciate the kind of radical innovation it will take for Californians to find solutions for its drought woes and other environmental crises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m very optimistic on California because we’re not bound by the obvious. We’re not hampered by so many old-fogey ideas. And even though I’m kind of an old fogey, I’m still a radical thinker when it comes to California and what we can do.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not specified how to achieve his new emissions target. His 2030 target adds to an \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">ambitious list of climate goals\u003c/a> that he outlined in his State of the State address in January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/29874/governor-browns-new-climate-offensive-in-five-good-quotes","authors":["210"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_64","science_452","science_101"],"featImg":"science_29879","label":"science_1151"},"science_28104":{"type":"posts","id":"science_28104","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"28104","score":null,"sort":[1426212742000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"south-american-peaks-contain-2000-year-record-of-lead-in-the-air","title":"South American Peaks Contain 2000-Year Record of Lead in the Air","publishDate":1426212742,"format":"aside","headTitle":"South American Peaks Contain 2000-Year Record of Lead in the Air | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\" alt=\"Nevado Illimani, Bolivia\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia, contains ancient ice that records the state of the atmosphere since Ice Age times. (Hernan Payrumani/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New data from the ancient ice of a Bolivian glacier show that this region’s worst exposure to airborne lead in the last 2000 years came not from metal smelting by the Incas or the Spaniards, but from leaded gasoline just 50 years ago. Our ill-fated experiment putting lead in gasoline appears to have tainted Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source. Thus the 20th-century political battle over leaded gas, which put America generations behind in lowering greenhouse gases, left its mark across the whole world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are interested in glaciers because every year they trap samples of water, dust and gases in layers of snow and ice. Some glaciers preserve these samples for many thousands of years. The great ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland have the longest records. They yield information on volcanic eruptions near and far, ancient air temperatures and the human output over recent centuries of industrial wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice records from outside the polar regions are precious and endangered, especially in the tropics. One of these records is preserved in glaciers on the 21,000-foot peak of Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia. \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">An open-access paper just published in the journal Science Advances\u003c/a> reports on 2000 years of atmospheric lead, in an ice core that was collected in 1999. The data shed light on the history of technology before and after Columbus opened the New World to Europe around 1500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolivia has always been an exceptional producer of metals—at first, silver, and later other metals like copper and nickel. Most metal ores contain lead as an impurity, so smelting releases lead-bearing dust into the air. Tiny lead-bearing particles are preserved not only in Illimani’s ice, but also in lake-bottom sediments around the region. The top 127.5 meters of Illimani ice is a record of 20 centuries of metallurgical history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\" alt=\"2000 years of lead deposition on Nevado Illimani\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2000-year record of lead levels in the Illimani ice core. Lead concentration is expressed as an emission factor (EF Pb), where 1 signifies the level of natural emissions. Note that EF’s between 14 and 20 are cut out to save space. The change in emissions around 1600 resulted when the Spaniards replaced the Inca smelters, called \u003ci>huayras\u003c/i>, with mercury-based techniques. (\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">Science Advances\u003c/a>/CC BY-NC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First came the wealthy Tiwanaku and Wari cultures, which smelted silver between the years 450 and 950. Lead levels rose to double the natural average at this time. A three-century-long drought replaced these empires with “decentralized polities,” and lead levels fell until the Incas took up silver mining again, starting around 1450. When the Spanish conquistadors toppled the Incas in 1532, Bolivia became the Saudi Arabia of silver, with lead emissions rising to four times background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long silver boom ended with the 1700s. Then came the tin boom of the 1900s, when Bolivia was consistently among the top three producers of that important metal. Tin ores, like silver ores, contain lead as a contaminant, and the ice bore witness to lead pollution as much as six times background, well above any previous extreme since the year zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As tin faded, copper and nickel mining kept lead levels well above background in the Illimani ice record. But lead pollution rose three times over even these unprecedented levels when lead was deliberately added to gasoline, peaking in the 1960s and finally ending in the early 2000s. Excess lead is recorded in the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could argue that mining of tin, copper and nickel helps civilization far more than the harm it may cause from lead emissions. But how did we come to think it was a good idea to spray poisonous lead out of every tailpipe in the world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhistory.org/billkovarik/about-bk/research/henry-ford-charles-kettering-and-the-fuel-of-the-future/\">A meticulous history of leaded fuel\u003c/a> by Professor Bill Kovarik, of Unity College, shows that in a pitched battle between American oil drillers and grain farmers in the 1920s, tetra-ethyl lead (“ethyl”) was a key weapon. Gasoline engines were prone to “knock” and the fuel supply came increasingly from foreign oil wells. Ethanol had domestic sources and was immune to knock. But ethyl enabled gasoline engines to avoid knock, if you didn’t mind putting toxic lead in the exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovaric shows that major actors like General Motors and the American Petroleum Institute won the day in the lobbies of Congress and federal agencies. Under attack from lobbyists and Congress, agencies suppressed scientific research on ethyl’s toxicity and ethanol’s performance. The contest between gasoline and ethanol was not a fair one. “In essence,” Kovarik concluded, “political conditions shaped the marketplace and the new competition [ethanol] faced a difficult economic playing field heavily tilted toward established industries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethanol lost out to oil in the 1930s. Today it’s mounting a comeback aided by a new political factor, greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5052588\">A recent study in the journal \u003ci>Environmental Science and Technology\u003c/i>\u003c/a> compared three ethanol-producing crops—cornstalks, switchgrass and \u003ca href=\"http://www.extension.org/pages/26625/miscanthus-miscanthus-x-giganteus-for-biofuel-production\">a hybrid form of miscanthus grass\u003c/a>—and found that miscanthus, a relative of sugarcane, offers as much as three times the climate benefit of corn. This kind of analysis can influence climate policy—but only if it can win a place at the policymaking table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle for the transportation fuel market goes on. Ethanol remains handicapped by eight decades of opposition, but at least toxic lead is out of the picture.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New data from the ancient ice of a tropical glacier shows that lead in gasoline tainted the Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source, past or present, human or natural.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932146,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":945},"headData":{"title":"South American Peaks Contain 2000-Year Record of Lead in the Air | KQED","description":"New data from the ancient ice of a tropical glacier shows that lead in gasoline tainted the Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source, past or present, human or natural.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/28104/south-american-peaks-contain-2000-year-record-of-lead-in-the-air","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\" alt=\"Nevado Illimani, Bolivia\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia, contains ancient ice that records the state of the atmosphere since Ice Age times. (Hernan Payrumani/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New data from the ancient ice of a Bolivian glacier show that this region’s worst exposure to airborne lead in the last 2000 years came not from metal smelting by the Incas or the Spaniards, but from leaded gasoline just 50 years ago. Our ill-fated experiment putting lead in gasoline appears to have tainted Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source. Thus the 20th-century political battle over leaded gas, which put America generations behind in lowering greenhouse gases, left its mark across the whole world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are interested in glaciers because every year they trap samples of water, dust and gases in layers of snow and ice. Some glaciers preserve these samples for many thousands of years. The great ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland have the longest records. They yield information on volcanic eruptions near and far, ancient air temperatures and the human output over recent centuries of industrial wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice records from outside the polar regions are precious and endangered, especially in the tropics. One of these records is preserved in glaciers on the 21,000-foot peak of Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia. \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">An open-access paper just published in the journal Science Advances\u003c/a> reports on 2000 years of atmospheric lead, in an ice core that was collected in 1999. The data shed light on the history of technology before and after Columbus opened the New World to Europe around 1500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolivia has always been an exceptional producer of metals—at first, silver, and later other metals like copper and nickel. Most metal ores contain lead as an impurity, so smelting releases lead-bearing dust into the air. Tiny lead-bearing particles are preserved not only in Illimani’s ice, but also in lake-bottom sediments around the region. The top 127.5 meters of Illimani ice is a record of 20 centuries of metallurgical history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\" alt=\"2000 years of lead deposition on Nevado Illimani\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2000-year record of lead levels in the Illimani ice core. Lead concentration is expressed as an emission factor (EF Pb), where 1 signifies the level of natural emissions. Note that EF’s between 14 and 20 are cut out to save space. The change in emissions around 1600 resulted when the Spaniards replaced the Inca smelters, called \u003ci>huayras\u003c/i>, with mercury-based techniques. (\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">Science Advances\u003c/a>/CC BY-NC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First came the wealthy Tiwanaku and Wari cultures, which smelted silver between the years 450 and 950. Lead levels rose to double the natural average at this time. A three-century-long drought replaced these empires with “decentralized polities,” and lead levels fell until the Incas took up silver mining again, starting around 1450. When the Spanish conquistadors toppled the Incas in 1532, Bolivia became the Saudi Arabia of silver, with lead emissions rising to four times background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long silver boom ended with the 1700s. Then came the tin boom of the 1900s, when Bolivia was consistently among the top three producers of that important metal. Tin ores, like silver ores, contain lead as a contaminant, and the ice bore witness to lead pollution as much as six times background, well above any previous extreme since the year zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As tin faded, copper and nickel mining kept lead levels well above background in the Illimani ice record. But lead pollution rose three times over even these unprecedented levels when lead was deliberately added to gasoline, peaking in the 1960s and finally ending in the early 2000s. Excess lead is recorded in the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could argue that mining of tin, copper and nickel helps civilization far more than the harm it may cause from lead emissions. But how did we come to think it was a good idea to spray poisonous lead out of every tailpipe in the world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhistory.org/billkovarik/about-bk/research/henry-ford-charles-kettering-and-the-fuel-of-the-future/\">A meticulous history of leaded fuel\u003c/a> by Professor Bill Kovarik, of Unity College, shows that in a pitched battle between American oil drillers and grain farmers in the 1920s, tetra-ethyl lead (“ethyl”) was a key weapon. Gasoline engines were prone to “knock” and the fuel supply came increasingly from foreign oil wells. Ethanol had domestic sources and was immune to knock. But ethyl enabled gasoline engines to avoid knock, if you didn’t mind putting toxic lead in the exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovaric shows that major actors like General Motors and the American Petroleum Institute won the day in the lobbies of Congress and federal agencies. Under attack from lobbyists and Congress, agencies suppressed scientific research on ethyl’s toxicity and ethanol’s performance. The contest between gasoline and ethanol was not a fair one. “In essence,” Kovarik concluded, “political conditions shaped the marketplace and the new competition [ethanol] faced a difficult economic playing field heavily tilted toward established industries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethanol lost out to oil in the 1930s. Today it’s mounting a comeback aided by a new political factor, greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5052588\">A recent study in the journal \u003ci>Environmental Science and Technology\u003c/i>\u003c/a> compared three ethanol-producing crops—cornstalks, switchgrass and \u003ca href=\"http://www.extension.org/pages/26625/miscanthus-miscanthus-x-giganteus-for-biofuel-production\">a hybrid form of miscanthus grass\u003c/a>—and found that miscanthus, a relative of sugarcane, offers as much as three times the climate benefit of corn. This kind of analysis can influence climate policy—but only if it can win a place at the policymaking table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle for the transportation fuel market goes on. Ethanol remains handicapped by eight decades of opposition, but at least toxic lead is out of the picture.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/28104/south-american-peaks-contain-2000-year-record-of-lead-in-the-air","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_31","science_38"],"tags":["science_452","science_819"],"featImg":"science_28105","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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