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The bees dig underground nests and fill them with pollen they collect in the form of stylish “pollen pants.” As the bees are toiling on their nests, the flies drop their *own* eggs into them from the air. But the bees employ a tricky defense against the flies.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Life for bindweed turret bees is violent and unfair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s spring in California, and these male bees are in an all-out brawl, desperate to mate with the female trapped at the bottom of this pile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the fight is so intense that the female they’re going after gets crushed to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if she survives, she and the winner steal away and mate … until another male wants in. Buzz kill!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she starts an epic dig, prepping a place to lay her eggs underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She tirelessly scoops earth with her mandibles, dousing it with nectar she collected earlier to soften it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the world’s bee species – 70% – nest in the ground. These ones chose a dirt parking lot. Some nice folks cordoned it off to protect the bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females work side by side. Each is “queen” of her own funky little castle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They build turrets, but only some of them are vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many are tunnel-like, with a sideways entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others curve down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ll see why that’s important in a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the bees are done digging, they head off on another mission. They gather pollen from one plant only: morning glories, also known as bindweeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She rubs her shaggy legs all over that pollen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And down she goes with her haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollen pants!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside her nest, she packs the pollen into neat balls – each one in its own chamber – and lays an egg on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the egg hatches into a larva, it will live off the pollen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she toils, freeloaders show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They look like a bee, but their huge eyes give them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called … wait for it … bee flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fly doesn’t dig or gather pollen for her young. She just hovers over a bee’s nest and … yup, she’s dropping her own eggs in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’ll drop 200 eggs over her lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where those tunnels and curved turrets are useful. They make it harder for the flies to drop their eggs in from the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the fly does succeed, the fly’s egg hatches into a larva that digs tiny hooks into the bee larva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bee eats the pollen and grows, the fly larva sucks it dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the flies are so successful, they can nearly wipe out a population of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these bees don’t give up. Two or three months of mating, foraging and warding off parasites come to an end when they seal up their nests with dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below ground, babies will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following spring, if the bees are lucky, a new tiny city will burst to life, full of bees persevering just as their mothers did before them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s talk about yellowjackets. It’s true: These ladies have a special taste for flesh. But they don’t eat it themselves. They bring it to their young. How? By crashing your cookout and carving your burgers and dogs into teeny-tiny meatballs. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A “bee fly” looks a bit like a bee, but it’s a freeloader that takes advantage of a bindweed turret bee’s hard work. The bees dig underground nests and fill them with pollen they collect in the form of stylish “pollen pants.” As the bees are toiling on their nests, the flies drop their *own* eggs into them from the air. But the bees employ a tricky defense against the flies.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845942,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":611},"headData":{"title":"This Fly Torpedoes a Bindweed Bee’s Nest | KQED","description":"A “bee fly” looks a bit like a bee, but it’s a freeloader that takes advantage of a bindweed turret bee’s hard work. The bees dig underground nests and fill them with pollen they collect in the form of stylish “pollen pants.” As the bees are toiling on their nests, the flies drop their *own* eggs into them from the air. But the bees employ a tricky defense against the flies.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJHCoP4WqMc","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983618/this-fly-torpedoes-a-bindweed-bees-nest","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>A “bee fly” looks a bit like a bee, but it’s a freeloader that takes advantage of a bindweed turret bee’s hard work. The bees dig underground nests and fill them with pollen they collect in the form of stylish “pollen pants.” As the bees are toiling on their nests, the flies drop their *own* eggs into them from the air. But the bees employ a tricky defense against the flies.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Life for bindweed turret bees is violent and unfair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s spring in California, and these male bees are in an all-out brawl, desperate to mate with the female trapped at the bottom of this pile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the fight is so intense that the female they’re going after gets crushed to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if she survives, she and the winner steal away and mate … until another male wants in. Buzz kill!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she starts an epic dig, prepping a place to lay her eggs underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She tirelessly scoops earth with her mandibles, dousing it with nectar she collected earlier to soften it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the world’s bee species – 70% – nest in the ground. These ones chose a dirt parking lot. Some nice folks cordoned it off to protect the bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females work side by side. Each is “queen” of her own funky little castle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They build turrets, but only some of them are vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many are tunnel-like, with a sideways entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others curve down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ll see why that’s important in a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the bees are done digging, they head off on another mission. They gather pollen from one plant only: morning glories, also known as bindweeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She rubs her shaggy legs all over that pollen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And down she goes with her haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollen pants!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside her nest, she packs the pollen into neat balls – each one in its own chamber – and lays an egg on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the egg hatches into a larva, it will live off the pollen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she toils, freeloaders show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They look like a bee, but their huge eyes give them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called … wait for it … bee flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fly doesn’t dig or gather pollen for her young. She just hovers over a bee’s nest and … yup, she’s dropping her own eggs in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’ll drop 200 eggs over her lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where those tunnels and curved turrets are useful. They make it harder for the flies to drop their eggs in from the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the fly does succeed, the fly’s egg hatches into a larva that digs tiny hooks into the bee larva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bee eats the pollen and grows, the fly larva sucks it dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the flies are so successful, they can nearly wipe out a population of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these bees don’t give up. Two or three months of mating, foraging and warding off parasites come to an end when they seal up their nests with dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below ground, babies will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following spring, if the bees are lucky, a new tiny city will burst to life, full of bees persevering just as their mothers did before them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s talk about yellowjackets. It’s true: These ladies have a special taste for flesh. But they don’t eat it themselves. They bring it to their young. How? By crashing your cookout and carving your burgers and dogs into teeny-tiny meatballs. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983618/this-fly-torpedoes-a-bindweed-bees-nest","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_896","science_1970"],"featImg":"science_1983619","label":"science_1935"},"science_1979834":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979834","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979834","score":null,"sort":[1658237004000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"carpenter-bees-stab-flowers-to-steal-their-nectar","title":"Carpenter Bees Stab Flowers to Steal Their Nectar","publishDate":1658237004,"format":"video","headTitle":"Carpenter Bees Stab Flowers to Steal Their Nectar | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>With their short tongues, Valley carpenter bees can’t easily drink the nectar from tubular flowers. So they use powerful mandibles to slice into the blooms and steal it. It’s called nectar robbing, since the plants don’t get the benefit of being pollinated by the enormous bees.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like all busy bees, this huge female Valley carpenter bee is always on the go. But she has a secret life of crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she forages, she splatters pollen across her cheeks and forehead. That sloppiness helps pollinate flowers and crops, like blueberries and eggplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also happens to be an accomplished nectar thief. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some flowers, like this salvia, have nectar that’s hard to reach with the bee’s short tongue. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy for a hummingbird to get at the nectar because it has a long beak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, she takes a shortcut by slicing an incision at the base of the flower … sneaking the nectar out through the back door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a selfish indulgence called nectar robbing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flower rarely gets pollinated this way because the bee doesn’t get close enough to rub pollen onto the plant’s reproductive parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carpenter bee stores the stolen goods in her crop – a pouch near her stomach. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she’s busy thieving, nearby this enormous golden male hovers around the same shrub for hours. He’s hoping to catch her attention with his fitness display. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as the teddy bear bee, he’s almost as big as your thumb, but he’s all show. He doesn’t even sting. He’s staking out his tiny territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Occasionally he lands, releasing pheromones to mark his spot with a flowery aroma to entice the ladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in a while his efforts pay off. They mate quickly and discreetly. She’s simply too busy to linger. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like their name suggests, carpenter bees are skilled woodworkers. The female bee uses her powerful mandibles to tunnel into dead wood – like logs or tree trunks. Mama bees lay their eggs and provide food for the developing offspring in these chambers. The bees may return to the same nest for generations, expanding and renovating year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter bees don’t have a queen, and they aren’t as social as honeybees, but several bees may room together in a nest.\u003cbr>\n[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nThe UC Integrated Pest Management Program offers guidance on \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7417.html\">how to prevent carpenter bees from making their home in yours\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they carve their homes in structures made by humans, giving them a bad rap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out carpenter bees do play an important role in our ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They still pollinate many flowers and crops the usual way, but even their crime sprees benefit some members of the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other insects and pollinators – like this honeybee – take advantage of the incisions left behind. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the flowers lose out on this racket. They’re unlikely to get pollinated by the nectar robbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be better for the plants if carpenter bees entered the front door like respectful visitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite their rather dodgy reputation, you have to admire their creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi Deep Peeps. We’ve got more bees for you. Blue orchard bees construct nests that look like they have scoops of purple ice cream inside. And digger bees build sandcastles at the beach with stunning ocean views. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With their short tongues, Valley carpenter bees can’t easily drink the nectar from tubular flowers. So they use powerful mandibles to slice into the blooms and steal it. It’s called nectar robbing, since the plants don’t get the benefit of being pollinated by the enormous bees.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846230,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":591},"headData":{"title":"Carpenter Bees Stab Flowers to Steal Their Nectar | KQED","description":"With their short tongues, Valley carpenter bees can’t easily drink the nectar from tubular flowers. So they use powerful mandibles to slice into the blooms and steal it. It’s called nectar robbing, since the plants don’t get the benefit of being pollinated by the enormous bees.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/XjOfbEWVBpE","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1979834/carpenter-bees-stab-flowers-to-steal-their-nectar","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>With their short tongues, Valley carpenter bees can’t easily drink the nectar from tubular flowers. So they use powerful mandibles to slice into the blooms and steal it. It’s called nectar robbing, since the plants don’t get the benefit of being pollinated by the enormous bees.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like all busy bees, this huge female Valley carpenter bee is always on the go. But she has a secret life of crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she forages, she splatters pollen across her cheeks and forehead. That sloppiness helps pollinate flowers and crops, like blueberries and eggplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also happens to be an accomplished nectar thief. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some flowers, like this salvia, have nectar that’s hard to reach with the bee’s short tongue. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy for a hummingbird to get at the nectar because it has a long beak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, she takes a shortcut by slicing an incision at the base of the flower … sneaking the nectar out through the back door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a selfish indulgence called nectar robbing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flower rarely gets pollinated this way because the bee doesn’t get close enough to rub pollen onto the plant’s reproductive parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carpenter bee stores the stolen goods in her crop – a pouch near her stomach. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she’s busy thieving, nearby this enormous golden male hovers around the same shrub for hours. He’s hoping to catch her attention with his fitness display. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as the teddy bear bee, he’s almost as big as your thumb, but he’s all show. He doesn’t even sting. He’s staking out his tiny territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Occasionally he lands, releasing pheromones to mark his spot with a flowery aroma to entice the ladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in a while his efforts pay off. They mate quickly and discreetly. She’s simply too busy to linger. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like their name suggests, carpenter bees are skilled woodworkers. The female bee uses her powerful mandibles to tunnel into dead wood – like logs or tree trunks. Mama bees lay their eggs and provide food for the developing offspring in these chambers. The bees may return to the same nest for generations, expanding and renovating year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter bees don’t have a queen, and they aren’t as social as honeybees, but several bees may room together in a nest.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nThe UC Integrated Pest Management Program offers guidance on \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7417.html\">how to prevent carpenter bees from making their home in yours\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they carve their homes in structures made by humans, giving them a bad rap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out carpenter bees do play an important role in our ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They still pollinate many flowers and crops the usual way, but even their crime sprees benefit some members of the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other insects and pollinators – like this honeybee – take advantage of the incisions left behind. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the flowers lose out on this racket. They’re unlikely to get pollinated by the nectar robbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be better for the plants if carpenter bees entered the front door like respectful visitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite their rather dodgy reputation, you have to admire their creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi Deep Peeps. We’ve got more bees for you. Blue orchard bees construct nests that look like they have scoops of purple ice cream inside. And digger bees build sandcastles at the beach with stunning ocean views. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979834/carpenter-bees-stab-flowers-to-steal-their-nectar","authors":["11095"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_896","science_1970"],"featImg":"science_1979836","label":"science_1935"},"science_1946996":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946996","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946996","score":null,"sort":[1568120428000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"this-bee-gets-punched-by-flowers-for-your-ice-cream","title":"This Bee Gets Punched by Flowers for Your Ice Cream","publishDate":1568120428,"format":"video","headTitle":"This Bee Gets Punched by Flowers for Your Ice Cream | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Sure, cows are important. But next time you eat ice cream, thank a bee. Without them, there would be no cones, milkshakes or sundaes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, alfalfa leafcutting bees pollinate alfalfa in an intricate process that gets them thwacked by the flowers when they release the pollen that allows the plants to make seeds. The bees’ hard work came to fruition last week when growers in California’s Kings, Fresno and Imperial counties finished harvesting the alfalfa seeds that will be grown to make nutritious hay for dairy cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_LANDS_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947154\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_LANDS_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An alfalfa leafcutting bee lands on a cluster of alfalfa flowers in a field in Fresno County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bees’ work “is ice cream in the making,” said Shannon Mueller, who helped introduce the pollinators to California in the early 1990s and recently retired as director of the University of California Cooperative Extension in Fresno and Madera counties. “A vast majority of the forage goes to dairy cows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa hay is also fed to beef cattle, sheep, goats and horses. California is the top alfalfa hay and dairy producer in the U.S., as well as the country’s top alfalfa seed grower. This year’s crop of approximately 18 million pounds of seeds will be sold in California and Arizona and to countries such as Saudi Arabia, Mexico and Argentina, which have similar climates to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947155\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_AT_NEST_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947155\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_AT_NEST_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An alfalfa leafcutting bee peeks out from her nest hole in a field in Fresno County. Farmers provide the bees with nesting holes in Styrofoam boards. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa leafcutting bees are second only to honeybees in their value as crop pollinators, said biologist Theresa Pitts-Singer, who studies the bees at the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Logan, Utah. And when it comes to pollinating alfalfa, they leave honeybees in the dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To produce alfalfa seeds, farmers let their plants grow until they bloom. They need help pollinating the tiny purple flowers, so that the female and male parts of the flower can come together and produce fertile seeds. That’s where the grayish, easygoing alfalfa leafcutting bees come in. Seed growers in California release the bees – known simply as cutters – in June and they work hard for a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa’s flowers keep their reproductive organs hidden away inside a boat-shaped bottom petal called the keel petal, which is held closed by a thin membrane that creates a spring mechanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alfalfa flowers hide their reproductive organs in a boat-shaped keel petal sealed by a thin membrane. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cutter bees come up to the flower looking for nectar and pollen to feed on. When they land on the flower, the membrane holding the keel petal breaks and the long reproductive structure pops right up and smacks the upper petal or the bee, releasing its yellow pollen. This process is called “tripping the flower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_TRIPPING_THE_BLOOM_Edwards_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_TRIPPING_THE_BLOOM_Edwards_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When an alfalfa flower is tripped, a column holding its reproductive organs pops up and pollen sprays out as it hits the upper petal. \u003ccite>(Joan Edwards and Nora Mitchell/Williams College)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the flower is tripped, pollen falls on its female reproductive organ and fertilizes it; bees also carry pollen away on their hairy bodies and help fertilize other flowers. In a few weeks, each flower turns into a curly pod with seven to 10 seeds growing inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutters were “game changers” in the alfalfa seed business because they’re much better at pollinating alfalfa than honeybees are, Mueller said. Cutters trip 80 percent of flowers they visit, compared to honeybees, which only trip about 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees don’t like to be flipped in the face, but it doesn’t bother the leafcutter bees,” said Chuck Deatherage, a grower who uses both kinds of bees to pollinate about 1,000 acres of alfalfa seed fields that he farms with two business partners in the Fresno area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honeybees sip nectar from the side of the flower rather than from the front, where they would trigger the keel petal, said Pitts-Singer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A honeybee drinks nectar from an alfalfa flower. Honeybees avoid getting thwacked by the blooms by sticking their mouthpart into the side of the flower, rather than the front. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And honeybees will visit alfalfa flowers that have already been tripped by cutters; by doing this they help spread pollen around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The honeybees follow the leafcutters to get the nectar,” said Deatherage. “That’s my theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they work well together, growers release both honeybees and cutters. In an alfalfa seed field, you might see 10 to 20 honeybees and 20 to 50 cutters in a 3-foot radius, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deatherage buys the bees in Styrofoam nests and keeps them refrigerated for most of the year so that they don’t fully develop. As his alfalfa fields get near to blooming, he warms up the developing bees in their nests to close to 85 degrees. When they start hatching two to three weeks later, he stacks the boards into rectangular structures that sit inside trailers in the alfalfa fields and have the appearance of bee apartment buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEES_FLY_AT_NEST_BOX_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEES_FLY_AT_NEST_BOX_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alfalfa leafcutting bees fly at the entrance to a nest box. The patterns and textures on the box help them find their way back after collecting leaves and pollen. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa leafcutting bees are solitary — each female builds its own nest. But unlike other solitary bees that like to work in isolation, cutters don’t mind working side by side with other bees, said Mueller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947170\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nest boxes made up of Styrofoam boards rest on a trailer in an alfalfa field in Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is to our advantage,” she said. “We can put large populations of leafcutter bees together in the field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bees carefully cut out discs of alfalfa leaves or other leaves or petals they can find nearby. They fly with the piece curled up under their abdomen, held between their legs, to a nest hole in one of the Styrofoam boards and maneuver their way in. But it’s tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947171\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_ENTERS_NEST_HOLE_W_LEAF_PIECE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_ENTERS_NEST_HOLE_W_LEAF_PIECE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucked between its legs, an alfalfa leafcutting bee carries a leaf piece into its nest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You’ll see piles of debris in front of the nest opening where they’ve dropped a leaf piece,” said Mueller. “I used to think, ‘Oh, all the work that went into all these dropped leaf pieces.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside its nest hole, the bee shapes several leaf pieces into a cell, where she lays a single egg on a ball of pollen she has collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bee has shaped leaf pieces into two cells of its nest. The cells are connected by overlapping leaf bits. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like a medicine capsule made of leaf pieces,” said Mueller, “and inside each of those capsules there is a developing bee.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Next time you eat a cone or sundae, thank an alfalfa leafcutting bee.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848341,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1194},"headData":{"title":"This Bee Gets Punched by Flowers for Your Ice Cream | KQED","description":"Next time you eat a cone or sundae, thank an alfalfa leafcutting bee.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/rsUNxvXofgo","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946996/this-bee-gets-punched-by-flowers-for-your-ice-cream","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Sure, cows are important. But next time you eat ice cream, thank a bee. Without them, there would be no cones, milkshakes or sundaes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, alfalfa leafcutting bees pollinate alfalfa in an intricate process that gets them thwacked by the flowers when they release the pollen that allows the plants to make seeds. The bees’ hard work came to fruition last week when growers in California’s Kings, Fresno and Imperial counties finished harvesting the alfalfa seeds that will be grown to make nutritious hay for dairy cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_LANDS_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947154\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_LANDS_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An alfalfa leafcutting bee lands on a cluster of alfalfa flowers in a field in Fresno County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bees’ work “is ice cream in the making,” said Shannon Mueller, who helped introduce the pollinators to California in the early 1990s and recently retired as director of the University of California Cooperative Extension in Fresno and Madera counties. “A vast majority of the forage goes to dairy cows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa hay is also fed to beef cattle, sheep, goats and horses. California is the top alfalfa hay and dairy producer in the U.S., as well as the country’s top alfalfa seed grower. This year’s crop of approximately 18 million pounds of seeds will be sold in California and Arizona and to countries such as Saudi Arabia, Mexico and Argentina, which have similar climates to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947155\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_AT_NEST_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947155\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_AT_NEST_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An alfalfa leafcutting bee peeks out from her nest hole in a field in Fresno County. Farmers provide the bees with nesting holes in Styrofoam boards. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa leafcutting bees are second only to honeybees in their value as crop pollinators, said biologist Theresa Pitts-Singer, who studies the bees at the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Logan, Utah. And when it comes to pollinating alfalfa, they leave honeybees in the dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To produce alfalfa seeds, farmers let their plants grow until they bloom. They need help pollinating the tiny purple flowers, so that the female and male parts of the flower can come together and produce fertile seeds. That’s where the grayish, easygoing alfalfa leafcutting bees come in. Seed growers in California release the bees – known simply as cutters – in June and they work hard for a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa’s flowers keep their reproductive organs hidden away inside a boat-shaped bottom petal called the keel petal, which is held closed by a thin membrane that creates a spring mechanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_KEEL_PETAL_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alfalfa flowers hide their reproductive organs in a boat-shaped keel petal sealed by a thin membrane. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cutter bees come up to the flower looking for nectar and pollen to feed on. When they land on the flower, the membrane holding the keel petal breaks and the long reproductive structure pops right up and smacks the upper petal or the bee, releasing its yellow pollen. This process is called “tripping the flower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_TRIPPING_THE_BLOOM_Edwards_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_TRIPPING_THE_BLOOM_Edwards_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When an alfalfa flower is tripped, a column holding its reproductive organs pops up and pollen sprays out as it hits the upper petal. \u003ccite>(Joan Edwards and Nora Mitchell/Williams College)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the flower is tripped, pollen falls on its female reproductive organ and fertilizes it; bees also carry pollen away on their hairy bodies and help fertilize other flowers. In a few weeks, each flower turns into a curly pod with seven to 10 seeds growing inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutters were “game changers” in the alfalfa seed business because they’re much better at pollinating alfalfa than honeybees are, Mueller said. Cutters trip 80 percent of flowers they visit, compared to honeybees, which only trip about 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees don’t like to be flipped in the face, but it doesn’t bother the leafcutter bees,” said Chuck Deatherage, a grower who uses both kinds of bees to pollinate about 1,000 acres of alfalfa seed fields that he farms with two business partners in the Fresno area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honeybees sip nectar from the side of the flower rather than from the front, where they would trigger the keel petal, said Pitts-Singer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615-AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_HONEY_BEE_ON_ALFALFA_FLOWER2_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A honeybee drinks nectar from an alfalfa flower. Honeybees avoid getting thwacked by the blooms by sticking their mouthpart into the side of the flower, rather than the front. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And honeybees will visit alfalfa flowers that have already been tripped by cutters; by doing this they help spread pollen around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The honeybees follow the leafcutters to get the nectar,” said Deatherage. “That’s my theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they work well together, growers release both honeybees and cutters. In an alfalfa seed field, you might see 10 to 20 honeybees and 20 to 50 cutters in a 3-foot radius, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deatherage buys the bees in Styrofoam nests and keeps them refrigerated for most of the year so that they don’t fully develop. As his alfalfa fields get near to blooming, he warms up the developing bees in their nests to close to 85 degrees. When they start hatching two to three weeks later, he stacks the boards into rectangular structures that sit inside trailers in the alfalfa fields and have the appearance of bee apartment buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEES_FLY_AT_NEST_BOX_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEES_FLY_AT_NEST_BOX_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alfalfa leafcutting bees fly at the entrance to a nest box. The patterns and textures on the box help them find their way back after collecting leaves and pollen. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alfalfa leafcutting bees are solitary — each female builds its own nest. But unlike other solitary bees that like to work in isolation, cutters don’t mind working side by side with other bees, said Mueller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947170\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_BEE_BOXES_ON_TRAILER_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nest boxes made up of Styrofoam boards rest on a trailer in an alfalfa field in Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is to our advantage,” she said. “We can put large populations of leafcutter bees together in the field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bees carefully cut out discs of alfalfa leaves or other leaves or petals they can find nearby. They fly with the piece curled up under their abdomen, held between their legs, to a nest hole in one of the Styrofoam boards and maneuver their way in. But it’s tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947171\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_ENTERS_NEST_HOLE_W_LEAF_PIECE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_ALFALFA_LEAFCUTTING_BEE_ENTERS_NEST_HOLE_W_LEAF_PIECE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucked between its legs, an alfalfa leafcutting bee carries a leaf piece into its nest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You’ll see piles of debris in front of the nest opening where they’ve dropped a leaf piece,” said Mueller. “I used to think, ‘Oh, all the work that went into all these dropped leaf pieces.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside its nest hole, the bee shapes several leaf pieces into a cell, where she lays a single egg on a ball of pollen she has collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/DL_615AlfalfaLeafcuttingBees_NEST_MADE_OF_LEAVES_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bee has shaped leaf pieces into two cells of its nest. The cells are connected by overlapping leaf bits. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like a medicine capsule made of leaf pieces,” said Mueller, “and inside each of those capsules there is a developing bee.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946996/this-bee-gets-punched-by-flowers-for-your-ice-cream","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_36","science_86"],"tags":["science_392","science_896","science_1970"],"featImg":"science_1947147","label":"science"},"science_1945664":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1945664","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1945664","score":null,"sort":[1564171582000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-drone-pollinators-may-be-headed-to-a-field-near-you","title":"WATCH: Drone Pollinators May Be Headed to a Field Near You","publishDate":1564171582,"format":"aside","headTitle":"WATCH: Drone Pollinators May Be Headed to a Field Near You | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ky6ALcK0N_Y]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans rely heavily on pollinator bees to sustain food production globally. But for decades, the insects’ population has declined, in part because of pesticide use. If the die-off continues, it will have huge economic and public health consequences for people. William Brangham reports on groups that are working on innovative ways to save the world’s jeopardized bee population — or supplement it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/as-bee-populations-decline-can-technology-help-fill-the-gap\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Groups test ways to save the world’s jeopardized bee population -- or supplement it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848469,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":85},"headData":{"title":"WATCH: Drone Pollinators May Be Headed to a Field Near You | KQED","description":"Groups test ways to save the world’s jeopardized bee population -- or supplement it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"PBS NEWSHOUR","sticky":false,"nprByline":"William Brangham and Rachel Wellford \u003cbr/> PBS Newshour \u003cbr>","path":"/science/1945664/watch-drone-pollinators-may-be-headed-to-a-field-near-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ky6ALcK0N_Y'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ky6ALcK0N_Y'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans rely heavily on pollinator bees to sustain food production globally. But for decades, the insects’ population has declined, in part because of pesticide use. If the die-off continues, it will have huge economic and public health consequences for people. William Brangham reports on groups that are working on innovative ways to save the world’s jeopardized bee population — or supplement it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/as-bee-populations-decline-can-technology-help-fill-the-gap\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1945664/watch-drone-pollinators-may-be-headed-to-a-field-near-you","authors":["byline_science_1945664"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_392","science_896","science_386","science_3838"],"featImg":"science_1945674","label":"source_science_1945664"},"science_1932901":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1932901","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1932901","score":null,"sort":[1539901546000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"where-have-all-the-critters-gone-blame-climate-change","title":"Where Have All the Critters Gone? Blame Climate Change","publishDate":1539901546,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Where Have All the Critters Gone? Blame Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Insect populations in the tropics are facing a crisis as global warming drives up temperatures, causing a 98 percent decline in their numbers over the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em>which suggests that climate change is disrupting the global ecosystem at an accelerating pace.[contextly_sidebar id=”9X7r6vwdGlQwE6EW5F7mPjMQyBkzzvYq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worse, the study concludes that the problem is more widespread than scientists realized, with global warming triggering a “bottom-up” domino effect and resulting collapse of the forest food web, as insect-eating animals dwindle, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the consequences of a collapsed food web would have serious ramifications for the future stability of tropical ecosystems, which house two-thirds of the Earth’s species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disruption in the tropical food web would also have catastrophic repercussions for the global ecosystem, according to lead author Bradford Lister, a biologist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rpi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.[contextly_sidebar id=”mSktpCB1i441tT4oxSnPqod1JuM7uE3q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.[contextly_sidebar id=”1RyDiECBYd2XPdCCn5lKDTdBRjEj2VzP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dramatic declines in insect populations are causing the rainforest's food web to collapse. A new study says the problem is worse than scientists previously thought.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927374,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1040},"headData":{"title":"Where Have All the Critters Gone? Blame Climate Change | KQED","description":"Dramatic declines in insect populations are causing the rainforest's food web to collapse. A new study says the problem is worse than scientists previously thought.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1932901/where-have-all-the-critters-gone-blame-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Insect populations in the tropics are facing a crisis as global warming drives up temperatures, causing a 98 percent decline in their numbers over the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em>which suggests that climate change is disrupting the global ecosystem at an accelerating pace.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worse, the study concludes that the problem is more widespread than scientists realized, with global warming triggering a “bottom-up” domino effect and resulting collapse of the forest food web, as insect-eating animals dwindle, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the consequences of a collapsed food web would have serious ramifications for the future stability of tropical ecosystems, which house two-thirds of the Earth’s species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disruption in the tropical food web would also have catastrophic repercussions for the global ecosystem, according to lead author Bradford Lister, a biologist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rpi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1932901/where-have-all-the-critters-gone-blame-climate-change","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_2874","science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1120","science_896","science_194","science_3370","science_157"],"featImg":"science_1933074","label":"source_science_1932901"},"science_1928378":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928378","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928378","score":null,"sort":[1533646829000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-this-bee-build-her-bee-jeweled-nest","title":"Watch This Bee Build Her Bee-jeweled Nest","publishDate":1533646829,"format":"video","headTitle":"Watch This Bee Build Her Bee-jeweled Nest | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]A new type of bee is buzzing through California’s orchards. And researchers are hoping that the iridescent, greenish insect may help provide a more efficient way to pollinate nuts and fruits in an era when traditional honeybees have struggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike honeybees, blue orchard bees don’t sting humans. And instead of building large colonies with thousands of worker bees caring for eggs laid by a queen bee, female blue orchard bees work alone to build their nests and stock them with food. They’re solitary bees, like most of the 4,000 species of bees in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928806\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_FLIES_AWAY_FM_FLOWER_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_FLIES_AWAY_FM_FLOWER_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee forages for nectar and pollen on lacy phacelia flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/How-to-Manage-the-Blue-Orchard-Bee\">Blue orchard bees\u003c/a>, which are native to the United States, are of increasing interest to scientists, government agencies and farmers for their ability to pollinate almonds, sweet cherries and other tree fruits more efficiently than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, I think, the moment for these bees to shine,” said entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person/?person-id=51460\">Natalie Boyle\u003c/a>, who studies blue orchard bees at the United States Department of Agriculture in Logan, Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyle works with almond growers in California, whose crop is worth $5.2 billion a year and who rely heavily on honeybees to pollinate their orchards every February. Research has found that 400 female blue orchard bees are as effective at pollinating almonds as the more than 10,000 bees in a honeybee hive, said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So for California almonds, they typically use two honeybee hives per acre,” she said. “The strategy that we’ve been trying to promote is instead of relying on two hives per acre, why don’t we bring down the stocking rate to one hive per acre plus 400 female blue orchard bees per acre?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 40 and 50 percent of honeybee colonies die each year around the country, according to the yearly \u003ca href=\"https://beeinformed.org/aphis/\">National Honey Bee Survey\u003c/a>, carried out by universities with the sponsorship of the USDA and the California Almond Board, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of beekeepers’ operations have been under a lot of duress for a multitude of factors: moving stress, pesticide exposure, varroa mites, viruses,” said Boyle. “You name it, these bees have had to go through it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding other bees that could work side by side with honeybees could offer what she calls “pollination insurance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we don’t want to put all of our eggs in this one pollination basket,” she said, referring to honeybees, “and we can diversify the suite of pollinators that are available to us for improved food security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers around the country are trying to learn everything they can about blue orchard bees’ ability to build intricate nests and pollinate almond and fruit orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928821\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_CLIMBS_INTO_NEST_TUBE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928821\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_CLIMBS_INTO_NEST_TUBE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee climbs into her nest at UC Davis. Researchers have given these bees 6-inch straws to build their nests in. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside a 10-foot-by-10-foot mesh cage at the UC Davis bee research facility, Ph.D. student \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Sr_KkxbHs\">Clara Stuligross\u003c/a> stared at a block of wood with holes in it, each hole the width of a pencil and about 6 inches long. She had slipped a white paper straw in each one. All day long throughout May and June, she kept a close watch on the bees – all females – as they climbed in and flew out of the straws to build their nests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the wild they would nest in maybe beetle burrows or hollow twigs or things like that,” said Stuligross. “But they take really well to these human-made drill holes in blocks. And we put the straws in just so we can take the straw out and look and monitor their nesting progression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the wooden nest block, Stuligross had dug a hole in the dirt and mixed in some water. Blue orchard bees are masons that use mud to build their nests. They scrape the wet earth and form a ball of mud with two huge pincerlike tools on their face called mandibles. Then they carry the mud into their nest, in this case a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928808\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COLLECTS_MUD_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928808\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COLLECTS_MUD_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue orchard bee collects wet earth that it will carry back to a hole to build its nest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stuligross painted each bee so she could keep track of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need to see which mother bee is associated with which offspring,” she said. “So I need to know exactly which hole each of them is nesting in every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stuligross wants to figure out how successful the bees are at egg-laying, given the amount of insecticide she sprayed in the cage and the number of flowers she planted for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside its nest, the bee builds a wall of mud. Then it climbs out and flies from flower to flower drinking nectar and gathering pollen. Stuligross planted nutritious purple flowers called lacy phacelia for the bees. Each flower has several long anthers sticking out; the tip of each one is covered in purple pollen. The bee grabs the anthers with its legs and rubs the pollen onto hairs on its abdomen called scopa, which make them really good pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their bellies are very hairy,” said Stuligross, “and the pollen will stick to their bellies once they scrape it off the flower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928843\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female blue orchard bees rub pollen onto hairs on their abdomen called scopa, which make them really good pollinators. This bee has purple pollen on its hairs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they land on another flower, the pollen from the first flower rubs off onto the second flower as they vigorously forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s up all over that blossom. I mean she’s landing on top of it, she’s crawling between the anthers, over the top of the pistil,” said Boyle. “It’s really entertaining to watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a bee climbs back into her nest, she scrapes the remaining pollen off her body and mixes it with a little regurgitated nectar to make a pollen ball next to the mud wall. On this ball she lays a single egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeats this several times in her narrow nest until she has made seven or eight little chambers separated by mud walls. Each chamber holds an egg in it, growing on a ball of pollen called a pollen provision. When she’s done, the bee seals the nest with more mud that she smoothes out with her legs and mandibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COVERS_NEST_ENTRANCE_W_MUD_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928815\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COVERS_NEST_ENTRANCE_W_MUD_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee covers the entrance to her nest with mud. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stuligross carefully sliced through one of the paper straws to reveal the nest inside. The cross-section of the nest showed the bee’s incredible craftsmanship. The mud walls and purple pollen balls arranged sequentially made the nest look like a piece of jewelry. A female blue orchard bee is only active for four to six weeks in the spring, during which she mates and then lays about 15 eggs in two nests. At the end of this reproductive season, she dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928827\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1081\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue orchard bee’s nest, built inside a straw, looks like a piece of jewelry. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the eggs hatch inside the nest, a white larva in each chamber spends three weeks fattening up on its pollen provision, the purple lunchbox its mother bee packed for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928807\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_LARVA_EATS_POLLEN_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928807\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_LARVA_EATS_POLLEN_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue orchard bee larva feeds on a purple pollen ball inside a nest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still in the safety of the nest, the well-fed larva spins a cocoon inside which it grows into a pupa and then an adult. The following spring, the adult bee chews its way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These portable nests make it easy for scientists and growers to move the bees in and out of orchards. They can open up the nests, remove the cocoons and keep them in a temperature-controlled incubator until an orchard is in bloom, Boyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_EMERGES_FM_COCOON.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_EMERGES_FM_COCOON.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee emerges from a cocoon after chewing its way out. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Blue orchard bees are particularly good at pollinating almonds and tree fruits like cherries and apples because they love foraging in their flowers or, as Boyle puts it, the bee “has a high fidelity to orchard crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re particularly well-suited to pollinate almonds, which are in bloom in February, when it’s chilly in California’s Central Valley, because they will fly around and forage at a cooler temperature than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, some California growers are using blue orchard bees in their almond orchards, and sweet cherry farmers in California and Washington state are also bringing them onto their fields, said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But challenges remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue orchard bees reproduce slowly. While a queen honeybee can lay 500 eggs a day, a blue orchard bee lays only about 15 eggs in her entire lifetime of one year, said Boyle. So there just aren’t that many blue orchard bees around, which makes them expensive for growers, at about $1.50 per female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an almond grower, for example, wanted to replace one honeybee hive with 400 blue orchard bees, that would cost $600 as opposed to a $200 honeybee hive rental fee. And that’s if the blue orchard bees were available at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bulk of the supply right now is coming from wild-trapped populations of blue orchard bees, often times on federal land, which isn’t even legal,” said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_SIPS_NECTAR_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928834\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_SIPS_NECTAR_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee sips nectar from a lacy phacelia flower at UC Davis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the largest almond grower in the world \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-promising-backup-to-the-honeybee-is-shut-down/\">ended its blue orchard bee reproduction experiments in California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t think they found it to be profitable,” said Boyle, who as a USDA researcher worked with the company, Wonderful Orchards, on its blue orchard bee efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solitary bees that they are, blue orchard bees tend to go off on their own. They’re not like honeybees, which return to the hive each day. So there’s no way to guarantee that a farmer will end up with nests that contain a similar number of bees than they originally released on their land. This forces them to buy new bees each year, an expensive proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to figure out how to keep these bees on the land, attracting them with abundant food, for example. Boyle and her colleagues have made some progress. For the third year in a row, they have released 275 blue orchard bees per acre into tart cherry orchards in Utah, and retrieved a similar number of bees at the end of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think these tart cherries that we have them in are an excellent target crop for blue orchard bees,” said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also excited to start research on their use in pear orchards in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a lot of ways,” said Boyle, “I feel like we’re still working as pioneers for this industry.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The blue orchard bee builds intricate nests from mud, and can pollinate almonds better than honeybees can.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927600,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":1896},"headData":{"title":"Watch This Bee Build Her Bee-jeweled Nest | KQED","description":"The blue orchard bee builds intricate nests from mud, and can pollinate almonds better than honeybees can.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/oPbH1YhsdP8","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1928378/watch-this-bee-build-her-bee-jeweled-nest","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A new type of bee is buzzing through California’s orchards. And researchers are hoping that the iridescent, greenish insect may help provide a more efficient way to pollinate nuts and fruits in an era when traditional honeybees have struggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike honeybees, blue orchard bees don’t sting humans. And instead of building large colonies with thousands of worker bees caring for eggs laid by a queen bee, female blue orchard bees work alone to build their nests and stock them with food. They’re solitary bees, like most of the 4,000 species of bees in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928806\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_FLIES_AWAY_FM_FLOWER_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_FLIES_AWAY_FM_FLOWER_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee forages for nectar and pollen on lacy phacelia flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/How-to-Manage-the-Blue-Orchard-Bee\">Blue orchard bees\u003c/a>, which are native to the United States, are of increasing interest to scientists, government agencies and farmers for their ability to pollinate almonds, sweet cherries and other tree fruits more efficiently than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, I think, the moment for these bees to shine,” said entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person/?person-id=51460\">Natalie Boyle\u003c/a>, who studies blue orchard bees at the United States Department of Agriculture in Logan, Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyle works with almond growers in California, whose crop is worth $5.2 billion a year and who rely heavily on honeybees to pollinate their orchards every February. Research has found that 400 female blue orchard bees are as effective at pollinating almonds as the more than 10,000 bees in a honeybee hive, said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So for California almonds, they typically use two honeybee hives per acre,” she said. “The strategy that we’ve been trying to promote is instead of relying on two hives per acre, why don’t we bring down the stocking rate to one hive per acre plus 400 female blue orchard bees per acre?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 40 and 50 percent of honeybee colonies die each year around the country, according to the yearly \u003ca href=\"https://beeinformed.org/aphis/\">National Honey Bee Survey\u003c/a>, carried out by universities with the sponsorship of the USDA and the California Almond Board, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of beekeepers’ operations have been under a lot of duress for a multitude of factors: moving stress, pesticide exposure, varroa mites, viruses,” said Boyle. “You name it, these bees have had to go through it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding other bees that could work side by side with honeybees could offer what she calls “pollination insurance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we don’t want to put all of our eggs in this one pollination basket,” she said, referring to honeybees, “and we can diversify the suite of pollinators that are available to us for improved food security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers around the country are trying to learn everything they can about blue orchard bees’ ability to build intricate nests and pollinate almond and fruit orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928821\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_CLIMBS_INTO_NEST_TUBE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928821\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_CLIMBS_INTO_NEST_TUBE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee climbs into her nest at UC Davis. Researchers have given these bees 6-inch straws to build their nests in. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside a 10-foot-by-10-foot mesh cage at the UC Davis bee research facility, Ph.D. student \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Sr_KkxbHs\">Clara Stuligross\u003c/a> stared at a block of wood with holes in it, each hole the width of a pencil and about 6 inches long. She had slipped a white paper straw in each one. All day long throughout May and June, she kept a close watch on the bees – all females – as they climbed in and flew out of the straws to build their nests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the wild they would nest in maybe beetle burrows or hollow twigs or things like that,” said Stuligross. “But they take really well to these human-made drill holes in blocks. And we put the straws in just so we can take the straw out and look and monitor their nesting progression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the wooden nest block, Stuligross had dug a hole in the dirt and mixed in some water. Blue orchard bees are masons that use mud to build their nests. They scrape the wet earth and form a ball of mud with two huge pincerlike tools on their face called mandibles. Then they carry the mud into their nest, in this case a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928808\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COLLECTS_MUD_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928808\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COLLECTS_MUD_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue orchard bee collects wet earth that it will carry back to a hole to build its nest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stuligross painted each bee so she could keep track of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need to see which mother bee is associated with which offspring,” she said. “So I need to know exactly which hole each of them is nesting in every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stuligross wants to figure out how successful the bees are at egg-laying, given the amount of insecticide she sprayed in the cage and the number of flowers she planted for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside its nest, the bee builds a wall of mud. Then it climbs out and flies from flower to flower drinking nectar and gathering pollen. Stuligross planted nutritious purple flowers called lacy phacelia for the bees. Each flower has several long anthers sticking out; the tip of each one is covered in purple pollen. The bee grabs the anthers with its legs and rubs the pollen onto hairs on its abdomen called scopa, which make them really good pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their bellies are very hairy,” said Stuligross, “and the pollen will stick to their bellies once they scrape it off the flower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928843\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_SCOPA_NO_LABEL-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female blue orchard bees rub pollen onto hairs on their abdomen called scopa, which make them really good pollinators. This bee has purple pollen on its hairs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they land on another flower, the pollen from the first flower rubs off onto the second flower as they vigorously forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s up all over that blossom. I mean she’s landing on top of it, she’s crawling between the anthers, over the top of the pistil,” said Boyle. “It’s really entertaining to watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a bee climbs back into her nest, she scrapes the remaining pollen off her body and mixes it with a little regurgitated nectar to make a pollen ball next to the mud wall. On this ball she lays a single egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeats this several times in her narrow nest until she has made seven or eight little chambers separated by mud walls. Each chamber holds an egg in it, growing on a ball of pollen called a pollen provision. When she’s done, the bee seals the nest with more mud that she smoothes out with her legs and mandibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COVERS_NEST_ENTRANCE_W_MUD_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928815\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_COVERS_NEST_ENTRANCE_W_MUD_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee covers the entrance to her nest with mud. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stuligross carefully sliced through one of the paper straws to reveal the nest inside. The cross-section of the nest showed the bee’s incredible craftsmanship. The mud walls and purple pollen balls arranged sequentially made the nest look like a piece of jewelry. A female blue orchard bee is only active for four to six weeks in the spring, during which she mates and then lays about 15 eggs in two nests. At the end of this reproductive season, she dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928827\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1081\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_NEST-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue orchard bee’s nest, built inside a straw, looks like a piece of jewelry. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the eggs hatch inside the nest, a white larva in each chamber spends three weeks fattening up on its pollen provision, the purple lunchbox its mother bee packed for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928807\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_LARVA_EATS_POLLEN_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928807\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_LARVA_EATS_POLLEN_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue orchard bee larva feeds on a purple pollen ball inside a nest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still in the safety of the nest, the well-fed larva spins a cocoon inside which it grows into a pupa and then an adult. The following spring, the adult bee chews its way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These portable nests make it easy for scientists and growers to move the bees in and out of orchards. They can open up the nests, remove the cocoons and keep them in a temperature-controlled incubator until an orchard is in bloom, Boyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_EMERGES_FM_COCOON.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_EMERGES_FM_COCOON.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee emerges from a cocoon after chewing its way out. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Blue orchard bees are particularly good at pollinating almonds and tree fruits like cherries and apples because they love foraging in their flowers or, as Boyle puts it, the bee “has a high fidelity to orchard crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re particularly well-suited to pollinate almonds, which are in bloom in February, when it’s chilly in California’s Central Valley, because they will fly around and forage at a cooler temperature than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, some California growers are using blue orchard bees in their almond orchards, and sweet cherry farmers in California and Washington state are also bringing them onto their fields, said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But challenges remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue orchard bees reproduce slowly. While a queen honeybee can lay 500 eggs a day, a blue orchard bee lays only about 15 eggs in her entire lifetime of one year, said Boyle. So there just aren’t that many blue orchard bees around, which makes them expensive for growers, at about $1.50 per female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an almond grower, for example, wanted to replace one honeybee hive with 400 blue orchard bees, that would cost $600 as opposed to a $200 honeybee hive rental fee. And that’s if the blue orchard bees were available at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bulk of the supply right now is coming from wild-trapped populations of blue orchard bees, often times on federal land, which isn’t even legal,” said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_SIPS_NECTAR_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928834\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL_514BlueOrchardBees_BEE_SIPS_NECTAR_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female blue orchard bee sips nectar from a lacy phacelia flower at UC Davis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the largest almond grower in the world \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-promising-backup-to-the-honeybee-is-shut-down/\">ended its blue orchard bee reproduction experiments in California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t think they found it to be profitable,” said Boyle, who as a USDA researcher worked with the company, Wonderful Orchards, on its blue orchard bee efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solitary bees that they are, blue orchard bees tend to go off on their own. They’re not like honeybees, which return to the hive each day. So there’s no way to guarantee that a farmer will end up with nests that contain a similar number of bees than they originally released on their land. This forces them to buy new bees each year, an expensive proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to figure out how to keep these bees on the land, attracting them with abundant food, for example. Boyle and her colleagues have made some progress. For the third year in a row, they have released 275 blue orchard bees per acre into tart cherry orchards in Utah, and retrieved a similar number of bees at the end of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think these tart cherries that we have them in are an excellent target crop for blue orchard bees,” said Boyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also excited to start research on their use in pear orchards in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a lot of ways,” said Boyle, “I feel like we’re still working as pioneers for this industry.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928378/watch-this-bee-build-her-bee-jeweled-nest","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_86"],"tags":["science_896","science_1970","science_3370"],"featImg":"science_1928379","label":"science_1935"},"science_635312":{"type":"posts","id":"science_635312","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"635312","score":null,"sort":[1460494496000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"home-and-garden-giant-ditches-class-of-pesticides-that-may-harm-bees","title":"Home and Garden Giant Ditches Class of Pesticides That May Harm Bees","publishDate":1460494496,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Home and Garden Giant Ditches Class of Pesticides That May Harm Bees | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A leading brand of home and garden pest-control products says it will stop using a class of pesticides linked to the decline of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho, part of the Miracle-Gro family, says the decision to drop the use of the chemicals—called neonicotinoids, or neonics for short—comes after considering the range of possible threats to bees and other pollinators.[contextly_sidebar id=”AvJSPAaUE3AG7sVZOHNnrQcCSt8dKy7C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While agencies in the U.S. are still evaluating the overall impact of neonics on pollinator populations, it’s time for Ortho to move on,” says Tim Martin, the general manager of the Ortho Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes on the heels of state legislation passed by the Maryland General Assembly to restrict the sales of retail home and garden products that contain neonics. The bill is now before Gov. Larry Hogan; his office tells us that he is currently reviewing it. Other states are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/pollinator-health.aspx\">studying\u003c/a> pollinator health and considering action, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, neonics are widely used in agriculture. Currently, at \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf\">the direction\u003c/a> of the Obama administration, the Environmental Protection Agency is assessing the effect of neonicotinoid insecticides on the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that neonics can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/24/457130929/as-beekeepers-lose-more-hives-time-for-new-rules-on-pesticides\">negatively influence bee health\u003c/a> and may make bees more vulnerable to mites and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the amount of neonics used in home lawn-and-garden products is dwarfed by what farmers use on crops. But Delegate \u003ca href=\"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa12238.html\">Anne Healey\u003c/a> of Maryland, a sponsor of the \u003ca href=\"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&stab=01&id=sb0198&tab=subject3&ys=2016RS\">Pollinator Protection Act\u003c/a>, says it’s still important to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping this [legislation] will raise awareness” of the decline of pollinators, Healey told us. “In Maryland we experienced a 60 percent loss in bee colonies in one year,” Healey says. Although the beekeepers have been able to rebuild their colonies, “overall, it’s clearly a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, there are a host of issues linked to pollinator decline — from a loss of foraging habitat to the varroa mite to climate change. And neonics manufacturers, such as Bayer Crop Science, have \u003ca href=\"http://feedabee.com/\">focused on efforts\u003c/a> such as planting more wildflowers and rebuilding habitat where bees and pollinators can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry maintains that the products it manufactures are safe for bees both in agriculture and in home and garden settings. “The products that contain neonicotinoids are safe for use by homeowners and professionals,” says Karen Reardon of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pestfacts.org/\">RISE\u003c/a>, a trade association that represents manufacturers, formulators and distributors of specialty pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho has already begun to phase out neonics. The company tells us that some products will be reformulated or discontinued by 2017. The company says it will complete its phaseout of neonics in outdoor products by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Home+And+Garden+Giant+Ditches+Class+Of+Pesticides+That+May+Harm+Bees&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ortho is part of the Miracle-Gro family. The company says it decided to phase out neonics from its home and garden products after reviewing possible threats posed to bees and other pollinators.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930366,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":486},"headData":{"title":"Home and Garden Giant Ditches Class of Pesticides That May Harm Bees | KQED","description":"Ortho is part of the Miracle-Gro family. The company says it decided to phase out neonics from its home and garden products after reviewing possible threats posed to bees and other pollinators.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Allison Aubrey","nprByline":"Allison Aubrey\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"473953151","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=473953151&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/04/12/473953151/home-and-garden-giant-ditches-class-of-pesticides-that-may-harm-bees?ft=nprml&f=473953151","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 12 Apr 2016 15:21:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 12 Apr 2016 12:10:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 12 Apr 2016 15:21:58 -0400","path":"/science/635312/home-and-garden-giant-ditches-class-of-pesticides-that-may-harm-bees","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A leading brand of home and garden pest-control products says it will stop using a class of pesticides linked to the decline of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho, part of the Miracle-Gro family, says the decision to drop the use of the chemicals—called neonicotinoids, or neonics for short—comes after considering the range of possible threats to bees and other pollinators.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While agencies in the U.S. are still evaluating the overall impact of neonics on pollinator populations, it’s time for Ortho to move on,” says Tim Martin, the general manager of the Ortho Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes on the heels of state legislation passed by the Maryland General Assembly to restrict the sales of retail home and garden products that contain neonics. The bill is now before Gov. Larry Hogan; his office tells us that he is currently reviewing it. Other states are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/pollinator-health.aspx\">studying\u003c/a> pollinator health and considering action, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, neonics are widely used in agriculture. Currently, at \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf\">the direction\u003c/a> of the Obama administration, the Environmental Protection Agency is assessing the effect of neonicotinoid insecticides on the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that neonics can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/24/457130929/as-beekeepers-lose-more-hives-time-for-new-rules-on-pesticides\">negatively influence bee health\u003c/a> and may make bees more vulnerable to mites and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the amount of neonics used in home lawn-and-garden products is dwarfed by what farmers use on crops. But Delegate \u003ca href=\"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa12238.html\">Anne Healey\u003c/a> of Maryland, a sponsor of the \u003ca href=\"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&stab=01&id=sb0198&tab=subject3&ys=2016RS\">Pollinator Protection Act\u003c/a>, says it’s still important to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping this [legislation] will raise awareness” of the decline of pollinators, Healey told us. “In Maryland we experienced a 60 percent loss in bee colonies in one year,” Healey says. Although the beekeepers have been able to rebuild their colonies, “overall, it’s clearly a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, there are a host of issues linked to pollinator decline — from a loss of foraging habitat to the varroa mite to climate change. And neonics manufacturers, such as Bayer Crop Science, have \u003ca href=\"http://feedabee.com/\">focused on efforts\u003c/a> such as planting more wildflowers and rebuilding habitat where bees and pollinators can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry maintains that the products it manufactures are safe for bees both in agriculture and in home and garden settings. “The products that contain neonicotinoids are safe for use by homeowners and professionals,” says Karen Reardon of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pestfacts.org/\">RISE\u003c/a>, a trade association that represents manufacturers, formulators and distributors of specialty pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho has already begun to phase out neonics. The company tells us that some products will be reformulated or discontinued by 2017. The company says it will complete its phaseout of neonics in outdoor products by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Home+And+Garden+Giant+Ditches+Class+Of+Pesticides+That+May+Harm+Bees&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/635312/home-and-garden-giant-ditches-class-of-pesticides-that-may-harm-bees","authors":["byline_science_635312"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_896","science_521"],"featImg":"science_635313","label":"source_science_635312"},"science_457006":{"type":"posts","id":"science_457006","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"457006","score":null,"sort":[1452141911000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"epa-confirms-controversial-pesticide-harms-bees","title":"EPA Confirms Controversial Pesticide Can Harm Bees","publishDate":1452141911,"format":"standard","headTitle":"EPA Confirms Controversial Pesticide Can Harm Bees | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you follow bees, you’ve likely heard of a class of pesticides called neonicotinoids. They’re supposed to be safer for humans, because they’re often applied to seeds rather than sprayed directly on plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’ve become a flashpoint for beekeepers and environmental groups, who argue the pesticides have conributed to widespread collapse of bee colonies, and who’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-bees-lawsuit-idUSBRE92K13320130321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued federal regulators\u003c/a> for not protecting bees from the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/240844319″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the California Department for Pesticide Regulation, has released its \u003ca href=\"http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first assessment \u003c/a>of one of those chemicals, imidacloprid. Essentially, the report found that pesticide residues in the nectar and pollen of certain crops, like citrus and cotton, pose a risk to bees. But residue on other crops, like corn and leafy vegetables, did not pose significant risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That angers Steve Ellis, who says he watches his bees get sick when the chemical is used on nearby cornfields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see dead bees in the bee yard, on the bottom board and pallets, with their hives. And on their backs, with their legs going a mile a minute,” says Ellis, who’s preparing to move his hives from Minnesota to California’s Central Valley, as he does each winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0pdUgag92D7Mi809O85hcVThPdZvxzTB”]Beekeepers have been complaining about the effects of neonicotinoids for more than a decade, and beekeepers like Ellis say it’s time to take some strong action to regulate the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just way too long, way too slow, and it’s unacceptable,” says Ellis. “And I believe they were overly-reliant on industry-funded studies, and industry-run studies, and that’s always problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/reevaluation/chemicals/neonicotinoids.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Pesticide Regulation\u003c/a> confirms that it asked the manufacturers of these pesticides to conduct tests, although independent government scientists verified the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer Crop Sciences, the company that manufactures imidocloprid, said in a statement that new studies continue to confirm that neonicotinoids are safe for bees and other pollinators when used appropriately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will review the EPA document,” the statement reads, “but at first glance it appears to overestimate the potential for harmful exposures in certain crops, such as citrus and cotton, while ignoring the important benefits these products provide and management practices to protect bees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers applied imidocloprid to about 1.5 million acres of crops in California in 2013, mostly on grapes, tomatoes, oranges, and cotton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the EPA found a risk to bees when the pesticide is used on citrus worries Bob Blakely, vice president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Citrus Mutual.\u003c/a> The trade group represents most of the state’s orange and lemon growers. Blakely says he doesn’t want to see regulators ban imidocloprid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will force us to go back to some of the older chemistry, the harsher chemicals that the activist community has rallied against for years,” says Blakely. “It would actually be a step backwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blakely is particularly concerned because imidocloprid is used to control the Asian Citrus Psyllid, which threatens the state’s $2 billion citrus industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the same day the EPA released its report, \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/beekeepers-farmers-and-public-interest-groups-sue-epa-over-failed-oversight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beekeepers again sued the agency\u003c/a> for not regulating neonicotinoid’s use as a seed coating on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EPA can’t bury its head in the sand any longer,” says Marcia Ishii-Eiteman, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>. “Seed coatings are just the latest delivery device of pesticide corporations that pose a threat to pollinators and the food system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: In 2012, Sasha Khokha ventured into an almond orchard near Modesto at night \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201202170850/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to report on\u003c/a> a new class of pesticides that worried beekeepers. She gets stung way too many times, questions independent researchers who were evaluating the chemicals and talks with a representative from Bayer Crop Sciences, who manufactures them.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new report evaluates how residues of a controversial type of pesticide, known as a neonicotinoid, affect bee health.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930823,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":716},"headData":{"title":"EPA Confirms Controversial Pesticide Can Harm Bees | KQED","description":"A new report evaluates how residues of a controversial type of pesticide, known as a neonicotinoid, affect bee health.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"KQED Science","sticky":false,"path":"/science/457006/epa-confirms-controversial-pesticide-harms-bees","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you follow bees, you’ve likely heard of a class of pesticides called neonicotinoids. They’re supposed to be safer for humans, because they’re often applied to seeds rather than sprayed directly on plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’ve become a flashpoint for beekeepers and environmental groups, who argue the pesticides have conributed to widespread collapse of bee colonies, and who’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-bees-lawsuit-idUSBRE92K13320130321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued federal regulators\u003c/a> for not protecting bees from the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/240844319″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/240844319″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the California Department for Pesticide Regulation, has released its \u003ca href=\"http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first assessment \u003c/a>of one of those chemicals, imidacloprid. Essentially, the report found that pesticide residues in the nectar and pollen of certain crops, like citrus and cotton, pose a risk to bees. But residue on other crops, like corn and leafy vegetables, did not pose significant risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That angers Steve Ellis, who says he watches his bees get sick when the chemical is used on nearby cornfields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see dead bees in the bee yard, on the bottom board and pallets, with their hives. And on their backs, with their legs going a mile a minute,” says Ellis, who’s preparing to move his hives from Minnesota to California’s Central Valley, as he does each winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Beekeepers have been complaining about the effects of neonicotinoids for more than a decade, and beekeepers like Ellis say it’s time to take some strong action to regulate the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just way too long, way too slow, and it’s unacceptable,” says Ellis. “And I believe they were overly-reliant on industry-funded studies, and industry-run studies, and that’s always problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/reevaluation/chemicals/neonicotinoids.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Pesticide Regulation\u003c/a> confirms that it asked the manufacturers of these pesticides to conduct tests, although independent government scientists verified the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer Crop Sciences, the company that manufactures imidocloprid, said in a statement that new studies continue to confirm that neonicotinoids are safe for bees and other pollinators when used appropriately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will review the EPA document,” the statement reads, “but at first glance it appears to overestimate the potential for harmful exposures in certain crops, such as citrus and cotton, while ignoring the important benefits these products provide and management practices to protect bees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers applied imidocloprid to about 1.5 million acres of crops in California in 2013, mostly on grapes, tomatoes, oranges, and cotton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the EPA found a risk to bees when the pesticide is used on citrus worries Bob Blakely, vice president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Citrus Mutual.\u003c/a> The trade group represents most of the state’s orange and lemon growers. Blakely says he doesn’t want to see regulators ban imidocloprid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will force us to go back to some of the older chemistry, the harsher chemicals that the activist community has rallied against for years,” says Blakely. “It would actually be a step backwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blakely is particularly concerned because imidocloprid is used to control the Asian Citrus Psyllid, which threatens the state’s $2 billion citrus industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the same day the EPA released its report, \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/beekeepers-farmers-and-public-interest-groups-sue-epa-over-failed-oversight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beekeepers again sued the agency\u003c/a> for not regulating neonicotinoid’s use as a seed coating on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EPA can’t bury its head in the sand any longer,” says Marcia Ishii-Eiteman, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>. “Seed coatings are just the latest delivery device of pesticide corporations that pose a threat to pollinators and the food system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: In 2012, Sasha Khokha ventured into an almond orchard near Modesto at night \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201202170850/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to report on\u003c/a> a new class of pesticides that worried beekeepers. She gets stung way too many times, questions independent researchers who were evaluating the chemicals and talks with a representative from Bayer Crop Sciences, who manufactures them.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/457006/epa-confirms-controversial-pesticide-harms-bees","authors":["254"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_896","science_2080","science_2824"],"featImg":"science_457345","label":"source_science_457006"},"science_28118":{"type":"posts","id":"science_28118","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"28118","score":null,"sort":[1426555014000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bee-decline-linked-to-a-combination-of-stressors","title":"Bee Decline Linked to a Combination of Stressors","publishDate":1426555014,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bee Decline Linked to a Combination of Stressors | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28121\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28121 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\" alt=\"There is concern that native bees and honeybee population declines could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There is concern that the decline in native bee and honeybee populations could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the clear warm days we’ve just enjoyed and more to come, our gardens and parks have been buzzing with pollinators: bees and Anna’s hummingbirds. Searching out the newly blooming flowers for nectar and pollen, the insects and birds point to spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and naturalists are concerned, though, about the decline in honeybee and native bee populations. Every third bite of our food is pollinated by bees, and the value of pollination services from wild pollinators in the U.S. alone is estimated at $4 billion to $6 billion per year, according to the \u003ca title=\"Great Sunflower Project website\" href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/node/1000090\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A February \u003ca title=\"Science Magazine abstract, Bee Declines\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/25/science.1255957.abstract\">review for Science Magazine\u003c/a>, co-authored by University of Sussex biology professor Dave Goulson, notes that bee populations are falling because of the combined stressors of pesticides, parasites, and a decline in the abundance and variety of flowers. The review says climate change is likely to exacerbate all of these problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28119\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has pinpointed a class of widely used insecticides called \u003ca title=\"Harvard, Neonicotinoids and Bee Colony Collapse\" href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/study-strengthens-link-between-neonicotinoids-and-collapse-of-honey-bee-colonies/\">neonicotinoids as likely culprits\u003c/a> for the collapse of honeybee colonies. At certain levels of exposure, these chemicals can poison bees, and at lower levels, they can weaken bees’ immune systems, making them more susceptible to infection and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even home gardeners who want to cultivate bee-friendly habitats may unknowingly expose bees to these insecticides. Tests on common garden plants and seeds marketed as “bee-friendly,” and purchased from commercial retailers around the country, found more than half of them had been treated with neonicotinoids, according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/system/storage/877/60/a/3130/Gardeners_beware_report_8-13-13_final_updated.pdf\">Friends of the Earth report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goulson’s study suggests some steps we can take immediately to help bees, as well as save our food supply. “Incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted,” the study says. “Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\" width=\"297\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>, started in 2008, is one way anyone can assist with monitoring bees and improving their habitat. It has some resources to help you assess your garden for pollinator-friendly plants, as well as find retailers who provide pesticide-free plants and seeds. You don’t have to be an expert to participate in the Project. Everyone, including school kids, can sign up and log their observation data into the organization’s nationwide system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has a very high participation rate, with many folks contributing to pollinator knowledge. It’s easy to get started, too — just a commitment of five to fifteen minutes of observation and then enter your findings online. Whether you monitor your yard or nearby open space for pollinator activity or simply get out to enjoy the nice days ahead, I hope you’ll notice the busy pollinators at work around us.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's plenty you can do, however, to help honeybees, from observations you can make when watching pollinators to what you plant in your garden. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932134,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":553},"headData":{"title":"Bee Decline Linked to a Combination of Stressors | KQED","description":"There's plenty you can do, however, to help honeybees, from observations you can make when watching pollinators to what you plant in your garden. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/28118/bee-decline-linked-to-a-combination-of-stressors","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28121\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28121 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\" alt=\"There is concern that native bees and honeybee population declines could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There is concern that the decline in native bee and honeybee populations could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the clear warm days we’ve just enjoyed and more to come, our gardens and parks have been buzzing with pollinators: bees and Anna’s hummingbirds. Searching out the newly blooming flowers for nectar and pollen, the insects and birds point to spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and naturalists are concerned, though, about the decline in honeybee and native bee populations. Every third bite of our food is pollinated by bees, and the value of pollination services from wild pollinators in the U.S. alone is estimated at $4 billion to $6 billion per year, according to the \u003ca title=\"Great Sunflower Project website\" href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/node/1000090\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A February \u003ca title=\"Science Magazine abstract, Bee Declines\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/25/science.1255957.abstract\">review for Science Magazine\u003c/a>, co-authored by University of Sussex biology professor Dave Goulson, notes that bee populations are falling because of the combined stressors of pesticides, parasites, and a decline in the abundance and variety of flowers. The review says climate change is likely to exacerbate all of these problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28119\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has pinpointed a class of widely used insecticides called \u003ca title=\"Harvard, Neonicotinoids and Bee Colony Collapse\" href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/study-strengthens-link-between-neonicotinoids-and-collapse-of-honey-bee-colonies/\">neonicotinoids as likely culprits\u003c/a> for the collapse of honeybee colonies. At certain levels of exposure, these chemicals can poison bees, and at lower levels, they can weaken bees’ immune systems, making them more susceptible to infection and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even home gardeners who want to cultivate bee-friendly habitats may unknowingly expose bees to these insecticides. Tests on common garden plants and seeds marketed as “bee-friendly,” and purchased from commercial retailers around the country, found more than half of them had been treated with neonicotinoids, according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/system/storage/877/60/a/3130/Gardeners_beware_report_8-13-13_final_updated.pdf\">Friends of the Earth report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goulson’s study suggests some steps we can take immediately to help bees, as well as save our food supply. “Incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted,” the study says. “Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\" width=\"297\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>, started in 2008, is one way anyone can assist with monitoring bees and improving their habitat. It has some resources to help you assess your garden for pollinator-friendly plants, as well as find retailers who provide pesticide-free plants and seeds. You don’t have to be an expert to participate in the Project. Everyone, including school kids, can sign up and log their observation data into the organization’s nationwide system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has a very high participation rate, with many folks contributing to pollinator knowledge. It’s easy to get started, too — just a commitment of five to fifteen minutes of observation and then enter your findings online. Whether you monitor your yard or nearby open space for pollinator activity or simply get out to enjoy the nice days ahead, I hope you’ll notice the busy pollinators at work around us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/28118/bee-decline-linked-to-a-combination-of-stressors","authors":["6328"],"categories":["science_30"],"tags":["science_896","science_454"],"featImg":"science_28121","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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