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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1976539":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976539","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976539","score":null,"sort":[1630697876000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exploding-stars-likely-shaped-the-destiny-of-planet-earth","title":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth","publishDate":1630697876,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists are investigating the origin of our planet and \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/our-solar-system/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> solar system by examining\u003c/a> other, younger stars and planetary systems currently being formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are looking at a \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> star-forming region \u003c/a> in the constellation \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/constellations/born-between-november-29-and-december-18-heres-your-constellation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ophiuchus.\u003c/a> The area is a window into the origins of other solar systems, and the vast cloud of dust and molecules in which they form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nascent stellar embryos are providing insight into the raw ingredients that shaped the course of our planet’s development. Researchers are peeking inside the cosmic kitchen to observe how Earth might have been cooked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976468\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976468 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Star-forming nebula Rho Ophiuchi, captured by NASA’s WISE spacecraft. The colors represent different wavelengths of infrared light, revealing thermal emissions from stars and surrounding clouds of gas and dust in the nebula. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> supernovas \u003c/a> — the titanic death-blasts of massive stars — contributed to the special sauce that created Earth, but the new data from Ophiuchus gives researchers the ability to apply rigorous mathematical analysis and direct observations to test that hypothesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early findings suggest it might have been multiple exploding stars that created our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Ophiuchus observations\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Several observatories, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">including from NASA, the European Space Agency, and Chile,\u003c/span> took new measurements\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01442-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> of multiple wavelengths of light\u003c/a> from the star-forming region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Santa Cruz and elsewhere are examining the observations, which show abundance of aluminum-26, an isotope of the element aluminum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsisotopes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Isotopes \u003c/a> are heavier forms of elements, containing more neutrons in an atomic nucleus than the ordinary atom. They are often unstable and prone to decaying into lighter elements, a radioactive process that releases heat. A \u003ca href=\"https://rps.nasa.gov/technology/\">nuclear power system\u003c/a> generates heat from the decay of radioactive atoms in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most of the aluminum-26 originally infused in our solar system’s primordial star-forming cloud has long since decayed, the elements it broke into remain, preserved in meteorites fallen to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 777px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-Jo%C3%A3o-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"766\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-768x757.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared composite image from the Ophiuchus star-forming nebula. The gas and dust clouds of the nebula are shown in relation to dense proto-stellar embryos, where new star systems are being born. \u003ccite>(João Alves/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amount of a radioactive isotope like aluminum-26 that is present during a planet’s formation may be crucial to its development, and the amount of heat released by their decay could determine how wet or dry the planet becomes. And though aluminium-26 has been detected throughout the Ophiuchus complex, its abundance in each forming star system was found to vary enormously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does the math say? Which spice shelves might the mystery chef who cooked up our solar system have grabbed from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a numerical analysis, the researchers calculate a 59% probability that the aluminum-26 in a star system’s mix is supplied by a supernova, and a 68% chance that the material originates from multiple supernovas, as opposed to a single star explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, for nature to cook up a solar system with rocky, water-bearing planets like Earth, likely more than one massive star had to perish in spectacular fashion, billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding is important for understanding how our planet was formed and what other worlds might be like in the galaxy around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are there other planets like ours out there? A clearer understanding of the confluence of conditions and materials that produced our solar system can offer insight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing special about Ophiuchus as a star formation region,” said João Alves of the University of Vienna, a co-author of the Ophiuchus paper. “It is just a typical configuration of gas and young massive stars, so our results should be representative of the enrichment of short-lived radioactive elements in star and planet formations across the galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Reverse engineering the recipe for our solar system\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to peer 5 billion years into the past to understand exactly what conditions shaped our solar system, planet, and life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976477 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-1020x503.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-768x379.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa.jpg 1166w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a stellar nursery 5,700 light-years from our solar system, hides nascent proto-planetary systems within its gas clouds. The visible-light image (left) was captured by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and nicknamed the “Pillars of Creation.” A near-infrared image (right) reveals what’s inside: A proto-star can be seen swaddled in the nebula at the topmost tip of the pillar on the left. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists can piece together forensic evidence, traces of material and remnant surface features of planets, moons, asteroids and comets preserved over eons. But this reconstruction of the past can be like an episode of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox.com/crime-scene-kitchen/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crime Scene Kitchen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” where investigators puzzle over what dishes were cooked up by examining scraps of food left on the cutting board and burned residues in the oven. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades scientists have believed that our solar system was formed by clouds of interstellar gas and dust condensing under gravity, enriched with oxygen, iron, uranium and other special chemical elements, atoms heavier than the hydrogen and helium that make up most of a star-forming cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, direct observations of forming star systems give the researchers solid numbers to work with, mathematical tools that give more definite shape to the nebulous ideas of the past few decades.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers studying a nearby star-formation region are learning about the conditions in which the Earth formed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846450,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":901},"headData":{"title":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth | KQED","description":"Researchers studying a nearby star-formation region are learning about the conditions in which the Earth formed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth","datePublished":"2021-09-03T19:37:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:27:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1976539/exploding-stars-likely-shaped-the-destiny-of-planet-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists are investigating the origin of our planet and \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/our-solar-system/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> solar system by examining\u003c/a> other, younger stars and planetary systems currently being formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are looking at a \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> star-forming region \u003c/a> in the constellation \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/constellations/born-between-november-29-and-december-18-heres-your-constellation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ophiuchus.\u003c/a> The area is a window into the origins of other solar systems, and the vast cloud of dust and molecules in which they form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nascent stellar embryos are providing insight into the raw ingredients that shaped the course of our planet’s development. Researchers are peeking inside the cosmic kitchen to observe how Earth might have been cooked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976468\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976468 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Star-forming nebula Rho Ophiuchi, captured by NASA’s WISE spacecraft. The colors represent different wavelengths of infrared light, revealing thermal emissions from stars and surrounding clouds of gas and dust in the nebula. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> supernovas \u003c/a> — the titanic death-blasts of massive stars — contributed to the special sauce that created Earth, but the new data from Ophiuchus gives researchers the ability to apply rigorous mathematical analysis and direct observations to test that hypothesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early findings suggest it might have been multiple exploding stars that created our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Ophiuchus observations\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Several observatories, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">including from NASA, the European Space Agency, and Chile,\u003c/span> took new measurements\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01442-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> of multiple wavelengths of light\u003c/a> from the star-forming region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Santa Cruz and elsewhere are examining the observations, which show abundance of aluminum-26, an isotope of the element aluminum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsisotopes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Isotopes \u003c/a> are heavier forms of elements, containing more neutrons in an atomic nucleus than the ordinary atom. They are often unstable and prone to decaying into lighter elements, a radioactive process that releases heat. A \u003ca href=\"https://rps.nasa.gov/technology/\">nuclear power system\u003c/a> generates heat from the decay of radioactive atoms in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most of the aluminum-26 originally infused in our solar system’s primordial star-forming cloud has long since decayed, the elements it broke into remain, preserved in meteorites fallen to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 777px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-Jo%C3%A3o-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"766\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-768x757.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared composite image from the Ophiuchus star-forming nebula. The gas and dust clouds of the nebula are shown in relation to dense proto-stellar embryos, where new star systems are being born. \u003ccite>(João Alves/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amount of a radioactive isotope like aluminum-26 that is present during a planet’s formation may be crucial to its development, and the amount of heat released by their decay could determine how wet or dry the planet becomes. And though aluminium-26 has been detected throughout the Ophiuchus complex, its abundance in each forming star system was found to vary enormously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does the math say? Which spice shelves might the mystery chef who cooked up our solar system have grabbed from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a numerical analysis, the researchers calculate a 59% probability that the aluminum-26 in a star system’s mix is supplied by a supernova, and a 68% chance that the material originates from multiple supernovas, as opposed to a single star explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, for nature to cook up a solar system with rocky, water-bearing planets like Earth, likely more than one massive star had to perish in spectacular fashion, billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding is important for understanding how our planet was formed and what other worlds might be like in the galaxy around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are there other planets like ours out there? A clearer understanding of the confluence of conditions and materials that produced our solar system can offer insight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing special about Ophiuchus as a star formation region,” said João Alves of the University of Vienna, a co-author of the Ophiuchus paper. “It is just a typical configuration of gas and young massive stars, so our results should be representative of the enrichment of short-lived radioactive elements in star and planet formations across the galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Reverse engineering the recipe for our solar system\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to peer 5 billion years into the past to understand exactly what conditions shaped our solar system, planet, and life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976477 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-1020x503.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-768x379.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa.jpg 1166w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a stellar nursery 5,700 light-years from our solar system, hides nascent proto-planetary systems within its gas clouds. The visible-light image (left) was captured by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and nicknamed the “Pillars of Creation.” A near-infrared image (right) reveals what’s inside: A proto-star can be seen swaddled in the nebula at the topmost tip of the pillar on the left. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists can piece together forensic evidence, traces of material and remnant surface features of planets, moons, asteroids and comets preserved over eons. But this reconstruction of the past can be like an episode of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox.com/crime-scene-kitchen/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crime Scene Kitchen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” where investigators puzzle over what dishes were cooked up by examining scraps of food left on the cutting board and burned residues in the oven. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades scientists have believed that our solar system was formed by clouds of interstellar gas and dust condensing under gravity, enriched with oxygen, iron, uranium and other special chemical elements, atoms heavier than the hydrogen and helium that make up most of a star-forming cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, direct observations of forming star systems give the researchers solid numbers to work with, mathematical tools that give more definite shape to the nebulous ideas of the past few decades.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976539/exploding-stars-likely-shaped-the-destiny-of-planet-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_74","science_584","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1976478","label":"source_science_1976539"},"science_1972249":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972249","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972249","score":null,"sort":[1611174465000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","title":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? ","publishDate":1611174465,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of astronomers is hard at work analyzing an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://public.nrao.edu/blogs/whats-that-radio-signal-from-proxima-centauri/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">unusual radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> detected early in 2019 by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Facilities/ATNF/Parkes-radio-telescope/About-Parkes\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parkes telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 64-meter radio dish in eastern Australia. The signal appears to have come from the direction of Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to our solar system, and its characteristics are more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural radio source. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this the long-awaited sign of intelligent life out there among the stars, proof that we are not alone in the universe? More exciting — or concerning, depending on how you feel about space aliens — are there ETs living in the next star system over, our closest neighbor in the galaxy? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tantalizing to imagine this. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest and faintest member of the triple Alpha Centauri star system, and the closest star to our solar system. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/Hubble)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, even the signal’s discoverers, researchers with a group called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/breakthrough-listen\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, caution that although the signal had very particular qualities that set it apart from typical natural radio emissions, it will most likely turn out to be noise or interference caused by our own communication technology here on Earth, or even a natural phenomenon that has simply not been observed before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, at this moment, the possibility has not been ruled out for an intercepted alien transmission, so there’s still some space to let our imaginations play with the idea a bit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Signal\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/heres-what-we-know-about-the-signal-from-proxima-centauri\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that has stirred up so much excitement was detected during observations of flares erupting from the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest member of the triple Alpha Centauri system. At a distance of only 4.25 light years, Proxima Centauri is a stone’s throw away, astronomically speaking.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The signal was concentrated in a very narrow slice of the radio frequency spectrum, at 982 megahertz, which is typical of an artificial transmission. Signals from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> contain a wider mix of frequencies. Researchers listen for exactly this kind of narrow signal as they monitor star systems for any of non-natural, non-human origin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE.-160x70.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the surface of the super-Earth-sized exoplanet Proxima Centauri b, which orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri within its habitable zone where it is warm enough for the existence of liquid surface water. We have no close-up pictures of this world, and whether water exists on its surface is yet unknown. \u003ccite>(ESO/M.-Kornmesser/UNIGE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s exciting to imagine that we have heard the radio whispers from extraterrestrial technology, whether it was a deliberate transmission aimed at us or merely ET’s television broadcasts drifting through space. Adding to the excitement, Proxima Centauri is known to possess at least two planets. One of them, a “super-Earth” called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7167/proxima-centauri-b/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proxima Centauri b\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbits within its star’s habitable zone, at the right distance for the star’s warmth to support liquid surface water and a potentially life-friendly environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/did-proxima-centauri-just-call-say-hello-not-really\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">researchers at Breakthrough Listen Initiative caution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that with further analysis, the unusual signal will most likely turn out to be only radio interference from human technology — which has happened before — a final conclusion hasn’t been made. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is a $100 million international effort to discover radio transmissions from extraterrestrial civilizations. Kicked off by Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking in 2015, the Initiative is the most advanced and comprehensive ET-finding program humans have ever embarked on. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 10-year project will survey a million nearby stars, the entire plane of the Milky Way galaxy, and 100 nearby galaxies. The ambitious scale of these goals speaks loudly. There is still huge enthusiasm for answering the question: Is humanity alone in the cosmos, or do we share the galaxy with other intelligent, technological civilizations?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa-160x119.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which is currently surveying the closest stars to our solar system for extrasolar planets. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help guide its search, the Breakthrough Listen Initiative is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/press-release/breakthrough-listen-collaborate-scientists-nasas-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite-tess-team\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">partnering with a NASA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission searching the nearest stars for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft is expected to find thousands of exoplanets, including worlds the size of Earth, orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones. Targeting stars where TESS has discovered potentially life-friendly worlds improves the initiative’s chances of finding one with an intelligent, technological civilization. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists have been using radio telescopes for decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-search-for-extraterre/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search for transmissions of intelligent origin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, going back practically to the genesis of radio technology in the early 20th century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://seti.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiA_9r_BRBZEiwAHZ_v1yV8BAR7KdwOg4GbNz_xsD63nCOyj0b8bIe3lsPgNWnwjHKwL6wAJxoCqn0QAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SETI\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, brought scientists together in the 1980s in a coordinated effort to detect ET radio signals, and was popularized in the 1997 movie “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118884/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contact\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piecing together the facts around Proxima Centauri and the unusual signal detected by the Parkes radio telescope, it’s tempting to envision some far-out possibilities. A seemingly artificial signal coming from the closest star system? An Earth-sized planet with an environment possibly friendly to life? The discovery excites the imagination. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if the signal ultimately turns out to be a trick of our own technology, while there’s still a fleeting chance of a world-changing event like discovering extraterrestrial intelligence, we can enjoy a moment reveling in the possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A team of astronomers is working to analyze an unusual radio signal detected early in 2019 with characteristics more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural source. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846823,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? | KQED","description":"A team of astronomers is working to analyze an unusual radio signal detected early in 2019 with characteristics more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural source. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? ","datePublished":"2021-01-20T20:27:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:33:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972249/did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of astronomers is hard at work analyzing an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://public.nrao.edu/blogs/whats-that-radio-signal-from-proxima-centauri/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">unusual radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> detected early in 2019 by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Facilities/ATNF/Parkes-radio-telescope/About-Parkes\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parkes telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 64-meter radio dish in eastern Australia. The signal appears to have come from the direction of Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to our solar system, and its characteristics are more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural radio source. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this the long-awaited sign of intelligent life out there among the stars, proof that we are not alone in the universe? More exciting — or concerning, depending on how you feel about space aliens — are there ETs living in the next star system over, our closest neighbor in the galaxy? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tantalizing to imagine this. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest and faintest member of the triple Alpha Centauri star system, and the closest star to our solar system. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/Hubble)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, even the signal’s discoverers, researchers with a group called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/breakthrough-listen\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, caution that although the signal had very particular qualities that set it apart from typical natural radio emissions, it will most likely turn out to be noise or interference caused by our own communication technology here on Earth, or even a natural phenomenon that has simply not been observed before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, at this moment, the possibility has not been ruled out for an intercepted alien transmission, so there’s still some space to let our imaginations play with the idea a bit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Signal\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/heres-what-we-know-about-the-signal-from-proxima-centauri\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that has stirred up so much excitement was detected during observations of flares erupting from the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest member of the triple Alpha Centauri system. At a distance of only 4.25 light years, Proxima Centauri is a stone’s throw away, astronomically speaking.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The signal was concentrated in a very narrow slice of the radio frequency spectrum, at 982 megahertz, which is typical of an artificial transmission. Signals from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> contain a wider mix of frequencies. Researchers listen for exactly this kind of narrow signal as they monitor star systems for any of non-natural, non-human origin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE.-160x70.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the surface of the super-Earth-sized exoplanet Proxima Centauri b, which orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri within its habitable zone where it is warm enough for the existence of liquid surface water. We have no close-up pictures of this world, and whether water exists on its surface is yet unknown. \u003ccite>(ESO/M.-Kornmesser/UNIGE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s exciting to imagine that we have heard the radio whispers from extraterrestrial technology, whether it was a deliberate transmission aimed at us or merely ET’s television broadcasts drifting through space. Adding to the excitement, Proxima Centauri is known to possess at least two planets. One of them, a “super-Earth” called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7167/proxima-centauri-b/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proxima Centauri b\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbits within its star’s habitable zone, at the right distance for the star’s warmth to support liquid surface water and a potentially life-friendly environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/did-proxima-centauri-just-call-say-hello-not-really\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">researchers at Breakthrough Listen Initiative caution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that with further analysis, the unusual signal will most likely turn out to be only radio interference from human technology — which has happened before — a final conclusion hasn’t been made. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is a $100 million international effort to discover radio transmissions from extraterrestrial civilizations. Kicked off by Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking in 2015, the Initiative is the most advanced and comprehensive ET-finding program humans have ever embarked on. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 10-year project will survey a million nearby stars, the entire plane of the Milky Way galaxy, and 100 nearby galaxies. The ambitious scale of these goals speaks loudly. There is still huge enthusiasm for answering the question: Is humanity alone in the cosmos, or do we share the galaxy with other intelligent, technological civilizations?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa-160x119.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which is currently surveying the closest stars to our solar system for extrasolar planets. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help guide its search, the Breakthrough Listen Initiative is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/press-release/breakthrough-listen-collaborate-scientists-nasas-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite-tess-team\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">partnering with a NASA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission searching the nearest stars for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft is expected to find thousands of exoplanets, including worlds the size of Earth, orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones. Targeting stars where TESS has discovered potentially life-friendly worlds improves the initiative’s chances of finding one with an intelligent, technological civilization. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists have been using radio telescopes for decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-search-for-extraterre/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search for transmissions of intelligent origin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, going back practically to the genesis of radio technology in the early 20th century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://seti.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiA_9r_BRBZEiwAHZ_v1yV8BAR7KdwOg4GbNz_xsD63nCOyj0b8bIe3lsPgNWnwjHKwL6wAJxoCqn0QAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SETI\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, brought scientists together in the 1980s in a coordinated effort to detect ET radio signals, and was popularized in the 1997 movie “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118884/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contact\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piecing together the facts around Proxima Centauri and the unusual signal detected by the Parkes radio telescope, it’s tempting to envision some far-out possibilities. A seemingly artificial signal coming from the closest star system? An Earth-sized planet with an environment possibly friendly to life? The discovery excites the imagination. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if the signal ultimately turns out to be a trick of our own technology, while there’s still a fleeting chance of a world-changing event like discovering extraterrestrial intelligence, we can enjoy a moment reveling in the possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972249/did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_922"],"featImg":"science_1972251","label":"source_science_1972249"},"science_1967018":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1967018","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1967018","score":null,"sort":[1594651537000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","title":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet","publishDate":1594651537,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists have made an exciting discovery in deep space — but not with an existing telescope or space probe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combing through a backlog of data collected several years ago by NASA’s now defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler space telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they ran across a previously overlooked gem in the cosmos: an extrasolar planet, or “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/exoplanets/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exoplanet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” estimated to be almost exactly the size of Earth, in what’s called the “habitable zone,” at the right distance from its star to potentially harbor liquid water and a life-friendly environment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kepler-1649c\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exoplanet, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/kepler-1649c-earth-size-habitable-zone-planet-hides-in-plain-sight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler-1649c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, orbits a small red dwarf star about 300 light years away in the constellation \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cygnus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — which means we won’t be visiting it anytime soon. But with an estimated size of only 1.06 times that of Earth, and getting about 75% of the sunlight from its star that Earth receives from the sun, this exoplanet is the closest to Earth in size and solar heating of any discovered to date.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extrasolar planet Kepler-1649c is a terrestrial planet almost the same size as the Earth–1.06 times Earth’s diameter. Its size, along with the fact that it is located within its star’s habitable zone, makes it a candidate for being hospitable to some form of life. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether Kepler-1649c possesses an atmosphere capable of supporting liquid water on its surface is not yet known, but follow-up investigations may give us a more complete picture of this tantalizing world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Catching What a Computer Algorithm Overlooked\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive exoplanet-finding spacecraft yet launched, was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-retires-kepler-space-telescope-passes-planet-hunting-torch\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retired in 2018\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after running out of the fuel needed to continue scientific observations. But over its nine years of service, Kepler amassed a huge amount of data — so much so, that scientists are still making new discoveries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here’s how scientists look for evidence of exoplanets in the data\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kepler searches for the minor dimming of a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it, or “transiting.” This “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/137480/what-is-the-transit-method/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transit method\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” is responsible for most exoplanet detections made since the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/technology/2015/10/51-pegasi-b-the-first-exoplanet-discovered-orbiting-a-sun-like-star.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first discoveries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nearly three decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967016\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967016 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the majority of its nine-year mission of searching for extrasolar planets, NASA’s Kepler space telescope stared continually at 150,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus. This image shows the detector fields of Kepler’s giant space camera, with which it discovered over 2,000 exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/J. Jenkins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each measured dip in a star’s brightness must be carefully analyzed to determine if it was caused by a transiting exoplanet or some other factor, like a fluctuation in a star’s luminosity, or a random celestial object passing momentarily between us and the star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With so much data to analyze, a first pass through it is done by computer programs, with algorithms designed to weed out all the non-transit events. Only about 12% of detections turn out to be transiting exoplanets, with the rest classified as “false positives.” However, sometimes the algorithm gets it wrong, which is what happened with Kepler-1649c. Scientists in the Kepler False Positive Working Group discovered the mistake as they \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://aasnova.org/2020/04/22/rescuing-an-overlooked-planet/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">double-checked\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the computer’s results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potentially Habitable?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exoplanets that interest astronomers and astrobiologists most are the potentially Earth-like ones: planets close to Earth’s size, and within their star’s “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nvap-sci-goldilocks/the-goldilocks-zone/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">habitable zone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” — the right distance for liquid surface water to potentially exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other exoplanets have been found that are closer to Earth’s size than Kepler-1649c, like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/3454/trappist-1-f/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRAPPIST-1f \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7424/teegardens-star-c/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teegarden-c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Still others are known that receive more sunlight, that are closer to the warmth of the Earth. But none come as close as Kepler-1649c in both factors, making this once-overlooked exoplanet the nearest we’ve come to spotting another planet with Earth-like characteristics\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the cosmos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, as Earth-like as Kepler-1649c might appear, there are some significant differences between it and planet Earth. The exoplanet orbits close to a small, dim, red dwarf star — so close that it zips around it once in only 19.5 days, instead of 365. It also shares its system with at least one other planet, also close to Earth in size, but about half the distance from its star, and because of that, probably very hot. There is also some evidence for a possible third planet in the system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Buried in the Data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries made from Kepler’s hoard of backlogged data are not unique. Other completed space missions have piled up their own mountains of observations that scientists review and revisit to gain new understandings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive detector of extrasolar planets ever launched into space. Kepler used the “transit method” of detecting exoplanets, looking for the small drop in a star’s brightness caused by one of its planets crossing in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Galileo \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassini \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft, whose missions were terminated in fiery burnups in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. But they gathered enough data on the gas giant planets and their systems of rings and moons that scientists are still studying it today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opportunity rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which went silent two years ago following a major dust storm, collected enough images and other data along its 28 mile, 14-year trek across Mars that scientists are still analyzing it all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 30, 2020, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total of 4,183 exoplanets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been confirmed to exist in 3,092 planetary systems. The Kepler space telescope found 2,751 exoplanets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the grand total, 160 are classified as “terrestrial” — rocky planets around Earth’s size, with iron-rich cores, like Venus and Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As more exoplanets are discovered by ground-based observatories and active spacecraft like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), more examples of Earth-sized planets within their stars’ habitable zones are being found. An understanding is emerging that planets with potentially Earth-like conditions may be more commonplace in our galaxy than we previously thought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists discover a potentially Earth-like exoplanet previously overlooked in data from the defunct Kepler space telescope. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847193,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1089},"headData":{"title":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet | KQED","description":"Scientists discover a potentially Earth-like exoplanet previously overlooked in data from the defunct Kepler space telescope. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet","datePublished":"2020-07-13T14:45:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:39:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1967018/kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists have made an exciting discovery in deep space — but not with an existing telescope or space probe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combing through a backlog of data collected several years ago by NASA’s now defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler space telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they ran across a previously overlooked gem in the cosmos: an extrasolar planet, or “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/exoplanets/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exoplanet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” estimated to be almost exactly the size of Earth, in what’s called the “habitable zone,” at the right distance from its star to potentially harbor liquid water and a life-friendly environment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kepler-1649c\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exoplanet, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/kepler-1649c-earth-size-habitable-zone-planet-hides-in-plain-sight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler-1649c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, orbits a small red dwarf star about 300 light years away in the constellation \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cygnus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — which means we won’t be visiting it anytime soon. But with an estimated size of only 1.06 times that of Earth, and getting about 75% of the sunlight from its star that Earth receives from the sun, this exoplanet is the closest to Earth in size and solar heating of any discovered to date.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extrasolar planet Kepler-1649c is a terrestrial planet almost the same size as the Earth–1.06 times Earth’s diameter. Its size, along with the fact that it is located within its star’s habitable zone, makes it a candidate for being hospitable to some form of life. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether Kepler-1649c possesses an atmosphere capable of supporting liquid water on its surface is not yet known, but follow-up investigations may give us a more complete picture of this tantalizing world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Catching What a Computer Algorithm Overlooked\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive exoplanet-finding spacecraft yet launched, was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-retires-kepler-space-telescope-passes-planet-hunting-torch\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retired in 2018\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after running out of the fuel needed to continue scientific observations. But over its nine years of service, Kepler amassed a huge amount of data — so much so, that scientists are still making new discoveries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here’s how scientists look for evidence of exoplanets in the data\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kepler searches for the minor dimming of a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it, or “transiting.” This “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/137480/what-is-the-transit-method/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transit method\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” is responsible for most exoplanet detections made since the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/technology/2015/10/51-pegasi-b-the-first-exoplanet-discovered-orbiting-a-sun-like-star.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first discoveries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nearly three decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967016\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967016 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the majority of its nine-year mission of searching for extrasolar planets, NASA’s Kepler space telescope stared continually at 150,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus. This image shows the detector fields of Kepler’s giant space camera, with which it discovered over 2,000 exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/J. Jenkins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each measured dip in a star’s brightness must be carefully analyzed to determine if it was caused by a transiting exoplanet or some other factor, like a fluctuation in a star’s luminosity, or a random celestial object passing momentarily between us and the star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With so much data to analyze, a first pass through it is done by computer programs, with algorithms designed to weed out all the non-transit events. Only about 12% of detections turn out to be transiting exoplanets, with the rest classified as “false positives.” However, sometimes the algorithm gets it wrong, which is what happened with Kepler-1649c. Scientists in the Kepler False Positive Working Group discovered the mistake as they \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://aasnova.org/2020/04/22/rescuing-an-overlooked-planet/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">double-checked\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the computer’s results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potentially Habitable?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exoplanets that interest astronomers and astrobiologists most are the potentially Earth-like ones: planets close to Earth’s size, and within their star’s “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nvap-sci-goldilocks/the-goldilocks-zone/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">habitable zone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” — the right distance for liquid surface water to potentially exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other exoplanets have been found that are closer to Earth’s size than Kepler-1649c, like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/3454/trappist-1-f/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRAPPIST-1f \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7424/teegardens-star-c/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teegarden-c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Still others are known that receive more sunlight, that are closer to the warmth of the Earth. But none come as close as Kepler-1649c in both factors, making this once-overlooked exoplanet the nearest we’ve come to spotting another planet with Earth-like characteristics\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the cosmos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, as Earth-like as Kepler-1649c might appear, there are some significant differences between it and planet Earth. The exoplanet orbits close to a small, dim, red dwarf star — so close that it zips around it once in only 19.5 days, instead of 365. It also shares its system with at least one other planet, also close to Earth in size, but about half the distance from its star, and because of that, probably very hot. There is also some evidence for a possible third planet in the system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Buried in the Data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries made from Kepler’s hoard of backlogged data are not unique. Other completed space missions have piled up their own mountains of observations that scientists review and revisit to gain new understandings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive detector of extrasolar planets ever launched into space. Kepler used the “transit method” of detecting exoplanets, looking for the small drop in a star’s brightness caused by one of its planets crossing in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Galileo \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassini \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft, whose missions were terminated in fiery burnups in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. But they gathered enough data on the gas giant planets and their systems of rings and moons that scientists are still studying it today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opportunity rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which went silent two years ago following a major dust storm, collected enough images and other data along its 28 mile, 14-year trek across Mars that scientists are still analyzing it all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 30, 2020, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total of 4,183 exoplanets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been confirmed to exist in 3,092 planetary systems. The Kepler space telescope found 2,751 exoplanets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the grand total, 160 are classified as “terrestrial” — rocky planets around Earth’s size, with iron-rich cores, like Venus and Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As more exoplanets are discovered by ground-based observatories and active spacecraft like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), more examples of Earth-sized planets within their stars’ habitable zones are being found. An understanding is emerging that planets with potentially Earth-like conditions may be more commonplace in our galaxy than we previously thought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1967018/kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_23"],"featImg":"science_1967017","label":"source_science_1967018"},"science_1930419":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930419","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930419","score":null,"sort":[1536001309000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water","publishDate":1536001309,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927532,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1192},"headData":{"title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","description":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water","datePublished":"2018-09-03T19:01:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1216","science_19","science_584","science_2088","science_5179","science_351","science_5175","science_843","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1930437","label":"source_science_1930419"},"science_1918600":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1918600","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1918600","score":null,"sort":[1515175856000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","title":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence","publishDate":1515175856,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler mission\u003c/a> announced in December the discovery of an eighth planet orbiting Kepler 90, a sun-like star located about 2,500 light years from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery is noteworthy not only for the fact that Kepler 90 \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/S_HRh0ZynjE\">possesses as many planets\u003c/a> as our own solar system, but also for how NASA made the discovery: using artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Kepler 90i.\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Kepler 90i. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mining Data for Exoplanet Gems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Training” special AI software, developed by Google, to recognize the elusive signals produced by extrasolar planets (exoplanets), NASA set the AI loose on data collected years ago by the Kepler mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft, launched in 2009, searched for exoplanets using the Transit Method: looking for the slight dimming in a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it (transiting). Kepler continually measured the brightness of 150,000 individual stars near the constellation Cygnus for three years, beaming the data back to Earth for analysis and storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg\" alt=\"All eight of Kepler 90's planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \" width=\"730\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg 730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All eight of Kepler 90’s planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Wendy Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional analysis of Kepler’s observations ultimately revealed seven planets in the star system called Kepler 90. But the system’s eighth planet, named Kepler 90i, went undetected–\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/artificial-intelligence-nasa-data-used-to-discover-eighth-planet-circling-distant-star\">until the AI took a crack at it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding a Needle in a Haystack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting the minuscule dimming in a star’s light caused by a small transiting exoplanet may be likened to searching for a needle in a haystack—a monumental task for a human, though not so difficult for a well-trained, artificially intelligent computer. Once the AI learns the shape and appearance of a needle, it’s just a matter of examining each straw of hay in the stack, one by one, until it finds any that look like a needle. A computer can do that kind of repetitive task without tiring, and do it very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 90i is a super-Earth-sized world, with about 1.32 times the diameter of Earth. Orbiting its sun-like star eight times closer than the Earth orbits the sun, Kepler 90i’s surface temperature is estimated to be 817 degrees Fahrenheit. At present, that’s about all we know about it—other than the fact that it orbits its star once in less than 15 days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the similarities between detecting exoplanets and finding haystack-embedded needles, conventional analysis has found—\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">quite a lot of needles \u003c/a>since the first exoplanet discovery in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DnDeBa0KFc&w=854&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 21, 2017, astronomers have confirmed more than 3,500 exoplanets in 2,660 star systems, with an additional 4,500 candidates awaiting confirmation. Of the confirmed exoplanets, 2,431 of the discoveries are attributed to the Kepler spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the exoplanets confirmed to exist, 882 are classed as Terrestrial, or approximately the same size as the Earth. And of these Earth-sized worlds, six are located within their stars’ “habitable zones,” which means they’re at the right distance for liquid water to possibly exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/20-intriguing-exoplanets\">known exoplanetary systems\u003c/a> represent only a tiny fraction of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Extrapolating from the abundance of planets in this small sampling, astronomers estimate there may be billions of Earth-sized exoplanets within the habitable zones of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a breath and let that sink in….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application of \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2016/6/29/12045632/self-learning-software-enterprise-predictive-big-data-net-intelligence\">“teachable” AI software\u003c/a> to dig through stacks of transit data opens even more possibilities for discovering elusive extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Kepler 90i was found by fine-sifting through old data, this only means that there may be more—perhaps many more—exoplanets laying hidden on hard drives, waiting to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now NASA has the AI tool to do the sifting.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If AI can be trained to find distant planets circling their stars, how many more do you think we can find?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":694},"headData":{"title":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence | KQED","description":"If AI can be trained to find distant planets circling their stars, how many more do you think we can find?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence","datePublished":"2018-01-05T18:10:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:10:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1918600/the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler mission\u003c/a> announced in December the discovery of an eighth planet orbiting Kepler 90, a sun-like star located about 2,500 light years from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery is noteworthy not only for the fact that Kepler 90 \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/S_HRh0ZynjE\">possesses as many planets\u003c/a> as our own solar system, but also for how NASA made the discovery: using artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Kepler 90i.\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Kepler 90i. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mining Data for Exoplanet Gems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Training” special AI software, developed by Google, to recognize the elusive signals produced by extrasolar planets (exoplanets), NASA set the AI loose on data collected years ago by the Kepler mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft, launched in 2009, searched for exoplanets using the Transit Method: looking for the slight dimming in a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it (transiting). Kepler continually measured the brightness of 150,000 individual stars near the constellation Cygnus for three years, beaming the data back to Earth for analysis and storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg\" alt=\"All eight of Kepler 90's planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \" width=\"730\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg 730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All eight of Kepler 90’s planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Wendy Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional analysis of Kepler’s observations ultimately revealed seven planets in the star system called Kepler 90. But the system’s eighth planet, named Kepler 90i, went undetected–\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/artificial-intelligence-nasa-data-used-to-discover-eighth-planet-circling-distant-star\">until the AI took a crack at it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding a Needle in a Haystack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting the minuscule dimming in a star’s light caused by a small transiting exoplanet may be likened to searching for a needle in a haystack—a monumental task for a human, though not so difficult for a well-trained, artificially intelligent computer. Once the AI learns the shape and appearance of a needle, it’s just a matter of examining each straw of hay in the stack, one by one, until it finds any that look like a needle. A computer can do that kind of repetitive task without tiring, and do it very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 90i is a super-Earth-sized world, with about 1.32 times the diameter of Earth. Orbiting its sun-like star eight times closer than the Earth orbits the sun, Kepler 90i’s surface temperature is estimated to be 817 degrees Fahrenheit. At present, that’s about all we know about it—other than the fact that it orbits its star once in less than 15 days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the similarities between detecting exoplanets and finding haystack-embedded needles, conventional analysis has found—\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">quite a lot of needles \u003c/a>since the first exoplanet discovery in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_DnDeBa0KFc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_DnDeBa0KFc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 21, 2017, astronomers have confirmed more than 3,500 exoplanets in 2,660 star systems, with an additional 4,500 candidates awaiting confirmation. Of the confirmed exoplanets, 2,431 of the discoveries are attributed to the Kepler spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the exoplanets confirmed to exist, 882 are classed as Terrestrial, or approximately the same size as the Earth. And of these Earth-sized worlds, six are located within their stars’ “habitable zones,” which means they’re at the right distance for liquid water to possibly exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/20-intriguing-exoplanets\">known exoplanetary systems\u003c/a> represent only a tiny fraction of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Extrapolating from the abundance of planets in this small sampling, astronomers estimate there may be billions of Earth-sized exoplanets within the habitable zones of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a breath and let that sink in….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application of \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2016/6/29/12045632/self-learning-software-enterprise-predictive-big-data-net-intelligence\">“teachable” AI software\u003c/a> to dig through stacks of transit data opens even more possibilities for discovering elusive extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Kepler 90i was found by fine-sifting through old data, this only means that there may be more—perhaps many more—exoplanets laying hidden on hard drives, waiting to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now NASA has the AI tool to do the sifting.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1918600/the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_23","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1918604","label":"science"},"science_791538":{"type":"posts","id":"science_791538","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"791538","score":null,"sort":[1466788530000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-this-4400-degree-exoplanet-its-always-day-and-always-night","title":"On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night","publishDate":1466788530,"format":"standard","headTitle":"On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> has recently mapped the surface temperatures of a “super-Earth,” giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exoplanet in question is called “55 Cancri e”— one of five exoplanets discovered orbiting the star 55 Cancri, about 40 light years away in the constellation Cancer. Of the five, “e” is the smallest — though still weighs in at about 8 times the mass of the Earth, and twice the diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>55 Cancri e is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is to our sun. At this tight distance it takes less than 18 hours to revolve once around its star — so, 55 Cancri e’s year is shorter than a day on Earth!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-400x272.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-1180x802.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-960x653.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \u003ccite>(ESA, Hubble/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the planet is so close to its star, its rotation is most likely “locked” by gravitational tidal forces, so that the same side always faces the star — not unlike how the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth, always presenting the same face to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1869-ssc2016-01-NASA-s-Spitzer-Maps-Climate-Patterns-on-a-Super-Earth\">Spitzer made observations of the super-Earth \u003c/a>over several revolutions, which has allowed it to map heat variations over the entire surface (night side and day side) multiple times. This map has revealed some remarkable things about 55 Cancri e.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the permanently day-lit side of the planet has a peak temperature of about 4,400 degrees Fahrenheit — hot enough to melt lead, iron, silicon and many other substances. By contrast, temperatures on the hemisphere of never-ending night drop sharply to lows of only 2,060 degrees Fahrenheit — not exactly chilly, but low enough for lava to “freeze” into solid rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The huge difference in temperature between the day and night sides of 55 Cancri e tells us that the planet does not have an atmosphere capable of spreading heat evenly around the globe — which could mean little or no atmosphere, or an atmosphere that isn’t great at globally transporting heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, Venus possesses a super-thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide gas, which spreads heat with great efficiency to give Venus about the same (hot) temperature across its entire surface — day side, night side, equatorial zone and polar regions alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg\" alt=\"Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope's thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-400x271.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-1180x799.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-960x650.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope’s thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \u003ccite>( JPL-Caltech, University of Cambridge/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Spitzer heat map also tells us that the day-side surface is likely to be inundated with rivers and large pools of molten lava — lava that under the extreme temperatures may behave in a “super-fluid” state, flowing more like the water in Earth’s oceans than the sluggish toothpaste crawl of much cooler Earthly lavas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip-side of the planet, where it is “chilly” enough for lava to solidify, we can envision a hot, dark landscape of solid lava rock—maybe under a brilliant starry sky, depending on the nature of any atmosphere 55 Cancri e may possess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may also imagine a twilight zone between the two extreme hemispheres. Could we find landscape forms of solid rock and liquid lava, maybe a super-Earth, super-heated version of Norway’s fjords? Whatever the case, 55 Cancri e is definitely an imagination-teaser!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further investigation by NASA’s up and coming \u003ca href=\"http://Graph%20of%20the%20Spitzer%20Space%20Telescope's%20thermal%20map%20of%20the%20surface%20of%20exoplanet%2055%20Cancri%20e,%20revealing%20enormous%20temperature%20differences%20from%20day%20to%20night,%20and%20hot%20spot%20variations%20across%20its%20surface.\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be larger than Hubble or Spitzer and make observations at infrared wavelengths, will reveal even more about this, and other, fascinating extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has mapped the surface temperatures of a \"Super-Earth,\" giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930014,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":659},"headData":{"title":"On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night | KQED","description":"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has mapped the surface temperatures of a "Super-Earth," giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night","datePublished":"2016-06-24T17:15:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:40:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/791538/on-this-4400-degree-exoplanet-its-always-day-and-always-night","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> has recently mapped the surface temperatures of a “super-Earth,” giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exoplanet in question is called “55 Cancri e”— one of five exoplanets discovered orbiting the star 55 Cancri, about 40 light years away in the constellation Cancer. Of the five, “e” is the smallest — though still weighs in at about 8 times the mass of the Earth, and twice the diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>55 Cancri e is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is to our sun. At this tight distance it takes less than 18 hours to revolve once around its star — so, 55 Cancri e’s year is shorter than a day on Earth!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-400x272.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-1180x802.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-960x653.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \u003ccite>(ESA, Hubble/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the planet is so close to its star, its rotation is most likely “locked” by gravitational tidal forces, so that the same side always faces the star — not unlike how the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth, always presenting the same face to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1869-ssc2016-01-NASA-s-Spitzer-Maps-Climate-Patterns-on-a-Super-Earth\">Spitzer made observations of the super-Earth \u003c/a>over several revolutions, which has allowed it to map heat variations over the entire surface (night side and day side) multiple times. This map has revealed some remarkable things about 55 Cancri e.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the permanently day-lit side of the planet has a peak temperature of about 4,400 degrees Fahrenheit — hot enough to melt lead, iron, silicon and many other substances. By contrast, temperatures on the hemisphere of never-ending night drop sharply to lows of only 2,060 degrees Fahrenheit — not exactly chilly, but low enough for lava to “freeze” into solid rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The huge difference in temperature between the day and night sides of 55 Cancri e tells us that the planet does not have an atmosphere capable of spreading heat evenly around the globe — which could mean little or no atmosphere, or an atmosphere that isn’t great at globally transporting heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, Venus possesses a super-thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide gas, which spreads heat with great efficiency to give Venus about the same (hot) temperature across its entire surface — day side, night side, equatorial zone and polar regions alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg\" alt=\"Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope's thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-400x271.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-1180x799.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-960x650.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope’s thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \u003ccite>( JPL-Caltech, University of Cambridge/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Spitzer heat map also tells us that the day-side surface is likely to be inundated with rivers and large pools of molten lava — lava that under the extreme temperatures may behave in a “super-fluid” state, flowing more like the water in Earth’s oceans than the sluggish toothpaste crawl of much cooler Earthly lavas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip-side of the planet, where it is “chilly” enough for lava to solidify, we can envision a hot, dark landscape of solid lava rock—maybe under a brilliant starry sky, depending on the nature of any atmosphere 55 Cancri e may possess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may also imagine a twilight zone between the two extreme hemispheres. Could we find landscape forms of solid rock and liquid lava, maybe a super-Earth, super-heated version of Norway’s fjords? Whatever the case, 55 Cancri e is definitely an imagination-teaser!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further investigation by NASA’s up and coming \u003ca href=\"http://Graph%20of%20the%20Spitzer%20Space%20Telescope's%20thermal%20map%20of%20the%20surface%20of%20exoplanet%2055%20Cancri%20e,%20revealing%20enormous%20temperature%20differences%20from%20day%20to%20night,%20and%20hot%20spot%20variations%20across%20its%20surface.\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be larger than Hubble or Spitzer and make observations at infrared wavelengths, will reveal even more about this, and other, fascinating extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/791538/on-this-4400-degree-exoplanet-its-always-day-and-always-night","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_791543","label":"science"},"science_692288":{"type":"posts","id":"science_692288","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"692288","score":null,"sort":[1463148008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"these-exoplanets-could-be-best-bet-yet-for-alien-life-hunting-astronomers","title":"These Exoplanets Could Be Best Bet Yet for Alien-Life Hunting Astronomers","publishDate":1463148008,"format":"standard","headTitle":"These Exoplanets Could Be Best Bet Yet for Alien-Life Hunting Astronomers | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Just when it seemed that new discoveries of extrasolar planets couldn’t possibly get more exciting, three exoplanets have been detected that could top the charts for some time to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the fuss over these exo-worlds? In a nutshell, all three of them are about the size of Earth, are close to their star’s “habitable zone,” and in fact orbit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/usa/videos/eso1615c/\">very same star\u003c/a>, only 40 light years from us—an extreme close-up by astronomical standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A star’s habitable zone, also called the “Goldilocks Zone,” is the region where liquid water could exist on a planet’s surface—not so close that the water would boil away, and not so distant that it would freeze. In other words, just right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to make this exoplanetary system the best place we’ve found to search for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An “Exo-citing” Discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_692293\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-692293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sun-and-trappist1.jpg\" alt=\"The star TRAPPIST-1 compared to our sun. This cool, low-mass red dwarf star is not much larger than the planet Jupiter.\" width=\"640\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sun-and-trappist1.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sun-and-trappist1-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The star TRAPPIST-1 compared to our sun. This cool, low-mass red dwarf star is not much larger than the planet Jupiter. \u003ccite>(ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The star, named TRAPPIST-1, is a very small, ultra-cool red dwarf, not too much larger than the planet Jupiter. This type of dim, low-mass star is very common in the galaxy, but this is the first detection of planets orbiting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery was made by astronomers using the Belgian “TRAPPIST” telescope at the La Silla site of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/usa/news/eso1615/\">European Southern Observatory\u003c/a>, in Chile, who detected brief intervals when the star’s light dimmed, indicating possible planets passing in front of it—or “transiting.” Follow-up observations confirmed the presence of three planets, and that they were small, Earth-sized bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_692294\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-692294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/planettransit.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing how a star's light is partially blocked, and dims slightly, when one of its planets transits in front of it.\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/planettransit.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/planettransit-400x170.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how a star’s light is partially blocked and dims slightly, when one of its planets transits in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two of these planets zip around their star in a mere 1.5 and 2.4 days, respectively, telling us that they are very close to their sun–maybe a bit too close to be fully within the habitable zone, though the possibility of water-friendly regions on their surfaces cannot be ruled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is There Life In The Twilight Zone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so close to their star, these planets are probably “tidally locked” to it, with the same side always facing toward sunlight—not unlike how our moon always presents the same face to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A situation like this might allow for a balance between extremes, creating temperate conditions somewhere between the perpetually day-lit side and the side of unending night, a realm of constant twilight—and maybe in a crossfire of weather conditions generated by the opposing hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period of revolution of the third planet is still in question; it may be anywhere from 4.5 to 73 days. Depending on the answer, this one could lie well within the habitable zone—something that further observations might reveal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sometimes Less Is More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do their Earth-like sizes and moderate, possibly water-friendly temperatures make them potentially suitable environments for life as we understand it, the nature of their star itself increases our chances of making that discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because TRAPPIST-1 is such a faint star, astronomers can make measurements of the exoplanets’ atmospheres (if they have atmospheres) that are not yet possible with brighter stars—stars like our sun. Subtle effects on TRAPPIST-1’s light as it passes through a planet’s atmosphere can be measured, which could potentially reveal clues about any life that might exist there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close Worlds, Still Too Far\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_692295\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-692295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/trappist-1-scene.jpg\" alt=\"Artist depiction of the TRAPPIST-1 system.\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/trappist-1-scene.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/trappist-1-scene-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist depiction of the TRAPPIST-1 system. \u003ccite>(ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At forty light years, TRAPPIST-1 and its entourage are right in our sun’s stellar neighborhood, practically at its front door. Yet, by the standards of our current space-flight technology, it is still well beyond our physical reach. Even a speedy robotic probe moving at a tenth the speed of light (still well beyond our present means) would take 400 years to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Yogi Berra famously pointed out, “You can observe a lot by just watching” — and the watching will get better with \u003ca href=\"http://discovermagazine.com/2013/dec/16-meet-the-new-planet-hunters\">further advancements in technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the future launches of Kepler’s exoplanet-hunting successor, \u003ca href=\"http://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">TESS \u003c/a>(2017), and the Hubble Space Telescope’s replacement, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> (2018), powerful new observational technologies will be brought to bear on the question of exoplanets, habitable environments, and the potential for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection of an exoplanet was made in 1992, when the available technology allowed only the observation of large, Jupiter-sized planets orbiting close to their stars—so called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/03/29/this-mysterious-hot-jupiter-is-on-a-wild-orbital-ride/\">hot Jupiters\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements and refinements in techniques and technology over the last two decades have expanded our reach into the realm of our galaxy’s exoplanets. Our ability to detect and study smaller, Earth-sized planets orbiting farther from their stars in habitable zones has blossomed, especially with the launch of \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to 1992, we didn’t know if the formation of planets around other stars was a rarity, or commonplace—and now we know: planets are about as common as dirt, even planets with potentially Earth-like conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of July 2015, Kepler alone has verified the existence of 1,284 exoplanets, and 1,327 other candidates that are very likely planets as well. This brings the grand total of confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> to over 2,000, with thousands of other candidates awaiting confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a lot of territory out there.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Astronomers hit a trifecta in the \"Goldilocks zone\" of the sun called TRAPPIST-1.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930184,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":964},"headData":{"title":"These Exoplanets Could Be Best Bet Yet for Alien-Life Hunting Astronomers | KQED","description":"Astronomers hit a trifecta in the "Goldilocks zone" of the sun called TRAPPIST-1.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"These Exoplanets Could Be Best Bet Yet for Alien-Life Hunting Astronomers","datePublished":"2016-05-13T14:00:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:43:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/692288/these-exoplanets-could-be-best-bet-yet-for-alien-life-hunting-astronomers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just when it seemed that new discoveries of extrasolar planets couldn’t possibly get more exciting, three exoplanets have been detected that could top the charts for some time to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the fuss over these exo-worlds? In a nutshell, all three of them are about the size of Earth, are close to their star’s “habitable zone,” and in fact orbit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/usa/videos/eso1615c/\">very same star\u003c/a>, only 40 light years from us—an extreme close-up by astronomical standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A star’s habitable zone, also called the “Goldilocks Zone,” is the region where liquid water could exist on a planet’s surface—not so close that the water would boil away, and not so distant that it would freeze. In other words, just right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to make this exoplanetary system the best place we’ve found to search for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An “Exo-citing” Discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_692293\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-692293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sun-and-trappist1.jpg\" alt=\"The star TRAPPIST-1 compared to our sun. This cool, low-mass red dwarf star is not much larger than the planet Jupiter.\" width=\"640\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sun-and-trappist1.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sun-and-trappist1-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The star TRAPPIST-1 compared to our sun. This cool, low-mass red dwarf star is not much larger than the planet Jupiter. \u003ccite>(ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The star, named TRAPPIST-1, is a very small, ultra-cool red dwarf, not too much larger than the planet Jupiter. This type of dim, low-mass star is very common in the galaxy, but this is the first detection of planets orbiting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery was made by astronomers using the Belgian “TRAPPIST” telescope at the La Silla site of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/usa/news/eso1615/\">European Southern Observatory\u003c/a>, in Chile, who detected brief intervals when the star’s light dimmed, indicating possible planets passing in front of it—or “transiting.” Follow-up observations confirmed the presence of three planets, and that they were small, Earth-sized bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_692294\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-692294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/planettransit.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing how a star's light is partially blocked, and dims slightly, when one of its planets transits in front of it.\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/planettransit.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/planettransit-400x170.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how a star’s light is partially blocked and dims slightly, when one of its planets transits in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two of these planets zip around their star in a mere 1.5 and 2.4 days, respectively, telling us that they are very close to their sun–maybe a bit too close to be fully within the habitable zone, though the possibility of water-friendly regions on their surfaces cannot be ruled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is There Life In The Twilight Zone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so close to their star, these planets are probably “tidally locked” to it, with the same side always facing toward sunlight—not unlike how our moon always presents the same face to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A situation like this might allow for a balance between extremes, creating temperate conditions somewhere between the perpetually day-lit side and the side of unending night, a realm of constant twilight—and maybe in a crossfire of weather conditions generated by the opposing hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period of revolution of the third planet is still in question; it may be anywhere from 4.5 to 73 days. Depending on the answer, this one could lie well within the habitable zone—something that further observations might reveal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sometimes Less Is More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do their Earth-like sizes and moderate, possibly water-friendly temperatures make them potentially suitable environments for life as we understand it, the nature of their star itself increases our chances of making that discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because TRAPPIST-1 is such a faint star, astronomers can make measurements of the exoplanets’ atmospheres (if they have atmospheres) that are not yet possible with brighter stars—stars like our sun. Subtle effects on TRAPPIST-1’s light as it passes through a planet’s atmosphere can be measured, which could potentially reveal clues about any life that might exist there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close Worlds, Still Too Far\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_692295\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-692295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/trappist-1-scene.jpg\" alt=\"Artist depiction of the TRAPPIST-1 system.\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/trappist-1-scene.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/trappist-1-scene-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist depiction of the TRAPPIST-1 system. \u003ccite>(ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At forty light years, TRAPPIST-1 and its entourage are right in our sun’s stellar neighborhood, practically at its front door. Yet, by the standards of our current space-flight technology, it is still well beyond our physical reach. Even a speedy robotic probe moving at a tenth the speed of light (still well beyond our present means) would take 400 years to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Yogi Berra famously pointed out, “You can observe a lot by just watching” — and the watching will get better with \u003ca href=\"http://discovermagazine.com/2013/dec/16-meet-the-new-planet-hunters\">further advancements in technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the future launches of Kepler’s exoplanet-hunting successor, \u003ca href=\"http://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">TESS \u003c/a>(2017), and the Hubble Space Telescope’s replacement, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> (2018), powerful new observational technologies will be brought to bear on the question of exoplanets, habitable environments, and the potential for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection of an exoplanet was made in 1992, when the available technology allowed only the observation of large, Jupiter-sized planets orbiting close to their stars—so called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/03/29/this-mysterious-hot-jupiter-is-on-a-wild-orbital-ride/\">hot Jupiters\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements and refinements in techniques and technology over the last two decades have expanded our reach into the realm of our galaxy’s exoplanets. Our ability to detect and study smaller, Earth-sized planets orbiting farther from their stars in habitable zones has blossomed, especially with the launch of \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to 1992, we didn’t know if the formation of planets around other stars was a rarity, or commonplace—and now we know: planets are about as common as dirt, even planets with potentially Earth-like conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of July 2015, Kepler alone has verified the existence of 1,284 exoplanets, and 1,327 other candidates that are very likely planets as well. This brings the grand total of confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> to over 2,000, with thousands of other candidates awaiting confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a lot of territory out there.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/692288/these-exoplanets-could-be-best-bet-yet-for-alien-life-hunting-astronomers","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_584"],"featImg":"science_692291","label":"science"},"science_7389":{"type":"posts","id":"science_7389","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"7389","score":null,"sort":[1377270012000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"generations-of-exploration-from-hubble-to-the-james-webb-space-telescope","title":"Generations of Exploration: From Hubble to the James Webb Space Telescope","publishDate":1377270012,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Generations of Exploration: From Hubble to the James Webb Space Telescope | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7392\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/jwst-hst-mirrors.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7392\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/jwst-hst-mirrors.jpg\" alt=\"Comparing the sizes of the HST and JWST mirrors\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparing the sizes of the HST and JWST mirrors\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What can a bus-sized orbiting telescope with a 7.9-foot mirror tell us about the universe we live in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The universe is 13.75 billion years old—a number of birthday cake candles not previously known\u003cbr>\n• The expansion of the universe is accelerating—contrary to previous assumptions\u003cbr>\n• There are on the order of 50 to 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe\u003cbr>\n• Monster blackholes with millions or billions of times the mass of our sun probably reside at the core of every galaxy–including our own\u003cbr>\n• Twenty-three percent of the universe is made of dark matter and seventy-four percent is made of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dark energy\u003c/a>—both of which we know next to nothing about\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a taste of the \u003ca title=\"Hubble Top 10 Discoveries\" href=\"http://voices.yahoo.com/the-top-10-discoveries-hubble-space-telescope-4905458.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discoveries made by scientists\u003c/a> using NASA’s veteran Hubble Space Telescope, a bus-sized satellite launched in 1990 which has had a stellar career delivering \u003ca title=\"Hubble Gallery\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning images\u003c/a> and incredible discoveries about things in the universe and the universe itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its 23-year career winding down—and in fact on extended life support at this point—what will succeed Hubble to continue putting stars in our eyes as never before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"James Webb Space Telescope\" href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> (JWST) is the quick answer. And if you think the list of achievements of the Hubble is impressive, know that the JWST will sport an objective mirror array 21 feet across, with more than 20 times the light-collecting capability of its predecessor!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST will be launched later this decade and sent to a \u003ca title=\"Webb Orbit\" href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/orbit.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">point in space\u003c/a> a million miles farther from the sun than the Earth: the spot where the gravity of the sun and the Earth pull with equal strength. Called a “Lagrange point,” this spot of gravitational stability will allow JWST to circle the sun but remain always at the same distance from Earth. With the Earth always a good million miles away, JWST will have a full and unfettered view of the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST will also be optimized to observe infrared, not visible, light–which will allow us not only to see farther and fainter objects than ever before, but into regions of space where Hubble’s visible light wavelength vision is obscured by dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST will peer into dense clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy where embryos of new star and planet systems are in the process of forming. Hubble has revealed “bubbles” of gas and dust, called proto-planetary disks or \u003ca title=\"Proplyds\" href=\"http://messier.seds.org/Pics/Jpg/m42_0113.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proplyds\u003c/a>, embedded in vast nebulas. Like a sonogram of a human embryo, JWST will see into these proplyds and show us what our solar system might have looked like even before the sun lit up as a star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not so very long ago that all we knew about other stars was from the light they emit; a few decades ago we had no observational evidence of extrasolar planets or even the encircling disks of dust from which they form. In its career, Hubble has not only observed raw material orbiting young stars but has even measured the composition of the \u003ca title=\"Probing the Atmospheres of Exoplanets\" href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CF0QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fhubble_discoveries%2Fscience_year_in_review%2Fpdf%2F2008%2Fprobing_the_atmospheres_of_exoplanets.pdf&ei=YFgWUqnjOeK6igKz_4DwCw&usg=AFQjCNEQa-vklOjoF11YQmZwXa1WDcMo8Q&sig2=SMr4jQUxn3cGlQYueHVf3w&bvm=bv.51156542,d.cGE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheres of exoplanets\u003c/a>. JWST will show us far more about the physical nature of exoplanets than we can measure today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST’s increased sensitivity and resolution will allow us to probe the aftermath of the Big Bang to even earlier times than Hubble, giving us greater insight into the birth and early evolution of all of creation. \u003ca title=\"Hubble Detects Earliest Galaxies\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/121214-hubble-oldest-galaxy-discovered-space-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble has captured pictures of galaxies\u003c/a> so far away that the light we see left them when the universe was only a few hundred million years old. This has given us glimpses of the very first galaxies that formed, when they were in their infancy. JWST will look deeper and bring into sharper focus our understanding of the cosmos as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know about you, but I’m pretty excited….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you think the list of achievements of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope is impressive, consider that its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope, will sport a mirror 21 feet across, with more than 20 times the light-collecting capability of its predecessor!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935210,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":677},"headData":{"title":"Generations of Exploration: From Hubble to the James Webb Space Telescope | KQED","description":"If you think the list of achievements of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope is impressive, consider that its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope, will sport a mirror 21 feet across, with more than 20 times the light-collecting capability of its predecessor!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Generations of Exploration: From Hubble to the James Webb Space Telescope","datePublished":"2013-08-23T15:00:12.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:06:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/7389/generations-of-exploration-from-hubble-to-the-james-webb-space-telescope","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7392\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/jwst-hst-mirrors.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7392\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/jwst-hst-mirrors.jpg\" alt=\"Comparing the sizes of the HST and JWST mirrors\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparing the sizes of the HST and JWST mirrors\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What can a bus-sized orbiting telescope with a 7.9-foot mirror tell us about the universe we live in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The universe is 13.75 billion years old—a number of birthday cake candles not previously known\u003cbr>\n• The expansion of the universe is accelerating—contrary to previous assumptions\u003cbr>\n• There are on the order of 50 to 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe\u003cbr>\n• Monster blackholes with millions or billions of times the mass of our sun probably reside at the core of every galaxy–including our own\u003cbr>\n• Twenty-three percent of the universe is made of dark matter and seventy-four percent is made of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dark energy\u003c/a>—both of which we know next to nothing about\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a taste of the \u003ca title=\"Hubble Top 10 Discoveries\" href=\"http://voices.yahoo.com/the-top-10-discoveries-hubble-space-telescope-4905458.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discoveries made by scientists\u003c/a> using NASA’s veteran Hubble Space Telescope, a bus-sized satellite launched in 1990 which has had a stellar career delivering \u003ca title=\"Hubble Gallery\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning images\u003c/a> and incredible discoveries about things in the universe and the universe itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its 23-year career winding down—and in fact on extended life support at this point—what will succeed Hubble to continue putting stars in our eyes as never before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"James Webb Space Telescope\" href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> (JWST) is the quick answer. And if you think the list of achievements of the Hubble is impressive, know that the JWST will sport an objective mirror array 21 feet across, with more than 20 times the light-collecting capability of its predecessor!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST will be launched later this decade and sent to a \u003ca title=\"Webb Orbit\" href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/orbit.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">point in space\u003c/a> a million miles farther from the sun than the Earth: the spot where the gravity of the sun and the Earth pull with equal strength. Called a “Lagrange point,” this spot of gravitational stability will allow JWST to circle the sun but remain always at the same distance from Earth. With the Earth always a good million miles away, JWST will have a full and unfettered view of the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST will also be optimized to observe infrared, not visible, light–which will allow us not only to see farther and fainter objects than ever before, but into regions of space where Hubble’s visible light wavelength vision is obscured by dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST will peer into dense clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy where embryos of new star and planet systems are in the process of forming. Hubble has revealed “bubbles” of gas and dust, called proto-planetary disks or \u003ca title=\"Proplyds\" href=\"http://messier.seds.org/Pics/Jpg/m42_0113.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proplyds\u003c/a>, embedded in vast nebulas. Like a sonogram of a human embryo, JWST will see into these proplyds and show us what our solar system might have looked like even before the sun lit up as a star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not so very long ago that all we knew about other stars was from the light they emit; a few decades ago we had no observational evidence of extrasolar planets or even the encircling disks of dust from which they form. In its career, Hubble has not only observed raw material orbiting young stars but has even measured the composition of the \u003ca title=\"Probing the Atmospheres of Exoplanets\" href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CF0QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fhubble_discoveries%2Fscience_year_in_review%2Fpdf%2F2008%2Fprobing_the_atmospheres_of_exoplanets.pdf&ei=YFgWUqnjOeK6igKz_4DwCw&usg=AFQjCNEQa-vklOjoF11YQmZwXa1WDcMo8Q&sig2=SMr4jQUxn3cGlQYueHVf3w&bvm=bv.51156542,d.cGE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheres of exoplanets\u003c/a>. JWST will show us far more about the physical nature of exoplanets than we can measure today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JWST’s increased sensitivity and resolution will allow us to probe the aftermath of the Big Bang to even earlier times than Hubble, giving us greater insight into the birth and early evolution of all of creation. \u003ca title=\"Hubble Detects Earliest Galaxies\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/121214-hubble-oldest-galaxy-discovered-space-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble has captured pictures of galaxies\u003c/a> so far away that the light we see left them when the universe was only a few hundred million years old. This has given us glimpses of the very first galaxies that formed, when they were in their infancy. JWST will look deeper and bring into sharper focus our understanding of the cosmos as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know about you, but I’m pretty excited….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/7389/generations-of-exploration-from-hubble-to-the-james-webb-space-telescope","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_5186","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_7392","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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