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Prior to joining KQED Science, Sarah worked in a brand new role as Digital Marketing Strategist at WPSU Penn State.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sarahkmohamad","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Mohamad | KQED","description":"Engagement Producer and Reporter, KQED Science","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/smohamad"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1984781":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984781","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984781","score":null,"sort":[1697626988000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"myshake-earthquake-alert-test-thursday","title":"Another Emergency Alert on Your Phone? This Time, an Earthquake Test","publishDate":1697626988,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Another Emergency Alert on Your Phone? This Time, an Earthquake Test | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 7:45 a.m. Thursday:\u003c/strong> The MyShake test alert you might have received on Thursday morning at 3:19 a.m. was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/USGS_ShakeAlert/status/1714969162282618894\">mixup between time zones in the test alert system, according to USGS\u003c/a>. The real test alert is still scheduled for 10:19 a.m. Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 12:00 p.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> The emergency alert you might have received on Wednesday morning at 9:30 a.m. was for a \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73948665/executive\">real 4.2 magnitude earthquake just east of the Bay Area city of Antioch, near Isleton in Sacramento County\u003c/a>. The MyShake emergency alert test detailed below is unrelated and should still go ahead as scheduled on Thursday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday morning’s earthquake was initially overestimated as having a 5.7 magnitude by ShakeAlert USGS, which triggered the WEAS emergency alert on our cellphones. Ultimately, the earthquake’s magnitude was downgraded to 4.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is public safety. And so yes, there are going to be events that will be overestimated because every earthquake is a little different,” said Robert-Michael de Groot, coordinator at ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System, USGS. “The most important point about the earthquake early warning system is public safety. We try to maximize public safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Groot said the fact that MyShake overestimated the magnitude of this quake is “the system doing what it does normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story:\u003c/strong> Do you have the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977213/heres-where-to-download-californias-earthquake-early-warning-app\">MyShake earthquake warning app \u003c/a>downloaded on your cellphone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 2 million Californians already do — and they’ll be getting a loud earthquake test alert on Thursday morning, as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakeout.org/faq/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20International%20ShakeOut%20Day,participate%20%2D%20ShakeOut%20is%20for%20everyone.&text=You%20or%20your%20organization%2C%20however,that%20you%20find%20most%20convenient.\">Annual Great ShakeOut\u003c/a> quake preparedness drill that takes place across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This alert is coming on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11963137/fema-fcc-emergency-alert\">a test of the FEMA emergency alert system that was sent to phones nationwide\u003c/a>. Keep reading for what you need to know about this latest test alert — and more ways to get these earthquake warnings for real.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When will the MyShake earthquake test alert happen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977213/heres-where-to-download-californias-earthquake-early-warning-app\">MyShake app\u003c/a> will be sending the test alert on Thursday, Oct. 19 at 10:19 a.m. PST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11963137/fema-fcc-emergency-alert\">FEMA test alert that almost everyone experienced earlier this month\u003c/a>, this phone alert will \u003cem>only\u003c/em> apply to people with the MyShake app living in California, Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What will the alert look and sound like?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The MyShake test alert will be in the form of an image that will tell people to \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakeout.org/dropcoverholdon/\">“Drop, Cover, and Hold On.”\u003c/a> You’ll also get an audio alert that will signify that this is a test.[aside postID='science_1977213,science_1936949,science_1949019' label='Related coverage']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MyShake app, developed by UC Berkeley seismologists and engineers as an early earthquake warning system, gets its quake data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakealert.org/media-kit/\">U.S. Geological Services (USGS) ShakeAlert system\u003c/a>. The app processes that data, and then distributes the alerts to where they need to go, according to de Groot, the ShakeAlert coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The USGS role is critical in terms of how MyShake operates,” de Groot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I get the MyShake app if I don’t already have it?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you have an iPhone, you can \u003ca href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/myshake/id1467058529\">download the MyShake app from the Apple app store\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have an Android phone, you can \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=edu.berkeley.bsl.myshake&pli=1\">download MyShake from the Google Play store\u003c/a> — but Android phones will also get these alerts automatically through the Android operating system (more on this below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977213/heres-where-to-download-californias-earthquake-early-warning-app\">Read more about the evolution of the MyShake app.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How will this system be used when a real earthquake is detected?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When an earthquake happens, multiple earthquake stations will detect the shaking of the ground. Algorithms then estimate the earthquake’s location and expected magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the earthquake is estimated to be magnitude 4.5 or greater, MyShake delivers an alert to phones in areas where shaking is predicted,” said Christina Valens, a data analyst at UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone is far enough from the earthquake’s epicenter, they will receive the alert a few seconds before the ground shaking gets more intense. These seconds of warning can be used to take protective action such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakeout.org/dropcoverholdon/\">Drop, Cover, and Hold On\u003c/a>, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>I have the app, but what if I don’t get the test alert?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you have the MyShake app, and you don’t get the alert on your phone on Thursday, don’t worry: It might be due to a few reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your alerts and notifications might be disabled for the MyShake app, or MyShake may not have permission to run in your phone’s background. Since the alert will be sent to phones in California, Oregon and Washington, the app will rely on your location data in order to send you the test alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valen says if you have your location services turned off, you might not be able to receive the alert. Valen encourages people to \u003ca href=\"myshake-info@berkeley.edu\">contact MyShake support\u003c/a> if they notice a problem on the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If my phone is off or on airplane mode, will I receive the alert?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Just like a normal alert, MyShake is unable to send test alerts to phones that are off or in airplane mode, according to Valens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have the MyShake app and prefer not to receive the alerts on Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://myshake.berkeley.edu/faq.html#shakeout\">MyShake advises people to temporarily disable the app notifications \u003c/a>from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Though we highly encourage everyone to participate in ShakeOut, MyShake is considering adding an opt-out feature for test alerts in the future,” Valen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://myshake.berkeley.edu/faq.html#shakeout\">Find more frequently asked questions about MyShake here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are other ways than MyShake to get an alert if a real earthquake hits?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>USGS’s ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System (EEW) sends \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-i-sign-shakealertr-earthquake-early-warning-system\">earthquake alerts to people’s phones in multiple ways.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA), MyShake alerts, the \u003ca href=\"https://earlywarninglabs.com/mobile-app/\">QuakeAlertUSA app for California and Oregon \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.readysandiego.org/SDEmergencyApp/\">the ShakeReadySD app for San Diego residents\u003c/a> are a few ShakeAlert-powered alerts that people can sign up to.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Christina Valens, data analyst at UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory\"]“It may feel a little silly waiting under a table while nothing happens, but ShakeOut is meant to be an opportunity to practice and build muscle memory for when we experience actual earthquakes”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968352/android-phones-will-now-automatically-receive-california-earthquake-warnings\">Android phones have also been capable of receiving earthquake early warning alerts\u003c/a> through Google’s Android operating system — though users should still check their settings to make sure that earthquake alerts are enabled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an earthquake is expected to be magnitude 5 or greater, a Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) will be sent to WEA-capable devices, Valens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MyShake differs from these other alert delivery tools in that it collects user experience reports for earthquakes greater than magnitude 3.5 and uses motion data captured by phones for research purposes, said Valen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope for this test alert is that when people receive it, they Drop, Cover, and Hold On.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may feel a little silly waiting under a table while nothing happens, but ShakeOut is meant to be an opportunity to practice and build muscle memory for when we experience actual earthquakes,” Valen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Also, ShakeOut is a great opportunity to make a disaster plan, build an emergency supplies kit, and identify potential hazards that could cause injury when an earthquake happens,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People in California who have the MyShake earthquake warning app will receive an emergency alert test on Thursday morning. Here's what you need to know.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845863,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1256},"headData":{"title":"Another Emergency Alert on Your Phone? This Time, an Earthquake Test | KQED","description":"People in California who have the MyShake earthquake warning app will receive an emergency alert test on Thursday morning. Here's what you need to know.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984781/myshake-earthquake-alert-test-thursday","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 7:45 a.m. Thursday:\u003c/strong> The MyShake test alert you might have received on Thursday morning at 3:19 a.m. was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/USGS_ShakeAlert/status/1714969162282618894\">mixup between time zones in the test alert system, according to USGS\u003c/a>. The real test alert is still scheduled for 10:19 a.m. Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 12:00 p.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> The emergency alert you might have received on Wednesday morning at 9:30 a.m. was for a \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73948665/executive\">real 4.2 magnitude earthquake just east of the Bay Area city of Antioch, near Isleton in Sacramento County\u003c/a>. The MyShake emergency alert test detailed below is unrelated and should still go ahead as scheduled on Thursday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday morning’s earthquake was initially overestimated as having a 5.7 magnitude by ShakeAlert USGS, which triggered the WEAS emergency alert on our cellphones. Ultimately, the earthquake’s magnitude was downgraded to 4.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is public safety. And so yes, there are going to be events that will be overestimated because every earthquake is a little different,” said Robert-Michael de Groot, coordinator at ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System, USGS. “The most important point about the earthquake early warning system is public safety. We try to maximize public safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Groot said the fact that MyShake overestimated the magnitude of this quake is “the system doing what it does normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story:\u003c/strong> Do you have the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977213/heres-where-to-download-californias-earthquake-early-warning-app\">MyShake earthquake warning app \u003c/a>downloaded on your cellphone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 2 million Californians already do — and they’ll be getting a loud earthquake test alert on Thursday morning, as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakeout.org/faq/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20International%20ShakeOut%20Day,participate%20%2D%20ShakeOut%20is%20for%20everyone.&text=You%20or%20your%20organization%2C%20however,that%20you%20find%20most%20convenient.\">Annual Great ShakeOut\u003c/a> quake preparedness drill that takes place across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This alert is coming on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11963137/fema-fcc-emergency-alert\">a test of the FEMA emergency alert system that was sent to phones nationwide\u003c/a>. Keep reading for what you need to know about this latest test alert — and more ways to get these earthquake warnings for real.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When will the MyShake earthquake test alert happen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977213/heres-where-to-download-californias-earthquake-early-warning-app\">MyShake app\u003c/a> will be sending the test alert on Thursday, Oct. 19 at 10:19 a.m. PST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11963137/fema-fcc-emergency-alert\">FEMA test alert that almost everyone experienced earlier this month\u003c/a>, this phone alert will \u003cem>only\u003c/em> apply to people with the MyShake app living in California, Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What will the alert look and sound like?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The MyShake test alert will be in the form of an image that will tell people to \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakeout.org/dropcoverholdon/\">“Drop, Cover, and Hold On.”\u003c/a> You’ll also get an audio alert that will signify that this is a test.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1977213,science_1936949,science_1949019","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MyShake app, developed by UC Berkeley seismologists and engineers as an early earthquake warning system, gets its quake data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakealert.org/media-kit/\">U.S. Geological Services (USGS) ShakeAlert system\u003c/a>. The app processes that data, and then distributes the alerts to where they need to go, according to de Groot, the ShakeAlert coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The USGS role is critical in terms of how MyShake operates,” de Groot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I get the MyShake app if I don’t already have it?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you have an iPhone, you can \u003ca href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/myshake/id1467058529\">download the MyShake app from the Apple app store\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have an Android phone, you can \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=edu.berkeley.bsl.myshake&pli=1\">download MyShake from the Google Play store\u003c/a> — but Android phones will also get these alerts automatically through the Android operating system (more on this below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977213/heres-where-to-download-californias-earthquake-early-warning-app\">Read more about the evolution of the MyShake app.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How will this system be used when a real earthquake is detected?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When an earthquake happens, multiple earthquake stations will detect the shaking of the ground. Algorithms then estimate the earthquake’s location and expected magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the earthquake is estimated to be magnitude 4.5 or greater, MyShake delivers an alert to phones in areas where shaking is predicted,” said Christina Valens, a data analyst at UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone is far enough from the earthquake’s epicenter, they will receive the alert a few seconds before the ground shaking gets more intense. These seconds of warning can be used to take protective action such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.shakeout.org/dropcoverholdon/\">Drop, Cover, and Hold On\u003c/a>, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>I have the app, but what if I don’t get the test alert?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you have the MyShake app, and you don’t get the alert on your phone on Thursday, don’t worry: It might be due to a few reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your alerts and notifications might be disabled for the MyShake app, or MyShake may not have permission to run in your phone’s background. Since the alert will be sent to phones in California, Oregon and Washington, the app will rely on your location data in order to send you the test alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valen says if you have your location services turned off, you might not be able to receive the alert. Valen encourages people to \u003ca href=\"myshake-info@berkeley.edu\">contact MyShake support\u003c/a> if they notice a problem on the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If my phone is off or on airplane mode, will I receive the alert?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Just like a normal alert, MyShake is unable to send test alerts to phones that are off or in airplane mode, according to Valens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have the MyShake app and prefer not to receive the alerts on Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://myshake.berkeley.edu/faq.html#shakeout\">MyShake advises people to temporarily disable the app notifications \u003c/a>from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Though we highly encourage everyone to participate in ShakeOut, MyShake is considering adding an opt-out feature for test alerts in the future,” Valen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://myshake.berkeley.edu/faq.html#shakeout\">Find more frequently asked questions about MyShake here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are other ways than MyShake to get an alert if a real earthquake hits?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>USGS’s ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System (EEW) sends \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-i-sign-shakealertr-earthquake-early-warning-system\">earthquake alerts to people’s phones in multiple ways.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA), MyShake alerts, the \u003ca href=\"https://earlywarninglabs.com/mobile-app/\">QuakeAlertUSA app for California and Oregon \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.readysandiego.org/SDEmergencyApp/\">the ShakeReadySD app for San Diego residents\u003c/a> are a few ShakeAlert-powered alerts that people can sign up to.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"“It may feel a little silly waiting under a table while nothing happens, but ShakeOut is meant to be an opportunity to practice and build muscle memory for when we experience actual earthquakes”","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Christina Valens, data analyst at UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968352/android-phones-will-now-automatically-receive-california-earthquake-warnings\">Android phones have also been capable of receiving earthquake early warning alerts\u003c/a> through Google’s Android operating system — though users should still check their settings to make sure that earthquake alerts are enabled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an earthquake is expected to be magnitude 5 or greater, a Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) will be sent to WEA-capable devices, Valens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MyShake differs from these other alert delivery tools in that it collects user experience reports for earthquakes greater than magnitude 3.5 and uses motion data captured by phones for research purposes, said Valen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope for this test alert is that when people receive it, they Drop, Cover, and Hold On.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may feel a little silly waiting under a table while nothing happens, but ShakeOut is meant to be an opportunity to practice and build muscle memory for when we experience actual earthquakes,” Valen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Also, ShakeOut is a great opportunity to make a disaster plan, build an emergency supplies kit, and identify potential hazards that could cause injury when an earthquake happens,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984781/myshake-earthquake-alert-test-thursday","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_257","science_218","science_2677"],"featImg":"science_1984785","label":"science"},"science_1967895":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1967895","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1967895","score":null,"sort":[1596151560000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"during-pandemic-earthquake-scientists-detect-longest-period-of-seismic-stillness-on-record","title":"During Pandemic, Earthquake Scientists Detect Longest Period of Seismic Stillness on Record","publishDate":1596151560,"format":"standard","headTitle":"During Pandemic, Earthquake Scientists Detect Longest Period of Seismic Stillness on Record | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As coronavirus cases spread across the globe, governments shut down businesses and humans retreated into their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International shipping slowed, cruise ships docked and ocean noise was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/20/891854646/whales-get-a-break-as-pandemic-creates-quieter-oceans\">measurably less\u003c/a>, giving relief to whales, which are highly sensitive to noise. California’s shelter-in-place order forced a huge number of cars off the streets, and bears lazily strolled across typically busy roads in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/138795446168746/videos/254721205716091/\">Yosemite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic and shelter-in-place orders offered a unique opportunity to study the natural world without the usual human cacophony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team of 76 scientists from around the world has now quantified this moment of quiet, what some have called the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/23/1005574/lockdown-was-the-longest-period-of-quiet-in-human-history/\">seismic silence\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z\">anthropause\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientists analyzed readings from more than 300 stations scattered around the globe and discovered that the shutdowns caused a period of seismic stillness that was longer and more sustained than anything their instruments had recorded before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967904\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967904 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-1020x432.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-768x325.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of Rob Anthony/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group’s \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/07/22/science.abd2438\">findings\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>, show that lockdown rules meant to slow the spread of this coronavirus led to a global median reduction in observed seismic noise of up to 50% between March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Lecocq, lead author and seismologist with the Royal Observatory of Belgium, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00965-x\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> \u003c/a>that the months of quiet created a unique moment for scientific observation. Suddenly, their sensitive equipment could detect activity from small earthquakes that normally would have been masked by human vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are a major — but not the only — source of seismic noise, the hum of activity vibrating the Earth’s crust. Seismometers can register the sound of cars on highways, barrelling trains, swiveling cranes and even feet stomping in a packed sports arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this “cultural noise,” has for years muddied the sound of small earthquakes quietly rumbling below Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other major cities that exist above active fault lines, according to Rob Anthony, a USGS scientist and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults underneath cities are the most problematic,” he told KQED. “If they go off, they’re going to do the most damage to buildings because everyone’s living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the group collected could potentially improve the ability to map many smaller earthquake faults that lie underneath these cities, improving building codes and emergency response in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taka’aki Taira, a research seismologist at UC Berkeley, also participated in the study. He says the Bay Area saw a “clear drop of human-generated seismic noise following the shelter-in-place order,” adding that his lab is “exploring our seismic data to see if we can detect signals from small earthquakes that are usually buried in noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seismologists expected the lockdowns would cause a decrease in seismic noise, based on their observations of other moments when humans are less active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you just look at seismic records, you see very strong day cycles and a large part of that is just that there’s less people and machinery moving around at night,” Anthony said. “On Christmas, the seismic noise drops substantially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new seismic record is so interesting, he says, because it shows a stillness that begins in China and spreads to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China implemented lockdown measures the soonest, at some point in January,” recalls Anthony. “And then later, as other countries implemented lockdowns in March and April, when you could start to see it in other cities across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credits the Royal Observatory’s Lecocq, who mobilized dozens of seismologists to work on the study and shared a uniform software code to coordinate everyone’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were all stuck at home during this crisis,” says Anthony, “he provided open source code to seismologists across the world so that they could do this type of analysis on their own.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The seismic hiatus began in China and spread to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847136,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":683},"headData":{"title":"During Pandemic, Earthquake Scientists Detect Longest Period of Seismic Stillness on Record | KQED","description":"The seismic hiatus began in China and spread to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Coronavirus","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1967895/during-pandemic-earthquake-scientists-detect-longest-period-of-seismic-stillness-on-record","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As coronavirus cases spread across the globe, governments shut down businesses and humans retreated into their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International shipping slowed, cruise ships docked and ocean noise was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/20/891854646/whales-get-a-break-as-pandemic-creates-quieter-oceans\">measurably less\u003c/a>, giving relief to whales, which are highly sensitive to noise. California’s shelter-in-place order forced a huge number of cars off the streets, and bears lazily strolled across typically busy roads in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/138795446168746/videos/254721205716091/\">Yosemite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic and shelter-in-place orders offered a unique opportunity to study the natural world without the usual human cacophony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team of 76 scientists from around the world has now quantified this moment of quiet, what some have called the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/23/1005574/lockdown-was-the-longest-period-of-quiet-in-human-history/\">seismic silence\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z\">anthropause\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientists analyzed readings from more than 300 stations scattered around the globe and discovered that the shutdowns caused a period of seismic stillness that was longer and more sustained than anything their instruments had recorded before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967904\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967904 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-1020x432.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-768x325.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of Rob Anthony/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group’s \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/07/22/science.abd2438\">findings\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>, show that lockdown rules meant to slow the spread of this coronavirus led to a global median reduction in observed seismic noise of up to 50% between March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Lecocq, lead author and seismologist with the Royal Observatory of Belgium, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00965-x\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> \u003c/a>that the months of quiet created a unique moment for scientific observation. Suddenly, their sensitive equipment could detect activity from small earthquakes that normally would have been masked by human vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are a major — but not the only — source of seismic noise, the hum of activity vibrating the Earth’s crust. Seismometers can register the sound of cars on highways, barrelling trains, swiveling cranes and even feet stomping in a packed sports arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this “cultural noise,” has for years muddied the sound of small earthquakes quietly rumbling below Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other major cities that exist above active fault lines, according to Rob Anthony, a USGS scientist and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults underneath cities are the most problematic,” he told KQED. “If they go off, they’re going to do the most damage to buildings because everyone’s living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the group collected could potentially improve the ability to map many smaller earthquake faults that lie underneath these cities, improving building codes and emergency response in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taka’aki Taira, a research seismologist at UC Berkeley, also participated in the study. He says the Bay Area saw a “clear drop of human-generated seismic noise following the shelter-in-place order,” adding that his lab is “exploring our seismic data to see if we can detect signals from small earthquakes that are usually buried in noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seismologists expected the lockdowns would cause a decrease in seismic noise, based on their observations of other moments when humans are less active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you just look at seismic records, you see very strong day cycles and a large part of that is just that there’s less people and machinery moving around at night,” Anthony said. “On Christmas, the seismic noise drops substantially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new seismic record is so interesting, he says, because it shows a stillness that begins in China and spreads to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China implemented lockdown measures the soonest, at some point in January,” recalls Anthony. “And then later, as other countries implemented lockdowns in March and April, when you could start to see it in other cities across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credits the Royal Observatory’s Lecocq, who mobilized dozens of seismologists to work on the study and shared a uniform software code to coordinate everyone’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were all stuck at home during this crisis,” says Anthony, “he provided open source code to seismologists across the world so that they could do this type of analysis on their own.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1967895/during-pandemic-earthquake-scientists-detect-longest-period-of-seismic-stillness-on-record","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4414","science_218"],"featImg":"science_1967901","label":"source_science_1967895"},"science_1951470":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1951470","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1951470","score":null,"sort":[1576073737000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"take-a-google-earth-tour-of-the-bay-areas-most-epic-rock-formations","title":"Take a Google Earth Tour of the Bay Area’s Most Epic Rock Formations","publishDate":1576073737,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Take a Google Earth Tour of the Bay Area’s Most Epic Rock Formations | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In 1984, the American Geophysical Union published a guidebook of the Bay Area’s most striking rock formations designed by \u003ca href=\"https://eps.berkeley.edu/content/clyde-wahrhaftig\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clyde Wahrhaftig\u003c/a>, a legendary UC Berkeley geologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1='https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction,Click here to take the tour']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A Streetcar to Subduction and Other Plate Tectonic Trips by Public Transport in San Francisco” became a cult classic among geologists and attendees of AGU’s fall conference held in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, I imagine a hard copy would attract the attention of a Luddite wandering the aisles of his local public library. But digital natives? Maybe not so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eureka! Enter Bay Area rock tour 2.0!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mark the original publication’s 35th anniversary, scientists have transformed the tour into a Google Earth \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">digital experience,\u003c/a> complete with photos and informational videos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, using your phone and the Google Earth App, you can follow “Streetcar to Subduction” to blueschist and serpentinite rocks on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2019/12/09/flat-earth-believers-actually-love-science-they-just-like-conspiracies-more/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Angel Island\u003c/a>, Jurassic period chert at \u003ca href=\"https://earth.google.com/web/@37.76704566,-122.43381827,47.43754245a,1232.46183976d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=MicKJQojCiExS3Z6elhMWkFMYi16MUlWWnZQaW1nSzR5VFlZM28tT046AwoBMA?authuser=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corona Heights\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://earth.google.com/web/@37.54772427,-121.96628249,16.10883117a,1000d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=MicKJQojCiExUHRZbTY0VEZHalpqR3JUem5DNl9mNDVEMGlKdmRpcF86AwoBMA?authuser=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in Central Park in Fremont, among other Bay Area geologic formations. True to the title, you can get to many of the locations on public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project lead \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcgill.ca/eps/kirkpatrick-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jamie Kirkpatrick\u003c/a>, a geologist from McGill University, noted a couple of inspirations for updating Wahrhaftig’s tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the Bay Area and it’s beautiful and we like to go outside,” he said. “But also, the geology in this area is remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/_v6AODf57wA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirkpatrick appreciated the original guidebook, but he said that Wahrhaftig wrote using dense, scientific jargon. Also, the public transit route information and some of the science was out of date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make a guidebook that people who live in the Bay Area could use,” Kirkpatrick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t like the great outdoors? That’s fine. You can take the tour online without ever having to venture into the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find links to the individual tours \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a> and helpful instructions for using the guide \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvcc.edu/home/cbentley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Callan Bentley\u003c/a>, Northern Virginia Community College; \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjsu.edu/geology/people/faculty/blisniuk/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kim Blisniuk\u003c/a>, San Jose State University; \u003ca href=\"https://www.eps.mcgill.ca/~crowe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christie Rowe\u003c/a>, McGill University; and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/csm/ees/faculty-staff/wakabayshi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Wakabayashi\u003c/a>, California State University, Fresno designed the virtual tour.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Geologists created a digital tour of rock formations at Angel Island, the Marin Headlands and other locations around the Bay Area. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848034,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":379},"headData":{"title":"Take a Google Earth Tour of the Bay Area’s Most Epic Rock Formations | KQED","description":"Geologists created a digital tour of rock formations at Angel Island, the Marin Headlands and other locations around the Bay Area. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Geology","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1951470/take-a-google-earth-tour-of-the-bay-areas-most-epic-rock-formations","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1984, the American Geophysical Union published a guidebook of the Bay Area’s most striking rock formations designed by \u003ca href=\"https://eps.berkeley.edu/content/clyde-wahrhaftig\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clyde Wahrhaftig\u003c/a>, a legendary UC Berkeley geologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"link1":"https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction,Click here to take the tour","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A Streetcar to Subduction and Other Plate Tectonic Trips by Public Transport in San Francisco” became a cult classic among geologists and attendees of AGU’s fall conference held in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, I imagine a hard copy would attract the attention of a Luddite wandering the aisles of his local public library. But digital natives? Maybe not so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eureka! Enter Bay Area rock tour 2.0!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mark the original publication’s 35th anniversary, scientists have transformed the tour into a Google Earth \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">digital experience,\u003c/a> complete with photos and informational videos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, using your phone and the Google Earth App, you can follow “Streetcar to Subduction” to blueschist and serpentinite rocks on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2019/12/09/flat-earth-believers-actually-love-science-they-just-like-conspiracies-more/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Angel Island\u003c/a>, Jurassic period chert at \u003ca href=\"https://earth.google.com/web/@37.76704566,-122.43381827,47.43754245a,1232.46183976d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=MicKJQojCiExS3Z6elhMWkFMYi16MUlWWnZQaW1nSzR5VFlZM28tT046AwoBMA?authuser=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corona Heights\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://earth.google.com/web/@37.54772427,-121.96628249,16.10883117a,1000d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=MicKJQojCiExUHRZbTY0VEZHalpqR3JUem5DNl9mNDVEMGlKdmRpcF86AwoBMA?authuser=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in Central Park in Fremont, among other Bay Area geologic formations. True to the title, you can get to many of the locations on public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project lead \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcgill.ca/eps/kirkpatrick-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jamie Kirkpatrick\u003c/a>, a geologist from McGill University, noted a couple of inspirations for updating Wahrhaftig’s tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the Bay Area and it’s beautiful and we like to go outside,” he said. “But also, the geology in this area is remarkable.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_v6AODf57wA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_v6AODf57wA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Kirkpatrick appreciated the original guidebook, but he said that Wahrhaftig wrote using dense, scientific jargon. Also, the public transit route information and some of the science was out of date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make a guidebook that people who live in the Bay Area could use,” Kirkpatrick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t like the great outdoors? That’s fine. You can take the tour online without ever having to venture into the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find links to the individual tours \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a> and helpful instructions for using the guide \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/learn-and-develop/learn/streetcar2subduction/streetcar2subduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvcc.edu/home/cbentley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Callan Bentley\u003c/a>, Northern Virginia Community College; \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjsu.edu/geology/people/faculty/blisniuk/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kim Blisniuk\u003c/a>, San Jose State University; \u003ca href=\"https://www.eps.mcgill.ca/~crowe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christie Rowe\u003c/a>, McGill University; and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/csm/ees/faculty-staff/wakabayshi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Wakabayashi\u003c/a>, California State University, Fresno designed the virtual tour.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1951470/take-a-google-earth-tour-of-the-bay-areas-most-epic-rock-formations","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_3840","science_3370","science_218"],"featImg":"science_1951496","label":"source_science_1951470"},"science_1936646":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936646","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936646","score":null,"sort":[1547222410000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-a-blue-speck-found-in-ancient-teeth-could-reveal-about-female-artists-in-the-middle-ages","title":"What a Blue Speck Found in Ancient Teeth Could Reveal About Female Artists in the Middle Ages","publishDate":1547222410,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What a Blue Speck Found in Ancient Teeth Could Reveal About Female Artists in the Middle Ages | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Tiny bits of blue pigment found in the teeth of a medieval skeleton reveal that more than 850 years ago, this seemingly ordinary woman was very likely involved in the production of lavishly illustrated sacred texts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7126\">described\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances,\u003c/em> astonished scientists who weren’t setting out to study female artists in the Middle Ages. It adds to a growing recognition that women, and not just monks, labored as the anonymous scribes who painstakingly copied manuscripts and decorated the pages to dazzle the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular woman lived in a small religious community at Dalheim, Germany. Little is known about life there, says \u003ca href=\"http://christinawarinner.com/about-us/christina-warinner/\">Christina Warinner\u003c/a> of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically all that remains are the stone foundations. A broken comb was found, but almost nothing else,” Warinner says. “There are no books that survived. There’s no art that survives. It’s known only from a handful of scraps of text that mention it in passing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and a colleague were examining the teeth of skeletons from this community’s cemetery to see what had been preserved in the dental calculus, or tartar. Tartar forms from sticky plaque that traps remnants of food, bacteria and even pollen and then hardens over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really an extraordinary material,” Warinner says. “It’s actually the only part of your body that fossilizes while you’re still alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936652\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936652\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200.jpg 915w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the European Middle Ages, Afghanistan was the only known source of the rare blue stone lapis lazuli. \u003ccite>(Christina Warinner/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her colleague \u003ca href=\"https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/research-staff/anita-radini/\">Anita Radini\u003c/a>, of the University of York in the United Kingdom, spotted something bright blue in the dental sample from this woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was absolutely unbelievable. It almost looked like there were robins’ eggs on the microscope slide — they were such vibrant blue particles,” Warinner recalls. “I remember joking around at the time that maybe we discovered an artist painting with lapis lazuli.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea seemed absurd. After all, lapis lazuli was one of the most expensive pigments known in the Middle Ages. At the time, it came from just one source — a region of Afghanistan — and was used only by artists of exceptional skill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was rare,” Warinner says. “It’s really iconic. It’s kind of the blue that we associate with the Middles Ages that’s absent in Roman art.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers turned to technologies that could analyze the elemental composition of the microscopic particles as well as the mineral structure. “And ultimately we did find that it was indeed lapis lazuli, which was really, really surprising,” Warinner says. “Once it all came together that this was lapis lazuli, and this was a woman, and she was in this kind of small, remote place, really far away from where this lapis lazuli would have come from or been traded from, it was pretty extraordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936647\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe 639w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-160x156.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-240x234.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-375x365.jpe 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-520x506.jpe 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-32x32.jpe 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-50x50.jpe 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image shows Guda, a 12th century nun, and the inscription reads, “Guda, a sinful woman, wrote and painted this book.” It’s a rare example of a manuscript signed by a female scribe. \u003ccite>(Frankfurt University Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warinner reached out to \u003ca href=\"https://history.osu.edu/people/beach.174\">Alison Beach\u003c/a>, a professor of medieval history at Ohio State University in Columbus. “I realized this is a really sensational find,” Beach says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence of female contributions to book production. And it’s gotten more attention in the past 20 years,” Beach says. “But I still think that image of the monk as the producer of books is very central and very resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those books that were signed with the name of the scribe before the 12th century, less than 1 percent can be attributed to women, the researchers write in their report. But Beach says it’s just impossible to know how widespread women’s participation was, because many libraries of medieval books have been lost to history. What’s more, most of the surviving books from this period were produced by scribes who did not sign their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m still trying to convince colleagues that they should immediately consider female book production or ownership or use when they encounter an anonymous manuscript in the Middles Ages,” Beach says. “Was ‘anonymous’ a man or a woman? We really just don’t know for most of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers considered various explanations for how the blue pigment ended up in the woman’s teeth. One possibility is that she wasn’t an artist but rather engaged in devotional kissing of a decorated text. “You’d have to be doing a lot of kissing of a book over a lot of time to get that much lapis lazuli pigment,” Beach says. “That one seemed, to me, to be the least plausible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility was that the woman consumed the pigment as a kind of medicine. That also seems unlikely, given the lack of evidence that this was common in Germany in the 11th and 12th centuries. What’s more, the lapis lazuli residue was found more toward the front of the mouth than the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought they made a nice case that because it is up near the lips, that it was most likely related to the notion of moistening the brush,” says \u003ca href=\"https://blair.vanderbilt.edu/bio/cynthia-cyrus\">Cynthia Cyrus\u003c/a> of Vanderbilt University, who has studied medieval scribes associated with women’s convents but was not part of the research team. “As you put the tip of the brush into your mouth to bring it to a point, a little bit of the pigment residue then makes its way into the dental structure. That would explain the differential between back of mouth and front of mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that simply grinding lapis lazuli can produce fine, airborne dust that ends up on the lips and in the saliva, the researchers found — because Radini tried it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, given the small size of this religious community — only around 15 people — it’s likely that this artist produced her own materials rather than making them for sale or for someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to be creating your own pigments and using your pigments,” Cyrus says. “This individual may, in fact, have been doing both of those activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Cyrus’ view, this finding is extraordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a brand-new kind of evidence for scribal activity, and one that we haven’t been on the alert for,” she says. “We now know that evidence from teeth, and other skeletal remains, can really point towards what the daily life of a particular monastery was like. That will lead us to ask different questions when we’re doing excavations and combine different kinds of evidence to get a better understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Blue+Clue+In+Medieval+Teeth+May+Bespeak+A+Woman%27s+Artistry+Circa+A.D.+1000+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Analysis of fossilized dental tartar of a medieval woman buried in a German monastery reveals specks of blue to be lapis lazuli — a luxurious pigment used to create gorgeous illuminated manuscripts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927205,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1211},"headData":{"title":"What a Blue Speck Found in Ancient Teeth Could Reveal About Female Artists in the Middle Ages | KQED","description":"Analysis of fossilized dental tartar of a medieval woman buried in a German monastery reveals specks of blue to be lapis lazuli — a luxurious pigment used to create gorgeous illuminated manuscripts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Science","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Nell Greenfieldboyce\u003c/br>","nprStoryId":"683283982","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=683283982&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/01/09/683283982/a-blue-clue-in-medieval-teeth-may-bespeak-a-womans-artistry-circa-1-000-a-d?ft=nprml&f=683283982","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 09 Jan 2019 19:18:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 09 Jan 2019 14:05:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 09 Jan 2019 19:18:01 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/01/20190109_atc_a_blue_clue_in_medieval_teeth_may_bespeak_a_womans_artistry_circa_1000_ad.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=215&p=2&story=683283982&ft=nprml&f=683283982","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1683732144-d4015a.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=215&p=2&story=683283982&ft=nprml&f=683283982","audioTrackLength":216,"path":"/science/1936646/what-a-blue-speck-found-in-ancient-teeth-could-reveal-about-female-artists-in-the-middle-ages","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/01/20190109_atc_a_blue_clue_in_medieval_teeth_may_bespeak_a_womans_artistry_circa_1000_ad.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=215&p=2&story=683283982&ft=nprml&f=683283982","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tiny bits of blue pigment found in the teeth of a medieval skeleton reveal that more than 850 years ago, this seemingly ordinary woman was very likely involved in the production of lavishly illustrated sacred texts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7126\">described\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances,\u003c/em> astonished scientists who weren’t setting out to study female artists in the Middle Ages. It adds to a growing recognition that women, and not just monks, labored as the anonymous scribes who painstakingly copied manuscripts and decorated the pages to dazzle the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular woman lived in a small religious community at Dalheim, Germany. Little is known about life there, says \u003ca href=\"http://christinawarinner.com/about-us/christina-warinner/\">Christina Warinner\u003c/a> of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically all that remains are the stone foundations. A broken comb was found, but almost nothing else,” Warinner says. “There are no books that survived. There’s no art that survives. It’s known only from a handful of scraps of text that mention it in passing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and a colleague were examining the teeth of skeletons from this community’s cemetery to see what had been preserved in the dental calculus, or tartar. Tartar forms from sticky plaque that traps remnants of food, bacteria and even pollen and then hardens over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really an extraordinary material,” Warinner says. “It’s actually the only part of your body that fossilizes while you’re still alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936652\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936652\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200.jpg 915w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the European Middle Ages, Afghanistan was the only known source of the rare blue stone lapis lazuli. \u003ccite>(Christina Warinner/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her colleague \u003ca href=\"https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/research-staff/anita-radini/\">Anita Radini\u003c/a>, of the University of York in the United Kingdom, spotted something bright blue in the dental sample from this woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was absolutely unbelievable. It almost looked like there were robins’ eggs on the microscope slide — they were such vibrant blue particles,” Warinner recalls. “I remember joking around at the time that maybe we discovered an artist painting with lapis lazuli.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea seemed absurd. After all, lapis lazuli was one of the most expensive pigments known in the Middle Ages. At the time, it came from just one source — a region of Afghanistan — and was used only by artists of exceptional skill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was rare,” Warinner says. “It’s really iconic. It’s kind of the blue that we associate with the Middles Ages that’s absent in Roman art.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers turned to technologies that could analyze the elemental composition of the microscopic particles as well as the mineral structure. “And ultimately we did find that it was indeed lapis lazuli, which was really, really surprising,” Warinner says. “Once it all came together that this was lapis lazuli, and this was a woman, and she was in this kind of small, remote place, really far away from where this lapis lazuli would have come from or been traded from, it was pretty extraordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936647\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe 639w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-160x156.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-240x234.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-375x365.jpe 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-520x506.jpe 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-32x32.jpe 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-50x50.jpe 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image shows Guda, a 12th century nun, and the inscription reads, “Guda, a sinful woman, wrote and painted this book.” It’s a rare example of a manuscript signed by a female scribe. \u003ccite>(Frankfurt University Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warinner reached out to \u003ca href=\"https://history.osu.edu/people/beach.174\">Alison Beach\u003c/a>, a professor of medieval history at Ohio State University in Columbus. “I realized this is a really sensational find,” Beach says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence of female contributions to book production. And it’s gotten more attention in the past 20 years,” Beach says. “But I still think that image of the monk as the producer of books is very central and very resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those books that were signed with the name of the scribe before the 12th century, less than 1 percent can be attributed to women, the researchers write in their report. But Beach says it’s just impossible to know how widespread women’s participation was, because many libraries of medieval books have been lost to history. What’s more, most of the surviving books from this period were produced by scribes who did not sign their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m still trying to convince colleagues that they should immediately consider female book production or ownership or use when they encounter an anonymous manuscript in the Middles Ages,” Beach says. “Was ‘anonymous’ a man or a woman? We really just don’t know for most of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers considered various explanations for how the blue pigment ended up in the woman’s teeth. One possibility is that she wasn’t an artist but rather engaged in devotional kissing of a decorated text. “You’d have to be doing a lot of kissing of a book over a lot of time to get that much lapis lazuli pigment,” Beach says. “That one seemed, to me, to be the least plausible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility was that the woman consumed the pigment as a kind of medicine. That also seems unlikely, given the lack of evidence that this was common in Germany in the 11th and 12th centuries. What’s more, the lapis lazuli residue was found more toward the front of the mouth than the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought they made a nice case that because it is up near the lips, that it was most likely related to the notion of moistening the brush,” says \u003ca href=\"https://blair.vanderbilt.edu/bio/cynthia-cyrus\">Cynthia Cyrus\u003c/a> of Vanderbilt University, who has studied medieval scribes associated with women’s convents but was not part of the research team. “As you put the tip of the brush into your mouth to bring it to a point, a little bit of the pigment residue then makes its way into the dental structure. That would explain the differential between back of mouth and front of mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that simply grinding lapis lazuli can produce fine, airborne dust that ends up on the lips and in the saliva, the researchers found — because Radini tried it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, given the small size of this religious community — only around 15 people — it’s likely that this artist produced her own materials rather than making them for sale or for someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to be creating your own pigments and using your pigments,” Cyrus says. “This individual may, in fact, have been doing both of those activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Cyrus’ view, this finding is extraordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a brand-new kind of evidence for scribal activity, and one that we haven’t been on the alert for,” she says. “We now know that evidence from teeth, and other skeletal remains, can really point towards what the daily life of a particular monastery was like. That will lead us to ask different questions when we’re doing excavations and combine different kinds of evidence to get a better understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Blue+Clue+In+Medieval+Teeth+May+Bespeak+A+Woman%27s+Artistry+Circa+A.D.+1000+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936646/what-a-blue-speck-found-in-ancient-teeth-could-reveal-about-female-artists-in-the-middle-ages","authors":["byline_science_1936646"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_16","science_40"],"tags":["science_305","science_349","science_218","science_3838"],"featImg":"science_1936649","label":"source_science_1936646"},"science_1921467":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921467","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921467","score":null,"sort":[1521568551000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sweet-science-putting-corn-syrup-to-work-on-earths-origins","title":"Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins","publishDate":1521568551,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>How has the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918564/this-moment-on-earth-because-climate-change-is-everyones-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth evolved\u003c/a>, and what’s in store for the future? It’s a sticky question that has graduate student Loes van Dam covered in corn syrup by the end of a day in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought using a computer model would be limiting. So she designed and built a large tank, filled it with 2,000 pounds of corn syrup, and added six counter-rotating belts to study how tectonic plates drift and shift.[contextly_sidebar id=”KDs6ze7eM9vxpD2PzE0wF1mwmVVcWrRm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn syrup represents the Earth’s mantle, which melts to form magma at volcanoes and ridges. The belts are the drifting and shifting tectonic plates. Their intersection is the ocean ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syrup in the tank, which measures 5 feet wide, 5 feet long and 1½ feet tall, slowly moves as the belts pull apart. Cameras record the flow in what van Dam has named the “ridge zone replicator.” One minute of each experiment equals more than a million years in time, to show how tectonic plates \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">move mantle material.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool that with our little experiments, we get clues about how this process has been going on in the past and why those plates are positioned the way they are now,” said van Dam, who studies geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography in Narragansett.[contextly_sidebar id=”p1e6zk6XW6ymNypfrKhWR0VLlJOOrNMb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How plates drift is not thoroughly understood, and computer simulations have difficulty capturing it. Her experiments aim to show how plate tectonics created the sea floor over billions of years, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920994/did-the-moon-come-from-a-giant-space-donut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how those forces\u003c/a> are at work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand the flow at all points in the syrup. We’re not limited to measuring at a few points, like in a numerical simulation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experiments are showing that the lava that erupts from volcanoes to form new sea floor may originate at a shallower depth in the Earth than geologists currently think. The model shows more horizontal flow of mantle material than previous models have shown.[contextly_sidebar id=”T4fiTe3Kh2k48FLSyzjQSpVSghXCFeox”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may tell researchers more about the chemical makeup of the Earth’s interior, said URI Professor Chris Kincaid, an expert in geophysical oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To his knowledge, he said, it’s the first 3-D model of a mid-ocean ridge system that can migrate in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s trying to put together a clearer picture of the evolution of the Earth,” he said. “If you’re trying to understand how the Earth is changing in the future, you need to know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dam, 23 and born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, moved to Novato, California, when she was young. She always picked up rocks that fascinated her and got her first introduction to plate tectonics in a third-grade earth science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is funded with a grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Experiments show how plate tectonics created the sea floor and how those forces are still at work today.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928082,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":504},"headData":{"title":"Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins | KQED","description":"Experiments show how plate tectonics created the sea floor and how those forces are still at work today.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Geology","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jennifer Mcdermott\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1921467/sweet-science-putting-corn-syrup-to-work-on-earths-origins","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How has the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918564/this-moment-on-earth-because-climate-change-is-everyones-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth evolved\u003c/a>, and what’s in store for the future? It’s a sticky question that has graduate student Loes van Dam covered in corn syrup by the end of a day in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought using a computer model would be limiting. So she designed and built a large tank, filled it with 2,000 pounds of corn syrup, and added six counter-rotating belts to study how tectonic plates drift and shift.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn syrup represents the Earth’s mantle, which melts to form magma at volcanoes and ridges. The belts are the drifting and shifting tectonic plates. Their intersection is the ocean ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syrup in the tank, which measures 5 feet wide, 5 feet long and 1½ feet tall, slowly moves as the belts pull apart. Cameras record the flow in what van Dam has named the “ridge zone replicator.” One minute of each experiment equals more than a million years in time, to show how tectonic plates \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">move mantle material.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool that with our little experiments, we get clues about how this process has been going on in the past and why those plates are positioned the way they are now,” said van Dam, who studies geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography in Narragansett.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How plates drift is not thoroughly understood, and computer simulations have difficulty capturing it. Her experiments aim to show how plate tectonics created the sea floor over billions of years, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920994/did-the-moon-come-from-a-giant-space-donut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how those forces\u003c/a> are at work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand the flow at all points in the syrup. We’re not limited to measuring at a few points, like in a numerical simulation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experiments are showing that the lava that erupts from volcanoes to form new sea floor may originate at a shallower depth in the Earth than geologists currently think. The model shows more horizontal flow of mantle material than previous models have shown.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may tell researchers more about the chemical makeup of the Earth’s interior, said URI Professor Chris Kincaid, an expert in geophysical oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To his knowledge, he said, it’s the first 3-D model of a mid-ocean ridge system that can migrate in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s trying to put together a clearer picture of the evolution of the Earth,” he said. “If you’re trying to understand how the Earth is changing in the future, you need to know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dam, 23 and born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, moved to Novato, California, when she was young. She always picked up rocks that fascinated her and got her first introduction to plate tectonics in a third-grade earth science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is funded with a grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921467/sweet-science-putting-corn-syrup-to-work-on-earths-origins","authors":["byline_science_1921467"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_74","science_218","science_843","science_3543","science_309","science_1999"],"featImg":"science_1921468","label":"source_science_1921467"},"science_1500654":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1500654","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1500654","score":null,"sort":[1490715024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"videos-scenes-from-yosemite-national-park","title":"VIDEOS: Scenes from Yosemite National Park","publishDate":1490715024,"format":"video","headTitle":"VIDEOS: Scenes from Yosemite National Park | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":3259,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>As we wait for the premiere of PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite,\u003c/em> here’s some additional clips from the documentary, including reporting from KQED’s Science Unit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cn8FsOsBmY&t\u003cbr>\nGiant sequoias can live for thousands of years. Yet in California’s fourth year of historic drought, these resilient trees are starting to feel the effects of the lack of snow in the Sierra Nevada. University of California, Berkeley, researchers climb the trees to investigate. KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós investigates for KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/quest/\">\u003cem>QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmNZGr9Udx8&t\u003cbr>\nLearn how the destructive force of fire gives birth to new life. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m37QR_4XNY&t\u003cbr>\nEvery winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. One of our favorite \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003c/a> episodes from former KQED Science intern Mallory Pickett and KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNkNzNOX1AM\u003cbr>\nSierra newt males battle it out for the chance to get froggy. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">From PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEji9I4Tcjo\u003cbr>\nThe humble pine cone is more than a holiday decoration. It’s an ancient form of tree sex. Flowers may be faster and showier, but the largest living things in the world? The oldest? They all reproduce with cones. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>‘s\u003c/a> Christmas Special from KQED Science video producer and Deep Look cinematographer Josh Cassidy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\u003cbr>\nAround the third week of February each year, Horsetail Fall lights up Yosemite National Park with a spectacle of orange and red. The phenomenon, which has taken on the decidedly majestic nickname “firefall,” is an optical trick of the sunset when a host of conditions are just right. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\">Kevin Key via Storyful.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928927,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":355},"headData":{"title":"VIDEOS: Scenes from Yosemite National Park | KQED","description":"As we wait for the premiere of PBS Nature's Yosemite, here's some additional clips from the documentary, including reporting from KQED's Science Unit. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cn8FsOsBmY&t Giant sequoias can live for thousands of years. Yet in California’s fourth year of historic drought, these resilient trees are starting to feel the effects of the lack of snow in","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0f1noOj0Vs","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1500654/videos-scenes-from-yosemite-national-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As we wait for the premiere of PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite,\u003c/em> here’s some additional clips from the documentary, including reporting from KQED’s Science Unit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cn8FsOsBmY&t\u003cbr>\nGiant sequoias can live for thousands of years. Yet in California’s fourth year of historic drought, these resilient trees are starting to feel the effects of the lack of snow in the Sierra Nevada. University of California, Berkeley, researchers climb the trees to investigate. KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós investigates for KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/quest/\">\u003cem>QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmNZGr9Udx8&t\u003cbr>\nLearn how the destructive force of fire gives birth to new life. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m37QR_4XNY&t\u003cbr>\nEvery winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. One of our favorite \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003c/a> episodes from former KQED Science intern Mallory Pickett and KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNkNzNOX1AM\u003cbr>\nSierra newt males battle it out for the chance to get froggy. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">From PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEji9I4Tcjo\u003cbr>\nThe humble pine cone is more than a holiday decoration. It’s an ancient form of tree sex. Flowers may be faster and showier, but the largest living things in the world? The oldest? They all reproduce with cones. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>‘s\u003c/a> Christmas Special from KQED Science video producer and Deep Look cinematographer Josh Cassidy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\u003cbr>\nAround the third week of February each year, Horsetail Fall lights up Yosemite National Park with a spectacle of orange and red. The phenomenon, which has taken on the decidedly majestic nickname “firefall,” is an optical trick of the sunset when a host of conditions are just right. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\">Kevin Key via Storyful.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1500654/videos-scenes-from-yosemite-national-park","authors":["8677"],"series":["science_3259"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_35","science_44","science_86","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_182","science_194","science_205","science_1970","science_572","science_112","science_218","science_448","science_309","science_109","science_1462","science_190","science_201","science_876","science_110","science_365","science_113","science_804","science_159"],"featImg":"science_1500769","label":"science_3259"},"science_581813":{"type":"posts","id":"science_581813","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"581813","score":null,"sort":[1458237659000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","title":"Pluto's Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View","publishDate":1458237659,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Pluto’s Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last summer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft had everyone talking as it swept past Pluto, sending back tantalizing images of its surface. Now the mission’s scientists have published a lot of material from their research. Five papers in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a> answer questions we’ve been holding onto about Pluto and its large satellite Charon (the name rhymes with “Sharon”) since then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like: What are they like? What are they made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s neighborhood is pretty strange. First of all, conditions are extremely cold. The sun is so far away, it looks like an ordinary bright star. Temperatures are minus 370 degrees Fahrenheit in full sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything out there is frozen solid, even things that are gases on Earth. Instead of Earth-type rocks made of silicon compounds, the rocks we see on Pluto and Charon are made of ices — frozen water, nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Yet in important ways, rocks and ices on Pluto act like rocks and ice on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto image\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s true colors are exaggerated in this false-color rendition, especially the deep reds of Cthulhu Regio. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take water ice. On Earth, water ice is soft enough to flow in the form of glaciers, but at Pluto’s temperatures it’s as rigid and brittle as stone. Pluto’s other three ices, together referred to as volatile ices, are softer, like glacier ice on Earth. The three volatile ices mix easily with each other, but they also can be naturally separated since they evaporate and condense at slightly different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the long seasons as Pluto-Charon circles the Sun once in 248 years, these volatile ices evaporate during summer. That thin breath of vapor makes up the atmospheres of Pluto and Charon. The vapors circulate and then condense as frost during winter. Over billions of years, this slow cycle has gently sculpted the icy landscapes into a great variety of forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-800x600.png\" alt=\"Bladed terrain on Pluto\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bladed terrain” in the Tartarus Dorsa region of Pluto appears to have formed in methane ice by some long-continued etching process. Similar erosional features in Earth rocks may give us clues about this terrain — or vice versa. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The big bright heart-shaped feature on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planum, turns out to be a low-lying basin full of volatile ices. The ices slowly stir and circulate, erasing impact craters there within a few million years — about as fast as craters are wiped out on Earth’s rocky crust. In that respect, Pluto is one of the most active places we know. Yet other areas on Pluto are heavily cratered and appear to have surfaces as old as the solar system itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif\" alt=\"Surface of Sputnik Planum\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-400x300.gif 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-768x576.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This detailed image of the glaciers in Pluto’s Sputnik Planum, about 50 miles in width, shows thousands of pits in its surface of nitrogen ice as well as larger circulation patterns. “Islands” are interpreted as floating bergs of water ice, or perhaps the tips of ice mountains. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both Pluto and Charon also have evidence of deeper activity. Pluto has some canyons that appear to have formed by stretching from below. Charon is far more dramatic, with a ring of great cracks around its equator. The working theory is that when Charon was younger and warmer, it had an original interior of liquid water that slowly froze. Because water, uniquely among common substances, expands as it freezes, the results might look like what we see today on Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto and Charon are also colorful, ranging from the blue of nitrogen ice to the reds and browns found in Charon’s great north-polar basin, Mordor Macula, and Pluto’s ancient Cthulhu Regio. The reddish material appears to be a thin crust of organic crud, chemicals called tholins that are made from methane ice by space radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Charon\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavily cratered Charon is marked by Mordor Macula, a deep polar basin paved with red tholins, and an equatorial belt of immense cracks possibly caused by freezing of its deep mantle of water ice. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we all know, Pluto is no longer officially called a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet\">planet\u003c/a>. Speaking as a geologist, I don’t like this, because Pluto exhibits the basic \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/planetnuts.htm\">geologic behavior of a proper planet\u003c/a> — it’s round, it’s differentiated inside, and it’s active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the astronomers decided 10 years ago that Pluto is not planetary enough. It’s too small for its gravity to have cleared all the cosmic debris from around it, and it has neighbors in that part of space that are the same size and even larger. So Pluto is a dwarf planet. But the authors of the Science papers have done better by calling Pluto and Charon “worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying a world like Pluto takes the wide-ranging skills of a large team of scientists. They may find analogies for something on Pluto existing on Earth’s glaciers, in various parts of Mars, or on any number of the icy moons of the outer planets. The pitted terrain on Sputnik Planum’s glaciers, for instance, looks a lot like the “Swiss cheese features” seen on the carbon-dioxide ice caps of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The promise of exploring these analogies is that what we learn on Pluto may shed new light on other worlds, even our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work uncovers holes in our knowledge — for instance, we know very little about the mechanical behavior of solid nitrogen or methane ice. But now that we know this knowledge matters, we can do some decent experiments. Thus a project like New Horizons not only challenges researchers to find new ideas, but also sends them back to obscure basics that are suddenly world-changing matters.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A set of papers in the journal Science reveal a variety of strange and splendid things about the outer worlds Pluto and Charon.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930472,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":981},"headData":{"title":"Pluto's Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View | KQED","description":"A set of papers in the journal Science reveal a variety of strange and splendid things about the outer worlds Pluto and Charon.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/581813/plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last summer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft had everyone talking as it swept past Pluto, sending back tantalizing images of its surface. Now the mission’s scientists have published a lot of material from their research. Five papers in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a> answer questions we’ve been holding onto about Pluto and its large satellite Charon (the name rhymes with “Sharon”) since then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like: What are they like? What are they made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s neighborhood is pretty strange. First of all, conditions are extremely cold. The sun is so far away, it looks like an ordinary bright star. Temperatures are minus 370 degrees Fahrenheit in full sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything out there is frozen solid, even things that are gases on Earth. Instead of Earth-type rocks made of silicon compounds, the rocks we see on Pluto and Charon are made of ices — frozen water, nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Yet in important ways, rocks and ices on Pluto act like rocks and ice on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto image\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s true colors are exaggerated in this false-color rendition, especially the deep reds of Cthulhu Regio. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take water ice. On Earth, water ice is soft enough to flow in the form of glaciers, but at Pluto’s temperatures it’s as rigid and brittle as stone. Pluto’s other three ices, together referred to as volatile ices, are softer, like glacier ice on Earth. The three volatile ices mix easily with each other, but they also can be naturally separated since they evaporate and condense at slightly different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the long seasons as Pluto-Charon circles the Sun once in 248 years, these volatile ices evaporate during summer. That thin breath of vapor makes up the atmospheres of Pluto and Charon. The vapors circulate and then condense as frost during winter. Over billions of years, this slow cycle has gently sculpted the icy landscapes into a great variety of forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-800x600.png\" alt=\"Bladed terrain on Pluto\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bladed terrain” in the Tartarus Dorsa region of Pluto appears to have formed in methane ice by some long-continued etching process. Similar erosional features in Earth rocks may give us clues about this terrain — or vice versa. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The big bright heart-shaped feature on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planum, turns out to be a low-lying basin full of volatile ices. The ices slowly stir and circulate, erasing impact craters there within a few million years — about as fast as craters are wiped out on Earth’s rocky crust. In that respect, Pluto is one of the most active places we know. Yet other areas on Pluto are heavily cratered and appear to have surfaces as old as the solar system itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif\" alt=\"Surface of Sputnik Planum\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-400x300.gif 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-768x576.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This detailed image of the glaciers in Pluto’s Sputnik Planum, about 50 miles in width, shows thousands of pits in its surface of nitrogen ice as well as larger circulation patterns. “Islands” are interpreted as floating bergs of water ice, or perhaps the tips of ice mountains. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both Pluto and Charon also have evidence of deeper activity. Pluto has some canyons that appear to have formed by stretching from below. Charon is far more dramatic, with a ring of great cracks around its equator. The working theory is that when Charon was younger and warmer, it had an original interior of liquid water that slowly froze. Because water, uniquely among common substances, expands as it freezes, the results might look like what we see today on Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto and Charon are also colorful, ranging from the blue of nitrogen ice to the reds and browns found in Charon’s great north-polar basin, Mordor Macula, and Pluto’s ancient Cthulhu Regio. The reddish material appears to be a thin crust of organic crud, chemicals called tholins that are made from methane ice by space radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Charon\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavily cratered Charon is marked by Mordor Macula, a deep polar basin paved with red tholins, and an equatorial belt of immense cracks possibly caused by freezing of its deep mantle of water ice. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we all know, Pluto is no longer officially called a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet\">planet\u003c/a>. Speaking as a geologist, I don’t like this, because Pluto exhibits the basic \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/planetnuts.htm\">geologic behavior of a proper planet\u003c/a> — it’s round, it’s differentiated inside, and it’s active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the astronomers decided 10 years ago that Pluto is not planetary enough. It’s too small for its gravity to have cleared all the cosmic debris from around it, and it has neighbors in that part of space that are the same size and even larger. So Pluto is a dwarf planet. But the authors of the Science papers have done better by calling Pluto and Charon “worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying a world like Pluto takes the wide-ranging skills of a large team of scientists. They may find analogies for something on Pluto existing on Earth’s glaciers, in various parts of Mars, or on any number of the icy moons of the outer planets. The pitted terrain on Sputnik Planum’s glaciers, for instance, looks a lot like the “Swiss cheese features” seen on the carbon-dioxide ice caps of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The promise of exploring these analogies is that what we learn on Pluto may shed new light on other worlds, even our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work uncovers holes in our knowledge — for instance, we know very little about the mechanical behavior of solid nitrogen or methane ice. But now that we know this knowledge matters, we can do some decent experiments. Thus a project like New Horizons not only challenges researchers to find new ideas, but also sends them back to obscure basics that are suddenly world-changing matters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/581813/plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_28","science_38"],"tags":["science_1310","science_218","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_581814","label":"science"},"science_430896":{"type":"posts","id":"science_430896","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"430896","score":null,"sort":[1450965644000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earth-in-the-year-2015-can-you-ace-the-kqed-science-quiz","title":"Earth in the Year 2015: Can You Ace the KQED Science Quiz?","publishDate":1450965644,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Earth in the Year 2015: Can You Ace the KQED Science Quiz? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>From planetology to paleontology, 2015 was full of news in the Earth sciences. Ace this 20-question quiz and you’ll have plenty of planetary tidbits from KQED Science to quick-turn an awkward conversation at your holiday table. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>It’s the ultimate selfie: NASA launched this satellite that hovers between Earth and the Sun, taking snapshots of the whole planet about 15 times a day. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists reported that the ash from some volcanoes contains abundant spherules — glassy droplets as fine as powder — that don’t arise from the splashing and explosions of lava. What makes them instead?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sediments in the bottom of a rare sinkhole show that a very large tsunami, triggered by a magnitude-9 quake in Alaska, struck this state about 500 years ago. What state is that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A study showed that the coral-sand islands of the Maldives are maintained by the activity of parrotfish. What do the fish do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers found that parts of Mars contain hydrated minerals, as well as dark streaks in the ground that appear during the Martian summer. What did they conclude?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Last month, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rose above a round number and will not go back below it in the foreseeable future. What is that number?\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daisy-parrotfish-wikimedia.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy Parrotfish in the Maldives\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Species like the daisy parrotfish \u003ci>Chlorurus sordidus\u003c/i>, are a crucial link in the natural chain that builds dry land in the Maldives archipelago. \u003ccite>(Julien Bidet/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Two groups of scientists called for research programs to study the invisible ecosystems of microscopic organisms found everywhere we look. What’s the name for those ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Early this year a spacecraft named MESSENGER ended several years of planetary observations by crashing into its target. What is that planet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft sent back images of high mountain ranges, plus what look like volcanoes and glaciers, on a place it took more than 9 years to reach. What is that distant world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A fossil study proposed that the ancient soft-bodied creatures called Ediacarans went extinct when newly evolved animals ruined their habitat. What scientist first proposed this kind of extinction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In December, NOAA reported that the previous month was the warmest November ever recorded. How many record-breaking months in a row did that make?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A new National Monument was established in northern California that displays signs of dramatic geologic activity including the clash of tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions and the wrenching of modern earthquake faults. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>True or false? A strong El Niño has been active since early summer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Fossils of a three-horned dinosaur with a flamboyant bony frill behind its head were found in a Canadian park and assigned the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>. Why that name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After an earthquake rips the ground, you can walk around the fresh geological evidence taking snapshots, and scientists can turn those images into an accurate 3D model. What’s the name of that technique?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A widely used record of the Sun’s historical activity was revised, erasing an apparent increase in solar energy that some researchers used to argue against greenhouse warming. What is that record?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers showed that the Hayward fault is closely connected to a neighboring fault, making it more likely than previously thought that both can rupture together in an earthquake the size of 1906’s Big One. What’s the second fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clever observations by a spacecraft peeking through dense clouds yielded conclusive evidence of volcanoes caught in the act of erupting. What planet was this?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After 100 years of guessing, a fossil study of stegosaurs — those big dinosaurs with the rows of bony plates down their backs — found a way to tell the males and females apart. What is it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The U.S. Geological Survey updated its long-term earthquake forecast this year. Which Bay Area earthquake fault is considered most likely to cause a major quake over the next few decades?\u003c/li>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the answers, each linked to its KQED Science story.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/20/nasas-new-snapshots-of-earth-from-a-satellite-far-far-away\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The “selfie satellite” is DSCOVR\u003c/a>, or Deep Space Climate Observatory.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new variety of spherule is made\u003c/a> when lightning lashes the ash-filled clouds above erupting volcanoes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/ancient-sinkhole-could-presage-mega-tsunami-for-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii is the state\u003c/a>, and the Makauwahi sinkhole in Kauai has the evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/01/fish-help-build-coral-reef-islands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The parrotfish manufacture sand for the Maldives islands\u003c/a> by crunching on large corals and pooping out the grit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA scientists announced\u003c/a> they had “the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/19/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In mid-November the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level\u003c/a> at the standard observatory in Hawaii exceeded 400 parts per million, for good.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/05/whats-left-to-discover-about-microbes-pretty-much-everything/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These worlds of microbes\u003c/a>, found in soils, our skins and our digestive tracts, are called microbiomes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/03/nasas-messenger-spacecraft-preparing-its-farewell-message-from-mercury/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The planet was Mercury\u003c/a>, the one nearest to the Sun.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/27/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons found volcanoes of ice water\u003c/a> and glaciers of solid nitrogen on the dwarf planet Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-281380\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizons' high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons’ high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto, exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/11/mass-extinctions-the-case-of-the-vanishing-ediacarans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unlike other mass extinctions\u003c/a>, which had catastrophic causes, the Ediacaran mass extinction is the first example ever found of “biotic replacement,” the mechanism proposed in 1859 by Charles Darwin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/17/november-was-record-warm-month-for-globe-extending-streak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In 2015, November was the seventh month in a row\u003c/a> that was the warmest on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/16/geologic-highlights-of-californias-new-national-monument/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new park, in the heart of the Coast Range\u003c/a>, is Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument, although lots of California parklands feature this kind of geology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/11/burn-after-reading-big-el-nino-building-could-be-major-rainmaker-this-fall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It’s true; El Niño is a tropical weather pattern\u003c/a> that was strong back in June, in the tropics, but it’s barely starting to affect California now in late December.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/wendys-ceratops-a-new-face-in-the-dinosaur-line/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, was named in honor of amateur fossil hunter Wendy Sloboda and the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve, where its bones were dug up.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/19/after-an-earthquake-use-your-phone-camera-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The surprisingly effective image-stitching technique\u003c/a>, stereoscopic viewing on steroids, is called “Structure from Motion,” or SfM.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28390\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" alt=\"Stereo image from Valley of Fire, Nevada\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stereo image of a scene from Nevada’s Valley of Fire State Park. To view it, carefully cross your eyes until the two images fuse in a 3D picture. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/14/its-official-dont-blame-the-sun-for-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The historical record of solar activity\u003c/a> is based on a quantity called the sunspot number.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault could form a megafault with its southern neighbor\u003c/a> that runs from San Jose past Gilroy — the Calaveras fault.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/25/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The evidence of fresh pools of red-hot lava\u003c/a> was seen through the thick atmosphere of Venus.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/23/stegosaurus-male-or-female-the-answer-is-in-the-plates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stegosaurs appear to have had differently shaped spinal plates\u003c/a> in males and females.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/10/new-earthquake-forecast-less-frequent-moderate-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault is given one-in-seven odds\u003c/a> of a massive rupture between now and 2045.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/ol>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Test your knowledge of planets, earthquakes, fossils and more in this year's big Earth science news.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930883,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":1195},"headData":{"title":"Earth in the Year 2015: Can You Ace the KQED Science Quiz? | KQED","description":"Test your knowledge of planets, earthquakes, fossils and more in this year's big Earth science news.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/430896/earth-in-the-year-2015-can-you-ace-the-kqed-science-quiz","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From planetology to paleontology, 2015 was full of news in the Earth sciences. Ace this 20-question quiz and you’ll have plenty of planetary tidbits from KQED Science to quick-turn an awkward conversation at your holiday table. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>It’s the ultimate selfie: NASA launched this satellite that hovers between Earth and the Sun, taking snapshots of the whole planet about 15 times a day. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists reported that the ash from some volcanoes contains abundant spherules — glassy droplets as fine as powder — that don’t arise from the splashing and explosions of lava. What makes them instead?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sediments in the bottom of a rare sinkhole show that a very large tsunami, triggered by a magnitude-9 quake in Alaska, struck this state about 500 years ago. What state is that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A study showed that the coral-sand islands of the Maldives are maintained by the activity of parrotfish. What do the fish do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers found that parts of Mars contain hydrated minerals, as well as dark streaks in the ground that appear during the Martian summer. What did they conclude?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Last month, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rose above a round number and will not go back below it in the foreseeable future. What is that number?\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daisy-parrotfish-wikimedia.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy Parrotfish in the Maldives\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Species like the daisy parrotfish \u003ci>Chlorurus sordidus\u003c/i>, are a crucial link in the natural chain that builds dry land in the Maldives archipelago. \u003ccite>(Julien Bidet/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Two groups of scientists called for research programs to study the invisible ecosystems of microscopic organisms found everywhere we look. What’s the name for those ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Early this year a spacecraft named MESSENGER ended several years of planetary observations by crashing into its target. What is that planet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft sent back images of high mountain ranges, plus what look like volcanoes and glaciers, on a place it took more than 9 years to reach. What is that distant world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A fossil study proposed that the ancient soft-bodied creatures called Ediacarans went extinct when newly evolved animals ruined their habitat. What scientist first proposed this kind of extinction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In December, NOAA reported that the previous month was the warmest November ever recorded. How many record-breaking months in a row did that make?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A new National Monument was established in northern California that displays signs of dramatic geologic activity including the clash of tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions and the wrenching of modern earthquake faults. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>True or false? A strong El Niño has been active since early summer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Fossils of a three-horned dinosaur with a flamboyant bony frill behind its head were found in a Canadian park and assigned the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>. Why that name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After an earthquake rips the ground, you can walk around the fresh geological evidence taking snapshots, and scientists can turn those images into an accurate 3D model. What’s the name of that technique?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A widely used record of the Sun’s historical activity was revised, erasing an apparent increase in solar energy that some researchers used to argue against greenhouse warming. What is that record?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers showed that the Hayward fault is closely connected to a neighboring fault, making it more likely than previously thought that both can rupture together in an earthquake the size of 1906’s Big One. What’s the second fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clever observations by a spacecraft peeking through dense clouds yielded conclusive evidence of volcanoes caught in the act of erupting. What planet was this?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After 100 years of guessing, a fossil study of stegosaurs — those big dinosaurs with the rows of bony plates down their backs — found a way to tell the males and females apart. What is it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The U.S. Geological Survey updated its long-term earthquake forecast this year. Which Bay Area earthquake fault is considered most likely to cause a major quake over the next few decades?\u003c/li>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the answers, each linked to its KQED Science story.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/20/nasas-new-snapshots-of-earth-from-a-satellite-far-far-away\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The “selfie satellite” is DSCOVR\u003c/a>, or Deep Space Climate Observatory.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new variety of spherule is made\u003c/a> when lightning lashes the ash-filled clouds above erupting volcanoes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/ancient-sinkhole-could-presage-mega-tsunami-for-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii is the state\u003c/a>, and the Makauwahi sinkhole in Kauai has the evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/01/fish-help-build-coral-reef-islands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The parrotfish manufacture sand for the Maldives islands\u003c/a> by crunching on large corals and pooping out the grit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA scientists announced\u003c/a> they had “the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/19/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In mid-November the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level\u003c/a> at the standard observatory in Hawaii exceeded 400 parts per million, for good.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/05/whats-left-to-discover-about-microbes-pretty-much-everything/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These worlds of microbes\u003c/a>, found in soils, our skins and our digestive tracts, are called microbiomes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/03/nasas-messenger-spacecraft-preparing-its-farewell-message-from-mercury/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The planet was Mercury\u003c/a>, the one nearest to the Sun.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/27/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons found volcanoes of ice water\u003c/a> and glaciers of solid nitrogen on the dwarf planet Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-281380\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizons' high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons’ high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto, exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/11/mass-extinctions-the-case-of-the-vanishing-ediacarans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unlike other mass extinctions\u003c/a>, which had catastrophic causes, the Ediacaran mass extinction is the first example ever found of “biotic replacement,” the mechanism proposed in 1859 by Charles Darwin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/17/november-was-record-warm-month-for-globe-extending-streak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In 2015, November was the seventh month in a row\u003c/a> that was the warmest on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/16/geologic-highlights-of-californias-new-national-monument/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new park, in the heart of the Coast Range\u003c/a>, is Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument, although lots of California parklands feature this kind of geology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/11/burn-after-reading-big-el-nino-building-could-be-major-rainmaker-this-fall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It’s true; El Niño is a tropical weather pattern\u003c/a> that was strong back in June, in the tropics, but it’s barely starting to affect California now in late December.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/wendys-ceratops-a-new-face-in-the-dinosaur-line/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, was named in honor of amateur fossil hunter Wendy Sloboda and the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve, where its bones were dug up.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/19/after-an-earthquake-use-your-phone-camera-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The surprisingly effective image-stitching technique\u003c/a>, stereoscopic viewing on steroids, is called “Structure from Motion,” or SfM.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28390\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" alt=\"Stereo image from Valley of Fire, Nevada\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stereo image of a scene from Nevada’s Valley of Fire State Park. To view it, carefully cross your eyes until the two images fuse in a 3D picture. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/14/its-official-dont-blame-the-sun-for-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The historical record of solar activity\u003c/a> is based on a quantity called the sunspot number.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault could form a megafault with its southern neighbor\u003c/a> that runs from San Jose past Gilroy — the Calaveras fault.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/25/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The evidence of fresh pools of red-hot lava\u003c/a> was seen through the thick atmosphere of Venus.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/23/stegosaurus-male-or-female-the-answer-is-in-the-plates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stegosaurs appear to have had differently shaped spinal plates\u003c/a> in males and females.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/10/new-earthquake-forecast-less-frequent-moderate-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault is given one-in-seven odds\u003c/a> of a massive rupture between now and 2045.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/ol>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/430896/earth-in-the-year-2015-can-you-ace-the-kqed-science-quiz","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_28","science_31","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_427","science_349","science_218","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_430986","label":"science"},"science_419763":{"type":"posts","id":"science_419763","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"419763","score":null,"sort":[1450706404000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-could-help-reveal-secrets-of-sierras-origins","title":"Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins","publishDate":1450706404,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra’s Origins | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930903,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":920},"headData":{"title":"Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins | KQED","description":"The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/12/WEBDroughtGeologyKlein151221.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/419763/drought-could-help-reveal-secrets-of-sierras-origins","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/419763/drought-could-help-reveal-secrets-of-sierras-origins","authors":["11092"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_35","science_38","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_218","science_1196","science_109"],"featImg":"science_419844","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/FreshAir_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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