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General Assembly","publishDate":1632786831,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Here’s How Celebrities Embraced Climate Discussions at the U.N. General Assembly | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The 76th session of the U.N. General Assembly (or #UNGA if you’re Twitter) got off to a flying start last week, with a primary focus on two key issues: pandemic recovery and environmental action. The agenda included the General Assembly’s first global meeting on renewable energy since 1981, and U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres stated definitively last Tuesday: “The war on our planet must end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='science_1976869']The gathering of more than a hundred world leaders and diplomats to discuss climate change and other environmental matters, of course prompted a variety of celebrities to chime in and share their viewpoints, too. (Perhaps, not since “\u003cem>Parks and Recreation”\u003c/em> dedicated \u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2089306/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an entire episode\u003c/a> to a Model U.N. has the work of the intergovernmental body been so thoroughly absorbed and regurgitated by pop culture in so short a space of time.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handy roundup of what some of the non-politicians — hosts of late night, BTS, and Camila Cabello among them — had to say for themselves about the climate last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>BTS performs at the U.N.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Probably the most high profile — and, let’s be honest, bizarre — clash of policy and pop culture came on Monday when pop superstars \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuEY7HMZpY8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BTS gathered on stage at U.N. headquarters a day before\u003c/a> the General Assembly officially opened. The singers, dressed in smart suits, appeared as “special presidential envoys of the Republic of Korea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an introduction by South Korean President Moon Jae-in, the boy band spoke of gratitude, optimism and how caring for nature helped so many young people through COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we believe in the possibilities and hope,” said Kim Seok-jin (better known to BTS fans as Jin), “even when the unexpected happens, we will not lose our way, but discover new ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The song “Permission to Dance,” he announced “is our message of welcome that we want to share with everyone today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, above them on a big screen, \u003cem>this\u003c/em> happened:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SmQOZWNyWE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Camila Cabello and friends write a letter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, pop star and former Fifth Harmony singer, Camila Cabello gathered more than 60 celebrities together to sign \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdcactionfund.org/build-back-better-entertainment-industry-letter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an open letter\u003c/a> demanding climate action. Addressed to the CEOs of 14 major media companies — including Amazon, Apple, AT&T, Netflix, Fox, Facebook, Disney and Sony — the letter asked them to publicly back President Biden’s climate agenda and supporting legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"after-p before-p\">The plan currently before Congress will protect people’s health and clean up our drinking water. It will create a just transition away from dirty fossil fuels and create millions of new jobs. It will protect communities from climate change through investments in clean energy, clean transportation, and infrastructure upgrades. And it will make sure we finally prioritize and invest in the low-income communities and communities of color that are hit hardest by both fossil fuel pollution and climate impacts. This plan will create a stronger, brighter, and more just America—and we need you to help make this vision a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Shakira, Leonardo DiCaprio, Lady Gaga and Justin Timberlake signed the letter, along with other major stars including: Cate Blanchett, Sean Penn, Kerry Washington, Hugh Jackman, Dua Lipa, Don Cheadle, Ellen DeGeneres, Shawn Mendes, Selena Gomez, Billie Eilish, Jimmy Fallon, Barbra Streisand and Sigourney Weaver.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Late night hosts do “Climate Night”\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBoYb6RhcL4&t=438s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Wednesday, all the late-night hosts dedicated episodes to the climate crisis under the banner of one “Climate Night,” with a mixed bag of results. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfJlGyqrj0E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seth Myers and James Corden joined forces\u003c/a> for a 3-minute segment that broadcast on both NBC and CBS before their shows (which featured interviews with John Kerry and Bill Gates, respectively). “Climate is a universal topic,” Corden said inanely. “Please learn all you can and then call your congressman.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5aAbfxcP5M&t=67s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samantha Bee\u003c/a> focused on aging infrastructure and overflowing sewage, and Trevor Noah talked endangered coffee beans, wine grapes and sea turtles. Also, Jimmy Fallon told Dr. Jane Goodall — a woman who’s trying to get literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.treesforjane.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a trillion trees\u003c/a> planted over the next decade — that “\u003cem>The Tonight Show”\u003c/em> would plant one for her. (\u003cem>One\u003c/em>! And it was \u003cem>tiny\u003c/em>!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13877066']On the plus side, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcFlDnxiBiM&t=55s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stephen Colbert\u003c/a> had the decency to acknowledge that late night’s dedicated evening of shows was about as likely to stop climate change as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13877066/imagine-and-all-the-other-ways-celebrities-are-making-lockdown-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gal Gadot’s version of “Imagine”\u003c/a> was to stop COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a leader of the pack though, it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBoYb6RhcL4&t=438s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jimmy Kimmel\u003c/a>, who brought on actual real-life climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe. Kimmel also used his monologue to share some under-discussed political info. “Joe Biden is on track to approve more oil and gas permits than any year of the Trump administration,” Kimmel said at one point. “And the Democrats in Congress left fossil fuel subsidies in their big climate bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harry and Meghan attend Global Citizen Live\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976896 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meghan Markle and Prince Harry visit One World Trade Center on Sept. 23, two days before their appearance at the Global Citizen Live event in New York City. \u003ccite>(Roy Rochlin/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Duke and Duchess traveled to New York last week, to attend Saturday’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen Live\u003c/a> concert in Central Park. The couple’s primary mission was to talk about COVID-19 vaccine accessibility, but the theme of the festival was: “Defend the planet. Defeat poverty.” It featured performances by Coldplay, Billie Eilish, Jennifer Lopez, Lizzo, and many other special guests. Simultaneous concerts also took place in Paris, Rio, L.A., London, Mumbai, Lagos, Sydney and more, as part of a 24-hour streaming event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/global-citizen-live-everything-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen says its mission\u003c/a> is to: “call on world leaders, major corporations, and foundations” to combat “catastrophic climate change.” It seeks to secure commitment from governments and other powerful leaders to reach net zero emissions; “conserve, restore and grow” more trees; and “for the wealthiest nations to deliver on their promise to give $100 billion annually to address the climate needs of developing countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing \u003cem>too\u003c/em> ambitious, then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXrXnCG64Og\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How useful celebrity interventions can possibly be when it comes to a crisis of this magnitude is impossible to say. But, look on the bright side. At least they gave us something to look at last week that featured neither fire nor flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No wonder that BTS video has been watched 22 million times already.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"BTS performs at the U.N. headquarters, \"Climate Night\" on late night T.V., and other celebrity highlights from last week. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846422,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1145},"headData":{"title":"Here's How Celebrities Embraced Climate Discussions at the U.N. General Assembly | KQED","description":"BTS performs at the U.N. headquarters, "Climate Night" on late night T.V., and other celebrity highlights from last week. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/science/1976890/heres-how-celebrities-embraced-climate-discussions-at-the-u-n-general-assembly","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 76th session of the U.N. General Assembly (or #UNGA if you’re Twitter) got off to a flying start last week, with a primary focus on two key issues: pandemic recovery and environmental action. The agenda included the General Assembly’s first global meeting on renewable energy since 1981, and U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres stated definitively last Tuesday: “The war on our planet must end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1976869","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The gathering of more than a hundred world leaders and diplomats to discuss climate change and other environmental matters, of course prompted a variety of celebrities to chime in and share their viewpoints, too. (Perhaps, not since “\u003cem>Parks and Recreation”\u003c/em> dedicated \u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2089306/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an entire episode\u003c/a> to a Model U.N. has the work of the intergovernmental body been so thoroughly absorbed and regurgitated by pop culture in so short a space of time.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handy roundup of what some of the non-politicians — hosts of late night, BTS, and Camila Cabello among them — had to say for themselves about the climate last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>BTS performs at the U.N.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Probably the most high profile — and, let’s be honest, bizarre — clash of policy and pop culture came on Monday when pop superstars \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuEY7HMZpY8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BTS gathered on stage at U.N. headquarters a day before\u003c/a> the General Assembly officially opened. The singers, dressed in smart suits, appeared as “special presidential envoys of the Republic of Korea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an introduction by South Korean President Moon Jae-in, the boy band spoke of gratitude, optimism and how caring for nature helped so many young people through COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we believe in the possibilities and hope,” said Kim Seok-jin (better known to BTS fans as Jin), “even when the unexpected happens, we will not lose our way, but discover new ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The song “Permission to Dance,” he announced “is our message of welcome that we want to share with everyone today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, above them on a big screen, \u003cem>this\u003c/em> happened:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9SmQOZWNyWE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9SmQOZWNyWE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>Camila Cabello and friends write a letter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, pop star and former Fifth Harmony singer, Camila Cabello gathered more than 60 celebrities together to sign \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdcactionfund.org/build-back-better-entertainment-industry-letter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an open letter\u003c/a> demanding climate action. Addressed to the CEOs of 14 major media companies — including Amazon, Apple, AT&T, Netflix, Fox, Facebook, Disney and Sony — the letter asked them to publicly back President Biden’s climate agenda and supporting legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"after-p before-p\">The plan currently before Congress will protect people’s health and clean up our drinking water. It will create a just transition away from dirty fossil fuels and create millions of new jobs. It will protect communities from climate change through investments in clean energy, clean transportation, and infrastructure upgrades. And it will make sure we finally prioritize and invest in the low-income communities and communities of color that are hit hardest by both fossil fuel pollution and climate impacts. This plan will create a stronger, brighter, and more just America—and we need you to help make this vision a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Shakira, Leonardo DiCaprio, Lady Gaga and Justin Timberlake signed the letter, along with other major stars including: Cate Blanchett, Sean Penn, Kerry Washington, Hugh Jackman, Dua Lipa, Don Cheadle, Ellen DeGeneres, Shawn Mendes, Selena Gomez, Billie Eilish, Jimmy Fallon, Barbra Streisand and Sigourney Weaver.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Late night hosts do “Climate Night”\u003c/h3>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bBoYb6RhcL4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bBoYb6RhcL4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Last Wednesday, all the late-night hosts dedicated episodes to the climate crisis under the banner of one “Climate Night,” with a mixed bag of results. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfJlGyqrj0E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seth Myers and James Corden joined forces\u003c/a> for a 3-minute segment that broadcast on both NBC and CBS before their shows (which featured interviews with John Kerry and Bill Gates, respectively). “Climate is a universal topic,” Corden said inanely. “Please learn all you can and then call your congressman.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5aAbfxcP5M&t=67s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samantha Bee\u003c/a> focused on aging infrastructure and overflowing sewage, and Trevor Noah talked endangered coffee beans, wine grapes and sea turtles. Also, Jimmy Fallon told Dr. Jane Goodall — a woman who’s trying to get literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.treesforjane.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a trillion trees\u003c/a> planted over the next decade — that “\u003cem>The Tonight Show”\u003c/em> would plant one for her. (\u003cem>One\u003c/em>! And it was \u003cem>tiny\u003c/em>!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"arts_13877066","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>On the plus side, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcFlDnxiBiM&t=55s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stephen Colbert\u003c/a> had the decency to acknowledge that late night’s dedicated evening of shows was about as likely to stop climate change as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13877066/imagine-and-all-the-other-ways-celebrities-are-making-lockdown-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gal Gadot’s version of “Imagine”\u003c/a> was to stop COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a leader of the pack though, it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBoYb6RhcL4&t=438s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jimmy Kimmel\u003c/a>, who brought on actual real-life climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe. Kimmel also used his monologue to share some under-discussed political info. “Joe Biden is on track to approve more oil and gas permits than any year of the Trump administration,” Kimmel said at one point. “And the Democrats in Congress left fossil fuel subsidies in their big climate bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harry and Meghan attend Global Citizen Live\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976896 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meghan Markle and Prince Harry visit One World Trade Center on Sept. 23, two days before their appearance at the Global Citizen Live event in New York City. \u003ccite>(Roy Rochlin/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Duke and Duchess traveled to New York last week, to attend Saturday’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen Live\u003c/a> concert in Central Park. The couple’s primary mission was to talk about COVID-19 vaccine accessibility, but the theme of the festival was: “Defend the planet. Defeat poverty.” It featured performances by Coldplay, Billie Eilish, Jennifer Lopez, Lizzo, and many other special guests. Simultaneous concerts also took place in Paris, Rio, L.A., London, Mumbai, Lagos, Sydney and more, as part of a 24-hour streaming event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/global-citizen-live-everything-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen says its mission\u003c/a> is to: “call on world leaders, major corporations, and foundations” to combat “catastrophic climate change.” It seeks to secure commitment from governments and other powerful leaders to reach net zero emissions; “conserve, restore and grow” more trees; and “for the wealthiest nations to deliver on their promise to give $100 billion annually to address the climate needs of developing countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing \u003cem>too\u003c/em> ambitious, then.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pXrXnCG64Og'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pXrXnCG64Og'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>How useful celebrity interventions can possibly be when it comes to a crisis of this magnitude is impossible to say. But, look on the bright side. At least they gave us something to look at last week that featured neither fire nor flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No wonder that BTS video has been watched 22 million times already.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976890/heres-how-celebrities-embraced-climate-discussions-at-the-u-n-general-assembly","authors":["11242"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450","science_44"],"tags":["science_5197","science_194","science_3794"],"featImg":"science_1976898","label":"science"},"science_1943376":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1943376","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1943376","score":null,"sort":[1560458895000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ai-is-making-it-more-difficult-than-ever-to-spot-a-fake-video","title":"AI Is Making It More Difficult Than Ever to Spot a Fake Video","publishDate":1560458895,"format":"aside","headTitle":"AI Is Making It More Difficult Than Ever to Spot a Fake Video | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OIFVm0dPLw]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sophisticated and inaccurate altered videos known as “deepfakes” are causing alarm in the digital realm. The highly realistic manipulated videos are the subject of a House Intelligence Committee hearing on Thursday. As Miles O’Brien reports, the accelerating speed of computers and advances in machine learning make deepfakes ever more difficult to detect, among growing fears of their weaponization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Transcript\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Judy Woodruff:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is growing alarm over the use of altered videos online, especially those known as deepfakes, which are highly realistic looking and inaccurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns about their growing sophistication and the risks they pose to national security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the focus of a hearing tomorrow in the House Intelligence Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles O’Brien has a look at how those videos, once the source of some fun, are being manipulated and how artificial intelligence scientists are trying to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of our weekly segment on the Leading Edge of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, let’s see you being me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(LAUGHTER)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scary as deepfake videos may be, there are times when they can be fun, a place where a 3-D model of my face gets electronically plastered onto computer scientist Hao Li’s head, making him the puppet master and me the dummy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really a scary looking individual overall. What do you think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do need to change my hair, don’t I, yes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Li is an associate professor at the University of Southern California, and co-founder of Pinscreen, an app that allows consumers to make instant custom 3-D avatars for virtual reality gaming and shopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘Deep fake’ video of Jon Snow apologizing for the ‘Game of Thrones’ finale.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GdWD0yxvqw&ab_channel=EatingThingsWithFamousPeople\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now I created your avatar, right? So, we have your…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nice, trim Miles O’Brien.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real-time puppet master trick is how he refines the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here I am as our president. Yes, Shinzo Abe, prime minister of Japan. Leader of China. Trudeau. It’s not a bad look for me. Me as Justin Bieber. What do you think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think I’m going to do this on the “NewsHour” all the time now. This will be good for my career, don’t you think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(LAUGHTER)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Li says he never saw it as anything more than entertainment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it can be used for something really bad, but the main purpose was never for that. It was used — to use for entertainment, a fun tool that could give us more things to do for fashion, lifestyle, et cetera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deepfake videos cleverly combine what’s real with what is synthesized by a computer to make people appear to say things they never did or never would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I like vodka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ever increasing speed of computers, along with the advancement of the artificial intelligence technique called machine learning, is making these composites harder and harder to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all assume that there will be a point where there’s no way to tell the difference. I mean, for visual effects, I think you can get pretty close already. It’s just the question of how much effort you put into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in terms of content that it can be created by anyone, I think it’s getting very close to the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One technique is the face swap, which put Steve Buscemi’s face on Jennifer Lawrence’s body, Nicolas Cage onto a series of marquee stars in iconic roles, or Jimmy Kimmel’s mug on mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have had to relearn very simple things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a deep, dark side as well. Indeed, the technology has been used to paste the faces of celebrities onto the bodies of porn stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer scientist Hany Farid is a professor at Dartmouth College:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am worried about the weaponization and I’m worried about how it’s impacting us as a society. So, we are working as hard as possible to detect these things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jordan Peele:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killmonger was right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video crystallized much of the deep concern, what seems to be President Barack Obama making a speech…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jordan Peele:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, I would never say these things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… is actually comedian and filmmaker Jordan Peele doing his excellent Obama impersonation synched with software created with artificial intelligence, or A.I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The A.I. system synthesized the mouth of President Obama to be consistent with the audio stream, and it made it look like President Obama was saying things that he never said. That’s called a lip synch deepfake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week, the technique was used to put some pretty outrageous and comical words into the mouth of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specter showed me that whoever controls the data controls the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a potent technology that is ripening at a time of deep polarization and suspicion fueled by social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s really sad. And here’s the thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last month, something much less sophisticated than a deepfake, a doctored video of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi making her seen drunk went viral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We want to get this president the opportunity to do something historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deepfakes ratchet up the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nightmare situation is that there’s a video of President Trump saying, “I have launched nuclear weapons against North Korea.” And somebody hacks his Twitter account, and that goes viral, and, in 30 seconds, we have global nuclear meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do I think it’s likely? No. But it’s not a zero probability, and that should scare the bejesus out of you, right? Because the fact that that is not impossible is really worrisome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farid is most worried about deepfakes rearing their ugly head during the 2020 election. So he and his team are carefully learning the candidates’ patterns of speech and how they correlate with gestures as a way to spot deepfakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do that, of course, by analyzing hundreds of hours of hours of video of individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re focused on building models for all of the major party candidates, so that enough we can upload a video to our system. We can analyze it by comparing it to previous interviews, and then asking, what is the probability that this is consistent with everything we have seen before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer scientists have pushed this technology using generative adversarial networks, or GANs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A GAN pits two artificial intelligence algorithms against each other. One strives to create realistic fake images, while the other grades the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the synthesis engine says, I’m going to create a fake image, I give it to this A.I. system that says, this looks fake to me. So it goes back and you change it. And you do that a few billion times in rapid succession, and the computers are teaching each other how to make better fakes. And that’s what has democratized access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why the Pentagon is interested in deepfakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its research enterprise, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, is exploring ways to defend against the threat of deepfakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer scientist Matt Turek runs DARPA’s media forensics, or MediFor, project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, there’s an opportunity here for us to essentially lose all trust in images and video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turek showed me some of the 70 counter-deepfake techniques DARPA is helping nurture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woman:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This software is designed to characterize lip movement and compare it to the audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, when see these red bars, that means actually that sounds of the speaker are not actually consistent with the movement of the lips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at this video, supposedly two people sitting together. But software that determines the lighting angle on faces concludes it is a composite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it estimates a 3-D model for the face. Along with that 3-D model, it estimates the reflectance properties of the face, and also the lighting angles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so here we’re primarily using the lightning angles to see whether those are consistent or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this example, video apparently gathered by a security camera shows only one car. This artificial intelligence algorithm is designed to predict how things should move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that is triggering off of is discontinuities in the motion. And so that gives us a signal to look at an image or a video and say, well, perhaps frames were removed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it flags the video as altered. Another vehicle was edited out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a cat-and-mouse game. The more aspects that you can use to debunk an image or video, the more burden that you put on the manipulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of these ideas will work without the cooperation of the big social media platforms YouTube and Facebook, which would need to deploy the software and delete the fakes, something Facebook refused to do when the Pelosi video emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the platforms have been, for the most part, very cavalier about how they deal with this type of illegal content, harmful content, misinformation, fake news, election tampering, non-consensual pornography, and the list goes on and on, because it gets eyes on the platform, and that’s good for business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fake video amplified in an echo chamber can go an awfully long way before the facts even enter the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the “PBS NewsHour,” I’m Miles O’Brien in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sophisticated and inaccurate altered videos known as 'deepfakes' are causing alarm in the digital realm.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848598,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":119,"wordCount":1770},"headData":{"title":"AI Is Making It More Difficult Than Ever to Spot a Fake Video | KQED","description":"Sophisticated and inaccurate altered videos known as 'deepfakes' are causing alarm in the digital realm.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Miles O'Brien \u003cBR/> PBS NewsHour","path":"/science/1943376/ai-is-making-it-more-difficult-than-ever-to-spot-a-fake-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9OIFVm0dPLw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9OIFVm0dPLw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sophisticated and inaccurate altered videos known as “deepfakes” are causing alarm in the digital realm. The highly realistic manipulated videos are the subject of a House Intelligence Committee hearing on Thursday. As Miles O’Brien reports, the accelerating speed of computers and advances in machine learning make deepfakes ever more difficult to detect, among growing fears of their weaponization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Transcript\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Judy Woodruff:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is growing alarm over the use of altered videos online, especially those known as deepfakes, which are highly realistic looking and inaccurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns about their growing sophistication and the risks they pose to national security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the focus of a hearing tomorrow in the House Intelligence Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles O’Brien has a look at how those videos, once the source of some fun, are being manipulated and how artificial intelligence scientists are trying to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of our weekly segment on the Leading Edge of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, let’s see you being me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(LAUGHTER)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scary as deepfake videos may be, there are times when they can be fun, a place where a 3-D model of my face gets electronically plastered onto computer scientist Hao Li’s head, making him the puppet master and me the dummy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really a scary looking individual overall. What do you think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do need to change my hair, don’t I, yes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Li is an associate professor at the University of Southern California, and co-founder of Pinscreen, an app that allows consumers to make instant custom 3-D avatars for virtual reality gaming and shopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘Deep fake’ video of Jon Snow apologizing for the ‘Game of Thrones’ finale.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4GdWD0yxvqw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4GdWD0yxvqw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now I created your avatar, right? So, we have your…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nice, trim Miles O’Brien.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real-time puppet master trick is how he refines the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here I am as our president. Yes, Shinzo Abe, prime minister of Japan. Leader of China. Trudeau. It’s not a bad look for me. Me as Justin Bieber. What do you think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think I’m going to do this on the “NewsHour” all the time now. This will be good for my career, don’t you think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(LAUGHTER)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Li says he never saw it as anything more than entertainment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it can be used for something really bad, but the main purpose was never for that. It was used — to use for entertainment, a fun tool that could give us more things to do for fashion, lifestyle, et cetera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deepfake videos cleverly combine what’s real with what is synthesized by a computer to make people appear to say things they never did or never would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I like vodka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ever increasing speed of computers, along with the advancement of the artificial intelligence technique called machine learning, is making these composites harder and harder to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hao Li:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all assume that there will be a point where there’s no way to tell the difference. I mean, for visual effects, I think you can get pretty close already. It’s just the question of how much effort you put into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in terms of content that it can be created by anyone, I think it’s getting very close to the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One technique is the face swap, which put Steve Buscemi’s face on Jennifer Lawrence’s body, Nicolas Cage onto a series of marquee stars in iconic roles, or Jimmy Kimmel’s mug on mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have had to relearn very simple things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a deep, dark side as well. Indeed, the technology has been used to paste the faces of celebrities onto the bodies of porn stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer scientist Hany Farid is a professor at Dartmouth College:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am worried about the weaponization and I’m worried about how it’s impacting us as a society. So, we are working as hard as possible to detect these things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jordan Peele:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killmonger was right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video crystallized much of the deep concern, what seems to be President Barack Obama making a speech…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jordan Peele:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, I would never say these things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… is actually comedian and filmmaker Jordan Peele doing his excellent Obama impersonation synched with software created with artificial intelligence, or A.I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The A.I. system synthesized the mouth of President Obama to be consistent with the audio stream, and it made it look like President Obama was saying things that he never said. That’s called a lip synch deepfake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week, the technique was used to put some pretty outrageous and comical words into the mouth of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specter showed me that whoever controls the data controls the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a potent technology that is ripening at a time of deep polarization and suspicion fueled by social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s really sad. And here’s the thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last month, something much less sophisticated than a deepfake, a doctored video of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi making her seen drunk went viral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We want to get this president the opportunity to do something historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deepfakes ratchet up the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nightmare situation is that there’s a video of President Trump saying, “I have launched nuclear weapons against North Korea.” And somebody hacks his Twitter account, and that goes viral, and, in 30 seconds, we have global nuclear meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do I think it’s likely? No. But it’s not a zero probability, and that should scare the bejesus out of you, right? Because the fact that that is not impossible is really worrisome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farid is most worried about deepfakes rearing their ugly head during the 2020 election. So he and his team are carefully learning the candidates’ patterns of speech and how they correlate with gestures as a way to spot deepfakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do that, of course, by analyzing hundreds of hours of hours of video of individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re focused on building models for all of the major party candidates, so that enough we can upload a video to our system. We can analyze it by comparing it to previous interviews, and then asking, what is the probability that this is consistent with everything we have seen before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer scientists have pushed this technology using generative adversarial networks, or GANs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A GAN pits two artificial intelligence algorithms against each other. One strives to create realistic fake images, while the other grades the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the synthesis engine says, I’m going to create a fake image, I give it to this A.I. system that says, this looks fake to me. So it goes back and you change it. And you do that a few billion times in rapid succession, and the computers are teaching each other how to make better fakes. And that’s what has democratized access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why the Pentagon is interested in deepfakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its research enterprise, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, is exploring ways to defend against the threat of deepfakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer scientist Matt Turek runs DARPA’s media forensics, or MediFor, project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, there’s an opportunity here for us to essentially lose all trust in images and video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turek showed me some of the 70 counter-deepfake techniques DARPA is helping nurture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woman:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This software is designed to characterize lip movement and compare it to the audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, when see these red bars, that means actually that sounds of the speaker are not actually consistent with the movement of the lips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at this video, supposedly two people sitting together. But software that determines the lighting angle on faces concludes it is a composite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it estimates a 3-D model for the face. Along with that 3-D model, it estimates the reflectance properties of the face, and also the lighting angles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so here we’re primarily using the lightning angles to see whether those are consistent or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this example, video apparently gathered by a security camera shows only one car. This artificial intelligence algorithm is designed to predict how things should move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that is triggering off of is discontinuities in the motion. And so that gives us a signal to look at an image or a video and say, well, perhaps frames were removed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it flags the video as altered. Another vehicle was edited out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Turek:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a cat-and-mouse game. The more aspects that you can use to debunk an image or video, the more burden that you put on the manipulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of these ideas will work without the cooperation of the big social media platforms YouTube and Facebook, which would need to deploy the software and delete the fakes, something Facebook refused to do when the Pelosi video emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hany Farid:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the platforms have been, for the most part, very cavalier about how they deal with this type of illegal content, harmful content, misinformation, fake news, election tampering, non-consensual pornography, and the list goes on and on, because it gets eyes on the platform, and that’s good for business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miles O’Brien:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fake video amplified in an echo chamber can go an awfully long way before the facts even enter the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the “PBS NewsHour,” I’m Miles O’Brien in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1943376/ai-is-making-it-more-difficult-than-ever-to-spot-a-fake-video","authors":["byline_science_1943376"],"categories":["science_40","science_44","science_86"],"tags":["science_3838","science_3674"],"featImg":"science_1943397","label":"science"},"science_1928432":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928432","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928432","score":null,"sort":[1533150044000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"does-the-bay-area-have-enough-water-for-economic-growth-and-salmon","title":"Does the Bay Area Have Enough Water for Economic Growth and Salmon?","publishDate":1533150044,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Does the Bay Area Have Enough Water for Economic Growth and Salmon? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California’s economy is thriving and its population is growing. San Francisco County alone added more than 120,000 jobs in five years – a huge leap in economic productivity that owes itself largely to the lucrative worlds of finance, technology and biotechnology. As people from around the country and the world continue clamoring to find their place in one of the most expensive and most congested cities, an important question is emerging in public discussions: Does California have enough water to go around, or will natural resources be sacrificed for economic success?[contextly_sidebar id=”IOM1FW0q0h9sncYnZsK1I5oNiqPbEm6Q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a question of carrying capacity and social values,” said Peter Drekmeier, policy director of the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuolumne.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a>, which lobbies to protect the main waterway from which San Francisco receives its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier is one of many who believe that California can grow as an economic powerhouse while maintaining productive aquatic ecosystems resembling their natural and unimpacted character – if, that is, water is divided fairly and consumed efficiently. Others, however, feel that the state’s economy – including agriculture but also urban elements – will need more water in the future, even if this drives some fish species extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differing perspectives are at the heart of a current policy battle in California as the State Water Resources Control Board works to finalize a plan that will determine how much water should be left in critical rivers feeding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s a decision that will impact not just fish and farms, but urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area where strongly held environmental values may be challenged by economic aspirations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trouble for Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tuolumne River is a major tributary of the San Joaquin River, which feeds into the Bay-Delta, the linchpin for California’s statewide water delivery system. It’s also the place from which the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission draws the majority of its water to serve 2.7 million people in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.[contextly_sidebar id=”fTJnnabe0HjHLjO8f01PI13J7x3PjqBl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as the 1940s, more than 100,000 fall-run Chinook salmon spawned annually in the Tuolumne. In 2015, a little more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.casalmon.org/salmon-snapshots/history/tuolumne-river\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 of the fish\u003c/a> swam up the river. Today, the river, studded with several dams and heavily diverted for human use, is considered by many to be in critical condition, and scientists and river advocates say what the Tuolumne and its native fishes need more than anything else is increased flows of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is just one component of habitat, but it’s a very important one,” said Rene Henery, a biologist with the conservation group \u003ca href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230435/855859271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker holds a net as thousands of young fingerling Chinook salmon are released into a holding pen in the San Pablo Bay in June 2015 in Rodeo, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State agencies agree, and early in July the State Water Resources Control Board released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">final draft of a plan\u003c/a> to increase the amount of water left in the Tuolumne and two other San Joaquin River tributaries to about 40 percent of their historic, or “unimpaired,” winter and springtime flows. This Bay-Delta Plan Update was announced on July 6 and would allow for flows as low as 30 percent and as high as 50 percent between February and June, a key period for juvenile salmon migrating toward the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While multiple factors are to blame for the decline [in the Central Valley’s Chinook salmon runs], the magnitude of diversions out of the Sacramento, San Joaquin and other rivers feeding into the Bay-Delta is a major factor in the ecosystem decline,” the board said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board will formally consider adopting the proposed amendment in late August, and if approved, the flow increases would be implemented by 2022. Proposed flow increases for the Sacramento River and its major tributaries, which also feed the Delta, are coming but have not yet been announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of the Tuolumne River is diverted before it reaches the San Joaquin for at least five months of the year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/docs/sed/lsjr_sdwq_summary_070618.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Bay-Delta Plan\u003c/a>. About 60 percent of the diverted water is used by farmers, with the rest going to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. The proposed flow increases would in most years double the amount of water that remains in the Tuolumne River and the lower reaches of the San Joaquin.[contextly_sidebar id=”8gVPiT0DDfonWaBiVs83o8Jw2O3KJQIk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board’s proposed plan appears to be a compromise that leaves both sides unhappy. Scientists and environmental advocates say the river would still need significantly more water than what is being suggested with the proposed flow increase in the Bay-Delta Plan. They want 60 percent of unimpaired flows. Water agencies and irrigation districts, though, oppose the proposal, for it would require them to give up a significant share of the water they currently use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, for instance, is concerned it will not have enough water to get through an extreme drought if the water board’s proposed target is realized. The commission aims to enforce water rationing of no more than 20 percent during an extended drought – a goal it claims is not achievable under the flow cuts proposed by the water board. According to the commission’s assistant general manager for water, Steve Ritchie, the SFPUC currently uses an average of about 205 million gallons per day for its customers. Usage dipped to about 175 million gallons per day during the last drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230533/Hetch_Hetchy_Reservoir1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2592\" height=\"2592\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park is the main storage area for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which serves water to 2.7 million people the Bay Area. (Giuseppe Di Rocco, Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ritchie said the water board’s proposed flow increases in the Tuolumne will impose severe hardships on his agency and its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d be looking at 50 percent cuts from where we are now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average San Franciscan uses, on average, 44 gallons of water per day, he said. Half of that would amount to, by far, the lowest per capita water consumption rate of any city in the country – what Ritchie feels would be an unreasonable burden. The 60 percent flow desired by river advocates would strain water users even further. Ritchie noted that most of the conservation gains made during the last drought came from reductions in outdoor landscaping, both on public and private land. That means the additional water conservation that would be necessary under the water board’s flow plan, combined with a drought, would place rationing burdens on indoor use, which could potentially have a harder economic and quality-of-life impact.[contextly_sidebar id=”3mcys4PGxr7ra5HF21fpqW88TFW5dPXx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole Sandkulla, chief executive and general manager of the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency\u003c/a>, which represents SFPUC’s wholesale customers in Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, said her agency’s customers reduced their water use by 27 percent on average during the last drought. The new flow regime would require permanent use reductions of 25 percent or more beyond current consumption rates. That, she said, could threaten the region’s urban economy. While water agencies would likely impose as much of the rationing as possible on residents, businesses – like restaurants and breweries – might face hardships, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We strongly support the Bay-Delta Plan, but it’s our responsibility to raise the question of how this will impact the core of the Bay Area,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier argues that the intensive cutbacks described by water agencies would not be necessary. That’s because, throughout the last drought, the SFPUC’s main reservoir – Hetch Hetchy Reservoir – remained mostly filled. At the end of the five-year dry spell, in fact, the commission had enough water in storage to last another three years. Ritchie explained this strategy is a necessary conservation measure to buffer against even more extreme droughts. If the last drought had lasted eight years, he pointed out, the commission would have been essentially out of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Australia, they had a drought that lasted 15 years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, in an unlikely worst-case scenario, the utility commission’s reservoirs did run dry, the agency could potentially buy water from farmers, though Ritchie said this idea – advocated by Drekmeier and others – has been tried already without success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2012 we offered $700 per acre-foot for water that farmers were buying for $7 an acre-foot, and they said no,” he said. The farmers declined, he said, “because a lot of them have orchards. They need an ongoing water supply. They can’t just fallow their fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t just environmental advocates calling for more water. Research from state and federal agencies, in fact, shows that the water board’s proposed target of 40 percent, with the flexibility to go as high as 50 percent, simply isn’t enough to maintain large and self-sustaining salmon runs – a goal that environmental mandates require.[contextly_sidebar id=”rHj5lEiBjKMUvR1urXMIehALbUj3V9QX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2010 report on flow requirements in the delta, the State Water Resources Control Board itself concluded that the Sacramento River must be left with 75 percent of its unimpaired flows and the San Joaquin drainage with 60 percent during most of the winter and spring to protect public trust resources, like fish and other wildlife. That figure, however, was calculated without considering other needs, like municipal and agricultural, according to the board’s Division of Water Rights Bay-Delta Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed updates to the Bay-Delta Plan are … meant to achieve reasonable protection for fish and wildlife considering these other needs for water,” the board said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a March 2013 report submitted to the water board, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife stated “that approximately 50-60 percent unimpaired flow is the minimum necessary to re-establish and sustain fish and wildlife beneficial uses” in the San Joaquin River system. It also warned the water board that existing allocations to farms, cities and environmental needs would lead to the deterioration of the rivers’ ecosystem. “[T]he San Joaquin River and its tributaries have been tasked to provide more services than are sustainable,” the department wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than any other component of habitat, salmon need water. Strong correlations exist between high-flow water years – like during El Niño events – and abrupt and dramatic spikes in adult salmon numbers two years later, when fish born in the river have grown to spawning size. In 1985, in the wake of the 1982–1983 El Niño, the Tuolumne’s fall-run Chinook return jumped dramatically to 40,000 fish. By the early 1990s – right after a major drought – the Tuolumne’s returns shriveled away, hovering in the low hundreds for several years. In 2000, after the 1997–1998 El Niño, almost 18,000 adult Chinook swam up the Tuolumne. Since 2005, the returns have averaged several hundred fish, jumping to 1,926 in 2013 – two years after the high-rainfall year of 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, when flows fall below a critical threshold, survival of young fish declines, said Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thebayinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. Temperatures increase to intolerable levels for eggs and smolts, the adjacent floodplain habitat dries up and the overall time period in which salmon will find favorable conditions is shortened from both ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230651/169884.ME_.0106.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1125\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tuolumne River winds though Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park. The river is the main source of water supply for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. (Brian van der Brug/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water isn’t the silver bullet for keeping native aquatic ecosystems alive, farm lobbyists and other water users argue. They have long called for alternative actions, like controlling invasive aquatic plants, eliminating non-native predator fish like striped bass, eliminating levees to restore natural floodplain habitat and reducing water pollution as ways to restore crumbling salmon runs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are hindrances to salmon survival and out-migration that are not flow-related,” said Sandkulla.[contextly_sidebar id=”UXZynXPKSgEbtFEOUa1Aa4yFFuVqJEoP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach began in earnest in 1995, when a settlement between water users – including the SFPUC – and environmental groups and fishery agencies mandated that dam operations on the Tuolumne be modified to help increase salmon numbers. The settlement has resulted mainly in measures that don’t involve sacrificing water rights, and in the decades since, salmon returns on the Tuolumne have overall declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve had 23 years to show that non-flow measures will work, but they just don’t,” Drekmeier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ritchie countered that the non-flow measures were not adequately applied in that time due to state funding shortages. In other words, he said, salmon recovery tools other than extra water haven’t been given an honest shot yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living With Less\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As both sides scrap over the last dregs of what was once a robust and thriving river, the question arises of whether or not the rapid growth of the Bay Area, a generally left-leaning region with an environmentally conscious population, is driving a slow but steady series of extinction events just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Lackey, a fisheries scientist at Oregon State University, said economic growth – often accompanied by human population growth – has historically correlated to drastic declines in wild, naturally reproducing salmon runs, and he expects the same to eventually be true of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, California will have European population densities – salmon don’t stand a chance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the fish are not likely to go extinct – just dwindle in number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll always have boutique runs – museum pieces,” he said, describing minuscule runs of wild spawning salmon that are too small to be fished but can become popular tourist attractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery, at Trout Unlimited, is working on a number of research, restoration and lobbying projects aimed at restoring wild salmon runs. He is hopeful there may be enough water in California’s rivers to support both human needs and thriving fish populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s still totally possible to meet the doubling goals of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act,” he said. That 1992 law mandates that actions be taken to restore self-sustaining, naturally spawning fish populations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin systems. The law has hovered almost lifelessly over water discussions ever since, while salmon numbers have generally declined.[contextly_sidebar id=”rfVqSGllAcrvp5j1HTsYi1AGqTvkpgrT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery thinks the water board’s proposed targets for flows could possibly lay the foundation for rebuilding the Central Valley’s salmon runs if applied in tandem with aggressive habitat restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water goes further when you have intact habitat,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, water that is allowed to flow downstream and across restored floodplain habitat will have more of a positive effect than water that is released from dams into river channels contained within levees. A great deal of research has shown that salmon smolts that have access to inundated riverbank habitat are several times more likely to survive their downstream journey to the sea than young fish contained within a fast-flowing channel of water. In other words, sufficient water must be combined with appropriate habitat for each of the various inland life stages – spawning, incubation, emergence, rearing and out-migration – of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery said he is pleased that the water board has suggested targets for increased flows but said he is disappointed that the proposal has not been accompanied by detailed restoration project plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon remain relatively plentiful in California only because fish hatcheries release millions of baby salmon each year. Without these facilities, the state’s Chinook runs – largest in the Sacramento and Klamath basins – would collapse in just several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water, humans in California do not face existential threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water board would never actually let San Francisco run out of water – that won’t happen,” Rosenfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He discounts claims from the SFPUC that San Francisco is threatened by drought. The city, he said, could reduce its current demands for water through more water recycling, mandatory or subsidized installment of efficient toilets and showerheads, improved irrigation efficiency on public and private lands and fixing its own system’s leaking pipes.[contextly_sidebar id=”fmT2IqTOn1FL8xE6He3SiGjNN9LKISN6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is so much low-hanging fruit,” he said. “San Francisco is way behind the curve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission is, in fact, looking at the possibility of potentially investing in a desalination plant and a potable reuse facility – projects that Ritchie said, if implemented, could take 10 years to build. He is reluctant to impose further hardships on the agency’s customers but recognizes challenges ahead for preserving river ecosystems in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll need to be really creative and efficient in how we use water,” he said. “Regulatory difficulties aside, nature is likely to become a problem for us as the climate changes.” He foresees long droughts and the occasional disastrous flood as future climate realities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery believes there is room in California for salmon if people make a little space, and probably sacrifice some water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish do absolutely everything they can to survive in the wild,” he said. “Are people in California doing everything they can to use water more efficiently and get by with less? I don’t think so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/31/does-the-bay-area-have-enough-water-for-economic-growth-and-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A final draft of the state’s plan to increase flows in key tributaries of the Bay-Delta will mean more water for fish but less for urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927623,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":60,"wordCount":3068},"headData":{"title":"Does the Bay Area Have Enough Water for Economic Growth and Salmon? | KQED","description":"A final draft of the state’s plan to increase flows in key tributaries of the Bay-Delta will mean more water for fish but less for urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Alastair Bland\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1928432/does-the-bay-area-have-enough-water-for-economic-growth-and-salmon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s economy is thriving and its population is growing. San Francisco County alone added more than 120,000 jobs in five years – a huge leap in economic productivity that owes itself largely to the lucrative worlds of finance, technology and biotechnology. As people from around the country and the world continue clamoring to find their place in one of the most expensive and most congested cities, an important question is emerging in public discussions: Does California have enough water to go around, or will natural resources be sacrificed for economic success?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a question of carrying capacity and social values,” said Peter Drekmeier, policy director of the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuolumne.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a>, which lobbies to protect the main waterway from which San Francisco receives its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier is one of many who believe that California can grow as an economic powerhouse while maintaining productive aquatic ecosystems resembling their natural and unimpacted character – if, that is, water is divided fairly and consumed efficiently. Others, however, feel that the state’s economy – including agriculture but also urban elements – will need more water in the future, even if this drives some fish species extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differing perspectives are at the heart of a current policy battle in California as the State Water Resources Control Board works to finalize a plan that will determine how much water should be left in critical rivers feeding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s a decision that will impact not just fish and farms, but urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area where strongly held environmental values may be challenged by economic aspirations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trouble for Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tuolumne River is a major tributary of the San Joaquin River, which feeds into the Bay-Delta, the linchpin for California’s statewide water delivery system. It’s also the place from which the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission draws the majority of its water to serve 2.7 million people in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as the 1940s, more than 100,000 fall-run Chinook salmon spawned annually in the Tuolumne. In 2015, a little more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.casalmon.org/salmon-snapshots/history/tuolumne-river\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 of the fish\u003c/a> swam up the river. Today, the river, studded with several dams and heavily diverted for human use, is considered by many to be in critical condition, and scientists and river advocates say what the Tuolumne and its native fishes need more than anything else is increased flows of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is just one component of habitat, but it’s a very important one,” said Rene Henery, a biologist with the conservation group \u003ca href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230435/855859271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker holds a net as thousands of young fingerling Chinook salmon are released into a holding pen in the San Pablo Bay in June 2015 in Rodeo, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State agencies agree, and early in July the State Water Resources Control Board released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">final draft of a plan\u003c/a> to increase the amount of water left in the Tuolumne and two other San Joaquin River tributaries to about 40 percent of their historic, or “unimpaired,” winter and springtime flows. This Bay-Delta Plan Update was announced on July 6 and would allow for flows as low as 30 percent and as high as 50 percent between February and June, a key period for juvenile salmon migrating toward the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While multiple factors are to blame for the decline [in the Central Valley’s Chinook salmon runs], the magnitude of diversions out of the Sacramento, San Joaquin and other rivers feeding into the Bay-Delta is a major factor in the ecosystem decline,” the board said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board will formally consider adopting the proposed amendment in late August, and if approved, the flow increases would be implemented by 2022. Proposed flow increases for the Sacramento River and its major tributaries, which also feed the Delta, are coming but have not yet been announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of the Tuolumne River is diverted before it reaches the San Joaquin for at least five months of the year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/docs/sed/lsjr_sdwq_summary_070618.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Bay-Delta Plan\u003c/a>. About 60 percent of the diverted water is used by farmers, with the rest going to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. The proposed flow increases would in most years double the amount of water that remains in the Tuolumne River and the lower reaches of the San Joaquin.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board’s proposed plan appears to be a compromise that leaves both sides unhappy. Scientists and environmental advocates say the river would still need significantly more water than what is being suggested with the proposed flow increase in the Bay-Delta Plan. They want 60 percent of unimpaired flows. Water agencies and irrigation districts, though, oppose the proposal, for it would require them to give up a significant share of the water they currently use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, for instance, is concerned it will not have enough water to get through an extreme drought if the water board’s proposed target is realized. The commission aims to enforce water rationing of no more than 20 percent during an extended drought – a goal it claims is not achievable under the flow cuts proposed by the water board. According to the commission’s assistant general manager for water, Steve Ritchie, the SFPUC currently uses an average of about 205 million gallons per day for its customers. Usage dipped to about 175 million gallons per day during the last drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230533/Hetch_Hetchy_Reservoir1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2592\" height=\"2592\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park is the main storage area for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which serves water to 2.7 million people the Bay Area. (Giuseppe Di Rocco, Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ritchie said the water board’s proposed flow increases in the Tuolumne will impose severe hardships on his agency and its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d be looking at 50 percent cuts from where we are now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average San Franciscan uses, on average, 44 gallons of water per day, he said. Half of that would amount to, by far, the lowest per capita water consumption rate of any city in the country – what Ritchie feels would be an unreasonable burden. The 60 percent flow desired by river advocates would strain water users even further. Ritchie noted that most of the conservation gains made during the last drought came from reductions in outdoor landscaping, both on public and private land. That means the additional water conservation that would be necessary under the water board’s flow plan, combined with a drought, would place rationing burdens on indoor use, which could potentially have a harder economic and quality-of-life impact.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole Sandkulla, chief executive and general manager of the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency\u003c/a>, which represents SFPUC’s wholesale customers in Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, said her agency’s customers reduced their water use by 27 percent on average during the last drought. The new flow regime would require permanent use reductions of 25 percent or more beyond current consumption rates. That, she said, could threaten the region’s urban economy. While water agencies would likely impose as much of the rationing as possible on residents, businesses – like restaurants and breweries – might face hardships, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We strongly support the Bay-Delta Plan, but it’s our responsibility to raise the question of how this will impact the core of the Bay Area,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier argues that the intensive cutbacks described by water agencies would not be necessary. That’s because, throughout the last drought, the SFPUC’s main reservoir – Hetch Hetchy Reservoir – remained mostly filled. At the end of the five-year dry spell, in fact, the commission had enough water in storage to last another three years. Ritchie explained this strategy is a necessary conservation measure to buffer against even more extreme droughts. If the last drought had lasted eight years, he pointed out, the commission would have been essentially out of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Australia, they had a drought that lasted 15 years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, in an unlikely worst-case scenario, the utility commission’s reservoirs did run dry, the agency could potentially buy water from farmers, though Ritchie said this idea – advocated by Drekmeier and others – has been tried already without success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2012 we offered $700 per acre-foot for water that farmers were buying for $7 an acre-foot, and they said no,” he said. The farmers declined, he said, “because a lot of them have orchards. They need an ongoing water supply. They can’t just fallow their fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t just environmental advocates calling for more water. Research from state and federal agencies, in fact, shows that the water board’s proposed target of 40 percent, with the flexibility to go as high as 50 percent, simply isn’t enough to maintain large and self-sustaining salmon runs – a goal that environmental mandates require.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2010 report on flow requirements in the delta, the State Water Resources Control Board itself concluded that the Sacramento River must be left with 75 percent of its unimpaired flows and the San Joaquin drainage with 60 percent during most of the winter and spring to protect public trust resources, like fish and other wildlife. That figure, however, was calculated without considering other needs, like municipal and agricultural, according to the board’s Division of Water Rights Bay-Delta Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed updates to the Bay-Delta Plan are … meant to achieve reasonable protection for fish and wildlife considering these other needs for water,” the board said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a March 2013 report submitted to the water board, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife stated “that approximately 50-60 percent unimpaired flow is the minimum necessary to re-establish and sustain fish and wildlife beneficial uses” in the San Joaquin River system. It also warned the water board that existing allocations to farms, cities and environmental needs would lead to the deterioration of the rivers’ ecosystem. “[T]he San Joaquin River and its tributaries have been tasked to provide more services than are sustainable,” the department wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than any other component of habitat, salmon need water. Strong correlations exist between high-flow water years – like during El Niño events – and abrupt and dramatic spikes in adult salmon numbers two years later, when fish born in the river have grown to spawning size. In 1985, in the wake of the 1982–1983 El Niño, the Tuolumne’s fall-run Chinook return jumped dramatically to 40,000 fish. By the early 1990s – right after a major drought – the Tuolumne’s returns shriveled away, hovering in the low hundreds for several years. In 2000, after the 1997–1998 El Niño, almost 18,000 adult Chinook swam up the Tuolumne. Since 2005, the returns have averaged several hundred fish, jumping to 1,926 in 2013 – two years after the high-rainfall year of 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, when flows fall below a critical threshold, survival of young fish declines, said Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thebayinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. Temperatures increase to intolerable levels for eggs and smolts, the adjacent floodplain habitat dries up and the overall time period in which salmon will find favorable conditions is shortened from both ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230651/169884.ME_.0106.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1125\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tuolumne River winds though Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park. The river is the main source of water supply for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. (Brian van der Brug/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water isn’t the silver bullet for keeping native aquatic ecosystems alive, farm lobbyists and other water users argue. They have long called for alternative actions, like controlling invasive aquatic plants, eliminating non-native predator fish like striped bass, eliminating levees to restore natural floodplain habitat and reducing water pollution as ways to restore crumbling salmon runs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are hindrances to salmon survival and out-migration that are not flow-related,” said Sandkulla.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach began in earnest in 1995, when a settlement between water users – including the SFPUC – and environmental groups and fishery agencies mandated that dam operations on the Tuolumne be modified to help increase salmon numbers. The settlement has resulted mainly in measures that don’t involve sacrificing water rights, and in the decades since, salmon returns on the Tuolumne have overall declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve had 23 years to show that non-flow measures will work, but they just don’t,” Drekmeier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ritchie countered that the non-flow measures were not adequately applied in that time due to state funding shortages. In other words, he said, salmon recovery tools other than extra water haven’t been given an honest shot yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living With Less\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As both sides scrap over the last dregs of what was once a robust and thriving river, the question arises of whether or not the rapid growth of the Bay Area, a generally left-leaning region with an environmentally conscious population, is driving a slow but steady series of extinction events just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Lackey, a fisheries scientist at Oregon State University, said economic growth – often accompanied by human population growth – has historically correlated to drastic declines in wild, naturally reproducing salmon runs, and he expects the same to eventually be true of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, California will have European population densities – salmon don’t stand a chance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the fish are not likely to go extinct – just dwindle in number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll always have boutique runs – museum pieces,” he said, describing minuscule runs of wild spawning salmon that are too small to be fished but can become popular tourist attractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery, at Trout Unlimited, is working on a number of research, restoration and lobbying projects aimed at restoring wild salmon runs. He is hopeful there may be enough water in California’s rivers to support both human needs and thriving fish populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s still totally possible to meet the doubling goals of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act,” he said. That 1992 law mandates that actions be taken to restore self-sustaining, naturally spawning fish populations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin systems. The law has hovered almost lifelessly over water discussions ever since, while salmon numbers have generally declined.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery thinks the water board’s proposed targets for flows could possibly lay the foundation for rebuilding the Central Valley’s salmon runs if applied in tandem with aggressive habitat restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water goes further when you have intact habitat,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, water that is allowed to flow downstream and across restored floodplain habitat will have more of a positive effect than water that is released from dams into river channels contained within levees. A great deal of research has shown that salmon smolts that have access to inundated riverbank habitat are several times more likely to survive their downstream journey to the sea than young fish contained within a fast-flowing channel of water. In other words, sufficient water must be combined with appropriate habitat for each of the various inland life stages – spawning, incubation, emergence, rearing and out-migration – of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery said he is pleased that the water board has suggested targets for increased flows but said he is disappointed that the proposal has not been accompanied by detailed restoration project plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon remain relatively plentiful in California only because fish hatcheries release millions of baby salmon each year. Without these facilities, the state’s Chinook runs – largest in the Sacramento and Klamath basins – would collapse in just several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water, humans in California do not face existential threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water board would never actually let San Francisco run out of water – that won’t happen,” Rosenfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He discounts claims from the SFPUC that San Francisco is threatened by drought. The city, he said, could reduce its current demands for water through more water recycling, mandatory or subsidized installment of efficient toilets and showerheads, improved irrigation efficiency on public and private lands and fixing its own system’s leaking pipes.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is so much low-hanging fruit,” he said. “San Francisco is way behind the curve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission is, in fact, looking at the possibility of potentially investing in a desalination plant and a potable reuse facility – projects that Ritchie said, if implemented, could take 10 years to build. He is reluctant to impose further hardships on the agency’s customers but recognizes challenges ahead for preserving river ecosystems in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll need to be really creative and efficient in how we use water,” he said. “Regulatory difficulties aside, nature is likely to become a problem for us as the climate changes.” He foresees long droughts and the occasional disastrous flood as future climate realities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery believes there is room in California for salmon if people make a little space, and probably sacrifice some water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish do absolutely everything they can to survive in the wild,” he said. “Are people in California doing everything they can to use water more efficiently and get by with less? I don’t think so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/31/does-the-bay-area-have-enough-water-for-economic-growth-and-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928432/does-the-bay-area-have-enough-water-for-economic-growth-and-salmon","authors":["byline_science_1928432"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_44","science_98"],"tags":["science_856","science_192","science_247","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1928437","label":"source_science_1928432"},"science_1914752":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914752","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914752","score":null,"sort":[1503004463000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"preview-novas-eclipse-over-america","title":"Preview: NOVA's Eclipse Over America","publishDate":1503004463,"format":"image","headTitle":"Preview: NOVA’s Eclipse Over America | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":3390,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On August 21, 2017, millions of Americans will witness the first total solar eclipse to cross the continental United States in 99 years. As in all total solar eclipses, the moon will block the sun, revealing its ethereal outer atmosphere—its corona—in a wondrous celestial spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hordes of citizens prepare to flock to the eclipse’s path of totality, scientists, too, are staking out spots for a very different reason: to investigate the secrets of the sun’s elusive atmosphere. During the eclipse’s precious seconds of darkness, they will shed light on how our sun works, how it can produce deadly solar storms, and why its atmosphere is so hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1HWoP6SO98\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America. Watch NOVA’s \u003cem>Eclipse Over America\u003c/em>, Monday, August 21 at 9PM on KQED 9 and streaming online. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":177},"headData":{"title":"Preview: NOVA's Eclipse Over America | KQED","description":"NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914752/preview-novas-eclipse-over-america","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On August 21, 2017, millions of Americans will witness the first total solar eclipse to cross the continental United States in 99 years. As in all total solar eclipses, the moon will block the sun, revealing its ethereal outer atmosphere—its corona—in a wondrous celestial spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hordes of citizens prepare to flock to the eclipse’s path of totality, scientists, too, are staking out spots for a very different reason: to investigate the secrets of the sun’s elusive atmosphere. During the eclipse’s precious seconds of darkness, they will shed light on how our sun works, how it can produce deadly solar storms, and why its atmosphere is so hot.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/q1HWoP6SO98'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/q1HWoP6SO98'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America. Watch NOVA’s \u003cem>Eclipse Over America\u003c/em>, Monday, August 21 at 9PM on KQED 9 and streaming online. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914752/preview-novas-eclipse-over-america","authors":["8677"],"series":["science_3390"],"categories":["science_28","science_44"],"tags":["science_1928","science_325","science_1975","science_577","science_2933"],"featImg":"science_1914754","label":"science_3390"},"science_1500654":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1500654","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1500654","score":null,"sort":[1490715024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"videos-scenes-from-yosemite-national-park","title":"VIDEOS: Scenes from Yosemite National Park","publishDate":1490715024,"format":"video","headTitle":"VIDEOS: Scenes from Yosemite National Park | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":3259,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>As we wait for the premiere of PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite,\u003c/em> here’s some additional clips from the documentary, including reporting from KQED’s Science Unit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cn8FsOsBmY&t\u003cbr>\nGiant sequoias can live for thousands of years. Yet in California’s fourth year of historic drought, these resilient trees are starting to feel the effects of the lack of snow in the Sierra Nevada. University of California, Berkeley, researchers climb the trees to investigate. KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós investigates for KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/quest/\">\u003cem>QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmNZGr9Udx8&t\u003cbr>\nLearn how the destructive force of fire gives birth to new life. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m37QR_4XNY&t\u003cbr>\nEvery winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. One of our favorite \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003c/a> episodes from former KQED Science intern Mallory Pickett and KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNkNzNOX1AM\u003cbr>\nSierra newt males battle it out for the chance to get froggy. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">From PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEji9I4Tcjo\u003cbr>\nThe humble pine cone is more than a holiday decoration. It’s an ancient form of tree sex. Flowers may be faster and showier, but the largest living things in the world? The oldest? They all reproduce with cones. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>‘s\u003c/a> Christmas Special from KQED Science video producer and Deep Look cinematographer Josh Cassidy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\u003cbr>\nAround the third week of February each year, Horsetail Fall lights up Yosemite National Park with a spectacle of orange and red. The phenomenon, which has taken on the decidedly majestic nickname “firefall,” is an optical trick of the sunset when a host of conditions are just right. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\">Kevin Key via Storyful.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928927,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":355},"headData":{"title":"VIDEOS: Scenes from Yosemite National Park | KQED","description":"As we wait for the premiere of PBS Nature's Yosemite, here's some additional clips from the documentary, including reporting from KQED's Science Unit. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cn8FsOsBmY&t Giant sequoias can live for thousands of years. Yet in California’s fourth year of historic drought, these resilient trees are starting to feel the effects of the lack of snow in","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0f1noOj0Vs","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1500654/videos-scenes-from-yosemite-national-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As we wait for the premiere of PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite,\u003c/em> here’s some additional clips from the documentary, including reporting from KQED’s Science Unit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cn8FsOsBmY&t\u003cbr>\nGiant sequoias can live for thousands of years. Yet in California’s fourth year of historic drought, these resilient trees are starting to feel the effects of the lack of snow in the Sierra Nevada. University of California, Berkeley, researchers climb the trees to investigate. KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós investigates for KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/quest/\">\u003cem>QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmNZGr9Udx8&t\u003cbr>\nLearn how the destructive force of fire gives birth to new life. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m37QR_4XNY&t\u003cbr>\nEvery winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. One of our favorite \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003c/a> episodes from former KQED Science intern Mallory Pickett and KQED Science video producer Gabriela Quirós.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNkNzNOX1AM\u003cbr>\nSierra newt males battle it out for the chance to get froggy. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/\">From PBS Nature’s \u003cem>Yosemite\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEji9I4Tcjo\u003cbr>\nThe humble pine cone is more than a holiday decoration. It’s an ancient form of tree sex. Flowers may be faster and showier, but the largest living things in the world? The oldest? They all reproduce with cones. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>‘s\u003c/a> Christmas Special from KQED Science video producer and Deep Look cinematographer Josh Cassidy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\u003cbr>\nAround the third week of February each year, Horsetail Fall lights up Yosemite National Park with a spectacle of orange and red. The phenomenon, which has taken on the decidedly majestic nickname “firefall,” is an optical trick of the sunset when a host of conditions are just right. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIUcuLqakgA\">Kevin Key via Storyful.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1500654/videos-scenes-from-yosemite-national-park","authors":["8677"],"series":["science_3259"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_35","science_44","science_86","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_182","science_194","science_205","science_1970","science_572","science_112","science_218","science_448","science_309","science_109","science_1462","science_190","science_201","science_876","science_110","science_365","science_113","science_804","science_159"],"featImg":"science_1500769","label":"science_3259"},"science_404432":{"type":"posts","id":"science_404432","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"404432","score":null,"sort":[1450195230000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"go-drone-racer-go","title":"Racing Drones Built for Speed, Not Selfies, Take Off With Techies","publishDate":1450195230,"format":"video","headTitle":"Racing Drones Built for Speed, Not Selfies, Take Off With Techies | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Nearly 50 drone racing pilots flocked to a sports field in the heart of Silicon Valley last month to compete in a day of races and drone to drone combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day was organized by \u003ca href=\"http://flyingbearfpv.com\">Ken Loo\u003c/a>, an avid drone racer and the president of the South Bay chapter of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerialsports.tv\">Aerial Sports League\u003c/a>. “The Aerial Sports League is a group of hackers, makers and do-it-yourselfers that got together and wanted to promote the sport of drone racing, freestyle and drone combat,” said Loo, who by day works as a product design engineer for a tech company in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loo showed up at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale just before dawn to set up the racing course. Throughout the day, he juggled organizing duties while also finding time to compete in the freestyle event and the qualifying race heats which culminated in the championship race between the top five drone pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-e1449712137289.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the drones used for racing are not the ones you’ll find for sale at Best Buy, Fry’s Electronics or Amazon. Racing drones are typically under a pound in weight, including the battery, and are built by hand for speed – not selfies – using parts such as carbon fiber frames, tiny motors, propellers, flight controllers and other components that are purchased online or at hobby shops. In 2014, Loo started racing drones that he built by hand, a process which now takes him three to four hours to make a drone that can rocket through the air at 80 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404440\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-e1449712717429.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What I really love about flying drones is the feeling of flying,” Loo said. “I feel like I’m in the cockpit of an aircraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drone racing pilots wear First Person View goggles equipped with an antenna that picks up an analog video feed from a camera mounted on the drone to deliver the real-time sensation of flying furiously past objects, somersaulting in the sky or taking a plunge from 100 feet in the air onto a grassy field below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404525\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-e1449715024980.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404525\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loo considers drone racing to be a sport, not just a hobby, and he practices several days a week during his lunch hour with five or six friends who set up flags, tunnels, gates and other obstacles they steer their drones around, including the occasional soccer player who runs onto their race track to collect a stray ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer turned drone advocate concedes that the geeky nature of the sport attracts mostly young males with tech or engineering backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404532\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-e1449718415613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404532\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the people that are doing this and building their own drones and tinkering are (from) the engineering community, which is also heavily male-dominated,” Loo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://hexinair.com\">Zoe Stumbaugh\u003c/a>, a Santa Cruz resident, is one of the few female drone racing pilots who competes nationally. Using a drone with inverted thrusts that allowed her to fly upside down while doing tricks in the air, she was one of the pilots who competed in the freestyle portion of the Aerial Sports League tournament in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drone racing is definitely a male-dominated sport,” she said. “I’m hoping that by being in the forefront and kind of leading the way, others will follow and we can have a lot more fun and more females in the sport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408229\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-408229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_Pilot_2_1000172-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the course, the drone combat cage whirred with activity, as Marque Cornblatt, the CEO and Co-Founder of the Aerial Sports League, locked propellers with opponents until one or both of the drones fell to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornblatt is confident that drone racing will continue to attract new fans and more diverse participants, and he thinks that today’s drone pilots could be tomorrow’s newest million-dollar sports stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole thing has only existed for about a year and a half in the public consciousness, and there’s already so much enthusiasm for it,” Cornblatt said. “Five or ten years from now, there’s no reason not to assume that we’ll be as big as the NFL, as big as NASCAR.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fifty drone racing pilots gathered last month at a park in Sunnyvale to compete in a day of races.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930934,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":826},"headData":{"title":"Racing Drones Built for Speed, Not Selfies, Take Off With Techies | KQED","description":"Fifty drone racing pilots gathered last month at a park in Sunnyvale to compete in a day of races.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/4DOFgryDibo","sticky":false,"path":"/science/404432/go-drone-racer-go","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 50 drone racing pilots flocked to a sports field in the heart of Silicon Valley last month to compete in a day of races and drone to drone combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day was organized by \u003ca href=\"http://flyingbearfpv.com\">Ken Loo\u003c/a>, an avid drone racer and the president of the South Bay chapter of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerialsports.tv\">Aerial Sports League\u003c/a>. “The Aerial Sports League is a group of hackers, makers and do-it-yourselfers that got together and wanted to promote the sport of drone racing, freestyle and drone combat,” said Loo, who by day works as a product design engineer for a tech company in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loo showed up at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale just before dawn to set up the racing course. Throughout the day, he juggled organizing duties while also finding time to compete in the freestyle event and the qualifying race heats which culminated in the championship race between the top five drone pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-e1449712137289.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the drones used for racing are not the ones you’ll find for sale at Best Buy, Fry’s Electronics or Amazon. Racing drones are typically under a pound in weight, including the battery, and are built by hand for speed – not selfies – using parts such as carbon fiber frames, tiny motors, propellers, flight controllers and other components that are purchased online or at hobby shops. In 2014, Loo started racing drones that he built by hand, a process which now takes him three to four hours to make a drone that can rocket through the air at 80 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404440\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-e1449712717429.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What I really love about flying drones is the feeling of flying,” Loo said. “I feel like I’m in the cockpit of an aircraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drone racing pilots wear First Person View goggles equipped with an antenna that picks up an analog video feed from a camera mounted on the drone to deliver the real-time sensation of flying furiously past objects, somersaulting in the sky or taking a plunge from 100 feet in the air onto a grassy field below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404525\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-e1449715024980.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404525\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loo considers drone racing to be a sport, not just a hobby, and he practices several days a week during his lunch hour with five or six friends who set up flags, tunnels, gates and other obstacles they steer their drones around, including the occasional soccer player who runs onto their race track to collect a stray ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer turned drone advocate concedes that the geeky nature of the sport attracts mostly young males with tech or engineering backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404532\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-e1449718415613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404532\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the people that are doing this and building their own drones and tinkering are (from) the engineering community, which is also heavily male-dominated,” Loo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://hexinair.com\">Zoe Stumbaugh\u003c/a>, a Santa Cruz resident, is one of the few female drone racing pilots who competes nationally. Using a drone with inverted thrusts that allowed her to fly upside down while doing tricks in the air, she was one of the pilots who competed in the freestyle portion of the Aerial Sports League tournament in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drone racing is definitely a male-dominated sport,” she said. “I’m hoping that by being in the forefront and kind of leading the way, others will follow and we can have a lot more fun and more females in the sport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408229\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-408229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_Pilot_2_1000172-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the course, the drone combat cage whirred with activity, as Marque Cornblatt, the CEO and Co-Founder of the Aerial Sports League, locked propellers with opponents until one or both of the drones fell to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornblatt is confident that drone racing will continue to attract new fans and more diverse participants, and he thinks that today’s drone pilots could be tomorrow’s newest million-dollar sports stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole thing has only existed for about a year and a half in the public consciousness, and there’s already so much enthusiasm for it,” Cornblatt said. “Five or ten years from now, there’s no reason not to assume that we’ll be as big as the NFL, as big as NASCAR.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/404432/go-drone-racer-go","authors":["3249"],"categories":["science_89","science_40","science_44","science_86"],"featImg":"science_404434","label":"science"},"quest_72289":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72289","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72289","score":null,"sort":[1415718029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"diving-into-the-twilight-zone","title":"Diving Into the Twilight Zone","publishDate":1415718029,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Join aquarium director Bart Shepherd on an expedition to explore one of the most mysterious ocean realms: the twilight zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442635102,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":774},"headData":{"title":"Diving Into the Twilight Zone | KQED","description":"Join aquarium director Bart Shepherd on an expedition to explore one of the most mysterious ocean realms: the twilight zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72289 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72289","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/11/diving-into-the-twilight-zone/","disqusTitle":"Diving Into the Twilight Zone","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwpGfQZ8tF0?feature=player_detailpage","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/72289/diving-into-the-twilight-zone","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72289/diving-into-the-twilight-zone","authors":["10169"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13070","quest_326","quest_439","quest_13073","quest_13075","quest_13069","quest_12269","quest_13071","quest_3704","quest_13","quest_13072","quest_2552","quest_2787","quest_2893","quest_13068","quest_13074","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72792","label":"source_quest_72289"},"science_11141":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11141","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11141","score":null,"sort":[1384963237000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"silicon-valley-vcs-take-on-successful-space-startups","title":"Silicon Valley VC's Take on Successful Space Startups","publishDate":1384963237,"format":"video","headTitle":"Silicon Valley VC’s Take on Successful Space Startups | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A conversation with Silicon Valley venture capitalist \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson\">Steve Jurvetson\u003c/a> is the intellectual equivalent of an amusement park ride – thrilling and dizzying, with unexpected turns and twists taken at a breakneck pace. Jurvetson has an uncanny ability to find connections between scientific fields ranging from nanotechnology to renewable energy, with a high-octane curiosity and enthusiasm. I interviewed Jurvetson at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfj.com/\">DFJ\u003c/a>, the venture capital firm where he has backed top tier startups such as Hotmail, Skype and Baidu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Jurvetson-Still-049-e1384911218495.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Jurvetson-Still-049-e1384911218495.jpg\" alt=\"Silicon Valley venture capitalist Steve Jurvetson stands next to some of his space memorabilia, including a prototype of the American flag planted on the moon. Image by Arwen Curry / KQED Science.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley venture capitalist Steve Jurvetson stands next to his space memorabilia, including a prototype of the American flag planted on the moon. Image by Arwen Curry / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jurvetson is also an unabashed space geek, with a love for rockets and engineering instilled as a boy during summer stints at \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacecamp.com/\">Space Camp\u003c/a>. Today, he fires off amateur rockets with his children and collects uber-rare space memorabilia, including an original Apollo-era fuel cell, the prototype of the US flag planted on the moon by Buzz Aldrin and a control panel salvaged from a Soviet-era Soyuz spacecraft, all on display at his Menlo Park office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jurvetson has secured tens of millions of dollars for billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk’s startups, including the electric car maker Tesla Motors and SpaceX, a rocket-building and launch services company based near Los Angeles that has Jurvetson on its board. When I interviewed him this spring for the new KQED Science documentary, \u003ca title='\"Silicon Valley Goes to Space\"' href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Silicon Valley Goes to Space”\u003c/a>, I was keen to get his thoughts about the new flurry of commercial space ventures launched by Musk and other successful, tech-savvy entrepreneurs, including Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, Richard Branson and Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You’re dealing with big things that blow up on the pad. And in many cases, the need for a lot more money to get into space.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Jurvetson pointed out, some of these new space startups aren’t based in Silicon Valley. But the world’s capital of high-tech innovation has played an out-sized role in influencing and spurring the innovations and efficiencies that are allowing companies like SpaceX and Virgin Galactic to compete with and, it could be argued, out-innovate Boeing, Lockheed and other titans of the aerospace sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of it is the culture, the willingness to take risk,” Jurvetson said. “Whether it’s Tesla Motors and electric cars, SpaceX with rockets, some of the satellite companies that are thriving here, they are willing to approach things differently, re-engineer the problem, and radically change the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do venture capitalists look for when evaluating startups in need of funding to overcome some hefty hurdles in the space industry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re dealing with nation states as your competitors,” he said. “You’re dealing with political processes. You’re dealing with big things that blow up on the pad. And in many cases, the need for a lot more money to get into space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jurvetson, succeeding in the space startup world requires attributes common to any successful high-tech startup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one of the defining features of the new space era now underway is the appropriation of design and engineering strategies commonplace within the tech sector. This means that it’s much easier today than just five or 10 years ago to test and modify rocket designs, launch systems and robotic landers and innovate the “modular reuse” of hardware components such as SpaceX is doing with its Falcon 9 rockets. Ultimately, making it in the cutthroat world of startups requires perseverance, focused leadership and innovation, he said – traits that could apply just as readily to a startup making software or a startup making rocket ships to possibly ferry passengers to a space hotel or even Mars some day.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Steve Jurvetson is a leading Silicon Valley venture capitalist and a board member of rocket maker and launch services company, SpaceX. He shares what it takes to launch a successful start-up in the high-stakes space industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934665,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":654},"headData":{"title":"Silicon Valley VC's Take on Successful Space Startups | KQED","description":"Steve Jurvetson is a leading Silicon Valley venture capitalist and a board member of rocket maker and launch services company, SpaceX. He shares what it takes to launch a successful start-up in the high-stakes space industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UJKhfzxlZM","sticky":false,"path":"/science/11141/silicon-valley-vcs-take-on-successful-space-startups","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A conversation with Silicon Valley venture capitalist \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson\">Steve Jurvetson\u003c/a> is the intellectual equivalent of an amusement park ride – thrilling and dizzying, with unexpected turns and twists taken at a breakneck pace. Jurvetson has an uncanny ability to find connections between scientific fields ranging from nanotechnology to renewable energy, with a high-octane curiosity and enthusiasm. I interviewed Jurvetson at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfj.com/\">DFJ\u003c/a>, the venture capital firm where he has backed top tier startups such as Hotmail, Skype and Baidu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Jurvetson-Still-049-e1384911218495.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Jurvetson-Still-049-e1384911218495.jpg\" alt=\"Silicon Valley venture capitalist Steve Jurvetson stands next to some of his space memorabilia, including a prototype of the American flag planted on the moon. Image by Arwen Curry / KQED Science.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley venture capitalist Steve Jurvetson stands next to his space memorabilia, including a prototype of the American flag planted on the moon. Image by Arwen Curry / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jurvetson is also an unabashed space geek, with a love for rockets and engineering instilled as a boy during summer stints at \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacecamp.com/\">Space Camp\u003c/a>. Today, he fires off amateur rockets with his children and collects uber-rare space memorabilia, including an original Apollo-era fuel cell, the prototype of the US flag planted on the moon by Buzz Aldrin and a control panel salvaged from a Soviet-era Soyuz spacecraft, all on display at his Menlo Park office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jurvetson has secured tens of millions of dollars for billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk’s startups, including the electric car maker Tesla Motors and SpaceX, a rocket-building and launch services company based near Los Angeles that has Jurvetson on its board. When I interviewed him this spring for the new KQED Science documentary, \u003ca title='\"Silicon Valley Goes to Space\"' href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Silicon Valley Goes to Space”\u003c/a>, I was keen to get his thoughts about the new flurry of commercial space ventures launched by Musk and other successful, tech-savvy entrepreneurs, including Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, Richard Branson and Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You’re dealing with big things that blow up on the pad. And in many cases, the need for a lot more money to get into space.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Jurvetson pointed out, some of these new space startups aren’t based in Silicon Valley. But the world’s capital of high-tech innovation has played an out-sized role in influencing and spurring the innovations and efficiencies that are allowing companies like SpaceX and Virgin Galactic to compete with and, it could be argued, out-innovate Boeing, Lockheed and other titans of the aerospace sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of it is the culture, the willingness to take risk,” Jurvetson said. “Whether it’s Tesla Motors and electric cars, SpaceX with rockets, some of the satellite companies that are thriving here, they are willing to approach things differently, re-engineer the problem, and radically change the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do venture capitalists look for when evaluating startups in need of funding to overcome some hefty hurdles in the space industry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re dealing with nation states as your competitors,” he said. “You’re dealing with political processes. You’re dealing with big things that blow up on the pad. And in many cases, the need for a lot more money to get into space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jurvetson, succeeding in the space startup world requires attributes common to any successful high-tech startup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one of the defining features of the new space era now underway is the appropriation of design and engineering strategies commonplace within the tech sector. This means that it’s much easier today than just five or 10 years ago to test and modify rocket designs, launch systems and robotic landers and innovate the “modular reuse” of hardware components such as SpaceX is doing with its Falcon 9 rockets. Ultimately, making it in the cutthroat world of startups requires perseverance, focused leadership and innovation, he said – traits that could apply just as readily to a startup making software or a startup making rocket ships to possibly ferry passengers to a space hotel or even Mars some day.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11141/silicon-valley-vcs-take-on-successful-space-startups","authors":["3249"],"categories":["science_28","science_89","science_44","science_86"],"tags":["science_968","science_970"],"featImg":"science_11244","label":"science"},"science_11135":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11135","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11135","score":null,"sort":[1384814148000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"silicon-valley-goes-to-space-2","title":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space","publishDate":1384814148,"format":"video","headTitle":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Editor’s Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>On the morning of October 31, 2014, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight 25 miles north of the Mojave Air and Space Port, killing one of the two pilots flying the craft. “Space is hard and today was a tough day,” said Virgin Galactic CEO George Whitesides at a press conference held a few hours later. Hundreds of wealthy would-be space tourists have put down deposits for a $250,000 rocketship ride into the edge of space, with Virgin Galactic’s flights scheduled to begin as early as 2015. The tragedy capped a tumultuous week for private space ventures, with the explosion a few days earlier of an unmanned Orbital Sciences rocket just moments after takeoff from Wallops Island in Virginia. Investigations are ongoing into the cause of both accidents. For more information, read the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-test-flight\">KQED News Fix blog post\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://spacex.com/\">SpaceX\u003c/a> became the first company to make a commercial mission to the International Space Station, successfully ferrying more than 1,000 pounds of supplies to the station. But SpaceX’s founder and CEO, billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, has a larger prize in mind: flying people to Mars aboard SpaceX rockets within 10 or 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>, founded by billionaire British entrepreneur Richard Branson, is on track to launch its first commercial spacecraft next year, rocketing “space tourists” on a $250,000 ride to the edge of space. So far, the company has collected deposits from more than 600 passengers, including wealthy children of the space age and celebrities like Justin Bieber and Leonardo DiCaprio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s space exploration efforts look far different than the historic exploration of space pioneered by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">NASA\u003c/a> during the Apollo missions of the 1960s and ’70s. Then, during the height of the Cold War, the US locked technological and ideological horns with the Soviet Union to prove that American ingenuity and technological prowess would triumph in the race to land a man on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, in the age of cutbacks and federal furloughs, NASA is turning to the private sector to more cheaply get to Low Earth Orbit, a region roughly 100 to 600 miles above earth where the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/\">International Space Station\u003c/a> is located. From space tourism to plans to mine the moon, dozens of for-profit companies, many with the business models, characters and the high-tech, risk-taking culture of Silicon Valley, are reshaping American space exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford Aeronautics Professor G. Scott Hubbard, who worked at NASA for 20 years, and served as the director at one of its centers, the NASA Ames Research Center, said the space agency’s growing partnership with the private sector is critical for America to work more efficiently and cheaply in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the old days, with all of these specifications, the reviews would get down to every nut and bolt,” he said. “In this new age, now, in ‘new space’, companies like SpaceX, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.orbital.com/\">Orbital Sciences\u003c/a>, are building their own vehicles, and NASA is saying, ‘OK, if you give us a service meeting this type of a milestone and this level of reliability, we’ll just take it…we’re not going to investigate every nut and bolt.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_JRoy_GShotwell_19563123.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11241\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_JRoy_GShotwell_19563123.jpg\" alt=\"Gwynne Shotwell, President and COO of SpaceX, shows off rocket engines being built at the company's headquarters near L.A. Image by Jayme Roy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gwynne Shotwell, President and COO of SpaceX, shows off rocket engines being built at the company’s headquarters near L.A. Image by Jayme Roy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the private sector isn’t simply providing lower-cost services to NASA. More fundamentally, it is disrupting the space industry by creating new technologies that make getting into space cheaper. And that is expanding the commercial, scientific and even extreme adventure possibilities of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the country’s new space entrepreneurs hail from the tech sector and some, like Elon Musk, rocketed to prominence with startup success in the early days of e-commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elon Musk didn’t come from an aerospace background, he is a computer scientist by training,” said Silicon Valley venture capitalist Steve Jurvetson, a SpaceX board member and investor in the company. “And he thinks about the rocket like computer scientists would – modular reuse, modern programming languages, everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly, there are risks associated with these new, for-profit space ventures. Not only does the threat of commercial failure loom large, so too is the threat of accidents aboard the rocket ships gearing up to fly wealthy thrill-seekers and space buffs dozens of miles above earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we fly in space often enough, people will die. That’s not a pleasant truth but it is the truth,” said Jeff Greason, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.xcor.com/\">XCOR Aerospace\u003c/a>, a Mojave, California company that, like Virgin Galactic, is also accepting deposits for rides aboard its rocket ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tragically, this sentiment became reality on Oct. 31, 2014, when Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight, killing Michael Alsbury, a Scotts Valley native and one of the two pilots on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disaster came just three days after the explosion of an unmanned Orbital Sciences rocket in Virginia. The rocket was scheduled to make a resupply mission to the International Space Station, as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew and Cargo program, under which the company, along with its competitor, SpaceX, had won lucrative, billion-dollar contracts to haul cargo to and from the ISS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubbard said the disasters occurred in two different areas of the private space sector, so the impact of the crashes should be examined separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“NASA’s commercial cargo and crew program represents one industry and it has almost nothing to do with the Virgin Galactic crash, which has to do with suborbital space tourism,” Hubbard said. “Orbital Sciences will have to stand down and evaluate their vehicle until they fly again. I don’t see NASA deviating in any substantial way from their commercial cargo and commercial crew program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubbard served as the sole NASA official on the investigation into the February 2003 crash of the Space Shuttle Columbia, which killed all seven crew members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he thinks that the crash of SpaceShipTwo will not derail the launch of space tourism, adding that the risks are not unlike those of the early days of aviation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think within the next five years, you will see space tourism,” he said. “Flying cross country is safer per seat mille that it is per seat mile driving in your car, but that occurred over a period of 100 years, from Kitty Hawk to now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I think Richard Branson will need to restore the faith of his paying customers that he has a safe operation,” he added. “But I don’t see the interest in suborbital space tourism going away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Orbital Sciences and Virgin Galactic struggle to move on from their setbacks, other private space companies have seen major successes in recent months.\u003cs>\u003c/s>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_BMcHugh_Skybox_07343803_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11239\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_BMcHugh_Skybox_07343803_2.jpg\" alt=\"Technicians at Skybox Imaging work on a satellite in a clean room at the company's headquarters in Mountain View. Image by Blake McHugh.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians at Skybox Imaging work on a satellite in a clean room at the company’s headquarters in Mountain View. Image by Blake McHugh.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.skyboximaging.com/\">Skybox Imaging\u003c/a>, based in Mountain View, sees itself as building “the iPhone of satellites.” The company is carving out a new niche in the satellite imaging industry with lower-cost imaging satellites that are built with the latest computer processors to transmit rapid satellite imagery and video of practically any location on the planet, said the company’s co-founder and executive vice president, Dan Berkenstock.\u003cs>\u003c/s>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential applications include monitoring deforestation activity to tracking shipping activity in a busy California port, from day-to-day and month to month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skybox says its customers will be able to access online current satellite imagery of locations they’re interested in tracking for presumably a lot less than the “couple of thousand dollars” that Berkenstock said it costs today for a customer to order a new satellite image and receive it months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade-off, however, is quality: although Skybox’s satellites will provide high-resolution images, they won’t be as sophisticated as what the SUV-sized, expensive imaging satellites can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can count how many cars are in a parking lot, but we probably can’t tell you it’s a Buick versus a Honda,” said Berkenstock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company launched its first two satellites from rockets in Kazakhstan in November 2013. In August 2014, Google acquired Skybox Imaging for $500 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Commercial space ventures are taking off and opening up space like never before. With its culture of risk and game-changing startups, Silicon Valley is playing a starring role in many of these new space companies. But risks and costs emerge with the increasing privatization of space. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934675,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1454},"headData":{"title":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space | KQED","description":"Commercial space ventures are taking off and opening up space like never before. With its culture of risk and game-changing startups, Silicon Valley is playing a starring role in many of these new space companies. But risks and costs emerge with the increasing privatization of space. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9oTeQ2FC84","sticky":false,"WpOldSlug":"silicon-valley-goes-to-space","path":"/science/11135/silicon-valley-goes-to-space-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Editor’s Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>On the morning of October 31, 2014, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight 25 miles north of the Mojave Air and Space Port, killing one of the two pilots flying the craft. “Space is hard and today was a tough day,” said Virgin Galactic CEO George Whitesides at a press conference held a few hours later. Hundreds of wealthy would-be space tourists have put down deposits for a $250,000 rocketship ride into the edge of space, with Virgin Galactic’s flights scheduled to begin as early as 2015. The tragedy capped a tumultuous week for private space ventures, with the explosion a few days earlier of an unmanned Orbital Sciences rocket just moments after takeoff from Wallops Island in Virginia. Investigations are ongoing into the cause of both accidents. For more information, read the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-test-flight\">KQED News Fix blog post\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://spacex.com/\">SpaceX\u003c/a> became the first company to make a commercial mission to the International Space Station, successfully ferrying more than 1,000 pounds of supplies to the station. But SpaceX’s founder and CEO, billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, has a larger prize in mind: flying people to Mars aboard SpaceX rockets within 10 or 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>, founded by billionaire British entrepreneur Richard Branson, is on track to launch its first commercial spacecraft next year, rocketing “space tourists” on a $250,000 ride to the edge of space. So far, the company has collected deposits from more than 600 passengers, including wealthy children of the space age and celebrities like Justin Bieber and Leonardo DiCaprio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s space exploration efforts look far different than the historic exploration of space pioneered by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">NASA\u003c/a> during the Apollo missions of the 1960s and ’70s. Then, during the height of the Cold War, the US locked technological and ideological horns with the Soviet Union to prove that American ingenuity and technological prowess would triumph in the race to land a man on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, in the age of cutbacks and federal furloughs, NASA is turning to the private sector to more cheaply get to Low Earth Orbit, a region roughly 100 to 600 miles above earth where the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/\">International Space Station\u003c/a> is located. From space tourism to plans to mine the moon, dozens of for-profit companies, many with the business models, characters and the high-tech, risk-taking culture of Silicon Valley, are reshaping American space exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford Aeronautics Professor G. Scott Hubbard, who worked at NASA for 20 years, and served as the director at one of its centers, the NASA Ames Research Center, said the space agency’s growing partnership with the private sector is critical for America to work more efficiently and cheaply in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the old days, with all of these specifications, the reviews would get down to every nut and bolt,” he said. “In this new age, now, in ‘new space’, companies like SpaceX, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.orbital.com/\">Orbital Sciences\u003c/a>, are building their own vehicles, and NASA is saying, ‘OK, if you give us a service meeting this type of a milestone and this level of reliability, we’ll just take it…we’re not going to investigate every nut and bolt.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_JRoy_GShotwell_19563123.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11241\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_JRoy_GShotwell_19563123.jpg\" alt=\"Gwynne Shotwell, President and COO of SpaceX, shows off rocket engines being built at the company's headquarters near L.A. Image by Jayme Roy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gwynne Shotwell, President and COO of SpaceX, shows off rocket engines being built at the company’s headquarters near L.A. Image by Jayme Roy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the private sector isn’t simply providing lower-cost services to NASA. More fundamentally, it is disrupting the space industry by creating new technologies that make getting into space cheaper. And that is expanding the commercial, scientific and even extreme adventure possibilities of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the country’s new space entrepreneurs hail from the tech sector and some, like Elon Musk, rocketed to prominence with startup success in the early days of e-commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elon Musk didn’t come from an aerospace background, he is a computer scientist by training,” said Silicon Valley venture capitalist Steve Jurvetson, a SpaceX board member and investor in the company. “And he thinks about the rocket like computer scientists would – modular reuse, modern programming languages, everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly, there are risks associated with these new, for-profit space ventures. Not only does the threat of commercial failure loom large, so too is the threat of accidents aboard the rocket ships gearing up to fly wealthy thrill-seekers and space buffs dozens of miles above earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we fly in space often enough, people will die. That’s not a pleasant truth but it is the truth,” said Jeff Greason, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.xcor.com/\">XCOR Aerospace\u003c/a>, a Mojave, California company that, like Virgin Galactic, is also accepting deposits for rides aboard its rocket ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tragically, this sentiment became reality on Oct. 31, 2014, when Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight, killing Michael Alsbury, a Scotts Valley native and one of the two pilots on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disaster came just three days after the explosion of an unmanned Orbital Sciences rocket in Virginia. The rocket was scheduled to make a resupply mission to the International Space Station, as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew and Cargo program, under which the company, along with its competitor, SpaceX, had won lucrative, billion-dollar contracts to haul cargo to and from the ISS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubbard said the disasters occurred in two different areas of the private space sector, so the impact of the crashes should be examined separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“NASA’s commercial cargo and crew program represents one industry and it has almost nothing to do with the Virgin Galactic crash, which has to do with suborbital space tourism,” Hubbard said. “Orbital Sciences will have to stand down and evaluate their vehicle until they fly again. I don’t see NASA deviating in any substantial way from their commercial cargo and commercial crew program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubbard served as the sole NASA official on the investigation into the February 2003 crash of the Space Shuttle Columbia, which killed all seven crew members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he thinks that the crash of SpaceShipTwo will not derail the launch of space tourism, adding that the risks are not unlike those of the early days of aviation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think within the next five years, you will see space tourism,” he said. “Flying cross country is safer per seat mille that it is per seat mile driving in your car, but that occurred over a period of 100 years, from Kitty Hawk to now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I think Richard Branson will need to restore the faith of his paying customers that he has a safe operation,” he added. “But I don’t see the interest in suborbital space tourism going away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Orbital Sciences and Virgin Galactic struggle to move on from their setbacks, other private space companies have seen major successes in recent months.\u003cs>\u003c/s>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_BMcHugh_Skybox_07343803_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11239\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/703_KQEDSci_Space_BMcHugh_Skybox_07343803_2.jpg\" alt=\"Technicians at Skybox Imaging work on a satellite in a clean room at the company's headquarters in Mountain View. Image by Blake McHugh.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians at Skybox Imaging work on a satellite in a clean room at the company’s headquarters in Mountain View. Image by Blake McHugh.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.skyboximaging.com/\">Skybox Imaging\u003c/a>, based in Mountain View, sees itself as building “the iPhone of satellites.” The company is carving out a new niche in the satellite imaging industry with lower-cost imaging satellites that are built with the latest computer processors to transmit rapid satellite imagery and video of practically any location on the planet, said the company’s co-founder and executive vice president, Dan Berkenstock.\u003cs>\u003c/s>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential applications include monitoring deforestation activity to tracking shipping activity in a busy California port, from day-to-day and month to month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skybox says its customers will be able to access online current satellite imagery of locations they’re interested in tracking for presumably a lot less than the “couple of thousand dollars” that Berkenstock said it costs today for a customer to order a new satellite image and receive it months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade-off, however, is quality: although Skybox’s satellites will provide high-resolution images, they won’t be as sophisticated as what the SUV-sized, expensive imaging satellites can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can count how many cars are in a parking lot, but we probably can’t tell you it’s a Buick versus a Honda,” said Berkenstock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company launched its first two satellites from rockets in Kazakhstan in November 2013. In August 2014, Google acquired Skybox Imaging for $500 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11135/silicon-valley-goes-to-space-2","authors":["3249"],"categories":["science_28","science_89","science_44","science_86"],"tags":["science_5175","science_968","science_577","science_970"],"featImg":"science_11140","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/ME_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/OOW_Tile_Final.png","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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