Mangoes and Agave in the Central Valley? California Farmers Try New Crops to Cope With Climate Change
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When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"},"aahmed":{"type":"authors","id":"11428","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11428","found":true},"name":"Amel Ahmed","firstName":"Amel","lastName":"Ahmed","slug":"aahmed","email":"aahmed@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1982673":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1982673","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1982673","score":null,"sort":[1683756094000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mangoes-and-agave-in-the-central-valley-california-farmers-try-new-crops-to-cope-with-climate-change","title":"Mangoes and Agave in the Central Valley? California Farmers Try New Crops to Cope With Climate Change","publishDate":1683756094,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mangoes and Agave in the Central Valley? California Farmers Try New Crops to Cope With Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In a world of worsening heat waves, flooding, drought, glacial melting, megafires and other calamities of a changing climate, Gary Gragg is an optimist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California warms, Gragg — a nurseryman, micro-scale farmer and tropical fruit enthusiast — looks forward to the day that he can grow and sell mangoes in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been banking on this since I was 10 years old and first heard about global warming,” said Gragg, 54, who has planted several mango trees, among other subtropical trees, in his orchard about 25 miles west of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gragg’s little orchard might be the continent’s northernmost grove of mangoes, which normally are grown in places like Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s climate, he said, is becoming increasingly suitable for heat-loving, frost-sensitive mango trees, as well as avocados, cherimoyas and tropical palms, a specialty of his plant nursery \u003ca href=\"https://www.goldengatepalms.com/\">Golden Gate Palms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t all bad,” Gragg said. “People almost never talk about the positives of global warming, but there will be winners and losers everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mangoes may never become a mainstream crop in the northern half of California, but change is undoubtedly coming. Hustling to adapt, farmers around the state are experimenting with new, more sustainable crops and varieties bred to better tolerate drought, heat, humidity and other elements of the increasingly unruly climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley, farmers are investing in avocados, which are traditionally planted farther south, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/agave-drought-tolerant-california-crop\">agave\u003c/a>, a drought-resistant succulent grown in Mexico to make tequila.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Cruz, one grower is trying a tropical exotic, lucuma, that is native to South American regions with mild winters. Others are growing tropical dragon fruit from the Central Coast down to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Sonoma and Napa Valley wineries have planted new vineyards in cooler coastal hills and valleys to escape the extreme heat of inland areas. And several Bay Area farmers have planted yangmei, a delicacy in China that can resist blights that ravage peaches and other popular California crops during rainy springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='left' citation='Gary Gragg, farmer, Sacramento Valley']‘People almost never talk about the positives of global warming, but there will be winners and losers everywhere.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the town of Linden, farmer Mike Machado, who served in the state Assembly and Senate from 1994 to 2008, is one of many growers in the arid San Joaquin Valley who have replaced some stone fruit and nut trees with olives, historically a minor California crop mostly produced in Mediterranean nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re adjusting for survival,” Machado said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change essentially means that Southern California’s conditions are creeping north up the coast and into the valley, while Oregon and Washington are becoming more like Northern California. Precipitation, winds, fog and seasonal and daily temperature patterns — all of which determine which crops can be grown where — have all been altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With climate change, we’re getting more erratic entries into fall and more erratic entries into spring,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/people/louise-ferguson\">Louise Ferguson\u003c/a>, a UC Davis plant physiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predicted that “\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006166\">climatic conditions by the middle to end of the 21st century will no longer support some of the main tree crops currently grown in California\u003c/a> … For some crops, production might no longer be possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fruit growers all around the world in the warm regions are worried about” warming trends, particularly in winter, said Eike Luedeling, co-author of the study and professor of horticultural sciences at Germany’s University of Bonn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis researchers are at the cutting edge of the push to adapt, working to make California’s lucrative walnut, pistachio and stone fruit orchards more resilient by selectively breeding for heat, disease and drought tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the nation’s fruits and nuts are grown in California, but fruit and nut trees are among the most vulnerable crops to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luedeling’s research, for example, suggests that high winter temperatures could severely reduce walnut yields about once a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=26295\">Katherine Jarvis-Shean\u003c/a>, an orchard adviser with the UC Agriculture and Natural Resources program, said that effect will be magnified farther south: “That’s probably one in five years in the southern San Joaquin Valley,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Searching for genetic resilience\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Pistachio_Production_CA.pdf\">Pistachios have grown to be one of the state’s mightiest crops (PDF)\u003c/a>, with acreage of mature trees now covering more than 400,000 acres. The 2021 harvest totaled about 577,000 tons and was valued at nearly $3 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now crop scientists are working to save these valuable orchards from the effects of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer winters can cause male varieties to bloom and release pollen too late, after the female flowers have opened. This means less pollination and less fruit, and in 2015 many orchards suffered total crop failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick Brown, a UC Davis nut crop breeder, said farmers have solved this problem, at least for now, by grafting additional male varieties with different blooming schedules into the groves. “It’s a fairly easy hedge against that problem (of warmer winters),” he said. “No matter when the females bloom, there should be some pollen for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding programs to reduce nuts’ chill requirements are underway, but Brown said these trees have trade-offs: They tend to wake up earlier from winter dormancy, which can put premature foliage at risk of frost damage and expose young leaves to rainfall that causes blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is now leading a hunt for genetic resistance to walnut blight in the shady groves of the Wolfskill Experimental Orchards, a repository of nearly 9,000 grapevine and tree fruit varieties from around the world. This genetic bank, owned by UC Davis and jointly run with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, includes walnut trees of several species and hundreds of varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s experiment involves showering the walnuts with sprinklers in spring and summer and observing which develop the symptoms of blight — oil-black stains on the leaves and fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research is focused on walnut trees grown from \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-great-georgian-fruit-hunt-68708316/\">seeds collected in the Republic of Georgia\u003c/a>, where humidity creates conditions amenable to the disease. This likely has created localized genetic resistance — what Brown hopes to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets pretty hot and humid (in Georgia) during the growing season, and if there’s resistance to blight anywhere, that would probably be a good place to look,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='left' citation='Claire Heinitz, research leader, US Department of Agriculture']‘Drought tolerance is a really tough nut to crack, because it doesn’t just involve roots — it involves every system of the plant.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still other problems are emerging as California’s weather patterns grow more erratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early fall rains have been a problem for walnuts, spoiling ripening fruits. And heat waves — especially when they follow a rain event — can cause fruit to drop or spoil. Almost 40% of last fall’s walnut crop was lost when Central Valley temperatures approached 115 degrees, according to \u003ca href=\"https://walnuts.org/news/robert-verloop-named-executive-director-and-ceo-for-the-california-walnut-board-and-california-walnut-commission/\">Robert Verloop\u003c/a>, executive director of the California Walnut Board and the California Walnut Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walnut growers “are worried about heat waves, and they should be,” Jarvis-Shean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another UC Davis study at the Wolfskill orchards aims to identify genes for heat tolerance in European walnut trees. Claire Heinitz, a U.S. Department of Agriculture research leader, said trees are sampled with an instrument that measures photosynthesis. The idea is to find unique individuals that maintain basic functions under brutal heat conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, she said, the project, led by researchers \u003ca href=\"https://mcelrone.ucdavis.edu/people/andrew-j-mcelrone\">Andrew McElrone\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://mcelrone.ucdavis.edu/people/mina-momayyezi\">Mina Momayyezi\u003c/a>, might be expanded to include grapes, which are highly prone to heat damage, as well as pistachios and almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinitz said much of the research aims to create hardier root systems, which can protect the trees against soil pathogens, salts and other stressors. However, breeding \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/09/california-drought-farmers/\">drought resilience\u003c/a> into California’s major crops may be a more elusive goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drought tolerance is a really tough nut to crack, because it doesn’t just involve roots — it involves every system of the plant,” Heinitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982676\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982676\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man uses a sensor on a leaf of an almond tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Andrew McElrone uses a porometer on an almond tree leaf at the Wolfskill Experimental Orchards near Winters. \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>California’s subtropical future?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The winter of 2023 was an unusually cold one, but it hardly suggests a trend toward nut-friendly weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said last month that the low temperatures of the past several months were “a fluke” amid a long-term trajectory of increasingly warm winters. In fact, he said, “this may well be the coldest winter that some places will see now for the rest of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If true, that could mean smooth sailing for Chiles Wilson Jr. and his family. A fifth-generation Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta farmer, Wilson has planted thousands of avocado trees of a dozen varieties near Walnut Grove and Cortland. Now the fruit, harvested almost year-round, is a key component of the family’s fruit-packing company, \u003ca href=\"https://www.rivermaid.com/\">Rivermaid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most California avocados are grown between San Diego and Santa Barbara, covering nearly 50,000 acres and producing more than $300 million in direct farm sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson recalls that when he pitched the avocado idea to his family nearly a decade ago, they discouraged him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said, ‘Nah, they won’t produce here,’” he said. “And I said, ‘But that one does.’” He pointed to a large, fruit-laden avocado tree within sight of the farm’s main office. They gave it a shot, planting more than 600 avocado trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson knows, even in an era of warming, that his avocado orchards are a gamble. “We’re one killer freeze away from being wiped out,” Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this winter, the temperature dipped below freezing 16 times in the Wilsons’ avocado groves, yet the trees survived and are producing fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982677\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982677\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Avocados seen hanging from a tree.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gragg holds Pinkerton avocados that he grows in the Sacramento Valley. \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still other fruits, barely known to most Americans, could rise to greatness in a warmer California. Charlie Lucero, a home orchardist in Menlo Park, is helping introduce Californians to yangmei. Lychee-like red orbs with pits inside like a cherry and a taste like pomegranate and pine resin, yangmei are typically grown in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Lucero is serving as a consultant and marketer for several Northern California growers who are preparing to harvest their second crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucero said the fruit — a relative of the bayberry — has “zero chill requirement” and is also resistant to fungi and bacteria that can plague stone fruit growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we get a late rain, it doesn’t hurt us,” Lucero said of his small yangmei collaborative, called \u003ca href=\"http://calmei-yangmei.com/\">Calmei\u003c/a>. “These trees are well-suited for California, where the weather is becoming less predictable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucero said they’ve been retailing for about $60 a pound. Last year’s crop totaled about 2.5 tons; this year, he expects about twice that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An orchard project near Santa Cruz offers another glimpse into California’s possible future of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nate Blackmore of \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlandsplants.com/\">Wildlands Farm and Nursery\u003c/a> is planting several acres with subtropical fruits, mostly from Central and South America: white sapote, ice cream bean, cherimoya, uvaia, dragon fruit and guabiroba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main attraction of his up-and-coming orchard will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/honey-sweeteners/lucuma\">lucuma\u003c/a> trees. Native to western South America, lucuma resembles a round avocado with a pointed bottom, with mealy, sweet flesh like a yam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these species are tolerant of frost — but just barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so scary having all these subtropical fruit trees, and wondering how many would survive a bad freeze,” Blackmore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet another tropical crop could gain an advantage from California’s warming climate: coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s being grown at orchards in Santa Barbara, Ventura and San Diego counties, and it’s not cheap: One company is selling organic coffee beans for \u003ca href=\"https://frinjcoffee.com/product/good-land-organics-geisha-3/\">$286 per pound\u003c/a>. But the trees are hardly sustainable in those regions, which are reliant on water imported from Northern California and the Colorado River: Watering them takes at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee-production\">several feet of water\u003c/a> per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another tropical fruit more suitable for drought-prone land is the pitaya, or dragon fruit. Grown from tropical cactus plants, it can be farmed in California with as little as 1.5 feet of applied water — a third of what citrus and avocados need, according to Ramiro Lobo, a San Diego County farm adviser with the UC Cooperative Extension program. His program has distributed about 50,000 dragon fruit cactus cuttings to small farmers from San Luis Obispo down to San Diego and at least 1,000 acres are in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Dry farming to cope with water scarcity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Among all the pressures for California farmers, none is so persistent and serious as water supply. The agriculture industry uses about 80% of the water Californians consume. During droughts, farmers — especially those growing some 4 million acres of grapevines and fruit trees — pump water from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has caused thousands of drinking water wells to run dry and land to sink \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/water/2023/02/california-depleted-groundwater-storms/\">as aquifers shrivel\u003c/a>. The state passed a new groundwater law in 2014 that is beginning to take effect, and could force as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/policy-brief-the-future-of-agriculture-in-the-san-joaquin-valley/\">900,000 acres\u003c/a> of irrigated cropland, mostly in the arid San Joaquin Valley, out of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is inconsequential to farmers like Tristan Benson. Based in western Sonoma County, he practices dry farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson and his partners usually harvest 20 to 30 tons of heirloom wheat and barley from loamy hillsides, selling the grain for use in bread, beer and distilling. To grow these staples, they just need a little rain, forgoing \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2023/01/colorado-river-water/\">the irrigation that other growers, like those in the Central and Imperial valleys, rely upon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even through recent droughts, Benson said, he has always pulled in a crop. “The closer to the coast we are, the better we do,” he said. Fields are planted in October or November, and about a week after the first heavy rain, the seeds germinate, and usually the ground stays moist until the summer harvest time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson’s methods could be a model for sustainability for other California growers, who have “planted millions of acres of trees that always need water, and our reservoirs have at most a three-year supply,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982678\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982678 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A 40-ish white woman with long, dark brown hair, olive pants, boots, and a mauve long-sleeved top and a purple vest, stands in a grassy, shaded lane between two verdant, leafy rows of trees.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Claire Heinitz, a scientist with the US Department of of Agriculture, helps manage the Wolfskill Experimental Orchards, a collection of thousands of crop varieties used for breeding experiments \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Benson thinks a smart farming model is to grow winter crops without irrigation, and when reservoirs are full — as they are now — plant irrigated fields with annual summer fruits and vegetables. Apples, tomatoes, pears, grapes and potatoes can all be dry-farmed in cooler regions; farther inland and to the south, dry farming is more challenging, at least for most crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoff Vanden Heuvel, director of regulatory and economic affairs at the Milk Producers Council, said winter farming of grain and feed crops, with just a few inches of irrigation water, could help feed livestock with less groundwater use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a quarter of the state’s feed crops are grown in areas entirely reliant on groundwater, and this dependency will likely translate into fewer California cows in the future, he said. By the 2040s, when the groundwater law takes full effect, dairy herds are expected to drop by about 10%. “That’s about 130,000 fewer cows,” Vanden Heuvel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferguson of UC Davis said Central Valley farmers have grown accustomed to harvesting maximum yields because “we had more reliable water. Maybe now, when we don’t have the water or it’s more expensive, they’ll have to settle for a lower yield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://caes.ucdavis.edu/people/daniel-sumner\">Daniel Sumner\u003c/a>, a UC Davis professor of agricultural and resource economics, said California’s agricultural identity already has changed drastically over time. In its earliest days of statehood, California was a major producer of \u003ca href=\"https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Wheat_Production_CA.pdf\">rain-watered wheat, grown on several million acres (PDF)\u003c/a>. When irrigation became ubiquitous, so did specialty crops that thrive in a hot, dry climate but need water in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almonds now cover more than 1.6 million acres of the Central Valley, and pistachios have seen explosive growth, “from almost nothing to a $2 billion crop in a few decades,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that predicting what crops will be trending in California in several decades is impossible, “but it’s hard to picture that we wouldn’t stay a specialty crop producer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Economic turbulence, too\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the changing climate that’s guiding the future of one of California’s top industries. In the decades to come, growers will experience economic shifts, competition from imports and rising labor costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increasing minimum wage, for example, has made even some high-value crops, like table olives, unprofitable to grow in California unless machines prune the trees and pick the fruit. \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/sites/mecholive/Overview_-_Objectives/\">Hand-based labor can suck up 45% to 60% of gross revenue\u003c/a>, largely because olives must be carefully handled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.atlasbig.com/en-us/countries-olive-production#:~:text=Worldwide%2019%2C464%2C495%20tonnes%20of%20olive%20is%20produced%20per,Morocco%20is%20the%20third%20largest%20producer%20of%20olive.\">Spain, the world’s superproducer of olives\u003c/a>, generates a cheaper product and has forced California growers to adapt, said Dennis Burreson, vice president at the Musco Family Olive Co., based in Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burreson said machine harvesting is now becoming standard for many tree crops, adding, “eventually, I think hand-harvesting of many orchard crops is going to be in the rearview mirror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the state’s mighty walnut industry has been knocked on its side as oversupply and competition from China have sent prices crashing. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/Statistics/PDFs/2022_Ag_Stats_Review.pdf\">a ton of walnuts sold off the farm for $3,700 (PDF)\u003c/a>. Now it’s about $700 per ton. On top of that, growers “are still sitting on 130,000 tons of the 2021 crop,” Verloop, of the California Walnut Board and the California Walnut Commission, said, with some of that excess distributed to food banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many walnut growers are now reportedly scheduled to have their trees uprooted and chipped that removal services can’t keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner said the economic upheaval of the walnut industry “doesn’t look like it’s turning around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown suspects that labor costs and land values will be just as strong drivers of agriculture’s evolution as the changing climate. Other regions of the world are producing crops for less, he said, which means California’s specialties will be niche and higher-quality produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is going to be grown in California in 50 years,” he said, “is what can’t be grown elsewhere or what can be grown better here.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The future of farming in California is changing as the planet warms, altering the rain and heat patterns that guide which crops are grown where. 'We're adjusting for survival,' one grower said.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846014,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":83,"wordCount":3217},"headData":{"title":"Mangoes and Agave in the Central Valley? California Farmers Try New Crops to Cope With Climate Change | KQED","description":"The future of farming in California is changing as the planet warms, altering the rain and heat patterns that guide which crops are grown where. 'We're adjusting for survival,' one grower said.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"CalMatters","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/news/affiliate/calmatters","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/alastair-bland/\">Alastair Bland\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982673/mangoes-and-agave-in-the-central-valley-california-farmers-try-new-crops-to-cope-with-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a world of worsening heat waves, flooding, drought, glacial melting, megafires and other calamities of a changing climate, Gary Gragg is an optimist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California warms, Gragg — a nurseryman, micro-scale farmer and tropical fruit enthusiast — looks forward to the day that he can grow and sell mangoes in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been banking on this since I was 10 years old and first heard about global warming,” said Gragg, 54, who has planted several mango trees, among other subtropical trees, in his orchard about 25 miles west of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gragg’s little orchard might be the continent’s northernmost grove of mangoes, which normally are grown in places like Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s climate, he said, is becoming increasingly suitable for heat-loving, frost-sensitive mango trees, as well as avocados, cherimoyas and tropical palms, a specialty of his plant nursery \u003ca href=\"https://www.goldengatepalms.com/\">Golden Gate Palms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t all bad,” Gragg said. “People almost never talk about the positives of global warming, but there will be winners and losers everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mangoes may never become a mainstream crop in the northern half of California, but change is undoubtedly coming. Hustling to adapt, farmers around the state are experimenting with new, more sustainable crops and varieties bred to better tolerate drought, heat, humidity and other elements of the increasingly unruly climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley, farmers are investing in avocados, which are traditionally planted farther south, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/agave-drought-tolerant-california-crop\">agave\u003c/a>, a drought-resistant succulent grown in Mexico to make tequila.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Cruz, one grower is trying a tropical exotic, lucuma, that is native to South American regions with mild winters. Others are growing tropical dragon fruit from the Central Coast down to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Sonoma and Napa Valley wineries have planted new vineyards in cooler coastal hills and valleys to escape the extreme heat of inland areas. And several Bay Area farmers have planted yangmei, a delicacy in China that can resist blights that ravage peaches and other popular California crops during rainy springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘People almost never talk about the positives of global warming, but there will be winners and losers everywhere.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"left","citation":"Gary Gragg, farmer, Sacramento Valley","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the town of Linden, farmer Mike Machado, who served in the state Assembly and Senate from 1994 to 2008, is one of many growers in the arid San Joaquin Valley who have replaced some stone fruit and nut trees with olives, historically a minor California crop mostly produced in Mediterranean nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re adjusting for survival,” Machado said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change essentially means that Southern California’s conditions are creeping north up the coast and into the valley, while Oregon and Washington are becoming more like Northern California. Precipitation, winds, fog and seasonal and daily temperature patterns — all of which determine which crops can be grown where — have all been altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With climate change, we’re getting more erratic entries into fall and more erratic entries into spring,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/people/louise-ferguson\">Louise Ferguson\u003c/a>, a UC Davis plant physiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predicted that “\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006166\">climatic conditions by the middle to end of the 21st century will no longer support some of the main tree crops currently grown in California\u003c/a> … For some crops, production might no longer be possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fruit growers all around the world in the warm regions are worried about” warming trends, particularly in winter, said Eike Luedeling, co-author of the study and professor of horticultural sciences at Germany’s University of Bonn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis researchers are at the cutting edge of the push to adapt, working to make California’s lucrative walnut, pistachio and stone fruit orchards more resilient by selectively breeding for heat, disease and drought tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the nation’s fruits and nuts are grown in California, but fruit and nut trees are among the most vulnerable crops to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luedeling’s research, for example, suggests that high winter temperatures could severely reduce walnut yields about once a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=26295\">Katherine Jarvis-Shean\u003c/a>, an orchard adviser with the UC Agriculture and Natural Resources program, said that effect will be magnified farther south: “That’s probably one in five years in the southern San Joaquin Valley,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Searching for genetic resilience\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Pistachio_Production_CA.pdf\">Pistachios have grown to be one of the state’s mightiest crops (PDF)\u003c/a>, with acreage of mature trees now covering more than 400,000 acres. The 2021 harvest totaled about 577,000 tons and was valued at nearly $3 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now crop scientists are working to save these valuable orchards from the effects of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer winters can cause male varieties to bloom and release pollen too late, after the female flowers have opened. This means less pollination and less fruit, and in 2015 many orchards suffered total crop failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick Brown, a UC Davis nut crop breeder, said farmers have solved this problem, at least for now, by grafting additional male varieties with different blooming schedules into the groves. “It’s a fairly easy hedge against that problem (of warmer winters),” he said. “No matter when the females bloom, there should be some pollen for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding programs to reduce nuts’ chill requirements are underway, but Brown said these trees have trade-offs: They tend to wake up earlier from winter dormancy, which can put premature foliage at risk of frost damage and expose young leaves to rainfall that causes blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is now leading a hunt for genetic resistance to walnut blight in the shady groves of the Wolfskill Experimental Orchards, a repository of nearly 9,000 grapevine and tree fruit varieties from around the world. This genetic bank, owned by UC Davis and jointly run with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, includes walnut trees of several species and hundreds of varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s experiment involves showering the walnuts with sprinklers in spring and summer and observing which develop the symptoms of blight — oil-black stains on the leaves and fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research is focused on walnut trees grown from \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-great-georgian-fruit-hunt-68708316/\">seeds collected in the Republic of Georgia\u003c/a>, where humidity creates conditions amenable to the disease. This likely has created localized genetic resistance — what Brown hopes to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets pretty hot and humid (in Georgia) during the growing season, and if there’s resistance to blight anywhere, that would probably be a good place to look,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Drought tolerance is a really tough nut to crack, because it doesn’t just involve roots — it involves every system of the plant.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"left","citation":"Claire Heinitz, research leader, US Department of Agriculture","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still other problems are emerging as California’s weather patterns grow more erratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early fall rains have been a problem for walnuts, spoiling ripening fruits. And heat waves — especially when they follow a rain event — can cause fruit to drop or spoil. Almost 40% of last fall’s walnut crop was lost when Central Valley temperatures approached 115 degrees, according to \u003ca href=\"https://walnuts.org/news/robert-verloop-named-executive-director-and-ceo-for-the-california-walnut-board-and-california-walnut-commission/\">Robert Verloop\u003c/a>, executive director of the California Walnut Board and the California Walnut Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walnut growers “are worried about heat waves, and they should be,” Jarvis-Shean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another UC Davis study at the Wolfskill orchards aims to identify genes for heat tolerance in European walnut trees. Claire Heinitz, a U.S. Department of Agriculture research leader, said trees are sampled with an instrument that measures photosynthesis. The idea is to find unique individuals that maintain basic functions under brutal heat conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, she said, the project, led by researchers \u003ca href=\"https://mcelrone.ucdavis.edu/people/andrew-j-mcelrone\">Andrew McElrone\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://mcelrone.ucdavis.edu/people/mina-momayyezi\">Mina Momayyezi\u003c/a>, might be expanded to include grapes, which are highly prone to heat damage, as well as pistachios and almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinitz said much of the research aims to create hardier root systems, which can protect the trees against soil pathogens, salts and other stressors. However, breeding \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/09/california-drought-farmers/\">drought resilience\u003c/a> into California’s major crops may be a more elusive goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drought tolerance is a really tough nut to crack, because it doesn’t just involve roots — it involves every system of the plant,” Heinitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982676\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982676\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man uses a sensor on a leaf of an almond tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-16-CM.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Andrew McElrone uses a porometer on an almond tree leaf at the Wolfskill Experimental Orchards near Winters. \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>California’s subtropical future?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The winter of 2023 was an unusually cold one, but it hardly suggests a trend toward nut-friendly weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said last month that the low temperatures of the past several months were “a fluke” amid a long-term trajectory of increasingly warm winters. In fact, he said, “this may well be the coldest winter that some places will see now for the rest of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If true, that could mean smooth sailing for Chiles Wilson Jr. and his family. A fifth-generation Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta farmer, Wilson has planted thousands of avocado trees of a dozen varieties near Walnut Grove and Cortland. Now the fruit, harvested almost year-round, is a key component of the family’s fruit-packing company, \u003ca href=\"https://www.rivermaid.com/\">Rivermaid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most California avocados are grown between San Diego and Santa Barbara, covering nearly 50,000 acres and producing more than $300 million in direct farm sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson recalls that when he pitched the avocado idea to his family nearly a decade ago, they discouraged him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said, ‘Nah, they won’t produce here,’” he said. “And I said, ‘But that one does.’” He pointed to a large, fruit-laden avocado tree within sight of the farm’s main office. They gave it a shot, planting more than 600 avocado trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson knows, even in an era of warming, that his avocado orchards are a gamble. “We’re one killer freeze away from being wiped out,” Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this winter, the temperature dipped below freezing 16 times in the Wilsons’ avocado groves, yet the trees survived and are producing fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982677\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982677\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Avocados seen hanging from a tree.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-13-CM.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gragg holds Pinkerton avocados that he grows in the Sacramento Valley. \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still other fruits, barely known to most Americans, could rise to greatness in a warmer California. Charlie Lucero, a home orchardist in Menlo Park, is helping introduce Californians to yangmei. Lychee-like red orbs with pits inside like a cherry and a taste like pomegranate and pine resin, yangmei are typically grown in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Lucero is serving as a consultant and marketer for several Northern California growers who are preparing to harvest their second crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucero said the fruit — a relative of the bayberry — has “zero chill requirement” and is also resistant to fungi and bacteria that can plague stone fruit growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we get a late rain, it doesn’t hurt us,” Lucero said of his small yangmei collaborative, called \u003ca href=\"http://calmei-yangmei.com/\">Calmei\u003c/a>. “These trees are well-suited for California, where the weather is becoming less predictable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucero said they’ve been retailing for about $60 a pound. Last year’s crop totaled about 2.5 tons; this year, he expects about twice that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An orchard project near Santa Cruz offers another glimpse into California’s possible future of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nate Blackmore of \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlandsplants.com/\">Wildlands Farm and Nursery\u003c/a> is planting several acres with subtropical fruits, mostly from Central and South America: white sapote, ice cream bean, cherimoya, uvaia, dragon fruit and guabiroba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main attraction of his up-and-coming orchard will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/honey-sweeteners/lucuma\">lucuma\u003c/a> trees. Native to western South America, lucuma resembles a round avocado with a pointed bottom, with mealy, sweet flesh like a yam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these species are tolerant of frost — but just barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so scary having all these subtropical fruit trees, and wondering how many would survive a bad freeze,” Blackmore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet another tropical crop could gain an advantage from California’s warming climate: coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s being grown at orchards in Santa Barbara, Ventura and San Diego counties, and it’s not cheap: One company is selling organic coffee beans for \u003ca href=\"https://frinjcoffee.com/product/good-land-organics-geisha-3/\">$286 per pound\u003c/a>. But the trees are hardly sustainable in those regions, which are reliant on water imported from Northern California and the Colorado River: Watering them takes at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee-production\">several feet of water\u003c/a> per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another tropical fruit more suitable for drought-prone land is the pitaya, or dragon fruit. Grown from tropical cactus plants, it can be farmed in California with as little as 1.5 feet of applied water — a third of what citrus and avocados need, according to Ramiro Lobo, a San Diego County farm adviser with the UC Cooperative Extension program. His program has distributed about 50,000 dragon fruit cactus cuttings to small farmers from San Luis Obispo down to San Diego and at least 1,000 acres are in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Dry farming to cope with water scarcity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Among all the pressures for California farmers, none is so persistent and serious as water supply. The agriculture industry uses about 80% of the water Californians consume. During droughts, farmers — especially those growing some 4 million acres of grapevines and fruit trees — pump water from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has caused thousands of drinking water wells to run dry and land to sink \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/water/2023/02/california-depleted-groundwater-storms/\">as aquifers shrivel\u003c/a>. The state passed a new groundwater law in 2014 that is beginning to take effect, and could force as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/policy-brief-the-future-of-agriculture-in-the-san-joaquin-valley/\">900,000 acres\u003c/a> of irrigated cropland, mostly in the arid San Joaquin Valley, out of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is inconsequential to farmers like Tristan Benson. Based in western Sonoma County, he practices dry farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson and his partners usually harvest 20 to 30 tons of heirloom wheat and barley from loamy hillsides, selling the grain for use in bread, beer and distilling. To grow these staples, they just need a little rain, forgoing \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2023/01/colorado-river-water/\">the irrigation that other growers, like those in the Central and Imperial valleys, rely upon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even through recent droughts, Benson said, he has always pulled in a crop. “The closer to the coast we are, the better we do,” he said. Fields are planted in October or November, and about a week after the first heavy rain, the seeds germinate, and usually the ground stays moist until the summer harvest time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson’s methods could be a model for sustainability for other California growers, who have “planted millions of acres of trees that always need water, and our reservoirs have at most a three-year supply,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982678\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982678 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A 40-ish white woman with long, dark brown hair, olive pants, boots, and a mauve long-sleeved top and a purple vest, stands in a grassy, shaded lane between two verdant, leafy rows of trees.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/05042023-Experimental-Farms-RL-19-CM.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Claire Heinitz, a scientist with the US Department of of Agriculture, helps manage the Wolfskill Experimental Orchards, a collection of thousands of crop varieties used for breeding experiments \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Benson thinks a smart farming model is to grow winter crops without irrigation, and when reservoirs are full — as they are now — plant irrigated fields with annual summer fruits and vegetables. Apples, tomatoes, pears, grapes and potatoes can all be dry-farmed in cooler regions; farther inland and to the south, dry farming is more challenging, at least for most crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoff Vanden Heuvel, director of regulatory and economic affairs at the Milk Producers Council, said winter farming of grain and feed crops, with just a few inches of irrigation water, could help feed livestock with less groundwater use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a quarter of the state’s feed crops are grown in areas entirely reliant on groundwater, and this dependency will likely translate into fewer California cows in the future, he said. By the 2040s, when the groundwater law takes full effect, dairy herds are expected to drop by about 10%. “That’s about 130,000 fewer cows,” Vanden Heuvel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferguson of UC Davis said Central Valley farmers have grown accustomed to harvesting maximum yields because “we had more reliable water. Maybe now, when we don’t have the water or it’s more expensive, they’ll have to settle for a lower yield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://caes.ucdavis.edu/people/daniel-sumner\">Daniel Sumner\u003c/a>, a UC Davis professor of agricultural and resource economics, said California’s agricultural identity already has changed drastically over time. In its earliest days of statehood, California was a major producer of \u003ca href=\"https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Wheat_Production_CA.pdf\">rain-watered wheat, grown on several million acres (PDF)\u003c/a>. When irrigation became ubiquitous, so did specialty crops that thrive in a hot, dry climate but need water in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almonds now cover more than 1.6 million acres of the Central Valley, and pistachios have seen explosive growth, “from almost nothing to a $2 billion crop in a few decades,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that predicting what crops will be trending in California in several decades is impossible, “but it’s hard to picture that we wouldn’t stay a specialty crop producer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Economic turbulence, too\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the changing climate that’s guiding the future of one of California’s top industries. In the decades to come, growers will experience economic shifts, competition from imports and rising labor costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increasing minimum wage, for example, has made even some high-value crops, like table olives, unprofitable to grow in California unless machines prune the trees and pick the fruit. \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/sites/mecholive/Overview_-_Objectives/\">Hand-based labor can suck up 45% to 60% of gross revenue\u003c/a>, largely because olives must be carefully handled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.atlasbig.com/en-us/countries-olive-production#:~:text=Worldwide%2019%2C464%2C495%20tonnes%20of%20olive%20is%20produced%20per,Morocco%20is%20the%20third%20largest%20producer%20of%20olive.\">Spain, the world’s superproducer of olives\u003c/a>, generates a cheaper product and has forced California growers to adapt, said Dennis Burreson, vice president at the Musco Family Olive Co., based in Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burreson said machine harvesting is now becoming standard for many tree crops, adding, “eventually, I think hand-harvesting of many orchard crops is going to be in the rearview mirror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the state’s mighty walnut industry has been knocked on its side as oversupply and competition from China have sent prices crashing. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/Statistics/PDFs/2022_Ag_Stats_Review.pdf\">a ton of walnuts sold off the farm for $3,700 (PDF)\u003c/a>. Now it’s about $700 per ton. On top of that, growers “are still sitting on 130,000 tons of the 2021 crop,” Verloop, of the California Walnut Board and the California Walnut Commission, said, with some of that excess distributed to food banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many walnut growers are now reportedly scheduled to have their trees uprooted and chipped that removal services can’t keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner said the economic upheaval of the walnut industry “doesn’t look like it’s turning around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown suspects that labor costs and land values will be just as strong drivers of agriculture’s evolution as the changing climate. Other regions of the world are producing crops for less, he said, which means California’s specialties will be niche and higher-quality produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is going to be grown in California in 50 years,” he said, “is what can’t be grown elsewhere or what can be grown better here.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982673/mangoes-and-agave-in-the-central-valley-california-farmers-try-new-crops-to-cope-with-climate-change","authors":["byline_science_1982673"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_392","science_5178","science_194","science_1452"],"featImg":"science_1982675","label":"source_science_1982673"},"science_1940561":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1940561","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1940561","score":null,"sort":[1555916509000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon","title":"California Has Farmers Growing Weeds. Why? To Capture Carbon","publishDate":1555916509,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California Has Farmers Growing Weeds. Why? To Capture Carbon | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California’s climate change efforts can be spotted all over the Bay Area in the growing number of electric cars and solar panels. But now, California is enlisting people from a more conservative part of the state — even if they don’t think climate change is much of a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s farmers are receiving millions of dollars to pull carbon out of the atmosphere, something the state says is crucial for meeting its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"small\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Jeanne Merrill, California Climate & Agriculture Network\"]‘Some [farmers] are willing to say that it’s climate change. Others are unsure. But I think many know that things are changing and they need different tools.’[/pullquote]The state is paying them to grow plants, which absorb carbon and help move it into the soil where it can be stored long-term. That makes California home to some of the first official “carbon farmers” in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, like almond grower Jose Robles of Modesto, climate change was an afterthought, if that. That’s something they talk about in Sacramento, he says, not where he lives and works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in December, the ground under Robles’ almond trees was a carpet of green, full of mustard plant and clover. It’s not a common sight in the Central Valley. After all, most farmers hate weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody wants to have the orchards nice and clean,” Robles says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His neighbors really don’t understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard them say, ‘We’re in the business of growing almonds, not in the business of growing weeds,’” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robles got the idea a few years ago, during California’s severe drought, when he had to cut back on watering his trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had no water,” he says. “It made us look at things different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robles knew that richer earth with more microorganisms holds moisture longer, but there wasn’t a lot of organic matter in his orchard to build the soil up. Like most farmers, he sprayed herbicides to kill weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940565\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1.jpg 1864w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A field at Russell Ranch at UC Davis, where carbon storage techniques are studied. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So he decided to grow organic matter specifically to feed his soil. He planted species that most people commonly see as weeds, but when sown on purpose, are known as a “cover crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they get a few feet tall, he mows them and lets them decompose, along with some extra compost and mulch. A $21,000 grant from California helps cover his extra costs and labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be tricky, because almonds are harvested from the ground after they’re shaken off the trees. Having mulch or weed remnants on the ground would interfere with that, so Robles has to make sure the organic matter breaks down before harvest begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s already seen a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees, they don’t stress as much, because they hold the moisture a lot longer,” Robles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Absorbing Carbon Emissions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate change didn’t really factor into Robles’ decision, his grant comes from a program designed to be part of the state’s climate change strategy. California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Healthy Soils initiative\u003c/a> is now in its third year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms and forests could absorb as much as 20 percent of California’s current level of emissions, says a \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/natandworkinglands/draft-nwl-ip-040419.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s great potential for agriculture to play a really important role,” says Kate Scow, professor of soil microbial ecology at UC Davis, of the state’s climate goals. She’s standing in a large wheat field at Russell Ranch, seven miles west of the campus, where the university plants crops to study sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is alive,” she says. “There’s farmers that know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show me, Scow starts enthusiastically digging in the dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All right, see, we’re starting to hit the mineral soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where the carbon is stored. Plants soak up the carbon dioxide in the air to build their leaves and stems. Their roots pump carbon down into the earth. Then, when the plant dies, its organic matter gets broken down by microbes and fungi. That’s how carbon from the air gets into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deeper you can get it in the soil, especially below the plow layer, the more stable and secure it’s going to be,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s key to prevent the carbon from being released back into the air, and is how agriculture could play a part in the state’s climate effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have very ambitious climate goals, and without natural and working lands, California simply won’t get there,” says Jeanne Merrill, with the California Climate & Agriculture Network, a coalition of ag groups working on climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before leaving office, Gov. Jerry Brown set a goal for California to be carbon neutral by 2045. That will likely mean not just reducing carbon emissions from cars and buildings, but absorbing carbon already in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merrill says California’s farmers are already on the frontlines of facing climate impacts, like more extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are willing to say that it’s climate change,” she says. “Others are unsure. But I think many know that things are changing and they need different tools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers are interested in the climate programs, Merrill says, if only because it can help them weather extended droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds have signed up. But state climate officials say the Healthy Soils program \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/natandworkinglands/draft-nwl-ip-040419.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">needs to be five times larger\u003c/a>. That means the state Legislature will have to boost its $15 million budget, and Gov. Gavin Newsom has requested more money for the program. (\u003cstrong>Update May 9, 2019\u003c/strong>: In the May revise of the state budget, Newsom has proposed $28 million for Healthy Soils, an increase of $10 million over his original proposal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merrill says that would send a signal that California’s climate efforts will take the entire state, not just coastal cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s bridging that coastal-Valley divide,” she says. “It’s saying that we need that Valley base pretty significantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California farmers are receiving millions of dollars to pull carbon out of the atmosphere, making the state home to some of the first official 'carbon farmers' in the country.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848729,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1092},"headData":{"title":"California Has Farmers Growing Weeds. Why? To Capture Carbon | KQED","description":"California farmers are receiving millions of dollars to pull carbon out of the atmosphere, making the state home to some of the first official 'carbon farmers' in the country.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/04/SommerCarbonFarmers.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":277,"path":"/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon","audioDuration":277000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s climate change efforts can be spotted all over the Bay Area in the growing number of electric cars and solar panels. But now, California is enlisting people from a more conservative part of the state — even if they don’t think climate change is much of a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s farmers are receiving millions of dollars to pull carbon out of the atmosphere, something the state says is crucial for meeting its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Some [farmers] are willing to say that it’s climate change. Others are unsure. But I think many know that things are changing and they need different tools.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","align":"right","citation":"Jeanne Merrill, California Climate & Agriculture Network","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The state is paying them to grow plants, which absorb carbon and help move it into the soil where it can be stored long-term. That makes California home to some of the first official “carbon farmers” in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, like almond grower Jose Robles of Modesto, climate change was an afterthought, if that. That’s something they talk about in Sacramento, he says, not where he lives and works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in December, the ground under Robles’ almond trees was a carpet of green, full of mustard plant and clover. It’s not a common sight in the Central Valley. After all, most farmers hate weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody wants to have the orchards nice and clean,” Robles says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His neighbors really don’t understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard them say, ‘We’re in the business of growing almonds, not in the business of growing weeds,’” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robles got the idea a few years ago, during California’s severe drought, when he had to cut back on watering his trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had no water,” he says. “It made us look at things different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robles knew that richer earth with more microorganisms holds moisture longer, but there wasn’t a lot of organic matter in his orchard to build the soil up. Like most farmers, he sprayed herbicides to kill weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940565\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/field1.jpg 1864w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A field at Russell Ranch at UC Davis, where carbon storage techniques are studied. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So he decided to grow organic matter specifically to feed his soil. He planted species that most people commonly see as weeds, but when sown on purpose, are known as a “cover crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they get a few feet tall, he mows them and lets them decompose, along with some extra compost and mulch. A $21,000 grant from California helps cover his extra costs and labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be tricky, because almonds are harvested from the ground after they’re shaken off the trees. Having mulch or weed remnants on the ground would interfere with that, so Robles has to make sure the organic matter breaks down before harvest begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s already seen a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees, they don’t stress as much, because they hold the moisture a lot longer,” Robles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Absorbing Carbon Emissions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate change didn’t really factor into Robles’ decision, his grant comes from a program designed to be part of the state’s climate change strategy. California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Healthy Soils initiative\u003c/a> is now in its third year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms and forests could absorb as much as 20 percent of California’s current level of emissions, says a \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/natandworkinglands/draft-nwl-ip-040419.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s great potential for agriculture to play a really important role,” says Kate Scow, professor of soil microbial ecology at UC Davis, of the state’s climate goals. She’s standing in a large wheat field at Russell Ranch, seven miles west of the campus, where the university plants crops to study sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is alive,” she says. “There’s farmers that know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show me, Scow starts enthusiastically digging in the dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All right, see, we’re starting to hit the mineral soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where the carbon is stored. Plants soak up the carbon dioxide in the air to build their leaves and stems. Their roots pump carbon down into the earth. Then, when the plant dies, its organic matter gets broken down by microbes and fungi. That’s how carbon from the air gets into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deeper you can get it in the soil, especially below the plow layer, the more stable and secure it’s going to be,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s key to prevent the carbon from being released back into the air, and is how agriculture could play a part in the state’s climate effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have very ambitious climate goals, and without natural and working lands, California simply won’t get there,” says Jeanne Merrill, with the California Climate & Agriculture Network, a coalition of ag groups working on climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before leaving office, Gov. Jerry Brown set a goal for California to be carbon neutral by 2045. That will likely mean not just reducing carbon emissions from cars and buildings, but absorbing carbon already in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merrill says California’s farmers are already on the frontlines of facing climate impacts, like more extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are willing to say that it’s climate change,” she says. “Others are unsure. But I think many know that things are changing and they need different tools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers are interested in the climate programs, Merrill says, if only because it can help them weather extended droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds have signed up. But state climate officials say the Healthy Soils program \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/natandworkinglands/draft-nwl-ip-040419.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">needs to be five times larger\u003c/a>. That means the state Legislature will have to boost its $15 million budget, and Gov. Gavin Newsom has requested more money for the program. (\u003cstrong>Update May 9, 2019\u003c/strong>: In the May revise of the state budget, Newsom has proposed $28 million for Healthy Soils, an increase of $10 million over his original proposal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merrill says that would send a signal that California’s climate efforts will take the entire state, not just coastal cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s bridging that coastal-Valley divide,” she says. “It’s saying that we need that Valley base pretty significantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_43","science_3423","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_194","science_4203","science_1452","science_3370","science_3833","science_3830"],"featImg":"science_1940563","label":"source_science_1940561"},"science_1936630":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936630","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936630","score":null,"sort":[1547160857000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"perception-is-key-to-getting-people-on-board-with-edible-bugs-study-shows","title":"Perception is Key to Getting People on Board With Edible Bugs","publishDate":1547160857,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Perception is Key to Getting People on Board With Edible Bugs | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Hyping+Edible+Bugs+Focus+On+The+Experience+Instead+Of+The+Environment%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study shows that when ads made enticing marketing claims, such as \"exotic\" or \"delicious,\" rather than targeting environmental interests, more people were willing to try eating insects.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927207,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1183},"headData":{"title":"Perception is Key to Getting People on Board With Edible Bugs | KQED","description":"A new study shows that when ads made enticing marketing claims, such as "exotic" or "delicious," rather than targeting environmental interests, more people were willing to try eating insects.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Food","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Oliver Brachat","nprByline":"Berly McCoy\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"for NPR","nprStoryId":"677826823","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=677826823&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/01/10/677826823/should-hyping-edible-bugs-focus-on-the-experience-instead-of-the-environment?ft=nprml&f=677826823","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 10 Jan 2019 11:49:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 10 Jan 2019 11:49:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 10 Jan 2019 11:49:43 -0500","path":"/science/1936630/perception-is-key-to-getting-people-on-board-with-edible-bugs-study-shows","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Hyping+Edible+Bugs+Focus+On+The+Experience+Instead+Of+The+Environment%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936630/perception-is-key-to-getting-people-on-board-with-edible-bugs-study-shows","authors":["byline_science_1936630"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_36","science_16","science_40"],"tags":["science_192","science_1452","science_507","science_3838","science_157"],"featImg":"science_1936631","label":"source_science_1936630"},"science_1933975":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933975","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933975","score":null,"sort":[1541569968000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"proposition-12-californians-move-to-require-more-spacious-digs-for-farm-animals","title":"Proposition 12: California Voters Require More Spacious Digs for Farm Animals","publishDate":1541569968,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Proposition 12: California Voters Require More Spacious Digs for Farm Animals | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Californians love their critters. And they showed it again on Election Day by banning the sale of pork, eggs or veal from animals confined in tight cages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved statewide Proposition 12 by a healthy margin of 61 to 39 percent.\u003cbr>\n[election2018result race=3257]\u003cbr>\nThe measure applies to animals in California, and those raised elsewhere for products sold in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Didn’t We Already Vote on Cage-Free Conditions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents may have experienced a little déjà vu when they cast their vote for Proposition 12. Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade-old \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">Proposition 2\u003c/a> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, turn around and extend their limbs or wings. But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms so they challenged the measure in court. Eventually, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages, as long as they provided more space within them. To end confinement altogether, the Humane Society sponsored Proposition 12, which requires each farm animal has a specific amount of floor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Specifics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2020, a veal calf must receive 43 square feet, 24 square feet for a breeding pig, and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to all veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Price Hikes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents predict Proposition 12 will lead to higher prices for consumers. The National Pork Producers Council says the industry will have to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is easier to predict egg prices, as cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They are usually priced about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, the battle over how much space farm animals deserve is likely not over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Proposition 12 will effectively outlaw tight cages for pigs, veal calves and egg-laying hens. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927327,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":534},"headData":{"title":"Proposition 12: California Voters Require More Spacious Digs for Farm Animals | KQED","description":"Proposition 12 will effectively outlaw tight cages for pigs, veal calves and egg-laying hens. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Election 2018","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1933975/proposition-12-californians-move-to-require-more-spacious-digs-for-farm-animals","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians love their critters. And they showed it again on Election Day by banning the sale of pork, eggs or veal from animals confined in tight cages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved statewide Proposition 12 by a healthy margin of 61 to 39 percent.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe measure applies to animals in California, and those raised elsewhere for products sold in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Didn’t We Already Vote on Cage-Free Conditions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents may have experienced a little déjà vu when they cast their vote for Proposition 12. Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade-old \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">Proposition 2\u003c/a> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, turn around and extend their limbs or wings. But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms so they challenged the measure in court. Eventually, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages, as long as they provided more space within them. To end confinement altogether, the Humane Society sponsored Proposition 12, which requires each farm animal has a specific amount of floor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Specifics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2020, a veal calf must receive 43 square feet, 24 square feet for a breeding pig, and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to all veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Price Hikes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents predict Proposition 12 will lead to higher prices for consumers. The National Pork Producers Council says the industry will have to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is easier to predict egg prices, as cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They are usually priced about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, the battle over how much space farm animals deserve is likely not over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933975/proposition-12-californians-move-to-require-more-spacious-digs-for-farm-animals","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_2874","science_36","science_40"],"tags":["science_2006","science_1452","science_813"],"featImg":"science_1933977","label":"source_science_1933975"},"science_1933079":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933079","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933079","score":null,"sort":[1541491267000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-votes-on-more-space-for-farm-animals-again","title":"California Votes on More Space for Farm Animals ... Again","publishDate":1541491267,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California Votes on More Space for Farm Animals … Again | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California voters will soon decide whether to ban the sale of meat and eggs from farm animals raised in cages. A November ballot measure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/17-0026%20%28Animal%20Cruelty%29_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 12\u003c/a>, would require more spacious digs for pigs, veal calves and egg-laying hens. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’re experiencing a bit of déjà vu right now, it makes sense. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Back Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live.’\u003ccite>Dede Boies, Root Down Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 2\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, and turn around and extend their limbs or wings. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10394188/whos-watching-the-henhouse-to-enforce-californias-new-egg-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talked back then\u003c/a> to San Diego chicken farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillikereggs.com/eggs/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Hilliker\u003c/a> about the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chickens don’t do pirouettes,” Hilliker said in 2015. “They don’t soar like an eagle — they don’t extend their wings, they kind of keep them in close and flap them, but they never extend them fully.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933331 size-full\" style=\"font-weight: bold;background-color: transparent;color: #767676\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg 880w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chickens in battery cages at Hilliker Ranch near San Diego. \u003ccite>(Brooke Binkowski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the 2008 law took effect, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages as long as they provided more space within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hilliker met the law’s requirements by moving half of his chickens out of cages, which increased the net space for those remaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To end confinement altogether, the Human Society sponsored Proposition 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You know I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans.’\u003ccite>Ken Maschhoff, pork farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The measure is also endorsed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Sierra Club, the California Democratic Party, the United Farm Workers, and the Center for Food Safety. The \u003ca href=\"https://preventcrueltyca.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yes on 12\u003c/a> campaign has raised $6.1 million as of Sept. 28, while the opponents, \u003ca href=\"https://stoptherottenegginitiative.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stop the Rotten Egg Initiative, \u003c/a>have raised about $566,000. The next financial reporting \u003ca class=\"customToolTip\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_12,_Farm_Animal_Confinement_Initiative_(2018)#\">deadline\u003c/a> is Oct. 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dede\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boies\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> supports the measure because it aligns with her farming philosophy. She raises chickens, ducks, turkeys and pigs on \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootdownfarm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Root Down Farm\u003c/a>, a huge open field in Pescadero, about an hour south of San Francisco.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live,” says Boies. “And to basically give them the best life possible.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Boies, confining animals in cages reduces them to products.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1053px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933346 size-full\" title=\"Lesley McClurg/ KQED\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1053\" height=\"849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg 1053w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1053px) 100vw, 1053px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dede Boies strokes her Berkshire pigs at Root Down Farm in Pescadero, California \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 12 requires each farm animal to have a specific amount of floor space beginning in 2020: 43 square feet for a veal calf; 24 square feet for a breeding pig; and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> oppose Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to \u003cem>all\u003c/em> veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ken Maschhoff is a fifth-generation hog farmer based in Carlyle, Illinois, who runs one of the largest pork operations in the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I certainly have a bone to pick with those that try to force their agenda and those costs on to others that would just as soon not bear those,” says Maschhoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1079px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933350 size-full\" title=\"Courtesy of National Pork Producers Council \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1079\" height=\"771\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg 1079w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1079px) 100vw, 1079px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pigs in gestation crates. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Pork Producers Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When his pigs are pregnant, which occurs twice a year or so, they’re confined for about 100 days in a gestation crate \u003c/span>that is 7 to 8 feet long and 24 to 30 inches wide. It does not allow the pigs to turn around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says confining pigs during pregnancy is both humane and cost-effective because it prevents fighting between the animals, allowing more piglets to survive in the womb. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans,” says Maschhoff. “I believe that farmers, ranchers, veterinarians, are animal welfare-ists. So there’s a difference between animal rights and animal welfare.”\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s This Going To Cost Consumers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says Proposition 12 will require the pork industry to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s easier to predict egg prices because cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They’re usually priced at about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> are opposed. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, even if voters approve Proposition 12 on Nov. 6, the battle over how much space farm animals need is likely not over.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The ballot measure could end tight cages for veal calves, pigs and egg-laying hens both inside California and beyond state lines. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927331,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1003},"headData":{"title":"California Votes on More Space for Farm Animals ... Again | KQED","description":"The ballot measure could end tight cages for veal calves, pigs and egg-laying hens both inside California and beyond state lines. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/10/McClurgProp12Animals.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":286,"path":"/science/1933079/california-votes-on-more-space-for-farm-animals-again","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California voters will soon decide whether to ban the sale of meat and eggs from farm animals raised in cages. A November ballot measure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/17-0026%20%28Animal%20Cruelty%29_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 12\u003c/a>, would require more spacious digs for pigs, veal calves and egg-laying hens. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’re experiencing a bit of déjà vu right now, it makes sense. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Back Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live.’\u003ccite>Dede Boies, Root Down Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 2\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, and turn around and extend their limbs or wings. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10394188/whos-watching-the-henhouse-to-enforce-californias-new-egg-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talked back then\u003c/a> to San Diego chicken farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillikereggs.com/eggs/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Hilliker\u003c/a> about the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chickens don’t do pirouettes,” Hilliker said in 2015. “They don’t soar like an eagle — they don’t extend their wings, they kind of keep them in close and flap them, but they never extend them fully.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933331 size-full\" style=\"font-weight: bold;background-color: transparent;color: #767676\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg 880w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chickens in battery cages at Hilliker Ranch near San Diego. \u003ccite>(Brooke Binkowski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the 2008 law took effect, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages as long as they provided more space within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hilliker met the law’s requirements by moving half of his chickens out of cages, which increased the net space for those remaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To end confinement altogether, the Human Society sponsored Proposition 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You know I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans.’\u003ccite>Ken Maschhoff, pork farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The measure is also endorsed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Sierra Club, the California Democratic Party, the United Farm Workers, and the Center for Food Safety. The \u003ca href=\"https://preventcrueltyca.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yes on 12\u003c/a> campaign has raised $6.1 million as of Sept. 28, while the opponents, \u003ca href=\"https://stoptherottenegginitiative.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stop the Rotten Egg Initiative, \u003c/a>have raised about $566,000. The next financial reporting \u003ca class=\"customToolTip\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_12,_Farm_Animal_Confinement_Initiative_(2018)#\">deadline\u003c/a> is Oct. 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dede\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boies\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> supports the measure because it aligns with her farming philosophy. She raises chickens, ducks, turkeys and pigs on \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootdownfarm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Root Down Farm\u003c/a>, a huge open field in Pescadero, about an hour south of San Francisco.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live,” says Boies. “And to basically give them the best life possible.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Boies, confining animals in cages reduces them to products.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1053px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933346 size-full\" title=\"Lesley McClurg/ KQED\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1053\" height=\"849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg 1053w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1053px) 100vw, 1053px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dede Boies strokes her Berkshire pigs at Root Down Farm in Pescadero, California \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 12 requires each farm animal to have a specific amount of floor space beginning in 2020: 43 square feet for a veal calf; 24 square feet for a breeding pig; and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> oppose Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to \u003cem>all\u003c/em> veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ken Maschhoff is a fifth-generation hog farmer based in Carlyle, Illinois, who runs one of the largest pork operations in the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I certainly have a bone to pick with those that try to force their agenda and those costs on to others that would just as soon not bear those,” says Maschhoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1079px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933350 size-full\" title=\"Courtesy of National Pork Producers Council \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1079\" height=\"771\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg 1079w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1079px) 100vw, 1079px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pigs in gestation crates. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Pork Producers Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When his pigs are pregnant, which occurs twice a year or so, they’re confined for about 100 days in a gestation crate \u003c/span>that is 7 to 8 feet long and 24 to 30 inches wide. It does not allow the pigs to turn around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says confining pigs during pregnancy is both humane and cost-effective because it prevents fighting between the animals, allowing more piglets to survive in the womb. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans,” says Maschhoff. “I believe that farmers, ranchers, veterinarians, are animal welfare-ists. So there’s a difference between animal rights and animal welfare.”\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s This Going To Cost Consumers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says Proposition 12 will require the pork industry to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s easier to predict egg prices because cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They’re usually priced at about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> are opposed. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, even if voters approve Proposition 12 on Nov. 6, the battle over how much space farm animals need is likely not over.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933079/california-votes-on-more-space-for-farm-animals-again","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_2874","science_36","science_40"],"tags":["science_2006","science_1452"],"featImg":"science_1933157","label":"science"},"science_1933028":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933028","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933028","score":null,"sort":[1539799208000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"growing-almonds-with-little-water-is-it-possible","title":"Growing Almonds With Little Water. Is it Possible?","publishDate":1539799208,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Growing Almonds With Little Water. Is it Possible? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Much was written during California’s recent five-year drought about the amount of water used by almonds. The nuts have become California’s most lucrative agricultural commodity, and a major export product.[contextly_sidebar id=”Gys31M8YZHJuaL1kDzkM2nYzaKntFeqQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before concerns about water use by almond growers emerged, the industry initiated measures to conserve water by embracing microirrigation systems. It has also become a leader in efforts such as recharging groundwater by flooding almond orchards during winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water required to grow almonds also grows more than nuts. Other materials from the plant – from the tree itself to the nut hull – are used in a variety of products, with initiatives underway to find new uses for these materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain these initiatives further, Water Deeply recently interviewed Richard Waycott, president and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CEO\u003c/span> of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.almonds.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Almond Board of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The almond industry has invested millions of dollars in water efficiency measures. What has this yielded so far and what more are you hoping to learn?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Waycott: Many almond growers have farmed in California for generations, and recognize that water is the lifeblood of California and a key component of responsible farming, essential to growing food. The California almond community began investing in water research in 1982 to determine if a then-new irrigation method – microirrigation – could work in almond orchards without negatively impacting yields. Tested via long-term studies across the growing region, the results were positive and, by targeting water applications directly to the trees’ roots instead of uniformly across the field, farmers conserved water and created other operational efficiencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research has resulted in the wide adoption of microirrigation, which today is used by nearly 80 percent of almond farms. This is almost double the California state average of 42 percent of farms using microirrigation. This has helped almond farmers reduce the amount of water it takes to grow a pound of almonds by 33 percent over the past 20 years.[contextly_sidebar id=”E4oXBtmwgIjoy9mvOpU7kBz6znYNDFlH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While almond farmers have made great strides in the area of irrigation efficiency, there’s more we can do and are doing. The Almond Irrigation Improvement Continuum, created by irrigation experts, is a roadmap for California almond farmers to accelerate adoption of research-based, water-efficient practices and technology. The continuum provides research-based guidance to improve any farmer’s irrigation efficiency by focusing on five key areas: calculating orchard water requirements, measuring applied water, and monitoring irrigation system performance, soil moisture and plant water status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, to help farmers minimize waste and grow more crop per drop, the Almond Board has developed a free irrigation scheduling tool. Using data from their farms about orchard and irrigation system setup, along with local weather data and other inputs, the calculator generates irrigation schedules including the optimal amount and timing of irrigation. Based on research, this interactive decision-support tool is designed to streamline on-farm decision-making and minimize environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What role is the almond industry playing in advancing groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: California’s aquifers are collectively the state’s largest water storage system and are used statewide for drinking water and farming. Overreliance on groundwater means that many of the state’s aquifers are under pressure. To support water sustainability in California, almond farmers are exploring how California’s almond orchards can be leveraged to replenish underground aquifers. On-farm groundwater recharge applies excess winter floodwater to dormant orchards, allowing it to seep down and restore groundwater.[contextly_sidebar id=”fXnXQm58AwRfxzxGL8QCBoJsJGYsBW2E”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recharged back into those aquifers benefits all Californians, not just farmers. This research is critical to creating more sustainable water resources in California and core to the California almond community’s commitment to continuous improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: By your calculations, how much water does it take to grow an almond? And in what other ways is an almond used, besides for the nut itself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: All food takes water to grow and the water needed to grow an almond tree is similar to that of other fruit and nut trees in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water used to grow an almond actually grows four products: The kernel you eat, which is protected by a hull and a shell, as well as the tree. The trees store carbon and are transformed into electricity at the end of their lives; the shells become livestock bedding; and the hulls are nutritious dairy feed, reducing the water needed to grow other feed crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond farmers are committed to finding even more innovative new uses of almond coproducts that can support California in creating a genuine bioeconomy where every byproduct is an input for another valuable product. Current research is exploring using almond hull and shell components as growing medium for mushroom cultivation, producing feed sources for poultry, plastic additives for strength and color, soil amendments for almonds and other crops, supplemental winter food sources for honey bees, and even for brewing beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Acreage of almonds planted in California has increased in recent years, with some percentage of this replacing annual crops. Is there a point at which, from a market or water standpoint, there’s an unsustainable number of acres?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: Over the past several years, California as a whole has seen increased plantings of perennial crops – things like fruit trees, nuts and vines – which generally have higher associated values than annual crops. While some have suggested that the shift toward higher-value perennial crops has led to an increase in agricultural water use, according to the California Department of Water Resources the total amount of agricultural water has held steady since 2000 and actually declined over a longer period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you take a look at our crop specifically, almonds grow on 17 percent of California’s irrigated farmland, but they use only 11 percent of the water California devotes to growing food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the most efficient place to grow almonds on the planet. In addition to its ideal Mediterranean climate – essential to growing almonds – California’s Central Valley is home to rich soils, natural resources and infrastructure, and innovative research and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Economically, California grows more than 80 percent of the world’s almond supply, which creates a comparative advantage, creating value not just for farmers but for Californians as a whole. According to the California Agricultural Issues Center, the California almond community delivers significant economic value to the state, supporting 104,000 jobs across California and contributing $11 billion to California’s \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GDP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/15/in-california-prop-3-is-a-billion-dollar-fix-for-stubborn-water-woes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California grows most of the world’s almonds, generating $11 billion annually. We look into what the industry is doing to use less water.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927381,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1141},"headData":{"title":"Growing Almonds With Little Water. Is it Possible? | KQED","description":"California grows most of the world’s almonds, generating $11 billion annually. We look into what the industry is doing to use less water.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Daniel Beaulieu\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1933028/growing-almonds-with-little-water-is-it-possible","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Much was written during California’s recent five-year drought about the amount of water used by almonds. The nuts have become California’s most lucrative agricultural commodity, and a major export product.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before concerns about water use by almond growers emerged, the industry initiated measures to conserve water by embracing microirrigation systems. It has also become a leader in efforts such as recharging groundwater by flooding almond orchards during winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water required to grow almonds also grows more than nuts. Other materials from the plant – from the tree itself to the nut hull – are used in a variety of products, with initiatives underway to find new uses for these materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain these initiatives further, Water Deeply recently interviewed Richard Waycott, president and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CEO\u003c/span> of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.almonds.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Almond Board of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The almond industry has invested millions of dollars in water efficiency measures. What has this yielded so far and what more are you hoping to learn?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Waycott: Many almond growers have farmed in California for generations, and recognize that water is the lifeblood of California and a key component of responsible farming, essential to growing food. The California almond community began investing in water research in 1982 to determine if a then-new irrigation method – microirrigation – could work in almond orchards without negatively impacting yields. Tested via long-term studies across the growing region, the results were positive and, by targeting water applications directly to the trees’ roots instead of uniformly across the field, farmers conserved water and created other operational efficiencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research has resulted in the wide adoption of microirrigation, which today is used by nearly 80 percent of almond farms. This is almost double the California state average of 42 percent of farms using microirrigation. This has helped almond farmers reduce the amount of water it takes to grow a pound of almonds by 33 percent over the past 20 years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While almond farmers have made great strides in the area of irrigation efficiency, there’s more we can do and are doing. The Almond Irrigation Improvement Continuum, created by irrigation experts, is a roadmap for California almond farmers to accelerate adoption of research-based, water-efficient practices and technology. The continuum provides research-based guidance to improve any farmer’s irrigation efficiency by focusing on five key areas: calculating orchard water requirements, measuring applied water, and monitoring irrigation system performance, soil moisture and plant water status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, to help farmers minimize waste and grow more crop per drop, the Almond Board has developed a free irrigation scheduling tool. Using data from their farms about orchard and irrigation system setup, along with local weather data and other inputs, the calculator generates irrigation schedules including the optimal amount and timing of irrigation. Based on research, this interactive decision-support tool is designed to streamline on-farm decision-making and minimize environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What role is the almond industry playing in advancing groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: California’s aquifers are collectively the state’s largest water storage system and are used statewide for drinking water and farming. Overreliance on groundwater means that many of the state’s aquifers are under pressure. To support water sustainability in California, almond farmers are exploring how California’s almond orchards can be leveraged to replenish underground aquifers. On-farm groundwater recharge applies excess winter floodwater to dormant orchards, allowing it to seep down and restore groundwater.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recharged back into those aquifers benefits all Californians, not just farmers. This research is critical to creating more sustainable water resources in California and core to the California almond community’s commitment to continuous improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: By your calculations, how much water does it take to grow an almond? And in what other ways is an almond used, besides for the nut itself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: All food takes water to grow and the water needed to grow an almond tree is similar to that of other fruit and nut trees in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water used to grow an almond actually grows four products: The kernel you eat, which is protected by a hull and a shell, as well as the tree. The trees store carbon and are transformed into electricity at the end of their lives; the shells become livestock bedding; and the hulls are nutritious dairy feed, reducing the water needed to grow other feed crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond farmers are committed to finding even more innovative new uses of almond coproducts that can support California in creating a genuine bioeconomy where every byproduct is an input for another valuable product. Current research is exploring using almond hull and shell components as growing medium for mushroom cultivation, producing feed sources for poultry, plastic additives for strength and color, soil amendments for almonds and other crops, supplemental winter food sources for honey bees, and even for brewing beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Acreage of almonds planted in California has increased in recent years, with some percentage of this replacing annual crops. Is there a point at which, from a market or water standpoint, there’s an unsustainable number of acres?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: Over the past several years, California as a whole has seen increased plantings of perennial crops – things like fruit trees, nuts and vines – which generally have higher associated values than annual crops. While some have suggested that the shift toward higher-value perennial crops has led to an increase in agricultural water use, according to the California Department of Water Resources the total amount of agricultural water has held steady since 2000 and actually declined over a longer period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you take a look at our crop specifically, almonds grow on 17 percent of California’s irrigated farmland, but they use only 11 percent of the water California devotes to growing food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the most efficient place to grow almonds on the planet. In addition to its ideal Mediterranean climate – essential to growing almonds – California’s Central Valley is home to rich soils, natural resources and infrastructure, and innovative research and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Economically, California grows more than 80 percent of the world’s almond supply, which creates a comparative advantage, creating value not just for farmers but for Californians as a whole. According to the California Agricultural Issues Center, the California almond community delivers significant economic value to the state, supporting 104,000 jobs across California and contributing $11 billion to California’s \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GDP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/15/in-california-prop-3-is-a-billion-dollar-fix-for-stubborn-water-woes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933028/growing-almonds-with-little-water-is-it-possible","authors":["byline_science_1933028"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_205","science_192","science_1452","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1933031","label":"source_science_1933028"},"science_1930415":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930415","score":null,"sort":[1535569327000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"common-farming-fethods-may-hold-the-key-to-slowing-global-warming","title":"Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming","publishDate":1535569327,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. [contextly_sidebar id=”sWyFdeRoG72e6iFHeWRtN5pZ4UuEEENC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.[contextly_sidebar id=”3velOgPHUkHKX82y0LnfZFw1nJlDV7hl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study finds that well established farming techniques could put a huge dent in global emissions targets if adopted widely. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927539,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":728},"headData":{"title":"Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming | KQED","description":"A new study finds that well established farming techniques could put a huge dent in global emissions targets if adopted widely. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1930415/common-farming-fethods-may-hold-the-key-to-slowing-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930415/common-farming-fethods-may-hold-the-key-to-slowing-global-warming","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_392","science_765","science_194","science_1452","science_556","science_3645","science_1201"],"featImg":"science_1930423","label":"source_science_1930415"},"science_1925560":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925560","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925560","score":null,"sort":[1528750853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland","title":"Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland","publishDate":1528750853,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Joaquin Valley, one of the most productive farming regions in the nation, an estimated 150,000 people are stuck living with contaminated drinking water. When they open a tap to fill a cooking pot or take a shower, the water that gushes out is contaminated with nitrates, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and other nasties from polluted wells.[contextly_sidebar id=”BXxHEiwGfcQkkmUN7w7VU8pQHE73VUWT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The good news: Help is available to many of these small community water systems, provided they can merge with a neighboring utility that has clean water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Estimating how many such mergers are under way is difficult, because they are at different stages and some may not have reached the attention of state regulators yet. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/content/adopting-county-policies-which-limit-public-water-system-sprawl-and-promote-small-system-con\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">University of California, Los Angeles study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released last year estimated 32 mergers are in progress. Camille Pannu, director of the Water Justice Center at the University of California, Davis, said there are probably more than 50 mergers in the works in the San Joaquin Valley alone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the number, the process can be expensive and laborious, despite state laws meant to ease the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s definitely a multiyear – often many-year – process,” said Nell Green Nylen, a senior research fellow at the Wheeler Water Institute at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “A big part of it is funding. And there can be a number of different agencies at different levels that need to be involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Green Nylen is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/learning-from-consolidations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> summarizing the challenges of water system consolidation. They range from financing problems to a lack of basic data needed to understand the water-quality problems that need solving.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are legal and bureaucratic challenges, as well. For instance, in the unincorporated town of Tooleville in Tulare County, groundwater wells are contaminated by hexavalent chromium, also known as chromium-6 (the chemical made famous by the 2000 film “Erin Brockovich”). The town of fewer than 400 people has been trying to merge its tiny mutual water company with the municipal water system in the neighboring city of Exeter, which has more than 10,000 residents.[contextly_sidebar id=”5x6EMoTNwScXLen0hWQSc4sC4m8oo3uH”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We can’t cook with the water. We can’t drink it,” said Maria Olivera, a board member of the Tooleville water system and a resident of the town since 1974. “We really need help. Everybody is hoping it will be solved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">An agreement for the merger finally appears close at hand. But now a financing problem has emerged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state’s water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium was struck down by a May 2017 court ruling. The lawsuit was filed by the California Manufacturers and Technology Association and the Solano County Taxpayers Association. The court agreed with the plaintiffs that the state failed to investigate whether compliance with the standard is economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, the State Water Resources Control Board was forced to withdraw its water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium while it works on revisions. With no standard in place, water systems trying to solve hexavalent chromium problems are not eligible for state grant funding. Which means Tooleville must seek another source of money to pay for the construction to connect with Exeter’s system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the meantime, the \u003c/span>state is providing Tooleville with bottled water for drinking and cooking. The tainted well water is still used for cleaning, irrigating and everything else that people need water for. But recently the pump burned out at one of the town’s two wells. If the same should happen at Tooleville’s other well, the town’s water emergency will worsen considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We don’t have any money to buy a pump and then to hire a person to manage it, and then to pay the electricity bill for the water pumps,” Olivera said. “We are in a big problem right now because there’s no money.”[contextly_sidebar id=”xHtF69SRn5Ztvx5jGx3yCqAMHCppO19V”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A state law passed in 2015, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/programs/compliance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, authorized the State Water Resources Control Board to require water system consolidations to fix water quality or reliability problems. Since the law passed, the water board has notified 25 water agencies they must consolidate – all in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately, the construction required to physically connect one water agency with another may be fairly easy in many cases. A \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/publication/water-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in February found that 66 percent of disadvantaged communities in the San Joaquin Valley are within 500ft of another water utility that meets drinking water standards. For the rest, the distance is 3 or more miles, which could make a connection too expensive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132038\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180607135056/EastPorterville21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1027\" height=\"574\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Aranzazu, left, and Benny Zurita install new water lines in East Porterville, Calif., so homes can connect to a new water supply provided by the city of Porterville. East Porterville lived with groundwater problems for years until the connection was finally made in 2016. (Florence Low, California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not all water system mergers involve full consolidation. Sometimes, water agencies might want to work together without merging completely. Neighboring water agencies might want to build an intertie, for example, in order to share water resources. But Green Nylen said state assistance programs tend to be available only for full mergers – another weakness in the regulatory process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One possibility of a partial merger is unfolding in Sacramento County, where the San Juan Water District and Sacramento Suburban Water District have talked for several years about combining resources.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Juan is primarily a surface-water agency, with water rights in the American River. Sacramento Suburban primarily relies on groundwater. Combined, the agencies serve around 340,000 people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If the two could agree to work together and build the necessary plumbing connections, San Juan could use Sacramento Suburban’s groundwater during drought years when American River water might be in short supply. Then, in wet years, it could use American River water to recharge Sacramento Suburban’s aquifers.[contextly_sidebar id=”dzHxoRfmqkHnJJ7XbCTWkFBX7rliqlAf”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On the face of it, it would seem to give us more opportunity to optimize use of our water supply,” said Paul Helliker, general manager of San Juan Water District. “This is particularly important as we look at what the future holds with climate change and changing regulatory requirements.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, board members of the two agencies held a joint meeting to discuss moving ahead with some kind of cooperating agreement. It could range from a full merger to simply collaborating on joint projects. San Juan’s board of directors voted unanimously in favor of proceeding with further negotiations. But the Sacramento Suburban board voted 3-2 against it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The two agencies recently restarted discussions, Helliker said. Each board has formed a two-member subcommittee for more joint meetings to discuss what form of cooperation to pursue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In any merger, some of the trickiest issues do not involve money or laws at all, Green Nylen said. Rather, the sticky issues are about who will be in charge, which employees will be retained and deciding whose operating rules are best.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, ratepayers often have a variety of concerns. They may fear losing control of “their” water supply. And they may worry about rate increases under a newly consolidated water utility.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The current round of consolidations has focused on systems where water treatment is just not affordable or financially sustainable unless systems merge,” said Pannu at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “My understanding is that the state is triaging cases based on the public health impact.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/11/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many small community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley suffer from polluted wells and financial challenges. To fix these problems, some are moving to connect with a neighboring water system. It’s not an easy process.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927823,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1308},"headData":{"title":"Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland | KQED","description":"Many small community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley suffer from polluted wells and financial challenges. To fix these problems, some are moving to connect with a neighboring water system. It’s not an easy process.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1925560/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Joaquin Valley, one of the most productive farming regions in the nation, an estimated 150,000 people are stuck living with contaminated drinking water. When they open a tap to fill a cooking pot or take a shower, the water that gushes out is contaminated with nitrates, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and other nasties from polluted wells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The good news: Help is available to many of these small community water systems, provided they can merge with a neighboring utility that has clean water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Estimating how many such mergers are under way is difficult, because they are at different stages and some may not have reached the attention of state regulators yet. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/content/adopting-county-policies-which-limit-public-water-system-sprawl-and-promote-small-system-con\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">University of California, Los Angeles study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released last year estimated 32 mergers are in progress. Camille Pannu, director of the Water Justice Center at the University of California, Davis, said there are probably more than 50 mergers in the works in the San Joaquin Valley alone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the number, the process can be expensive and laborious, despite state laws meant to ease the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s definitely a multiyear – often many-year – process,” said Nell Green Nylen, a senior research fellow at the Wheeler Water Institute at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “A big part of it is funding. And there can be a number of different agencies at different levels that need to be involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Green Nylen is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/learning-from-consolidations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> summarizing the challenges of water system consolidation. They range from financing problems to a lack of basic data needed to understand the water-quality problems that need solving.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are legal and bureaucratic challenges, as well. For instance, in the unincorporated town of Tooleville in Tulare County, groundwater wells are contaminated by hexavalent chromium, also known as chromium-6 (the chemical made famous by the 2000 film “Erin Brockovich”). The town of fewer than 400 people has been trying to merge its tiny mutual water company with the municipal water system in the neighboring city of Exeter, which has more than 10,000 residents.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We can’t cook with the water. We can’t drink it,” said Maria Olivera, a board member of the Tooleville water system and a resident of the town since 1974. “We really need help. Everybody is hoping it will be solved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">An agreement for the merger finally appears close at hand. But now a financing problem has emerged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state’s water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium was struck down by a May 2017 court ruling. The lawsuit was filed by the California Manufacturers and Technology Association and the Solano County Taxpayers Association. The court agreed with the plaintiffs that the state failed to investigate whether compliance with the standard is economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, the State Water Resources Control Board was forced to withdraw its water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium while it works on revisions. With no standard in place, water systems trying to solve hexavalent chromium problems are not eligible for state grant funding. Which means Tooleville must seek another source of money to pay for the construction to connect with Exeter’s system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the meantime, the \u003c/span>state is providing Tooleville with bottled water for drinking and cooking. The tainted well water is still used for cleaning, irrigating and everything else that people need water for. But recently the pump burned out at one of the town’s two wells. If the same should happen at Tooleville’s other well, the town’s water emergency will worsen considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We don’t have any money to buy a pump and then to hire a person to manage it, and then to pay the electricity bill for the water pumps,” Olivera said. “We are in a big problem right now because there’s no money.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A state law passed in 2015, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/programs/compliance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, authorized the State Water Resources Control Board to require water system consolidations to fix water quality or reliability problems. Since the law passed, the water board has notified 25 water agencies they must consolidate – all in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately, the construction required to physically connect one water agency with another may be fairly easy in many cases. A \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/publication/water-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in February found that 66 percent of disadvantaged communities in the San Joaquin Valley are within 500ft of another water utility that meets drinking water standards. For the rest, the distance is 3 or more miles, which could make a connection too expensive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132038\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180607135056/EastPorterville21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1027\" height=\"574\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Aranzazu, left, and Benny Zurita install new water lines in East Porterville, Calif., so homes can connect to a new water supply provided by the city of Porterville. East Porterville lived with groundwater problems for years until the connection was finally made in 2016. (Florence Low, California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not all water system mergers involve full consolidation. Sometimes, water agencies might want to work together without merging completely. Neighboring water agencies might want to build an intertie, for example, in order to share water resources. But Green Nylen said state assistance programs tend to be available only for full mergers – another weakness in the regulatory process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One possibility of a partial merger is unfolding in Sacramento County, where the San Juan Water District and Sacramento Suburban Water District have talked for several years about combining resources.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Juan is primarily a surface-water agency, with water rights in the American River. Sacramento Suburban primarily relies on groundwater. Combined, the agencies serve around 340,000 people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If the two could agree to work together and build the necessary plumbing connections, San Juan could use Sacramento Suburban’s groundwater during drought years when American River water might be in short supply. Then, in wet years, it could use American River water to recharge Sacramento Suburban’s aquifers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On the face of it, it would seem to give us more opportunity to optimize use of our water supply,” said Paul Helliker, general manager of San Juan Water District. “This is particularly important as we look at what the future holds with climate change and changing regulatory requirements.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, board members of the two agencies held a joint meeting to discuss moving ahead with some kind of cooperating agreement. It could range from a full merger to simply collaborating on joint projects. San Juan’s board of directors voted unanimously in favor of proceeding with further negotiations. But the Sacramento Suburban board voted 3-2 against it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The two agencies recently restarted discussions, Helliker said. Each board has formed a two-member subcommittee for more joint meetings to discuss what form of cooperation to pursue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In any merger, some of the trickiest issues do not involve money or laws at all, Green Nylen said. Rather, the sticky issues are about who will be in charge, which employees will be retained and deciding whose operating rules are best.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, ratepayers often have a variety of concerns. They may fear losing control of “their” water supply. And they may worry about rate increases under a newly consolidated water utility.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The current round of consolidations has focused on systems where water treatment is just not affordable or financially sustainable unless systems merge,” said Pannu at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “My understanding is that the state is triaging cases based on the public health impact.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/11/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925560/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland","authors":["byline_science_1925560"],"categories":["science_31","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_205","science_572","science_460","science_1452","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1925564","label":"source_science_1925560"},"science_1925423":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925423","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925423","score":null,"sort":[1528471827000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-berry-country-california-farmers-get-innovative-to-save-groundwater","title":"In Berry Country, California Farmers Get Innovative to Save Groundwater","publishDate":1528471827,"format":"standard","headTitle":"In Berry Country, California Farmers Get Innovative to Save Groundwater | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Driscoll’s Berries and its farmers in Ventura County are working to save water and tackle sustainable management of the local groundwater, writes Kirsten James of Ceres.[contextly_sidebar id=”TwM9Y8AIMIDbsQECfmESK79c9TZATwKs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red and purple berries ripening in vast fields. The sun shining in a blue sky as workers in broad-brimmed hats pluck the best berries from the strawberry tufts and blackberry vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bucolic scene in Ventura County along the Southern California coast belies the exacting science and sharp business decisions involved in the farming underway here, where many grow for Driscoll’s Berries and water availability can make or break a season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driscoll’s and its farmers don’t leave much to chance, having weathered drought conditions through much of this decade. And now they’re working on the next big challenge – implementing the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) and working to recharge the aquifer through a water recycling program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among a variety of studies and data collection efforts to inform better farming techniques, Driscoll’s research station located among the fields looks for the best methods for irrigating and careful use of water, with an eye on adapting to climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, given the increased evaporation of surface water in a warming climate, some area farmers now use micro sprinklers – tiny, precise sprinklers that deliver water to a part of the plant near its roots to establish transplants. Other farmers are moving berry growing to substrate farming or tabletop planters in controlled settings such as high tunnel greenhouses.[contextly_sidebar id=”OPDypQt5RhslKMXrziqvA81qHMOBeCWe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent visit to Driscoll’s research station, I listened as James duBois, senior manager of Global Environmental Impact for Driscoll’s, explained how substrate farming has environmental and water-saving benefits. Substrate farming reduces water needs by 30 percent and often allows for lower pesticide and fertilizer use, he said. I was visiting because Driscoll’s is a member of Ceres’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Connect the Drops campaign\u003c/a>, a group of 35 companies that advocate for smart water management policies in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> Water has long been top-of-mind for Driscoll’s and Ventura County growers. In fact, area farmers established a groundwater management plan for the Oxnard Plain in the early 1990s, long before SGMA was passed in 2014.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Still, during the recent drought that left many farmers in Ventura and around the state with reduced water supplies, they realized the Oxnard basin was still in severe overdraft and more needed to be done. Many in the community, including Driscoll’s and its largest grower in the area, Reiter Affiliated Companies, welcomed SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Water management within the Oxnard basin is very complex. This is one of the reasons we supported SGMA,” duBois said, adding that because local users have the most knowledge of a water basin, Driscoll’s and its growers particularly “supported the local control and consensus-building spirit of SGMA.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">With SGMA guidelines, the farmers and communities in the region started on the path to formalize and fortify their groundwater management plan. The Oxnard Plain and Pleasant Valley Agricultural Overliers Group, of which duBois is an advisory member, has developed a draft proposal that calls for allocations based on growers’ historical needs over the past three years, as well as replenishment of the groundwater basin and the development of lower-impact, recycled water supplies. They hope the proposal will be approved by the governing body for SGMA implementation, the Groundwater Sustainability Agency, in the near future.[contextly_sidebar id=”DB3L5XESX6QaXCztOlOlpBhl0q2nBkC4″]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We want the allocation to be real and relevant,” duBois said. In accordance with SGMA – and the spirit of sharing in the community – they also hope their groundwater management plan will address the environmental and water scarcity issues that could threaten the way of life in this region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">And the proposed plan allows water districts to enter water transfer and pumping agreements with each other. DuBois estimates there are currently eight to 10 such transfer transactions in the works in Ventura County at any one time, and this could increase under the new proposal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Beyond Managing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The growers realize, however, that allocating and trading finite amounts of water from an overdrafted groundwater basin isn’t going to solve their water shortage problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">So the Oxnard groundwater management plan integrates groundwater allocation with a plan to develop “new” water resources through recycling water. Oxnard’s water recycling plan was christened the Oxnard Groundwater Recovery Enhancement and Treatment program (GREAT). The system includes tertiary-level wastewater treatment through an advanced water-purification facility and then groundwater injection to help replenish the aquifers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The GREAT plan calls for making recycled water available for both groundwater replenishment and irrigating agricultural fields. Although the program has had hiccups, farmers are on board and already using this water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The efforts around management in the Oxnard groundwater basin appear to be shaping up as a very detailed and advanced example of how California’s groundwater sustainability agencies are developing long-term sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Agriculture is a mainstay of the economy here and careful management of water resources through SGMA implementation is key to keeping it this way, while ensuring the needs of the community and environment are maintained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Other groundwater sustainability agencies could pull ideas and strategies from the Oxnard Basin’s playbook – not only the content in the plan but also the lessons learned on how to reach this stage successfully.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/07/in-berry-country-california-farmers-get-innovative-to-save-groundwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list. The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Water Deeply.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Driscoll’s Berries and its farmers in Ventura County are working to save water and tackle sustainable management of the local groundwater, writes Kirsten James of Ceres.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927832,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":983},"headData":{"title":"In Berry Country, California Farmers Get Innovative to Save Groundwater | KQED","description":"Driscoll’s Berries and its farmers in Ventura County are working to save water and tackle sustainable management of the local groundwater, writes Kirsten James of Ceres.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Kirsten James\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1925423/in-berry-country-california-farmers-get-innovative-to-save-groundwater","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Driscoll’s Berries and its farmers in Ventura County are working to save water and tackle sustainable management of the local groundwater, writes Kirsten James of Ceres.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red and purple berries ripening in vast fields. The sun shining in a blue sky as workers in broad-brimmed hats pluck the best berries from the strawberry tufts and blackberry vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bucolic scene in Ventura County along the Southern California coast belies the exacting science and sharp business decisions involved in the farming underway here, where many grow for Driscoll’s Berries and water availability can make or break a season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driscoll’s and its farmers don’t leave much to chance, having weathered drought conditions through much of this decade. And now they’re working on the next big challenge – implementing the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) and working to recharge the aquifer through a water recycling program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among a variety of studies and data collection efforts to inform better farming techniques, Driscoll’s research station located among the fields looks for the best methods for irrigating and careful use of water, with an eye on adapting to climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, given the increased evaporation of surface water in a warming climate, some area farmers now use micro sprinklers – tiny, precise sprinklers that deliver water to a part of the plant near its roots to establish transplants. Other farmers are moving berry growing to substrate farming or tabletop planters in controlled settings such as high tunnel greenhouses.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent visit to Driscoll’s research station, I listened as James duBois, senior manager of Global Environmental Impact for Driscoll’s, explained how substrate farming has environmental and water-saving benefits. Substrate farming reduces water needs by 30 percent and often allows for lower pesticide and fertilizer use, he said. I was visiting because Driscoll’s is a member of Ceres’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Connect the Drops campaign\u003c/a>, a group of 35 companies that advocate for smart water management policies in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> Water has long been top-of-mind for Driscoll’s and Ventura County growers. In fact, area farmers established a groundwater management plan for the Oxnard Plain in the early 1990s, long before SGMA was passed in 2014.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Still, during the recent drought that left many farmers in Ventura and around the state with reduced water supplies, they realized the Oxnard basin was still in severe overdraft and more needed to be done. Many in the community, including Driscoll’s and its largest grower in the area, Reiter Affiliated Companies, welcomed SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Water management within the Oxnard basin is very complex. This is one of the reasons we supported SGMA,” duBois said, adding that because local users have the most knowledge of a water basin, Driscoll’s and its growers particularly “supported the local control and consensus-building spirit of SGMA.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">With SGMA guidelines, the farmers and communities in the region started on the path to formalize and fortify their groundwater management plan. The Oxnard Plain and Pleasant Valley Agricultural Overliers Group, of which duBois is an advisory member, has developed a draft proposal that calls for allocations based on growers’ historical needs over the past three years, as well as replenishment of the groundwater basin and the development of lower-impact, recycled water supplies. They hope the proposal will be approved by the governing body for SGMA implementation, the Groundwater Sustainability Agency, in the near future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We want the allocation to be real and relevant,” duBois said. In accordance with SGMA – and the spirit of sharing in the community – they also hope their groundwater management plan will address the environmental and water scarcity issues that could threaten the way of life in this region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">And the proposed plan allows water districts to enter water transfer and pumping agreements with each other. DuBois estimates there are currently eight to 10 such transfer transactions in the works in Ventura County at any one time, and this could increase under the new proposal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Beyond Managing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The growers realize, however, that allocating and trading finite amounts of water from an overdrafted groundwater basin isn’t going to solve their water shortage problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">So the Oxnard groundwater management plan integrates groundwater allocation with a plan to develop “new” water resources through recycling water. Oxnard’s water recycling plan was christened the Oxnard Groundwater Recovery Enhancement and Treatment program (GREAT). The system includes tertiary-level wastewater treatment through an advanced water-purification facility and then groundwater injection to help replenish the aquifers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The GREAT plan calls for making recycled water available for both groundwater replenishment and irrigating agricultural fields. Although the program has had hiccups, farmers are on board and already using this water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The efforts around management in the Oxnard groundwater basin appear to be shaping up as a very detailed and advanced example of how California’s groundwater sustainability agencies are developing long-term sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Agriculture is a mainstay of the economy here and careful management of water resources through SGMA implementation is key to keeping it this way, while ensuring the needs of the community and environment are maintained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Other groundwater sustainability agencies could pull ideas and strategies from the Oxnard Basin’s playbook – not only the content in the plan but also the lessons learned on how to reach this stage successfully.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/07/in-berry-country-california-farmers-get-innovative-to-save-groundwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list. The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Water Deeply.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925423/in-berry-country-california-farmers-get-innovative-to-save-groundwater","authors":["byline_science_1925423"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_205","science_572","science_1452","science_507","science_490","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1925425","label":"source_science_1925423"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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