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He is the 2019 Oakland Youth Poet Laureate, a 2020 Finalist for National Youth Poet Laureate, and a 4-time YoungArts Winner. His writing has been published in Teen Vogue, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and more. He will attend Yale University in the fall of 2021.\u003c/span>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebad3dcf2295975cfe77698fa670a089?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Samuel Getachew | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebad3dcf2295975cfe77698fa670a089?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebad3dcf2295975cfe77698fa670a089?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sgetachew"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1980182":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1980182","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1980182","score":null,"sort":[1662074774000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-democrats-pass-climate-package-in-legislatures-final-days","title":"California Democrats Pass Far-Reaching Climate Package in Final Days of Legislative Session","publishDate":1662074774,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Democrats Pass Far-Reaching Climate Package in Final Days of Legislative Session | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Tougher clean energy goals, a ban on new oil and gas wells near homes and schools, and guidelines for capturing carbon and storing it underground are among the climate proposals California Democrats advanced in the final days of the legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together, along with tens of billions in budget money for climate proposals, the policies marked one of the state’s most groundbreaking years for climate action, some advocates said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a watershed year on climate action,” said Mary Creasman, chief executive officer for California Environmental Voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1977314']Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom in August delivered to lawmakers a slate of climate proposals, some of which lawmakers had been pushing unsuccessfully for years. All but one, a proposal that would have required deeper greenhouse gas emissions cuts by 2030, will now head to his desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly, legislative Republicans argued the bills would destroy in-state jobs and require the state to turn to foreign countries to import oil to maintain an economy that still relies heavily on fossil fuels. Democrats, meanwhile, said the urgency of climate change requires swifter, more aggressive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at some of the key measures:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Neighborhood drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas companies would no longer be able to drill wells within 3,200 feet of homes, schools and other community sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 2.7 million Californians live within that distance of a well already, according to state Sen. Lena Gonzalez, one of the bill’s authors. Studies show living near a drilling site can elevate the risk of birth defects, respiratory issues and health problems. Neighborhood oil wells are common across parts of Los Angeles County and Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1975573']The legislation wouldn’t shut down the more than 28,000 existing wells in that zone, but would require them to meet strict pollution controls. Those wells would also be barred from most permits to deepen or rework the wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators announced a similar policy in 2021, though it has not yet been finalized. Supporters of the policy believed passing the law was the quickest path forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a victory for every single family and every single frontline community in California that has been fighting Big Oil’s drilling in our backyards for decades and pushing for setbacks for years,” Kobi Naseck, coalition coordinator for Voices in Solidarity Against Oil in Neighborhoods, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the seventh-largest oil-producing state and ranks 14th for natural gas production. Republican state Sen. Shannon Grove of Bakersfield, which is one of the state’s oil hubs, said the proposal would affect thousands of wells in her district and do nothing to reduce a need for oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t change the fact that Californians are still using oil every single day to make their lives more convenient and better,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Renewable energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California has already mandated that 100% of retail electricity sales will come from non-carbon energy sources like solar and wind power by 2045. Current law sets an interim goal of 60% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers have now boosted that to 90% by 2030 and 95% by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes as California is struggling to keep its power grid stable as the state transitions away from fossil fuels and record temperatures blanket the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more aggressive 2030 targets will put even more pressure on the state to build more solar panels, wind turbines and batteries that can store that power for use at night. At the same time, electricity demand is expected to soar as California tries to get more people to swap out gas-powered cars and home appliances for electric ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_790769\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-790769\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The steel green Pacific Ocean crashes against cliffs in front of a nuclear power plant. The round gray towers of the plant rise in the middle of the photo behind a long, low reddish building with narrow vertical windows. To the right are several white buildings.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant, which sits on the edge of the Pacific Ocean at Avila Beach in San Luis Obispo County, \u003ccite>(Mark Ralston/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers also agreed to a policy aimed at extending the life of Diablo Canyon Power Plant, the state’s last nuclear power plant, to help stabilize the energy grid. But nuclear power does not count as an eligible non-carbon source to meet the state’s clean electricity goals; solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, small hydropower and fuel cells count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom, speaking Wednesday, acknowledged the challenges of having enough energy to meet demand during heat waves made worse by climate change. But he said that will only accelerate California’s push to build a cleaner energy grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t think for a second … that we’re going to deescalate our commitment to that transition,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Carbon neutrality\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Former California Gov. Jerry Brown signed an executive order in 2018 calling for the state to be carbon neutral by 2045, meaning any carbon that it emits is offset by removing a similar amount from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='For Teachers and Students' link1='https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/18,Is a Carbon Tax the Best Way to Slow Climate Change?']Legislators on Wednesday voted to turn that goal into a law and require an 85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions along with it. The second part is designed to ensure that the carbon neutrality is mostly achieved by lowering emissions, not taking carbon out of the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups are skeptical that carbon capture is a reliable and safe technology and worry it will be used to let oil companies keep emitting fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bill passed by the Legislature requires the state air board to create a permitting process for for such projects. It bans the technology from being used to extract more oil.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"State Democrats passed bills strengthening clean energy goals and banning new oil and gas wells near homes and schools, among other climate wins.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846199,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":948},"headData":{"title":"California Democrats Pass Far-Reaching Climate Package in Final Days of Legislative Session | KQED","description":"State Democrats passed bills strengthening clean energy goals and banning new oil and gas wells near homes and schools, among other climate wins.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Kathleen Ronayne\u003cbr>The Associated Press","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1980182/california-democrats-pass-climate-package-in-legislatures-final-days","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tougher clean energy goals, a ban on new oil and gas wells near homes and schools, and guidelines for capturing carbon and storing it underground are among the climate proposals California Democrats advanced in the final days of the legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together, along with tens of billions in budget money for climate proposals, the policies marked one of the state’s most groundbreaking years for climate action, some advocates said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a watershed year on climate action,” said Mary Creasman, chief executive officer for California Environmental Voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1977314","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom in August delivered to lawmakers a slate of climate proposals, some of which lawmakers had been pushing unsuccessfully for years. All but one, a proposal that would have required deeper greenhouse gas emissions cuts by 2030, will now head to his desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly, legislative Republicans argued the bills would destroy in-state jobs and require the state to turn to foreign countries to import oil to maintain an economy that still relies heavily on fossil fuels. Democrats, meanwhile, said the urgency of climate change requires swifter, more aggressive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at some of the key measures:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Neighborhood drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas companies would no longer be able to drill wells within 3,200 feet of homes, schools and other community sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 2.7 million Californians live within that distance of a well already, according to state Sen. Lena Gonzalez, one of the bill’s authors. Studies show living near a drilling site can elevate the risk of birth defects, respiratory issues and health problems. Neighborhood oil wells are common across parts of Los Angeles County and Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1975573","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The legislation wouldn’t shut down the more than 28,000 existing wells in that zone, but would require them to meet strict pollution controls. Those wells would also be barred from most permits to deepen or rework the wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators announced a similar policy in 2021, though it has not yet been finalized. Supporters of the policy believed passing the law was the quickest path forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a victory for every single family and every single frontline community in California that has been fighting Big Oil’s drilling in our backyards for decades and pushing for setbacks for years,” Kobi Naseck, coalition coordinator for Voices in Solidarity Against Oil in Neighborhoods, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the seventh-largest oil-producing state and ranks 14th for natural gas production. Republican state Sen. Shannon Grove of Bakersfield, which is one of the state’s oil hubs, said the proposal would affect thousands of wells in her district and do nothing to reduce a need for oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t change the fact that Californians are still using oil every single day to make their lives more convenient and better,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Renewable energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California has already mandated that 100% of retail electricity sales will come from non-carbon energy sources like solar and wind power by 2045. Current law sets an interim goal of 60% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers have now boosted that to 90% by 2030 and 95% by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes as California is struggling to keep its power grid stable as the state transitions away from fossil fuels and record temperatures blanket the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more aggressive 2030 targets will put even more pressure on the state to build more solar panels, wind turbines and batteries that can store that power for use at night. At the same time, electricity demand is expected to soar as California tries to get more people to swap out gas-powered cars and home appliances for electric ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_790769\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-790769\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The steel green Pacific Ocean crashes against cliffs in front of a nuclear power plant. The round gray towers of the plant rise in the middle of the photo behind a long, low reddish building with narrow vertical windows. To the right are several white buildings.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/diablocanyon-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant, which sits on the edge of the Pacific Ocean at Avila Beach in San Luis Obispo County, \u003ccite>(Mark Ralston/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers also agreed to a policy aimed at extending the life of Diablo Canyon Power Plant, the state’s last nuclear power plant, to help stabilize the energy grid. But nuclear power does not count as an eligible non-carbon source to meet the state’s clean electricity goals; solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, small hydropower and fuel cells count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom, speaking Wednesday, acknowledged the challenges of having enough energy to meet demand during heat waves made worse by climate change. But he said that will only accelerate California’s push to build a cleaner energy grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t think for a second … that we’re going to deescalate our commitment to that transition,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Carbon neutrality\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Former California Gov. Jerry Brown signed an executive order in 2018 calling for the state to be carbon neutral by 2045, meaning any carbon that it emits is offset by removing a similar amount from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"For Teachers and Students ","link1":"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/18,Is a Carbon Tax the Best Way to Slow Climate Change?"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Legislators on Wednesday voted to turn that goal into a law and require an 85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions along with it. The second part is designed to ensure that the carbon neutrality is mostly achieved by lowering emissions, not taking carbon out of the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups are skeptical that carbon capture is a reliable and safe technology and worry it will be used to let oil companies keep emitting fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bill passed by the Legislature requires the state air board to create a permitting process for for such projects. It bans the technology from being used to extract more oil.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980182/california-democrats-pass-climate-package-in-legislatures-final-days","authors":["byline_science_1980182"],"categories":["science_31","science_16","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_2889","science_182","science_134","science_813","science_2541"],"featImg":"science_1980184","label":"source_science_1980182"},"science_1979998":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979998","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979998","score":null,"sort":[1660244640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-last-time-to-catch-a-supermoon-this-year-is-approaching","title":"The Last Time to Catch a Supermoon This Year Is Approaching","publishDate":1660244640,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Last Time to Catch a Supermoon This Year Is Approaching | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The last time in the year to catch a supermoon, the biggest and brightest of full moons, begins soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronomical event started Wednesday, but isn’t expected to be visible to the naked eye until 9:36 p.m. EDT Thursday and will stay in that phase until Saturday morning, according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the fourth and final supermoon of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11905732']\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What is a supermoon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A supermoon is a full moon that is within 90% of its closest point, or perigee, to Earth in its orbit. While closer, that perigee is still about 226,000 miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, supermoons appear 17% bigger and 30% brighter than when the moon is at its farthest point away from Earth, NASA says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supermoon starting Thursday was also called the Sturgeon Moon — named after a large fish — by the Algonquin Native American tribe, in what is currently the northeastern U.S. It is also known as the Green Corn Moon, according to NASA.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID='science_1979461']\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What to look for\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Supermoons in general appear 17% bigger and 30% brighter than when the moon is at its farthest point away from Earth, according to NASA. Supermoons are slightly bigger and brighter than most full moons, too. Just because it’s bigger and brighter doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll see it unaided, so binoculars may give you a better view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you’re looking for some photography tips to capture this event, NASA has you covered with \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/920/how-to-photograph-the-moon/\">these handy tips.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+last+time+to+catch+a+supermoon+this+year+is+approaching&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Supermoons in general appear 17% bigger and 30% brighter than when the moon is at its farthest point away from Earth, according to NASA.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846218,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":275},"headData":{"title":"The Last Time to Catch a Supermoon This Year Is Approaching | KQED","description":"Supermoons in general appear 17% bigger and 30% brighter than when the moon is at its farthest point away from Earth, according to NASA.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Xinhua News Agency","nprByline":"Ayana Archie","nprImageAgency":"Xinhua News Agency via Getty Ima","nprStoryId":"1112750685","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1112750685&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1112750685/supermoon-full-moon-nasa-august-2022?ft=nprml&f=1112750685","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 11 Aug 2022 04:48:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 11 Aug 2022 04:48:50 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 11 Aug 2022 04:49:15 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1979998/the-last-time-to-catch-a-supermoon-this-year-is-approaching","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The last time in the year to catch a supermoon, the biggest and brightest of full moons, begins soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronomical event started Wednesday, but isn’t expected to be visible to the naked eye until 9:36 p.m. EDT Thursday and will stay in that phase until Saturday morning, according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the fourth and final supermoon of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11905732","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What is a supermoon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A supermoon is a full moon that is within 90% of its closest point, or perigee, to Earth in its orbit. While closer, that perigee is still about 226,000 miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, supermoons appear 17% bigger and 30% brighter than when the moon is at its farthest point away from Earth, NASA says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supermoon starting Thursday was also called the Sturgeon Moon — named after a large fish — by the Algonquin Native American tribe, in what is currently the northeastern U.S. It is also known as the Green Corn Moon, according to NASA.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1979461","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What to look for\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Supermoons in general appear 17% bigger and 30% brighter than when the moon is at its farthest point away from Earth, according to NASA. Supermoons are slightly bigger and brighter than most full moons, too. Just because it’s bigger and brighter doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll see it unaided, so binoculars may give you a better view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you’re looking for some photography tips to capture this event, NASA has you covered with \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/920/how-to-photograph-the-moon/\">these handy tips.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+last+time+to+catch+a+supermoon+this+year+is+approaching&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979998/the-last-time-to-catch-a-supermoon-this-year-is-approaching","authors":["byline_science_1979998"],"categories":["science_28","science_16","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1073","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1979999","label":"source_science_1979998"},"science_1979865":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979865","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979865","score":null,"sort":[1658926899000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"migratory-birds-return-as-salt-ponds-heal-documenting-a-damaged-world-in-transition","title":"Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition","publishDate":1658926899,"format":"image","headTitle":"Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, taking photographs from a doorless helicopter was proving more difficult than San Francisco Bay Area photographer joSon had anticipated. Bundled in ski apparel and buckled into his seat, he had done his best to prepare. But the driving winds on this chilly November day quickly numbed his fingers, and more than once his camera smacked against his face as a gust rattled the two-seater aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four thousand feet below, the placid salt ponds that lured him to this precarious position draped the southern inland tip of San Francisco Bay like a multicolored quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many Bay Area residents, joSon’s first glimpse of the South Bay’s salt ponds was from the relative comfort of a commercial airliner. Descending into San Francisco International Airport, travelers glimpse an otherworldly landscape of geometric lines and vibrant colors fringing the jagged coastline and muddy blue-green of the Bay — the result of more than 150 years of industrial salt mining. As bay water is pumped through a series of artificial ponds, sun and steady winds cause it to evaporate, leaving each pond saltier than the one before. And as the salinity changes, so do the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, giving each pond a unique color — from the lime green of Dunaliella algae in low-salinity pools to the rose-petal reds of salt-loving halobacteria in crystallization ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Levees neatly separate the photo into four squares of red and rose. One is the red of a stop sign, another is a desert rose, a third is a pale orange, and a fourth is a dark rose. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Halobacteria produce a red tinge in the South Bay’s saltiest ponds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The colors and patterns reminded joSon of rice paddies in Vietnam, where he spent part of his childhood and lived as a Buddhist monk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pale lime water marks a salt pond at the top of the page in a curve with a foot shape at the bottom. On the left is another pond in yellow-gold. The lower right shows ??????\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By 2050, sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Captivated, he returned to the South Bay salt ponds again and again, dangling from a helicopter, often in frigid temperatures, over the course of two years to capture their “bizarre beauty.” Over time, he noticed a transformation taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where some of the ponds once were, the locations were now flooded with seawater,” joSon told me. In place of the neon colors of industrial salt ponds, he began noticing “thousands of pearl-like brown and white dots” — flocks of American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and other shorebirds returning to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he didn’t yet realize it, joSon was documenting one of the largest wetland restoration projects in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the multinational corporation Cargill sold more than 15,000 acres of its South Bay salt ponds — most but not all of its holdings — to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the California State Coastal Conservancy, and the California Department of Fish and Game. This sale launched the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979879\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two turquoise creeks run from the bottom of the image to the top. On the left, the creek shows branching tributaries. The creeks run parallel to a levee in the center of the photo, through a lush landscape of green and brown restored wetlands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two creeks run parallel to a levee through restored South Bay wetlands. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since, a consortium of more than a dozen nonprofits and state and federal agencies have collaborated to return much of the area to tidal marsh by mid-century. In doing so, they hope to recreate habitat for beleaguered native species, restore the coastline’s natural flood resilience, and improve the overall quality of the South Bay’s coastal ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature has adapted in ways that are complicating their efforts. While the salt ponds have undeniably had negative impacts on many species, including threatened Ridgway’s rails (Rallus obsoletus), they have unintentionally benefited others, like canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), which overwinter on the shallow pools. More complicating still, the threat of climate change and sea-level rise has been looming ever larger since the project’s inception. Restoring the wetlands requires balancing the needs of plants and animals — including humans — that have long populated the South Bay’s wetlands with those of species that have more recently come to depend upon the human-made salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Exploitation of the salty South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite their surreal present-day appearance, salt ponds have a history in the South Bay stretching nearly as far back as the wetlands themselves. Around 3,000 years ago, as the rapid rate of sea-level rise driven by the end of the last Ice Age began to slow, marsh plants took hold along the edges of the bay. The increased vegetation trapped more and more sediment from upstream erosion and tidal deposition, leveling out the transition from water to land and allowing wetlands to rise above the tidal flats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For millennia afterward, expansive mudflats bordered the South Bay’s shore, exposed twice daily at low tide. Upslope, verdant marshes were a meshwork of hundreds of plant species. Further inland still, bay water, filling natural depressions only during the highest winter tides, evaporated under the late-summer sun, leaving behind large natural salt deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID='science_1918301' label='What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">]\u003c/span>Even human harvesting of the ponds dates to prehistoric times. Long before European colonizers arrived, Ohlone people crystallized salt on willow twigs or burned small patches of marsh plants to reap the salty ash left behind. Such harvests were bountiful enough to not only enrich the Ohlone’s own food, but to trade with other tribes throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeological surveys of Ohlone shellmounds — sacred sites often constructed for burials — give us an idea of the region’s biodiversity during these early stewards’ time. Though mostly composed of shells from bay mussels, clams and oysters mixed with sand and clay, the mounds also contained remnants of other animals, including black-tailed deer, harbor seals, Chinook salmon and even species no longer found in the San Francisco estuary, such as Tule elk and sea otters. In some instances, the interred were not humans, but culturally significant species like the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), which went extinct in the wild in the 1980s and has since been reintroduced through captive breeding programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Swirls of pale gold, dusty gray and dark gold pour across the image, with dots of crusty islands in white and green running across the upper right corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the salinity of the South Bay’s salt ponds changes so, too, does the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, resulting in an array of striking colors. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After arriving in the late 1700s, the Spanish quickly co-opted Indigenous salt harvesting techniques and enslaved the Ohlone to produce salt for export to Europe. Still, this early salt production remained relatively small in scale, relying on natural salinas — the Spanish term for elongated, landward pools used to harvest salt —the largest of which was the1,200-acre Crystal Salt Pond near the modern-day city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A curve of green water in the upper left corner abuts a yellow and green border, shaped to the bay's curve. On the other side of the bay, the sharp, 90-degree edges of man-made levees square off against the curving bay. The levees are in stripes of dark orange, indigo blue, and pale tan. Outside the levees is a broken landscape of pale brown with dark cracks running through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Along the coast of the South Bay, the soft curves of tidal wetlands often butt up against the straight lines of human-made levees. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The South Bay’s first artificial salt ponds were built by a German sailor named John Johnson in 1853. Even as he and others began manipulating the landscape, however, legal restrictions on how much acreage could be bought on credit meant that most salt ponds were small, family-run operations. Many families owned as few as 20 acres, and built pond levees against natural creeks and sloughs, minimizing impacts on the local ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 1868, California removed all acreage restrictions, clearing the way for land barons to purchase and “reclaim” vast swaths of wetlands. Almost immediately, speculators began buying up tracts of Bay Area wetlands with grand visions of industrialization to support the region’s burgeoning cities — themselves built atop meadows and oak woodlands. Within decades, shellmounds turned into shipping hubs, hunting grounds into game lodges, and family-owned ponds into corporate-owned saltworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of San Francisco Bay was being developed, the South Bay proved surprisingly difficult to break. The salty soil made agriculture untenable, and the shallow, muddy bay bottom stifled developers’ dreams of building the world’s most valuable industrial harbor. Salt harvesting, however, remained profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1950s, artificial South Bay salt ponds, at this point almost entirely consolidated under the ownership of a single company called Leslie Salt, covered 25,000 acres and had consumed roughly half of historical tidal marshes. Levees crisscrossed the edges of the bay, segmenting the former marshes into pools of varying salinities and upending the hydrology that had long fed the wetlands. The wetlands that weren’t used for salt production were snatched up by real estate developers, who dredged, filled and built upon them to create communities like Foster City and Redwood Shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Triangular and rectangular shapes of dry brown land with fractal edges jut from the lower right and upper left corners of the image, into brownish-green water on the left of the image and baby blue water on the top of the image. Large river-like cracks in the dry land open to intrusion from the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century and a half of rampant development has upended the natural hydrology of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These projects, combined with a report from the Army Corps of Engineers advocating further filling of the bay, sparked outrage among ecologically conscious locals who wished to preserve the space for public access and wildlife. In 1961, environmentalists formed the Save San Francisco Bay Association (later known as Save the Bay, a key partner on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization successfully advocated a ban on filling the bay to build more housing. In 1974, the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, was established on land formerly owned by Leslie Salt. A few years later, Leslie sold their remaining holdings to Cargill, which harvested and sold a million tons of salt per year at its peak — slightly more than the weight of the nearby Golden Gate Bridge. Of particular interest to joSon, some of that salt helped produce the napalm that the United States military used to destroy villages and lives during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979877\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979877\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A bright orange square intrudes from the lower right corner of the image, bumping up against a levee of white and blue, separating the salt pond from the bay. Landscapes of green and brown spill in fractal shapes from the levee into the a pale turquoise water of the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surreal patch of San Francisco Bay and artificial salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time Cargill sold most of its ponds to the state of California, setting the stage for the West Coast’s largest wetlands restoration project, San Francisco Bay’s estuary was in dire straits. In total, somewhere between 80% and 95% of tidal wetlands had been degraded or developed. Removal of groundwater for reclamation had caused the land to actually sink in places — as much as 13 feet in the Santa Clara Valley — leaving the surrounding communities more vulnerable to flooding. Just 1,000 of the original 6,000 miles of channels that fed the bay and deposited the sediment and freshwater necessary for the wetlands to thrive were left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabric of interwoven wetland ecosystems that provide natural flood protection and habitat for thousands of species had been unraveled. One of the few, frayed threads remaining were the salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Migratory birds return\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When John Johnson, Leslie Salt, and other fortune-seekers began diking the South Bay for salt ponds, they likely put little thought into what it would mean for the surrounding waterfowl, shorebirds, and other wetland species. But while they were molding the land to their own purposes, nature was adapting to them. And though many species were forced out, others found sanctuary in the salty South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark brown and black waters swirl in curving lines through dark grey salt flats dotte,d by white birds.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even dry salt beds provide important habitat for local and transient species. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), driven by beachgoers from the shorelines they historically populated, the salt ponds granted reprieve. Earthen islands built to dampen the tidal erosion of the levees and dried salt beds proved well-suited for camouflaging the sandy-feathered shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, migratory water birds left with few places to roost and forage during their yearly journey along the 9,000-mile Pacific Flyway, a migration corridor stretching from Alaska to Patagonia, found a feast of brine shrimp and other invertebrates in the calm, shallow salt ponds. During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands of white dots mark a landscape far below of dark green and brown. These are migratory birds in a single salt pond.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole Pacific Flyway comes through here,” says Dave Halsing, a California State Coastal Conservancy scientist and executive project manager for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project (SBSPRP). “For those couple of weeks, this is all there is. The whole Central Valley of California used to be marshy open space. Now it’s all subdivisions and farmland. The stopover has become the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even humans have benefitted to some degree from the salt ponds. Though not nearly as effective as wetlands, the ponds’ levees provide an important buffer between the bay and the surrounding communities, reducing flood risks during heavy rains and high tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside PostID='quest_20389']\u003c/span>Taking all of these unintended consequences into consideration has complicated efforts to restore the South Bay. “If all we had to do was tidal marsh restoration, it would be very simple,” Halsing says. “But it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the SBSPRP is taking an adaptive approach, essentially treating the whole 50-year-long project as a series of smaller, more manageable endeavors, with the overall goal of restoring at least half of the 15,100 acres to tidal wetlands while maintaining current levels of flood protection and biodiversity. What this means in practice is breaching many of the ponds, preserving others as they are, and enhancing the rest by adding artificial islands for roosting, or altering salinity and water levels to attract certain species. Then the team monitors how those changes impact various species, and adjusts its strategy as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the work looks like a child’s sandbox, with mounds of earth surrounding bright yellow mechanical beasts of all shapes and sizes. Up close, it’s not all that different from any other construction site; half a dozen people or so busying about in hard hats and bright-colored vests, the loud rumble and hydraulic hisses of excavators and bulldozers roaring to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Donna Ball, San Francisco Estuary Institute']‘We had thought that it would take longer. It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.’[/pullquote]Once the groundwork has been laid according to a specific pond’s fate — levees raised or lowered, earth graded to the desired slope, flood channels added or gated — volunteers from Save the Bay work with project biologists for what Donna Ball, a San Francisco Estuary Institute biologist and lead scientist on the SBSPRP, says is one of the most important parts of restoring the ecosystem: replanting vegetation. “Putting plants in is really the habitat piece,” Ball says. “It’s really the meat of trying to think about each species and what they might need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, around 3,000 acres have been restored to tidal wetlands and 700 acres of ponds have been enhanced. Just as the first plants 3,000 years ago provided the foundation for the wetlands — and all the biodiversity they support — these initial plantings are bringing life back to the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, just eight years after breaching the first ponds, Ridgway’s rails were discovered meandering through the marsh. A year later, researchers found salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris), an endangered species endemic to the Bay Area, scampering around dense carpets of pickleweed. Even threatened longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and other local fishes were visiting the surrounding waters in greater numbers than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were returning much faster than anyone had anticipated. “We had thought that it would take longer,” Ball says. “It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, even with the number of artificial salt ponds shrinking, improvements to those that remain has actually increased migratory water bird numbers. A study from the U.S. Geological Survey found that between 2002 and 2014, the number of overwintering water birds (both waterfowl and shorebirds) that stopped over in the project area more than doubled. By comparison, in nearby ponds still owned by Cargill for salt production, there was virtually no change in water bird visitation over roughly the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of a white salt crust sits on top of winding dark red waters, wriggling through the salt crust. A dark yellow levee runs from the lower right corner to the upper left corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Though many of the South Bay’s salt ponds are being converted to tidal marsh, some will be left intact to support ground-nesting birds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And though they haven’t experienced a similar surge, western snowy plover populations have held steady thanks to habitat enhancements, including spreading oyster shells on dried salt ponds for improved camouflage and removing nearby perches used by predatory raptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SBSPRP was restoring balance to the South Bay wetlands. But increasingly, the weight of climate change has been threatening to tip the scales back out of whack. To ensure their progress would not be undone, the project leaders had to start planning not only for what the wetlands needed today, but for what they will need in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A fighting chance’ as bay waters rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As I stand on one of the easternmost levees of Ravenswood, an open space preserve along the shore of the South Bay and one of three main restoration sites for the SBSPRP, it’s easy to grasp the Bay Area’s vulnerability to climate change. Within a 7-mile radius of me, over largely flat terrain, lies Redwood City, Palo Alto, and Menlo Park, with a combined population of nearly 200,000 people. Water from the bay practically laps at my feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a recent report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by 2050 sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. At the same time, flooding is expected to become more frequent and severe, with major flood events occurring five times as often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark orange salt pond water in the upper left corner meets a pale gold curve of levee. On the other side of the levee are the pale and dark brown wetlands, with dark green riparian areas twisting through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both levees and wetlands can protect surrounding communities from sea level rise. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While climate change had long been considered by the SBSPRP, Ball says the increasingly dire predictions about when the Bay Area could feel its effects — and how severe those impacts could be on people and wildlife — has ramped up the project’s urgency, since healthy wetlands can serve as a natural barrier to flooding and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key word, however, is healthy. Even under ideal conditions, it takes time for restored wetlands to go from sparse and fragile vegetation to lush and robust. And rising seas and severe storms are not ideal circumstances for adolescent wetlands, inundating or robbing the young upstarts of the sediment they need to develop and thrive. The sooner ponds can be breached and restoration started, the more likely it is that the wetlands will be able to mature into a resilient ecosystem. Indeed, a 2019 study from Point Blue Conservation Science, a key partner in the restoration project, showed that if tidal fluctuations weren’t restored to certain parts of the project area by mid-century, they might never accrete enough sediment to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even mature wetlands will eventually succumb to rising seas if rates of erosion and inundation outpace sedimentation. That is, unless they have somewhere to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While plants might appear immobile, over long periods of time plant populations can move in response to their environment. For wetland flora such as salt marsh gumplant (Grindelia stricta) or alkali heath (Frankenia salina), both of which love salty soil but prefer drier conditions, this means extending their roots upland as water levels rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of marsh plants in peach, yellow, cream and brown falls from the upper left to the lower right, meeting a narrow triangle of grey-blue water. Long, narrow rivers run down the wetland to the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Given time, marsh plants will move upslope or downslope to more suitable soil. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, there was plenty of space for Bay Area marshes to migrate. Gradually sloped transition zones, or ecotones, hundreds to thousands of feet wide, bordered much of the wetlands, providing a spectrum of overlapping habitats from subtidal to salt marsh to upland meadows. Today, development has encroached on 90% of those areas, reducing them in most places to just a handful of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the South Bay’s nascent wetlands a fighting chance in the face of climate change, the SBSPRP is adding ecotones to many of their tidal marsh restoration sites during the latest phase of construction. Ecotones aren’t possible everywhere, but they have wide-ranging benefits. In addition to restoring wildlife habitat and tempering floods, they can preserve the beauty and accessibility of the wetlands for the region’s human inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979892\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979892 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A pale tan creek winds from the bottom of the image to the upper left corner, through lush green wetlands. The vegetation on either side of the creek is yellow-green, dark green and brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small creek winds through restored wetlands in San Francisco’s South Bay. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rather than protecting the Bay Area from floods by building a levee that would turn San Francisco Bay into a giant bathtub, Ball says, ecotones and other nature-based solutions can help “maintain this habitat — even for people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A continual cycle of rebirth\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On a sunny early afternoon in spring, I visit Eden Landing Ecological Reserve, another of the main project sites for the SBSPRP. At the entrance, a sign briefly nods to the complicated history of the landscape, no doubt preparing visitors who might soon be confused by the presence of levees, flood control gates, and managed ponds in an ecological reserve. Moments into my walk, however, I feel no confusion: This land is undoubtedly wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I head toward the trail loop, marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris) burst from the grasses lining both sides of the path, chittering in alarm at my presence before sinking back into the tangle. To my right, a raft of American avocets, heads golden-brown, beaks slightly upturned, bob lazily in a shallow pond. To my left, a long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) slinks through the tidal mudflats foraging for invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further down the trail, I find myself face-to-face with the full scope of the restoration project. I pass a half dozen ponds of various water levels and shades of yellow, hinting at their differences in salinity. In most, an artificial island emerges a foot or so above the surface. I walk atop levees for most of the journey, occasionally crossing over a floodgate separating pond from pond, or pond from bay. At one of the outermost points from the trailhead I come upon a dried salt bed, a parched moonscape shattered at the edges and scattered with oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at each turn I find signs of life. Goldfinches, yellowthroats and song sparrows flitting through the tall upland grasses. Ducks, herons and egrets along the channels bordering the tidal marshes. Sandpipers, willets, and stilts on the islands of the managed ponds. I even come across an unattended egg nestled atop a patch of clover on the bank of the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel grateful for this space, a stone’s throw from busy metropolises and yet a world away. But strangely, I also find myself feeling thankful for the salt ponds — not only those that have been restored and enhanced, but also their human-made predecessors. Almost all of the restorable land along the shores of the South Bay exists because the industrial salt ponds unintentionally preserved this place. If not for the salt ponds, the area would have almost certainly been developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between what I know of the land’s tumultuous history and the peace I find there makes me think of joSon. Drawing on his past as a Buddhist monk, the photographer considers the restoration project a form of rebirth, a way of healing the wetlands while reconciling the land’s past traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concept of rebirth defines how we grow and redefine ourselves by simultaneously shedding and embracing our painful past,” he says. For him, the arc of the salt ponds’ history offers a way of thinking about how individuals, cultures and places can “adapt and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of the trail, I come across the relics of a former salt harvesting operation, retained for posterity. Beyond, wooden pilings worn smooth by tides and time emerge from mudflats and murky ponds, supporting ghost structures no longer present. As the wetlands devour the scars of industry, a semblance of what this landscape once was — and has always been to the Ohlone, who continue to hold ceremonies at shellmound sites — is reemerging: a sacred place for plants, animals and people, a wetland in a constant cycle of being reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In San Francisco's salty South Bay, an ambitious wetlands restoration project is attempting to balance a return to the ecological past with the realities of a warming future.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846227,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":57,"wordCount":4054},"headData":{"title":"Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition | KQED","description":"In San Francisco's salty South Bay, an ambitious wetlands restoration project is attempting to balance a return to the ecological past with the realities of a warming future.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"bioGraphic","sourceUrl":"https://www.calacademy.org/biographic","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Skylar Knight","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1979865/migratory-birds-return-as-salt-ponds-heal-documenting-a-damaged-world-in-transition","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, taking photographs from a doorless helicopter was proving more difficult than San Francisco Bay Area photographer joSon had anticipated. Bundled in ski apparel and buckled into his seat, he had done his best to prepare. But the driving winds on this chilly November day quickly numbed his fingers, and more than once his camera smacked against his face as a gust rattled the two-seater aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four thousand feet below, the placid salt ponds that lured him to this precarious position draped the southern inland tip of San Francisco Bay like a multicolored quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many Bay Area residents, joSon’s first glimpse of the South Bay’s salt ponds was from the relative comfort of a commercial airliner. Descending into San Francisco International Airport, travelers glimpse an otherworldly landscape of geometric lines and vibrant colors fringing the jagged coastline and muddy blue-green of the Bay — the result of more than 150 years of industrial salt mining. As bay water is pumped through a series of artificial ponds, sun and steady winds cause it to evaporate, leaving each pond saltier than the one before. And as the salinity changes, so do the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, giving each pond a unique color — from the lime green of Dunaliella algae in low-salinity pools to the rose-petal reds of salt-loving halobacteria in crystallization ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Levees neatly separate the photo into four squares of red and rose. One is the red of a stop sign, another is a desert rose, a third is a pale orange, and a fourth is a dark rose. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Halobacteria produce a red tinge in the South Bay’s saltiest ponds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The colors and patterns reminded joSon of rice paddies in Vietnam, where he spent part of his childhood and lived as a Buddhist monk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pale lime water marks a salt pond at the top of the page in a curve with a foot shape at the bottom. On the left is another pond in yellow-gold. The lower right shows ??????\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By 2050, sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Captivated, he returned to the South Bay salt ponds again and again, dangling from a helicopter, often in frigid temperatures, over the course of two years to capture their “bizarre beauty.” Over time, he noticed a transformation taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where some of the ponds once were, the locations were now flooded with seawater,” joSon told me. In place of the neon colors of industrial salt ponds, he began noticing “thousands of pearl-like brown and white dots” — flocks of American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and other shorebirds returning to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he didn’t yet realize it, joSon was documenting one of the largest wetland restoration projects in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the multinational corporation Cargill sold more than 15,000 acres of its South Bay salt ponds — most but not all of its holdings — to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the California State Coastal Conservancy, and the California Department of Fish and Game. This sale launched the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979879\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two turquoise creeks run from the bottom of the image to the top. On the left, the creek shows branching tributaries. The creeks run parallel to a levee in the center of the photo, through a lush landscape of green and brown restored wetlands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two creeks run parallel to a levee through restored South Bay wetlands. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since, a consortium of more than a dozen nonprofits and state and federal agencies have collaborated to return much of the area to tidal marsh by mid-century. In doing so, they hope to recreate habitat for beleaguered native species, restore the coastline’s natural flood resilience, and improve the overall quality of the South Bay’s coastal ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature has adapted in ways that are complicating their efforts. While the salt ponds have undeniably had negative impacts on many species, including threatened Ridgway’s rails (Rallus obsoletus), they have unintentionally benefited others, like canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), which overwinter on the shallow pools. More complicating still, the threat of climate change and sea-level rise has been looming ever larger since the project’s inception. Restoring the wetlands requires balancing the needs of plants and animals — including humans — that have long populated the South Bay’s wetlands with those of species that have more recently come to depend upon the human-made salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Exploitation of the salty South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite their surreal present-day appearance, salt ponds have a history in the South Bay stretching nearly as far back as the wetlands themselves. Around 3,000 years ago, as the rapid rate of sea-level rise driven by the end of the last Ice Age began to slow, marsh plants took hold along the edges of the bay. The increased vegetation trapped more and more sediment from upstream erosion and tidal deposition, leveling out the transition from water to land and allowing wetlands to rise above the tidal flats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For millennia afterward, expansive mudflats bordered the South Bay’s shore, exposed twice daily at low tide. Upslope, verdant marshes were a meshwork of hundreds of plant species. Further inland still, bay water, filling natural depressions only during the highest winter tides, evaporated under the late-summer sun, leaving behind large natural salt deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1918301","label":"label='What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">"},"numeric":["label='What","Are","Those","Weird,","Pink","Ponds","in","San","Francisco","Bay?\u003c/span>\u003cspan","style=\"font-weight:","400\">"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>Even human harvesting of the ponds dates to prehistoric times. Long before European colonizers arrived, Ohlone people crystallized salt on willow twigs or burned small patches of marsh plants to reap the salty ash left behind. Such harvests were bountiful enough to not only enrich the Ohlone’s own food, but to trade with other tribes throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeological surveys of Ohlone shellmounds — sacred sites often constructed for burials — give us an idea of the region’s biodiversity during these early stewards’ time. Though mostly composed of shells from bay mussels, clams and oysters mixed with sand and clay, the mounds also contained remnants of other animals, including black-tailed deer, harbor seals, Chinook salmon and even species no longer found in the San Francisco estuary, such as Tule elk and sea otters. In some instances, the interred were not humans, but culturally significant species like the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), which went extinct in the wild in the 1980s and has since been reintroduced through captive breeding programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Swirls of pale gold, dusty gray and dark gold pour across the image, with dots of crusty islands in white and green running across the upper right corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the salinity of the South Bay’s salt ponds changes so, too, does the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, resulting in an array of striking colors. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After arriving in the late 1700s, the Spanish quickly co-opted Indigenous salt harvesting techniques and enslaved the Ohlone to produce salt for export to Europe. Still, this early salt production remained relatively small in scale, relying on natural salinas — the Spanish term for elongated, landward pools used to harvest salt —the largest of which was the1,200-acre Crystal Salt Pond near the modern-day city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A curve of green water in the upper left corner abuts a yellow and green border, shaped to the bay's curve. On the other side of the bay, the sharp, 90-degree edges of man-made levees square off against the curving bay. The levees are in stripes of dark orange, indigo blue, and pale tan. Outside the levees is a broken landscape of pale brown with dark cracks running through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Along the coast of the South Bay, the soft curves of tidal wetlands often butt up against the straight lines of human-made levees. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The South Bay’s first artificial salt ponds were built by a German sailor named John Johnson in 1853. Even as he and others began manipulating the landscape, however, legal restrictions on how much acreage could be bought on credit meant that most salt ponds were small, family-run operations. Many families owned as few as 20 acres, and built pond levees against natural creeks and sloughs, minimizing impacts on the local ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 1868, California removed all acreage restrictions, clearing the way for land barons to purchase and “reclaim” vast swaths of wetlands. Almost immediately, speculators began buying up tracts of Bay Area wetlands with grand visions of industrialization to support the region’s burgeoning cities — themselves built atop meadows and oak woodlands. Within decades, shellmounds turned into shipping hubs, hunting grounds into game lodges, and family-owned ponds into corporate-owned saltworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of San Francisco Bay was being developed, the South Bay proved surprisingly difficult to break. The salty soil made agriculture untenable, and the shallow, muddy bay bottom stifled developers’ dreams of building the world’s most valuable industrial harbor. Salt harvesting, however, remained profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1950s, artificial South Bay salt ponds, at this point almost entirely consolidated under the ownership of a single company called Leslie Salt, covered 25,000 acres and had consumed roughly half of historical tidal marshes. Levees crisscrossed the edges of the bay, segmenting the former marshes into pools of varying salinities and upending the hydrology that had long fed the wetlands. The wetlands that weren’t used for salt production were snatched up by real estate developers, who dredged, filled and built upon them to create communities like Foster City and Redwood Shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Triangular and rectangular shapes of dry brown land with fractal edges jut from the lower right and upper left corners of the image, into brownish-green water on the left of the image and baby blue water on the top of the image. Large river-like cracks in the dry land open to intrusion from the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century and a half of rampant development has upended the natural hydrology of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These projects, combined with a report from the Army Corps of Engineers advocating further filling of the bay, sparked outrage among ecologically conscious locals who wished to preserve the space for public access and wildlife. In 1961, environmentalists formed the Save San Francisco Bay Association (later known as Save the Bay, a key partner on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization successfully advocated a ban on filling the bay to build more housing. In 1974, the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, was established on land formerly owned by Leslie Salt. A few years later, Leslie sold their remaining holdings to Cargill, which harvested and sold a million tons of salt per year at its peak — slightly more than the weight of the nearby Golden Gate Bridge. Of particular interest to joSon, some of that salt helped produce the napalm that the United States military used to destroy villages and lives during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979877\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979877\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A bright orange square intrudes from the lower right corner of the image, bumping up against a levee of white and blue, separating the salt pond from the bay. Landscapes of green and brown spill in fractal shapes from the levee into the a pale turquoise water of the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surreal patch of San Francisco Bay and artificial salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time Cargill sold most of its ponds to the state of California, setting the stage for the West Coast’s largest wetlands restoration project, San Francisco Bay’s estuary was in dire straits. In total, somewhere between 80% and 95% of tidal wetlands had been degraded or developed. Removal of groundwater for reclamation had caused the land to actually sink in places — as much as 13 feet in the Santa Clara Valley — leaving the surrounding communities more vulnerable to flooding. Just 1,000 of the original 6,000 miles of channels that fed the bay and deposited the sediment and freshwater necessary for the wetlands to thrive were left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabric of interwoven wetland ecosystems that provide natural flood protection and habitat for thousands of species had been unraveled. One of the few, frayed threads remaining were the salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Migratory birds return\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When John Johnson, Leslie Salt, and other fortune-seekers began diking the South Bay for salt ponds, they likely put little thought into what it would mean for the surrounding waterfowl, shorebirds, and other wetland species. But while they were molding the land to their own purposes, nature was adapting to them. And though many species were forced out, others found sanctuary in the salty South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark brown and black waters swirl in curving lines through dark grey salt flats dotte,d by white birds.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even dry salt beds provide important habitat for local and transient species. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), driven by beachgoers from the shorelines they historically populated, the salt ponds granted reprieve. Earthen islands built to dampen the tidal erosion of the levees and dried salt beds proved well-suited for camouflaging the sandy-feathered shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, migratory water birds left with few places to roost and forage during their yearly journey along the 9,000-mile Pacific Flyway, a migration corridor stretching from Alaska to Patagonia, found a feast of brine shrimp and other invertebrates in the calm, shallow salt ponds. During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands of white dots mark a landscape far below of dark green and brown. These are migratory birds in a single salt pond.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole Pacific Flyway comes through here,” says Dave Halsing, a California State Coastal Conservancy scientist and executive project manager for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project (SBSPRP). “For those couple of weeks, this is all there is. The whole Central Valley of California used to be marshy open space. Now it’s all subdivisions and farmland. The stopover has become the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even humans have benefitted to some degree from the salt ponds. Though not nearly as effective as wetlands, the ponds’ levees provide an important buffer between the bay and the surrounding communities, reducing flood risks during heavy rains and high tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"quest_20389","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>Taking all of these unintended consequences into consideration has complicated efforts to restore the South Bay. “If all we had to do was tidal marsh restoration, it would be very simple,” Halsing says. “But it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the SBSPRP is taking an adaptive approach, essentially treating the whole 50-year-long project as a series of smaller, more manageable endeavors, with the overall goal of restoring at least half of the 15,100 acres to tidal wetlands while maintaining current levels of flood protection and biodiversity. What this means in practice is breaching many of the ponds, preserving others as they are, and enhancing the rest by adding artificial islands for roosting, or altering salinity and water levels to attract certain species. Then the team monitors how those changes impact various species, and adjusts its strategy as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the work looks like a child’s sandbox, with mounds of earth surrounding bright yellow mechanical beasts of all shapes and sizes. Up close, it’s not all that different from any other construction site; half a dozen people or so busying about in hard hats and bright-colored vests, the loud rumble and hydraulic hisses of excavators and bulldozers roaring to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We had thought that it would take longer. It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Donna Ball, San Francisco Estuary Institute","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Once the groundwork has been laid according to a specific pond’s fate — levees raised or lowered, earth graded to the desired slope, flood channels added or gated — volunteers from Save the Bay work with project biologists for what Donna Ball, a San Francisco Estuary Institute biologist and lead scientist on the SBSPRP, says is one of the most important parts of restoring the ecosystem: replanting vegetation. “Putting plants in is really the habitat piece,” Ball says. “It’s really the meat of trying to think about each species and what they might need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, around 3,000 acres have been restored to tidal wetlands and 700 acres of ponds have been enhanced. Just as the first plants 3,000 years ago provided the foundation for the wetlands — and all the biodiversity they support — these initial plantings are bringing life back to the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, just eight years after breaching the first ponds, Ridgway’s rails were discovered meandering through the marsh. A year later, researchers found salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris), an endangered species endemic to the Bay Area, scampering around dense carpets of pickleweed. Even threatened longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and other local fishes were visiting the surrounding waters in greater numbers than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were returning much faster than anyone had anticipated. “We had thought that it would take longer,” Ball says. “It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, even with the number of artificial salt ponds shrinking, improvements to those that remain has actually increased migratory water bird numbers. A study from the U.S. Geological Survey found that between 2002 and 2014, the number of overwintering water birds (both waterfowl and shorebirds) that stopped over in the project area more than doubled. By comparison, in nearby ponds still owned by Cargill for salt production, there was virtually no change in water bird visitation over roughly the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of a white salt crust sits on top of winding dark red waters, wriggling through the salt crust. A dark yellow levee runs from the lower right corner to the upper left corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Though many of the South Bay’s salt ponds are being converted to tidal marsh, some will be left intact to support ground-nesting birds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And though they haven’t experienced a similar surge, western snowy plover populations have held steady thanks to habitat enhancements, including spreading oyster shells on dried salt ponds for improved camouflage and removing nearby perches used by predatory raptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SBSPRP was restoring balance to the South Bay wetlands. But increasingly, the weight of climate change has been threatening to tip the scales back out of whack. To ensure their progress would not be undone, the project leaders had to start planning not only for what the wetlands needed today, but for what they will need in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A fighting chance’ as bay waters rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As I stand on one of the easternmost levees of Ravenswood, an open space preserve along the shore of the South Bay and one of three main restoration sites for the SBSPRP, it’s easy to grasp the Bay Area’s vulnerability to climate change. Within a 7-mile radius of me, over largely flat terrain, lies Redwood City, Palo Alto, and Menlo Park, with a combined population of nearly 200,000 people. Water from the bay practically laps at my feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a recent report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by 2050 sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. At the same time, flooding is expected to become more frequent and severe, with major flood events occurring five times as often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark orange salt pond water in the upper left corner meets a pale gold curve of levee. On the other side of the levee are the pale and dark brown wetlands, with dark green riparian areas twisting through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both levees and wetlands can protect surrounding communities from sea level rise. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While climate change had long been considered by the SBSPRP, Ball says the increasingly dire predictions about when the Bay Area could feel its effects — and how severe those impacts could be on people and wildlife — has ramped up the project’s urgency, since healthy wetlands can serve as a natural barrier to flooding and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key word, however, is healthy. Even under ideal conditions, it takes time for restored wetlands to go from sparse and fragile vegetation to lush and robust. And rising seas and severe storms are not ideal circumstances for adolescent wetlands, inundating or robbing the young upstarts of the sediment they need to develop and thrive. The sooner ponds can be breached and restoration started, the more likely it is that the wetlands will be able to mature into a resilient ecosystem. Indeed, a 2019 study from Point Blue Conservation Science, a key partner in the restoration project, showed that if tidal fluctuations weren’t restored to certain parts of the project area by mid-century, they might never accrete enough sediment to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even mature wetlands will eventually succumb to rising seas if rates of erosion and inundation outpace sedimentation. That is, unless they have somewhere to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While plants might appear immobile, over long periods of time plant populations can move in response to their environment. For wetland flora such as salt marsh gumplant (Grindelia stricta) or alkali heath (Frankenia salina), both of which love salty soil but prefer drier conditions, this means extending their roots upland as water levels rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of marsh plants in peach, yellow, cream and brown falls from the upper left to the lower right, meeting a narrow triangle of grey-blue water. Long, narrow rivers run down the wetland to the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Given time, marsh plants will move upslope or downslope to more suitable soil. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, there was plenty of space for Bay Area marshes to migrate. Gradually sloped transition zones, or ecotones, hundreds to thousands of feet wide, bordered much of the wetlands, providing a spectrum of overlapping habitats from subtidal to salt marsh to upland meadows. Today, development has encroached on 90% of those areas, reducing them in most places to just a handful of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the South Bay’s nascent wetlands a fighting chance in the face of climate change, the SBSPRP is adding ecotones to many of their tidal marsh restoration sites during the latest phase of construction. Ecotones aren’t possible everywhere, but they have wide-ranging benefits. In addition to restoring wildlife habitat and tempering floods, they can preserve the beauty and accessibility of the wetlands for the region’s human inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979892\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979892 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A pale tan creek winds from the bottom of the image to the upper left corner, through lush green wetlands. The vegetation on either side of the creek is yellow-green, dark green and brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small creek winds through restored wetlands in San Francisco’s South Bay. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rather than protecting the Bay Area from floods by building a levee that would turn San Francisco Bay into a giant bathtub, Ball says, ecotones and other nature-based solutions can help “maintain this habitat — even for people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A continual cycle of rebirth\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On a sunny early afternoon in spring, I visit Eden Landing Ecological Reserve, another of the main project sites for the SBSPRP. At the entrance, a sign briefly nods to the complicated history of the landscape, no doubt preparing visitors who might soon be confused by the presence of levees, flood control gates, and managed ponds in an ecological reserve. Moments into my walk, however, I feel no confusion: This land is undoubtedly wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I head toward the trail loop, marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris) burst from the grasses lining both sides of the path, chittering in alarm at my presence before sinking back into the tangle. To my right, a raft of American avocets, heads golden-brown, beaks slightly upturned, bob lazily in a shallow pond. To my left, a long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) slinks through the tidal mudflats foraging for invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further down the trail, I find myself face-to-face with the full scope of the restoration project. I pass a half dozen ponds of various water levels and shades of yellow, hinting at their differences in salinity. In most, an artificial island emerges a foot or so above the surface. I walk atop levees for most of the journey, occasionally crossing over a floodgate separating pond from pond, or pond from bay. At one of the outermost points from the trailhead I come upon a dried salt bed, a parched moonscape shattered at the edges and scattered with oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at each turn I find signs of life. Goldfinches, yellowthroats and song sparrows flitting through the tall upland grasses. Ducks, herons and egrets along the channels bordering the tidal marshes. Sandpipers, willets, and stilts on the islands of the managed ponds. I even come across an unattended egg nestled atop a patch of clover on the bank of the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel grateful for this space, a stone’s throw from busy metropolises and yet a world away. But strangely, I also find myself feeling thankful for the salt ponds — not only those that have been restored and enhanced, but also their human-made predecessors. Almost all of the restorable land along the shores of the South Bay exists because the industrial salt ponds unintentionally preserved this place. If not for the salt ponds, the area would have almost certainly been developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between what I know of the land’s tumultuous history and the peace I find there makes me think of joSon. Drawing on his past as a Buddhist monk, the photographer considers the restoration project a form of rebirth, a way of healing the wetlands while reconciling the land’s past traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concept of rebirth defines how we grow and redefine ourselves by simultaneously shedding and embracing our painful past,” he says. For him, the arc of the salt ponds’ history offers a way of thinking about how individuals, cultures and places can “adapt and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of the trail, I come across the relics of a former salt harvesting operation, retained for posterity. Beyond, wooden pilings worn smooth by tides and time emerge from mudflats and murky ponds, supporting ghost structures no longer present. As the wetlands devour the scars of industry, a semblance of what this landscape once was — and has always been to the Ohlone, who continue to hold ceremonies at shellmound sites — is reemerging: a sacred place for plants, animals and people, a wetland in a constant cycle of being reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979865/migratory-birds-return-as-salt-ponds-heal-documenting-a-damaged-world-in-transition","authors":["byline_science_1979865"],"categories":["science_16","science_4550","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_4414","science_556","science_206","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1979870","label":"source_science_1979865"},"science_1979812":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979812","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979812","score":null,"sort":[1657303627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"researchers-can-now-explain-how-climate-change-is-affecting-your-weather","title":"Researchers Can Now Explain How Climate Change Is Affecting Your Weather","publishDate":1657303627,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Researchers Can Now Explain How Climate Change Is Affecting Your Weather | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Chances are, if you live on Earth, you’ve experienced some strange, or downright dangerous, weather in the last few years. Maybe it was a heat wave that was hotter and longer than you’d ever experienced. Or a thunderstorm that dropped a scary amount of rain. Or a powerful hurricane that seemed to materialize overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is part of that story. Extreme weather is more likely as the Earth gets hotter. But such sweeping statements can feel impersonal, when really what you want to know is: has climate change affected \u003cem>me\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have some extreme weather disaster, and people want to know: Did climate change flood my house? Did climate change make it so hot that my power went out?” says Michael Wehner, a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who studies how climate change influences extreme weather. “Those are good questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists can answer those questions with more and more certainty. For some types of weather, it’s become possible to say exactly how much worse it was because of climate change. Or that without global warming, the disaster would not have happened at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Climate change makes every heat wave worse\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Heat waves have the clearest connection to global warming. “It seems obvious that as the global climate warms, heat waves would also warm,” says Wehner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how much warmer, exactly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have quantified that. “For garden variety heat waves – like the hottest day of the year, or the hottest day every 10 years – in the U.S., climate change has increased that heat wave’s temperature by 3 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit,” Wehner explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see those extra degrees in action when heat records fall over and over. Millions of people living in \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/06/11/heat-wave-southwest-california-east/\">more than a dozen cities\u003c/a> in the Western U.S. and Texas experienced record-breaking temperatures during a heat wave this June. Many cities, such as Phoenix, Las Vegas and Houston, set new heat records almost every summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists can go even further, using supercomputers and advanced statistics to analyze the most extreme heat waves, like the one that killed hundreds of people in Canada and the Pacific Northwest in 2021. Temperatures reached 120 degrees in parts of Canada, and hit 115 degrees in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists analyzed how climate change affected that heat wave, they found something startling. “It was virtually impossible without climate change,” says Wehner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to say that? Climate change caused last summer’s extreme heat wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Most scientists communicate with statistics. That has upsides and downsides\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists tend to stay away from the word “cause.” They opt instead for numbers that explain exactly how likely an extreme weather event was, compared to a world before humans started burning large quantities of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists are aware that, for the public, those numbers might not mean much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could say [the 2021 Pacific Northwest heat wave] was a 1 in 1000 year event in today’s climate. Or that it was about 150 times more likely today than it was in a preindustrial climate, ” says Luke Harrington, a senior research fellow at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand who studies climate change and extreme weather. “But that’s probably not useful [if you want] to understand that [the heat wave] was basically not going to happen in a preindustrial world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehner points out that, for more common types of dangerous weather, more detailed numbers can be helpful because they tell people how often they’ll need to cope with certain events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, imagine there’s a thunderstorm that drops a lot more rain than usual and floods your house. In the past, such a storm would have been very rare – a once in a lifetime event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists might study that storm and find it was 10 times more likely to happen because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that event is 10 times more likely, that means it’s going to happen once every 7 years,” instead of once in a lifetime, explains Wehner. In other words, weather that once was very rare is now happening regularly. And knowing that can help people plan for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>In the future, climate change information may be part of regular weather forecasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The research methods that make this possible are very new, in the scheme of things. In general, science moves slowly. But the science of finding climate fingerprints in individual weather disasters has gone from infancy to maturity in less than 20 years, in part because of the enormous demand for information about how global warming is changing our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a clear demand for this from the public,” says Wehner. He says the research techniques have advanced to the point where people with less academic training could do the work. “Just like weather forecasting, you could hire professionals to do this,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The satellite weather service for the European Union is \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/prototype-extreme-events-and-attribution-service\">piloting such a service\u003c/a>, which would analyze how much climate change contributed to individual weather events in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would free up time for climate scientists to focus on the most pressing questions that still remain about extreme weather and global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Some types of weather are harder for scientists to study\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some types of weather are so complex that it is still difficult for scientists to pinpoint the influence of climate change on individual events, even if the overall connection to climate change is well-understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, wildfires are getting more widespread and intense as the Earth gets hotter. Global warming dries out plants and soil and makes hot and dry weather conditions more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren’t able to say exactly how much worse, or more likely, a specific wildfire was because of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because humans can play such an active role in where fires start and how large they get. Most wildfires are started by humans – for example, by a campfire, power line or even a rogue cigarette. Human land management dictates how much vegetation such as trees, shrubs or grass is available to feed the fire. And firefighters influence how large the fire gets and where it burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any fire has so many factors going on, and only some of them are closely related to the climate,” says Megan Kirchmeier-Young, a research scientist at Environment and Climate Change Canada who studies extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attributing individual hurricanes to climate change is also difficult. Hurricanes are both complex and relatively rare compared to other types of extreme weather – especially since only a small fraction of the storms that form actually make landfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That small data set makes it difficult to compare the effects of storms that happen today, with global warming, to storms that happened before humans caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in many cases scientists are able to quantify the effect of climate change on hurricane rain. Researchers found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/14/666946363/houston-got-hammered-by-hurricane-harvey-and-its-buildings-are-partly-to-blame\">climate change caused up to 15% \u003c/a>more rain to fall during Hurricane Harvey in 2017. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29379-1\">Another study looked at the entire 2020 hurricane season\u003c/a> and found that climate change increased extreme rain by 10% for the season as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are still figuring out how climate change causes other changes in hurricanes, says Jill Trepanier, who studies climate change and tropical cyclones at Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, hurricanes are getting more powerful, and storms are more likely to rapidly intensify. Warmer ocean water is generally to blame for both phenomena, but scientists don’t understand what’s happening well enough to say that a specific storm was “x” amount more powerful, or intensified “y” percent, more quickly because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say ‘This is the reason they rapidly intensify.’ We haven’t solved that problem,” she says. “That’s something we’re still working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+can+now+explain+how+climate+change+is+affecting+your+weather&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For decades, it was impossible to say that a specific weather event was caused, or even made worse, by climate change. But advanced research methods are changing that.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846233,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1378},"headData":{"title":"Researchers Can Now Explain How Climate Change Is Affecting Your Weather | KQED","description":"For decades, it was impossible to say that a specific weather event was caused, or even made worse, by climate change. But advanced research methods are changing that.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Nathan Howard","nprByline":"Rebecca Hersher","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"1107814440","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1107814440&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/07/1107814440/researchers-can-now-explain-how-climate-change-is-affecting-your-weather?ft=nprml&f=1107814440","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 07 Jul 2022 16:15:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 07 Jul 2022 09:30:14 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 07 Jul 2022 16:15:48 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2022/07/20220706_atc_climate_change_causes_disasters.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1167&d=257&story=1107814440&ft=nprml&f=1107814440","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11110243381-461b7d.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1167&d=257&story=1107814440&ft=nprml&f=1107814440","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1979812/researchers-can-now-explain-how-climate-change-is-affecting-your-weather","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2022/07/20220706_atc_climate_change_causes_disasters.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1167&d=257&story=1107814440&ft=nprml&f=1107814440","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chances are, if you live on Earth, you’ve experienced some strange, or downright dangerous, weather in the last few years. Maybe it was a heat wave that was hotter and longer than you’d ever experienced. Or a thunderstorm that dropped a scary amount of rain. Or a powerful hurricane that seemed to materialize overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is part of that story. Extreme weather is more likely as the Earth gets hotter. But such sweeping statements can feel impersonal, when really what you want to know is: has climate change affected \u003cem>me\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have some extreme weather disaster, and people want to know: Did climate change flood my house? Did climate change make it so hot that my power went out?” says Michael Wehner, a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who studies how climate change influences extreme weather. “Those are good questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists can answer those questions with more and more certainty. For some types of weather, it’s become possible to say exactly how much worse it was because of climate change. Or that without global warming, the disaster would not have happened at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Climate change makes every heat wave worse\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Heat waves have the clearest connection to global warming. “It seems obvious that as the global climate warms, heat waves would also warm,” says Wehner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how much warmer, exactly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have quantified that. “For garden variety heat waves – like the hottest day of the year, or the hottest day every 10 years – in the U.S., climate change has increased that heat wave’s temperature by 3 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit,” Wehner explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see those extra degrees in action when heat records fall over and over. Millions of people living in \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/06/11/heat-wave-southwest-california-east/\">more than a dozen cities\u003c/a> in the Western U.S. and Texas experienced record-breaking temperatures during a heat wave this June. Many cities, such as Phoenix, Las Vegas and Houston, set new heat records almost every summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists can go even further, using supercomputers and advanced statistics to analyze the most extreme heat waves, like the one that killed hundreds of people in Canada and the Pacific Northwest in 2021. Temperatures reached 120 degrees in parts of Canada, and hit 115 degrees in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists analyzed how climate change affected that heat wave, they found something startling. “It was virtually impossible without climate change,” says Wehner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to say that? Climate change caused last summer’s extreme heat wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Most scientists communicate with statistics. That has upsides and downsides\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists tend to stay away from the word “cause.” They opt instead for numbers that explain exactly how likely an extreme weather event was, compared to a world before humans started burning large quantities of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists are aware that, for the public, those numbers might not mean much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could say [the 2021 Pacific Northwest heat wave] was a 1 in 1000 year event in today’s climate. Or that it was about 150 times more likely today than it was in a preindustrial climate, ” says Luke Harrington, a senior research fellow at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand who studies climate change and extreme weather. “But that’s probably not useful [if you want] to understand that [the heat wave] was basically not going to happen in a preindustrial world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehner points out that, for more common types of dangerous weather, more detailed numbers can be helpful because they tell people how often they’ll need to cope with certain events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, imagine there’s a thunderstorm that drops a lot more rain than usual and floods your house. In the past, such a storm would have been very rare – a once in a lifetime event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists might study that storm and find it was 10 times more likely to happen because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that event is 10 times more likely, that means it’s going to happen once every 7 years,” instead of once in a lifetime, explains Wehner. In other words, weather that once was very rare is now happening regularly. And knowing that can help people plan for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>In the future, climate change information may be part of regular weather forecasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The research methods that make this possible are very new, in the scheme of things. In general, science moves slowly. But the science of finding climate fingerprints in individual weather disasters has gone from infancy to maturity in less than 20 years, in part because of the enormous demand for information about how global warming is changing our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a clear demand for this from the public,” says Wehner. He says the research techniques have advanced to the point where people with less academic training could do the work. “Just like weather forecasting, you could hire professionals to do this,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The satellite weather service for the European Union is \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/prototype-extreme-events-and-attribution-service\">piloting such a service\u003c/a>, which would analyze how much climate change contributed to individual weather events in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would free up time for climate scientists to focus on the most pressing questions that still remain about extreme weather and global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Some types of weather are harder for scientists to study\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some types of weather are so complex that it is still difficult for scientists to pinpoint the influence of climate change on individual events, even if the overall connection to climate change is well-understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, wildfires are getting more widespread and intense as the Earth gets hotter. Global warming dries out plants and soil and makes hot and dry weather conditions more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren’t able to say exactly how much worse, or more likely, a specific wildfire was because of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because humans can play such an active role in where fires start and how large they get. Most wildfires are started by humans – for example, by a campfire, power line or even a rogue cigarette. Human land management dictates how much vegetation such as trees, shrubs or grass is available to feed the fire. And firefighters influence how large the fire gets and where it burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any fire has so many factors going on, and only some of them are closely related to the climate,” says Megan Kirchmeier-Young, a research scientist at Environment and Climate Change Canada who studies extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attributing individual hurricanes to climate change is also difficult. Hurricanes are both complex and relatively rare compared to other types of extreme weather – especially since only a small fraction of the storms that form actually make landfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That small data set makes it difficult to compare the effects of storms that happen today, with global warming, to storms that happened before humans caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in many cases scientists are able to quantify the effect of climate change on hurricane rain. Researchers found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/14/666946363/houston-got-hammered-by-hurricane-harvey-and-its-buildings-are-partly-to-blame\">climate change caused up to 15% \u003c/a>more rain to fall during Hurricane Harvey in 2017. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29379-1\">Another study looked at the entire 2020 hurricane season\u003c/a> and found that climate change increased extreme rain by 10% for the season as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are still figuring out how climate change causes other changes in hurricanes, says Jill Trepanier, who studies climate change and tropical cyclones at Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, hurricanes are getting more powerful, and storms are more likely to rapidly intensify. Warmer ocean water is generally to blame for both phenomena, but scientists don’t understand what’s happening well enough to say that a specific storm was “x” amount more powerful, or intensified “y” percent, more quickly because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say ‘This is the reason they rapidly intensify.’ We haven’t solved that problem,” she says. “That’s something we’re still working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+can+now+explain+how+climate+change+is+affecting+your+weather&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979812/researchers-can-now-explain-how-climate-change-is-affecting-your-weather","authors":["byline_science_1979812"],"categories":["science_31","science_16","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_182","science_4414","science_2184","science_365"],"featImg":"science_1979813","label":"source_science_1979812"},"science_1978423":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1978423","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1978423","score":null,"sort":[1644415256000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-utilities-have-donated-1-67-million-to-grassroots-groups-fighting-rooftop-solar-power","title":"California Utilities Have Donated $1.67 Million to Grassroots Groups Fighting Rooftop Solar Power","publishDate":1644415256,"format":"image","headTitle":"California Utilities Have Donated $1.67 Million to Grassroots Groups Fighting Rooftop Solar Power | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In the fight over California’s rooftop solar policy, a coalition that claims to represent lower-income consumers, seniors and environmental leaders is running ads warning about a cost shift that forces consumers to subsidize solar for people who live in mansions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This message, from Affordable Clean Energy for All, is meant to influence the debate as California regulators consider rules that would sharply reduce the financial benefits of owning rooftop systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Affordable Clean Energy for All is not a grassroots movement. It is a public relations campaign sponsored by big utility companies that stand to benefit from policies that hurt rooftop solar. Many of the 100-plus groups that make up the coalition have received charitable donations or other financial support from the utilities. Few of them wanted to talk about the campaign when contacted by Inside Climate News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utilities’ campaign is using what watchdog groups say is a familiar playbook from across the country, with community groups providing a relatable face for advocacy messages that align with those of the utilities. If the result is a policy that hurts rooftop solar, that could be a big setback for California’s push to get to net-zero emissions, an effort that is counting on a continued expansion of solar and other customer-owned energy systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even as some environmentalists question the coalition’s motives, the group’s message resonates with some consumers because there is little dispute that upper- and middle-income households have gotten a disproportionately large share of solar subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, many community groups say inequities can be addressed in a way that accelerates building rooftop solar and energy storage, with an emphasis on helping people who struggle the most to pay utility bills and are more likely than others to feel the effects of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is “poppycock” for the utilities to claim to be the ones standing up for equity, said the Rev. Ambrose Carroll, a pastor of an Oakland church and executive director of Green the Church, a nonprofit that works with Black churches on environmental issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very disingenuous and it is a move of power to, on a whim, decide to co-sign for the name of equity and put its name onto something,” Carroll said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His organization is one of the co-founders of the Coalition for Environmental Equity and Economics, or CEEE, which sees rooftop solar as an essential part of democratizing the energy system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For groups like his, Affordable Clean Energy for All is pure “Astroturf,” or fake grassroots, and the latest of many examples of utilities using their philanthropy to nudge community groups to take stances that may be contrary to the groups’ interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1978425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic.png 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic-160x167.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIndeed, there has been a pattern of groups who represent lower-income consumers and communities of color agreeing to sign on as supporters for utilities’ agendas, said Esperanza Vielma, executive director of the Environmental Justice Coalition for Water. Her organization is another co-founder of CEEE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not blaming those people who are part of that coalition,” she said, about Affordable Clean Energy for All. “I am blaming [the utilities] for using them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement made on behalf of Affordable Clean Energy for All, spokesperson Kathy Fairbanks called the Astroturf label “ridiculous,” and said that each coalition member chose to join “based on the best interests of the constituencies they represent. To suggest otherwise is offensive and demeaning to these organizations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our coalition was established to educate and engage diverse organizations whose memberships are negatively impacted by the state’s 25-year-old rooftop subsidy,” Fairbanks said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that the coalition’s members support rooftop solar. “This policy discussion has never been about whether rooftop solar will or should continue in California. It’s about how much the subsidies should be and who should pay for them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affordable Energy for All has sponsored television and radio ads, and a website, FixtheCostShift.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A major flaw in California policy is forcing consumers who can’t afford rooftop solar to subsidize wealthier homeowners who can,” a narrator says in a television ad showing a mansion with solar panels, followed by images of beleaguered consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition spent nearly $840,000 on television and radio ads to air in California from mid-January through late February, according to data compiled by Kantar/CMAG. Christine Arena, a former public relations and marketing executive and founder of a social media impact company, said that figure isn’t unusual, but called it an “aggressive” messaging campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘A big step backward’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California is the nation’s leader in rooftop solar and home to influential solar business and advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state helped to build its market for rooftop solar with decades of incentive programs. One long-standing incentive is “net metering,” which means that customers with rooftop solar can sell excess electricity back to the grid and receive a utility bill credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California utility regulators have said that the continued growth of rooftop solar has meant that consumers with solar are paying low utility bills, which leads to a shift in which non-solar customers are paying more to help cover the costs of maintaining the grid. The Public Advocates Office, an independent consumer advocate within the California Public Utilities Commission, has estimated that current solar policies lead to billions of dollars of subsidies for rooftop solar owners that are paid for by other consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the benefits have gone to middle- or upper-income households, but solar is becoming more accessible to people with lower incomes, according to several studies, including one issued last year by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission has spent the last few years working on new rules that would aim to reduce or eliminate this cost shift. In December, the panel released a proposed decision that would cut the rates paid to rooftop solar owners for excess electricity and impose a new monthly charge on them that would be the highest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal is in line with what the state’s major electric utilities — Pacific Gas & Electric, San Diego Gas & Electric and Southern California Edison — have long wanted. Utilities have campaigned against rooftop solar because they view it as competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the backlash has been strong, with environmental and business groups saying the plan would decimate the rooftop solar industry and damage the push under California law to get to net-zero emissions by 2045. Former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger is among the people urging the commission to reject the proposal. In a recent New York Times op-ed, he said the PUC proposal would make “solar more expensive for everyone” and do “nothing to help our most vulnerable.” He also said it represented “a big step backward” in meeting the state’s emissions goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups representing the solar industry and environmental advocates have said in filings that the utilities and the Public Advocates Office are overestimating the cost shift and are not grasping the importance of rooftop solar as part of a broader strategy to reduce emissions. The solar and environmental groups have proposed their own revisions to net metering rules, which they say would reduce the cost shift while doing less harm to the solar industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission’s proposal would cause lasting damage to the industry. The market research firm Wood Mackenzie issued a report last month saying the California plan will make rooftop solar much more expensive for customers, which would cut the state’s rooftop solar market in half by 2024 compared to what it would have been otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom said he has concerns about the commission’s proposal. He can’t order changes by the commission, which is an independent body, but he did appoint four of the five members, and his comments are likely to have an influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the commission said it would not vote on the proposal at its Feb. 10 meeting and that the issue was being put on hold until further notice. This is because one of the commissioners has asked for extra time to review the voluminous testimony and consider making changes to the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this context — a controversial proposal for rooftop solar in the place where rooftop solar is popular — that utilities are working to convince officials and the public that their side is the one standing up for people who struggle to pay utility bills, while the solar industry wants to protect its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Charitable donations worth $1.67 million to coalition members\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Affordable Clean Energy for All announced its formation in a news release on Feb. 24, 2021, describing itself as a “diverse group of clean energy, seniors, faith-based, community and business groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial release quoted leaders of two groups in the coalition, the California Alliance for Retired Americans and Asians in Energy. It didn’t mention the names of the electricity utilities. (Susie Y. Wong, founder and president of Asians in Energy, said in an email that the organization was an early coalition supporter and is now “neutral” and listening to both sides of the debate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gil Jaramillo, executive director of the Tulare Kings Hispanic Chamber of Commerce in California’s Central Valley, recalls that he started receiving emails from the coalition about a year ago. Its stated mission — to protect lower-income energy consumers — sounded worthy of support, so he signed on, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairbanks, the spokesperson for Affordable Clean Energy, is a partner in a Sacramento public relations firm that says one of its specialties is “grassroots advocacy.” PG&E and Southern California Edison have paid the firm hundreds of thousands of dollars in the past two years, according to lobbying disclosure forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affordable Clean Energy for All didn’t highlight its ties to utilities, but it didn’t hide them either. The three utilities were all listed as members of the organization, among a list of more than 100 organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a July hearing before the public utilities commission, Carla Peterman, an executive vice president for PG&E, said under cross-examination that she was aware of Affordable Clean Energy for All and that her company had donated to the group. Asked about donations by PG&E to the organizations that are members of the coalition, she said she didn’t have that information available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the donations are public record. A review of the most recent disclosures by utilities of their charitable giving, from 2020, shows that 71 members of the coalition received $1.67 million in donations or some other form of financial support from at least one of the electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-three members did not receive money from the utilities, at least not in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The financial ties between the utilities and the members of the coalition are well known by organizations that are part of the case before the commission, and have been reported by the media, including in a Los Angeles Times story in November about the broader debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of members has fluctuated and now is about 125, which includes members listed on the coalition’s website and organizations that are not listed as members but whose leaders signed a Feb. 2 letter to the commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contacted for comment, the utilities referred questions to Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Voice to the voiceless’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over several days, Inside Climate News contacted nearly all of the social justice and community advocacy groups listed as coalition members. Most did not respond, though a few either said they didn’t want to discuss their involvement or referred requests for comment to Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rev. Frank Jackson Jr., chair and CEO of Village Solutions Foundation, a coalition member based in Southern California, emailed a statement saying Affordable Clean Energy for All provides a “voice to the voiceless,” adding that while his organization supports rooftop solar, “it’s wrong that people from low-income, our most vulnerable, least able to afford it, communities are paying more in their electric bills to cover the costs for who can, most afford, to take advantage of the benefits of solar panels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked whether Southern California Edison’s recent $50,000 donation to his group influenced his support for the coalition, Jackson said that it was not a factor and that his sole motivation for joining was to relieve the strain of rising utility bills on the lower-income and senior populations he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, The Arc of Riverside County’s executive director, Erin Stream, stated in an email that her organization supports ideas that create a more affordable life for the developmentally disabled people they serve, adding that any further questions should go to Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Disparate views on equity and energy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In addition to community groups, Affordable Clean Energy for All includes heavyweights of the business community, like the California Chamber of Commerce, and labor unions, like the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, whose employees work for the utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition and the utilities are far from alone in supporting big changes to net metering. The Natural Resources Defense Council, a leading environmental advocacy organization, and The Utility Reform Network, a consumer advocate, are among the other prominent groups that say there is a harmful cost shift taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side are solar business groups and other environmental advocates, including the California Solar and Storage Association and the Sierra Club, and several coalitions of community groups. The largest coalition is Save California Solar, which includes hundreds of individuals and groups. (Fairbanks, in her emailed statement, noted that utility companies haven’t given only to Affordable Clean Energy for All members. Southern California Edison, she said, had contributed funding to three organizations aligned with Save California Solar.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sides have made the case that their views would bring more equity to the energy system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some community organizations have not fully embraced either side and are talking in a more nuanced way about how to make the energy system more equitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities we organize with and advocate alongside speak on their own behalf,” said a letter released last year by nine environmental justice organizations, including the California Environmental Justice Alliance. “Our voices will not be co-opted by external parties and interests that do not directly represent us or speak for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiding behind community groups?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Utilities have shown a pattern of using charitable donations to encourage community groups to support the utilities’ policy priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Energy and Policy Institute, a watchdog group, has investigated these practices, including in a 2019 report, “Strings Attached: How Utilities Use Charitable Giving to Influence Politics and Increase Investor Profits.” The authors found dozens of examples of well-respected community groups that received money from utilities and then took actions to support the utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report did not look closely at California, but David Pomerantz, executive director of the Energy and Policy Institute, said he sees the signs of a familiar dynamic in the rooftop solar debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities “hide behind groups whom they’re paying to speak on their behalf,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrose Carroll, the executive director of Green the Church, said he and his organization view rooftop solar as essential for building a fairer energy system. But he added that solar policy is not near the top of the list of concerns in the Black church and Black communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nowhere in our conversation, nowhere on the ground level, are people looking around and saying, ‘Well, there are people in other communities getting solar and now our bills are going up.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that any group should be careful about claiming to speak for a community, and that people should be skeptical when powerful companies are saying they are the ones who have a community’s best interests at heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dozens of organizations in the coalition received charitable contributions in 2020 worth $1.67 million from big California utilities that see solar as the competition.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846316,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":61,"wordCount":2756},"headData":{"title":"California Utilities Have Donated $1.67 Million to Grassroots Groups Fighting Rooftop Solar Power | KQED","description":"Dozens of organizations in the coalition received charitable contributions in 2020 worth $1.67 million from big California utilities that see solar as the competition.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Anne Marshall-Chalmers and Dan Gearino\u003cbr>Inside Climate News","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1978423/california-utilities-have-donated-1-67-million-to-grassroots-groups-fighting-rooftop-solar-power","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the fight over California’s rooftop solar policy, a coalition that claims to represent lower-income consumers, seniors and environmental leaders is running ads warning about a cost shift that forces consumers to subsidize solar for people who live in mansions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This message, from Affordable Clean Energy for All, is meant to influence the debate as California regulators consider rules that would sharply reduce the financial benefits of owning rooftop systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Affordable Clean Energy for All is not a grassroots movement. It is a public relations campaign sponsored by big utility companies that stand to benefit from policies that hurt rooftop solar. Many of the 100-plus groups that make up the coalition have received charitable donations or other financial support from the utilities. Few of them wanted to talk about the campaign when contacted by Inside Climate News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utilities’ campaign is using what watchdog groups say is a familiar playbook from across the country, with community groups providing a relatable face for advocacy messages that align with those of the utilities. If the result is a policy that hurts rooftop solar, that could be a big setback for California’s push to get to net-zero emissions, an effort that is counting on a continued expansion of solar and other customer-owned energy systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even as some environmentalists question the coalition’s motives, the group’s message resonates with some consumers because there is little dispute that upper- and middle-income households have gotten a disproportionately large share of solar subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, many community groups say inequities can be addressed in a way that accelerates building rooftop solar and energy storage, with an emphasis on helping people who struggle the most to pay utility bills and are more likely than others to feel the effects of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is “poppycock” for the utilities to claim to be the ones standing up for equity, said the Rev. Ambrose Carroll, a pastor of an Oakland church and executive director of Green the Church, a nonprofit that works with Black churches on environmental issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very disingenuous and it is a move of power to, on a whim, decide to co-sign for the name of equity and put its name onto something,” Carroll said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His organization is one of the co-founders of the Coalition for Environmental Equity and Economics, or CEEE, which sees rooftop solar as an essential part of democratizing the energy system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For groups like his, Affordable Clean Energy for All is pure “Astroturf,” or fake grassroots, and the latest of many examples of utilities using their philanthropy to nudge community groups to take stances that may be contrary to the groups’ interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1978425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic.png 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/ICN_AffordableCleanEnergy-graphic-160x167.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIndeed, there has been a pattern of groups who represent lower-income consumers and communities of color agreeing to sign on as supporters for utilities’ agendas, said Esperanza Vielma, executive director of the Environmental Justice Coalition for Water. Her organization is another co-founder of CEEE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not blaming those people who are part of that coalition,” she said, about Affordable Clean Energy for All. “I am blaming [the utilities] for using them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement made on behalf of Affordable Clean Energy for All, spokesperson Kathy Fairbanks called the Astroturf label “ridiculous,” and said that each coalition member chose to join “based on the best interests of the constituencies they represent. To suggest otherwise is offensive and demeaning to these organizations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our coalition was established to educate and engage diverse organizations whose memberships are negatively impacted by the state’s 25-year-old rooftop subsidy,” Fairbanks said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that the coalition’s members support rooftop solar. “This policy discussion has never been about whether rooftop solar will or should continue in California. It’s about how much the subsidies should be and who should pay for them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affordable Energy for All has sponsored television and radio ads, and a website, FixtheCostShift.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A major flaw in California policy is forcing consumers who can’t afford rooftop solar to subsidize wealthier homeowners who can,” a narrator says in a television ad showing a mansion with solar panels, followed by images of beleaguered consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition spent nearly $840,000 on television and radio ads to air in California from mid-January through late February, according to data compiled by Kantar/CMAG. Christine Arena, a former public relations and marketing executive and founder of a social media impact company, said that figure isn’t unusual, but called it an “aggressive” messaging campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘A big step backward’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California is the nation’s leader in rooftop solar and home to influential solar business and advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state helped to build its market for rooftop solar with decades of incentive programs. One long-standing incentive is “net metering,” which means that customers with rooftop solar can sell excess electricity back to the grid and receive a utility bill credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California utility regulators have said that the continued growth of rooftop solar has meant that consumers with solar are paying low utility bills, which leads to a shift in which non-solar customers are paying more to help cover the costs of maintaining the grid. The Public Advocates Office, an independent consumer advocate within the California Public Utilities Commission, has estimated that current solar policies lead to billions of dollars of subsidies for rooftop solar owners that are paid for by other consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the benefits have gone to middle- or upper-income households, but solar is becoming more accessible to people with lower incomes, according to several studies, including one issued last year by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission has spent the last few years working on new rules that would aim to reduce or eliminate this cost shift. In December, the panel released a proposed decision that would cut the rates paid to rooftop solar owners for excess electricity and impose a new monthly charge on them that would be the highest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal is in line with what the state’s major electric utilities — Pacific Gas & Electric, San Diego Gas & Electric and Southern California Edison — have long wanted. Utilities have campaigned against rooftop solar because they view it as competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the backlash has been strong, with environmental and business groups saying the plan would decimate the rooftop solar industry and damage the push under California law to get to net-zero emissions by 2045. Former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger is among the people urging the commission to reject the proposal. In a recent New York Times op-ed, he said the PUC proposal would make “solar more expensive for everyone” and do “nothing to help our most vulnerable.” He also said it represented “a big step backward” in meeting the state’s emissions goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups representing the solar industry and environmental advocates have said in filings that the utilities and the Public Advocates Office are overestimating the cost shift and are not grasping the importance of rooftop solar as part of a broader strategy to reduce emissions. The solar and environmental groups have proposed their own revisions to net metering rules, which they say would reduce the cost shift while doing less harm to the solar industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission’s proposal would cause lasting damage to the industry. The market research firm Wood Mackenzie issued a report last month saying the California plan will make rooftop solar much more expensive for customers, which would cut the state’s rooftop solar market in half by 2024 compared to what it would have been otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom said he has concerns about the commission’s proposal. He can’t order changes by the commission, which is an independent body, but he did appoint four of the five members, and his comments are likely to have an influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the commission said it would not vote on the proposal at its Feb. 10 meeting and that the issue was being put on hold until further notice. This is because one of the commissioners has asked for extra time to review the voluminous testimony and consider making changes to the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this context — a controversial proposal for rooftop solar in the place where rooftop solar is popular — that utilities are working to convince officials and the public that their side is the one standing up for people who struggle to pay utility bills, while the solar industry wants to protect its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Charitable donations worth $1.67 million to coalition members\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Affordable Clean Energy for All announced its formation in a news release on Feb. 24, 2021, describing itself as a “diverse group of clean energy, seniors, faith-based, community and business groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial release quoted leaders of two groups in the coalition, the California Alliance for Retired Americans and Asians in Energy. It didn’t mention the names of the electricity utilities. (Susie Y. Wong, founder and president of Asians in Energy, said in an email that the organization was an early coalition supporter and is now “neutral” and listening to both sides of the debate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gil Jaramillo, executive director of the Tulare Kings Hispanic Chamber of Commerce in California’s Central Valley, recalls that he started receiving emails from the coalition about a year ago. Its stated mission — to protect lower-income energy consumers — sounded worthy of support, so he signed on, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairbanks, the spokesperson for Affordable Clean Energy, is a partner in a Sacramento public relations firm that says one of its specialties is “grassroots advocacy.” PG&E and Southern California Edison have paid the firm hundreds of thousands of dollars in the past two years, according to lobbying disclosure forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affordable Clean Energy for All didn’t highlight its ties to utilities, but it didn’t hide them either. The three utilities were all listed as members of the organization, among a list of more than 100 organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a July hearing before the public utilities commission, Carla Peterman, an executive vice president for PG&E, said under cross-examination that she was aware of Affordable Clean Energy for All and that her company had donated to the group. Asked about donations by PG&E to the organizations that are members of the coalition, she said she didn’t have that information available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the donations are public record. A review of the most recent disclosures by utilities of their charitable giving, from 2020, shows that 71 members of the coalition received $1.67 million in donations or some other form of financial support from at least one of the electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-three members did not receive money from the utilities, at least not in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The financial ties between the utilities and the members of the coalition are well known by organizations that are part of the case before the commission, and have been reported by the media, including in a Los Angeles Times story in November about the broader debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of members has fluctuated and now is about 125, which includes members listed on the coalition’s website and organizations that are not listed as members but whose leaders signed a Feb. 2 letter to the commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contacted for comment, the utilities referred questions to Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Voice to the voiceless’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over several days, Inside Climate News contacted nearly all of the social justice and community advocacy groups listed as coalition members. Most did not respond, though a few either said they didn’t want to discuss their involvement or referred requests for comment to Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rev. Frank Jackson Jr., chair and CEO of Village Solutions Foundation, a coalition member based in Southern California, emailed a statement saying Affordable Clean Energy for All provides a “voice to the voiceless,” adding that while his organization supports rooftop solar, “it’s wrong that people from low-income, our most vulnerable, least able to afford it, communities are paying more in their electric bills to cover the costs for who can, most afford, to take advantage of the benefits of solar panels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked whether Southern California Edison’s recent $50,000 donation to his group influenced his support for the coalition, Jackson said that it was not a factor and that his sole motivation for joining was to relieve the strain of rising utility bills on the lower-income and senior populations he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, The Arc of Riverside County’s executive director, Erin Stream, stated in an email that her organization supports ideas that create a more affordable life for the developmentally disabled people they serve, adding that any further questions should go to Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Disparate views on equity and energy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In addition to community groups, Affordable Clean Energy for All includes heavyweights of the business community, like the California Chamber of Commerce, and labor unions, like the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, whose employees work for the utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition and the utilities are far from alone in supporting big changes to net metering. The Natural Resources Defense Council, a leading environmental advocacy organization, and The Utility Reform Network, a consumer advocate, are among the other prominent groups that say there is a harmful cost shift taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side are solar business groups and other environmental advocates, including the California Solar and Storage Association and the Sierra Club, and several coalitions of community groups. The largest coalition is Save California Solar, which includes hundreds of individuals and groups. (Fairbanks, in her emailed statement, noted that utility companies haven’t given only to Affordable Clean Energy for All members. Southern California Edison, she said, had contributed funding to three organizations aligned with Save California Solar.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sides have made the case that their views would bring more equity to the energy system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some community organizations have not fully embraced either side and are talking in a more nuanced way about how to make the energy system more equitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities we organize with and advocate alongside speak on their own behalf,” said a letter released last year by nine environmental justice organizations, including the California Environmental Justice Alliance. “Our voices will not be co-opted by external parties and interests that do not directly represent us or speak for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiding behind community groups?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Utilities have shown a pattern of using charitable donations to encourage community groups to support the utilities’ policy priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Energy and Policy Institute, a watchdog group, has investigated these practices, including in a 2019 report, “Strings Attached: How Utilities Use Charitable Giving to Influence Politics and Increase Investor Profits.” The authors found dozens of examples of well-respected community groups that received money from utilities and then took actions to support the utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report did not look closely at California, but David Pomerantz, executive director of the Energy and Policy Institute, said he sees the signs of a familiar dynamic in the rooftop solar debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities “hide behind groups whom they’re paying to speak on their behalf,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrose Carroll, the executive director of Green the Church, said he and his organization view rooftop solar as essential for building a fairer energy system. But he added that solar policy is not near the top of the list of concerns in the Black church and Black communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nowhere in our conversation, nowhere on the ground level, are people looking around and saying, ‘Well, there are people in other communities getting solar and now our bills are going up.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that any group should be careful about claiming to speak for a community, and that people should be skeptical when powerful companies are saying they are the ones who have a community’s best interests at heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1978423/california-utilities-have-donated-1-67-million-to-grassroots-groups-fighting-rooftop-solar-power","authors":["byline_science_1978423"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_16","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_4122","science_138","science_1066"],"featImg":"science_1978427","label":"science"},"arts_13888517":{"type":"posts","id":"arts_13888517","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"arts","id":"13888517","score":null,"sort":[1604016038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"an-oakland-high-school-senior-brings-science-experiments-to-the-people","title":"An Oakland High School Senior Brings Science Experiments to the People","publishDate":1604016038,"format":"standard","headTitle":"An Oakland High School Senior Brings Science Experiments to the People | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"arts"},"content":"\u003cp>“We learned all about the science behind airplanes and catapults and stuff. They had all these different hands-on experiments and projects that we built, and team building activities,” Ahmed Muhammad describes. “I still remember that, and I still remember all those experiments… that was my introduction to science, and I just kept with it ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s talking about the Summer Engineering Experience for Kids (SEEK), a West Oakland summer program organized by the National Society of Black Engineers that he attended as a second grader. It sparked a life-long passion for science, and instilled in him the importance of early education: “It’s hard to like science when you grew up hating it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Muhammad is a senior at Oakland Technical High School, a straight-A student and the point guard of Oakland Tech’s varsity basketball team. He’s also the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kitscubed.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kits Cubed\u003c/a>, a nonprofit he started while under California’s shelter-in-place order earlier this year. It aims to provide science kits and experiments to elementary and middle school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for Kits Cubed came when he was babysitting his younger niece and nephew, Ayla and Ahmeer, and decided to take a break from their usual activities. “I finally felt that they were old enough for us to do some science experiments,” Muhammad explains. “And they were like, ‘No, I hate science. I’m bad at it.’” Their reactions stunned him: “Ahmeer literally loves everything, but then when I brought up science to him, he didn’t like it, but he didn’t even know what it was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determined to change their impressions, Muhammad designed some science experiments for them, and Kits Cubed was born. He created a website, put together his savings to produce the first few experiment sets and sold his earliest science kits to his neighbors. A few months later, he has established an office space for kit assembly, hired a team of fellow Oakland students and distributed a total of 1300 science kits in Oakland and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13888602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13888602\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahmed Muhammad delivers science kits to Alameda County EMS Corps’ teen program. \u003ccite>(Ahmed Muhammad)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The kits are available for online purchase for $15, and each includes three experiments, hence the name Kits Cubed. One set features a lima bean plant maze, a kaleidoscope and a pop-rocket; another explores physics and chemistry with a catapult, potato battery and rock candy; and the newest set includes a telegraph, an electric motor and an electromagnet. Proceeds from online purchases and T-shirt sales, as well as donations, allow Kits Cubed to offer free kits to schools and students who can’t afford to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accessibility is particularly important to Muhammad. As Oakland Unified School District is projected to continue \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11832221/online-school-has-started-in-oakland-but-will-students-show-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">distance learning\u003c/a> for the remainder of this school year, he is cognizant of the inequities of online education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of circumstances completely out of their control, kids are going to be left behind,” Muhammad laments. “And so the advantaged become more advantaged, and the disadvantaged become even more disadvantaged.” He’s partnered with principals, teachers and parents to bring hundreds of kits to students in Oakland public schools, including Fruitvale’s Life Academy of Health and Bioscience, in the hopes that “Kits Cubed can be part of bridging that gap.” [aside postid='arts_13887272']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Fulop is an 8th grade science teacher at Life Academy and a parent of a 6-year-old student at Crocker Highlands Elementary. She heard about Kits Cubed from a school newsletter late last spring. Over the summer, she and her daughter Callie used Kits Cubed’s original experiment set as part of a weekly Zoom science class with her kindergarten classmates, creating mini-lessons around each one. “Callie and the rest of the kids—and their families—loved the activities,” Fulop emphasizes. “Watching the lima beans grow quickly sparked lots of excitement and discussion around plant growth, the kaleidoscopes were surprisingly beautiful given the simplicity of the materials and the kids got really into testing different variables with the rockets… When we used the rocket activity, we watched some space launches together first, and when we did the lima bean activity we discussed what plants need in order to grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13888604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13888604\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650-160x188.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650-768x903.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahmed Muhammad with a happy Kits Cubed customer. \u003ccite>(Ahmed Muhammad)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This fall, Fulop ordered more kits for what she calls “Back Yard School,” a socially distanced pod of six Crocker Elementary families that she began teaching to support their online curriculum: “Again, a big hit.” Fulop also ordered 200 more Kits Cubed combo sets for Life Academy’s advisory classes, and plans to order more soon for her lessons on electricity and magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t say enough good things about working with Ahmed,” she says. “He is highly professional and efficient… our turnaround time on the 200 kits we recently ordered for Life Academy was incredibly tight.” [aside postid='arts_13887982']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working tirelessly just to make sure our students have consistent access to internet… there is nothing equitable about how we educate Black and Brown children in OUSD,” says Patrick Messac, another teacher at Life Academy. “Disembodied classrooms can really sap the joy from learning.” But after using KitsCubed for the first time, he “heard gasps of surprise and excitement” from his students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Simple things, like annotating a text, are difficult in a virtual world… it was important for me to do something real and hands-on with my students,” fellow Life Academy teacher Christi Grossman adds. “Ahmed was a joy to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future is bright for both Muhammad and Kits Cubed. He plans to be the first in his immediate family to attend college, and is currently in the midst of application season. Most recently, Kits Cubed designed a new human anatomy kit, and piloted it with the Alameda County EMS Corps to teach underrepresented teens about the respiratory system on their way to entering the medical field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Halloween, Kits Cubed is holding a \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/CGqeqTzpEHK/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">socially distanced donation event\u003c/a> at Korematsu Discovery Academy, where they will donate science kits and onetab Learning Tablets to all 250 students. Eventually, Muhammad hopes to expand the services offered beyond STEM. “I definitely want to reach into the humanities side because, yes, scientists are important, but so are lawyers and politicians and writers,” he says. “Honestly, just trying to tap into kids’ potentials in as many ways as possible is our next big step.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"During distance learning, Ahmed Muhammad's nonprofit, Kits Cubed, wants to make STEM education more accessible.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1705019916,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1142},"headData":{"title":"An Oakland High School Senior Brings Science Experiments to the People | KQED","description":"During distance learning, Ahmed Muhammad's nonprofit, Kits Cubed, wants to make STEM education more accessible.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/arts/13888517/an-oakland-high-school-senior-brings-science-experiments-to-the-people","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“We learned all about the science behind airplanes and catapults and stuff. They had all these different hands-on experiments and projects that we built, and team building activities,” Ahmed Muhammad describes. “I still remember that, and I still remember all those experiments… that was my introduction to science, and I just kept with it ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s talking about the Summer Engineering Experience for Kids (SEEK), a West Oakland summer program organized by the National Society of Black Engineers that he attended as a second grader. It sparked a life-long passion for science, and instilled in him the importance of early education: “It’s hard to like science when you grew up hating it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Muhammad is a senior at Oakland Technical High School, a straight-A student and the point guard of Oakland Tech’s varsity basketball team. He’s also the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kitscubed.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kits Cubed\u003c/a>, a nonprofit he started while under California’s shelter-in-place order earlier this year. It aims to provide science kits and experiments to elementary and middle school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for Kits Cubed came when he was babysitting his younger niece and nephew, Ayla and Ahmeer, and decided to take a break from their usual activities. “I finally felt that they were old enough for us to do some science experiments,” Muhammad explains. “And they were like, ‘No, I hate science. I’m bad at it.’” Their reactions stunned him: “Ahmeer literally loves everything, but then when I brought up science to him, he didn’t like it, but he didn’t even know what it was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determined to change their impressions, Muhammad designed some science experiments for them, and Kits Cubed was born. He created a website, put together his savings to produce the first few experiment sets and sold his earliest science kits to his neighbors. A few months later, he has established an office space for kit assembly, hired a team of fellow Oakland students and distributed a total of 1300 science kits in Oakland and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13888602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13888602\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_9608-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahmed Muhammad delivers science kits to Alameda County EMS Corps’ teen program. \u003ccite>(Ahmed Muhammad)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The kits are available for online purchase for $15, and each includes three experiments, hence the name Kits Cubed. One set features a lima bean plant maze, a kaleidoscope and a pop-rocket; another explores physics and chemistry with a catapult, potato battery and rock candy; and the newest set includes a telegraph, an electric motor and an electromagnet. Proceeds from online purchases and T-shirt sales, as well as donations, allow Kits Cubed to offer free kits to schools and students who can’t afford to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accessibility is particularly important to Muhammad. As Oakland Unified School District is projected to continue \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11832221/online-school-has-started-in-oakland-but-will-students-show-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">distance learning\u003c/a> for the remainder of this school year, he is cognizant of the inequities of online education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of circumstances completely out of their control, kids are going to be left behind,” Muhammad laments. “And so the advantaged become more advantaged, and the disadvantaged become even more disadvantaged.” He’s partnered with principals, teachers and parents to bring hundreds of kits to students in Oakland public schools, including Fruitvale’s Life Academy of Health and Bioscience, in the hopes that “Kits Cubed can be part of bridging that gap.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"arts_13887272","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Fulop is an 8th grade science teacher at Life Academy and a parent of a 6-year-old student at Crocker Highlands Elementary. She heard about Kits Cubed from a school newsletter late last spring. Over the summer, she and her daughter Callie used Kits Cubed’s original experiment set as part of a weekly Zoom science class with her kindergarten classmates, creating mini-lessons around each one. “Callie and the rest of the kids—and their families—loved the activities,” Fulop emphasizes. “Watching the lima beans grow quickly sparked lots of excitement and discussion around plant growth, the kaleidoscopes were surprisingly beautiful given the simplicity of the materials and the kids got really into testing different variables with the rockets… When we used the rocket activity, we watched some space launches together first, and when we did the lima bean activity we discussed what plants need in order to grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13888604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13888604\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650-160x188.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/IMG_1650-768x903.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahmed Muhammad with a happy Kits Cubed customer. \u003ccite>(Ahmed Muhammad)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This fall, Fulop ordered more kits for what she calls “Back Yard School,” a socially distanced pod of six Crocker Elementary families that she began teaching to support their online curriculum: “Again, a big hit.” Fulop also ordered 200 more Kits Cubed combo sets for Life Academy’s advisory classes, and plans to order more soon for her lessons on electricity and magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t say enough good things about working with Ahmed,” she says. “He is highly professional and efficient… our turnaround time on the 200 kits we recently ordered for Life Academy was incredibly tight.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"arts_13887982","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working tirelessly just to make sure our students have consistent access to internet… there is nothing equitable about how we educate Black and Brown children in OUSD,” says Patrick Messac, another teacher at Life Academy. “Disembodied classrooms can really sap the joy from learning.” But after using KitsCubed for the first time, he “heard gasps of surprise and excitement” from his students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Simple things, like annotating a text, are difficult in a virtual world… it was important for me to do something real and hands-on with my students,” fellow Life Academy teacher Christi Grossman adds. “Ahmed was a joy to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future is bright for both Muhammad and Kits Cubed. He plans to be the first in his immediate family to attend college, and is currently in the midst of application season. Most recently, Kits Cubed designed a new human anatomy kit, and piloted it with the Alameda County EMS Corps to teach underrepresented teens about the respiratory system on their way to entering the medical field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Halloween, Kits Cubed is holding a \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/CGqeqTzpEHK/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">socially distanced donation event\u003c/a> at Korematsu Discovery Academy, where they will donate science kits and onetab Learning Tablets to all 250 students. Eventually, Muhammad hopes to expand the services offered beyond STEM. “I definitely want to reach into the humanities side because, yes, scientists are important, but so are lawyers and politicians and writers,” he says. “Honestly, just trying to tap into kids’ potentials in as many ways as possible is our next big step.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/arts/13888517/an-oakland-high-school-senior-brings-science-experiments-to-the-people","authors":["11734"],"categories":["arts_1"],"tags":["arts_4725","arts_10278","arts_1143","arts_973"],"featImg":"arts_13888600","label":"arts"},"arts_13875915":{"type":"posts","id":"arts_13875915","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"arts","id":"13875915","score":null,"sort":[1583275807000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"metallica-celebrates-new-namesake-a-blind-crustacean","title":"Metallica Celebrates New Namesake—an Eyeless, Colorless Crustacean","publishDate":1583275807,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Metallica Celebrates New Namesake—an Eyeless, Colorless Crustacean | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"arts"},"content":"\u003cp>San Francisco thrash legends Metallica have expressed delight over having a newly discovered species of crustacean named after them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Macrostylis Metallicola has a worm-like body, no eyes, no color and maxes out at a quarter of an inch long. It resides in the darkest depths of the Pacific, 16,000 feet below the ocean surface, and was discovered between Mexico and Hawaii by Dr. Torben Riehl and Dr. Bart De Smet of Ghent University, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The powerful music of Metallica has accompanied me the majority of my life,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/macrostylis-metallicola-deep-sea-creature-discovered-in-pacific-ocean-named-after-metallica-2519015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Riehl explained\u003c/a>. “I am thrilled to be able to give something back to the band by naming a new species after them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the Macrostylis Metallicola in all of its glory, as presented in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/8621/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PeerJ, The Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13875917\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13875917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/fig-2-1x.jpg\" alt=\"“Macrostylis metallicola n. sp. holotype ♀ 879 (SMF 50941) digitized pencil drawings of habitus.”\" width=\"510\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/fig-2-1x.jpg 510w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/fig-2-1x-160x188.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Macrostylis metallicola n. sp. holotype ♀ 879 (SMF 50941) digitized pencil drawings of habitus.” \u003ccite>(PeerJ.com - DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8621/fig-2)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Delightfully, Metallica’s resident artist came up with their own vivid rendition, as the quartet celebrated the special milestone. “Now that’s one metal crustacean!” the band wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/B9FQ6GqA02F/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, this is not the first time science’s love for heavy metal has expressed itself through the naming of new organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Mats Eriksson has \u003ca href=\"https://www.loudersound.com/news/extinct-monster-worm-named-after-cannibal-corpse-bassist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">named worms\u003c/a> after Motörhead frontman Lemmy Kilmister (the Kalloprion Kilmisteri), Cannibal Corpse bassist Alex Webster (the Websteroprion Armstrongi) and King Diamond (Kingnites Diamondi). Elsewhere, Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine has \u003ca href=\"https://loudwire.com/new-species-tarantula-named-after-megadeth-dave-mustaine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a tarantula\u003c/a> (Aphonopelma Davemustainei) named for him, and Ozzy Osbourne has been honored with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nme.com/news/music/ozzy-osbourne-20-1222564\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a frog\u003c/a> that sounds like a bat (Dendropsophus Ozzyi).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Macrostylis Metallicola has a worm-like body, no eyes, no color, and maxes out at a quarter of an inch long.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1705021173,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":283},"headData":{"title":"Metallica Celebrates New Namesake—an Eyeless, Colorless Crustacean | KQED","description":"The Macrostylis Metallicola has a worm-like body, no eyes, no color, and maxes out at a quarter of an inch long.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/arts/13875915/metallica-celebrates-new-namesake-a-blind-crustacean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco thrash legends Metallica have expressed delight over having a newly discovered species of crustacean named after them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Macrostylis Metallicola has a worm-like body, no eyes, no color and maxes out at a quarter of an inch long. It resides in the darkest depths of the Pacific, 16,000 feet below the ocean surface, and was discovered between Mexico and Hawaii by Dr. Torben Riehl and Dr. Bart De Smet of Ghent University, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The powerful music of Metallica has accompanied me the majority of my life,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/macrostylis-metallicola-deep-sea-creature-discovered-in-pacific-ocean-named-after-metallica-2519015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Riehl explained\u003c/a>. “I am thrilled to be able to give something back to the band by naming a new species after them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the Macrostylis Metallicola in all of its glory, as presented in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/8621/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PeerJ, The Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13875917\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13875917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/fig-2-1x.jpg\" alt=\"“Macrostylis metallicola n. sp. holotype ♀ 879 (SMF 50941) digitized pencil drawings of habitus.”\" width=\"510\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/fig-2-1x.jpg 510w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/fig-2-1x-160x188.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Macrostylis metallicola n. sp. holotype ♀ 879 (SMF 50941) digitized pencil drawings of habitus.” \u003ccite>(PeerJ.com - DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8621/fig-2)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Delightfully, Metallica’s resident artist came up with their own vivid rendition, as the quartet celebrated the special milestone. “Now that’s one metal crustacean!” the band wrote.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"instagramLink","attributes":{"named":{"instagramId":"B9FQ6GqA02F"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Remarkably, this is not the first time science’s love for heavy metal has expressed itself through the naming of new organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Mats Eriksson has \u003ca href=\"https://www.loudersound.com/news/extinct-monster-worm-named-after-cannibal-corpse-bassist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">named worms\u003c/a> after Motörhead frontman Lemmy Kilmister (the Kalloprion Kilmisteri), Cannibal Corpse bassist Alex Webster (the Websteroprion Armstrongi) and King Diamond (Kingnites Diamondi). Elsewhere, Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine has \u003ca href=\"https://loudwire.com/new-species-tarantula-named-after-megadeth-dave-mustaine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a tarantula\u003c/a> (Aphonopelma Davemustainei) named for him, and Ozzy Osbourne has been honored with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nme.com/news/music/ozzy-osbourne-20-1222564\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a frog\u003c/a> that sounds like a bat (Dendropsophus Ozzyi).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/arts/13875915/metallica-celebrates-new-namesake-a-blind-crustacean","authors":["11242"],"categories":["arts_69","arts_75"],"tags":["arts_994","arts_1010","arts_2832","arts_973"],"featImg":"arts_13875916","label":"arts"},"arts_13875822":{"type":"posts","id":"arts_13875822","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"arts","id":"13875822","score":null,"sort":[1583179918000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-the-brain-teases-apart-a-songs-words-and-music","title":"How the Brain Teases Apart a Song's Words and Music","publishDate":1583179918,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How the Brain Teases Apart a Song’s Words and Music | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":137,"site":"arts"},"content":"\u003cp>A song fuses words and music. Yet the human brain can instantly separate a song’s lyrics from its melody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now scientists think they know how this happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researchers at McGill University \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaz3468\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> Thursday that song sounds are processed simultaneously by two separate brain areas—one in the left hemisphere and one in the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the left side you can decode the speech content but not the melodic content, and on the right side you can decode the melodic content but not the speech content,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/robert-zatorre-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Zatorre\u003c/a>, a professor at McGill University’s Montreal Neurological Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding explains something doctors have observed in stroke patients for decades, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/914530/Daniela_Sammler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Daniela Sammler\u003c/a>, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Cognition and Neurosciences in Leipzig, Germany, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a stroke in the left hemisphere you are much more likely to have a language impairment than if you have a stroke in the right hemisphere,” Sammler says. Moreover, brain damage to certain areas of the right hemisphere can affect a person’s ability to perceive music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was inspired by songbirds, Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that their brains decode sounds using two separate measures. One assesses how quickly a sound fluctuates over time. The other detects the frequencies in a sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought, hey, maybe that’s what the human brain does too,” Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team got help from a composer and a soprano. And they created lots of a cappella songs that were just a few seconds long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team used a computer to alter the recordings. Sometimes they removed information about sound frequencies, which produced a breathy voice a bit like Darth Vader’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The speech is perfectly comprehensible, but all the melody is essentially gone,” Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other songs were altered to remove information about how the sound changed over time. That sounds a bit like someone humming a sentence rather than singing the words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can still perceive the melody but you can no longer tell what the speech is,” Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with hundreds of altered song fragments, recorded in both English and French, the team set out to learn how a human brain would process these sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists played them for 49 people while an \u003ca href=\"http://fmri.ucsd.edu/Research/whatisfmri.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fMRI scanner\u003c/a> monitored brain activity. And it turned out that the people decoded sounds the same way songbirds do, by separating a sound’s time-related elements from the frequencies it contains, and processing the information using two different groups of specialized brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, when we hear a song, it engages both hemispheres of the brain in a way that’s different than either speech or music alone, Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be why [songs are] especially prominent and especially meaningful” in cultures around the globe, Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just songs that require both hemispheres working together, Sammler says. That process is necessary to fully experience any type of sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the brain circuits involved probably existed before human language appeared, Sammer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Charles Darwin said the languages that we use today emerged from something that was a song-like proto-language,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that there’s good evidence a song takes two separate paths through the brain, researchers will need to figure out how the brain combines those twin streams of information into a coherent listening experience, Sammler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We perceive the song as a song, right?” she says. “It’s one thing and it’s not like a speech stream or a melody stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+The+Brain+Teases+Apart+A+Song%27s+Words+And+Music&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Brain scans show that when people listen to songs, an area in the left hemisphere decodes speech-like sounds while one on the right processes musical information.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1705021187,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":646},"headData":{"title":"How the Brain Teases Apart a Song's Words and Music | KQED","description":"Brain scans show that when people listen to songs, an area in the left hemisphere decodes speech-like sounds while one on the right processes musical information.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Christoph Hetzmannseder","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"810049050","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=810049050&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/02/27/810049050/how-the-brain-teases-apart-a-songs-words-and-music?ft=nprml&f=810049050","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 27 Feb 2020 16:19:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 27 Feb 2020 16:09:24 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 27 Feb 2020 16:19:46 -0500","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/arts/13875822/how-the-brain-teases-apart-a-songs-words-and-music","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A song fuses words and music. Yet the human brain can instantly separate a song’s lyrics from its melody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now scientists think they know how this happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researchers at McGill University \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaz3468\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> Thursday that song sounds are processed simultaneously by two separate brain areas—one in the left hemisphere and one in the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the left side you can decode the speech content but not the melodic content, and on the right side you can decode the melodic content but not the speech content,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/robert-zatorre-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Zatorre\u003c/a>, a professor at McGill University’s Montreal Neurological Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding explains something doctors have observed in stroke patients for decades, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/914530/Daniela_Sammler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Daniela Sammler\u003c/a>, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Cognition and Neurosciences in Leipzig, Germany, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a stroke in the left hemisphere you are much more likely to have a language impairment than if you have a stroke in the right hemisphere,” Sammler says. Moreover, brain damage to certain areas of the right hemisphere can affect a person’s ability to perceive music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was inspired by songbirds, Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that their brains decode sounds using two separate measures. One assesses how quickly a sound fluctuates over time. The other detects the frequencies in a sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought, hey, maybe that’s what the human brain does too,” Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team got help from a composer and a soprano. And they created lots of a cappella songs that were just a few seconds long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team used a computer to alter the recordings. Sometimes they removed information about sound frequencies, which produced a breathy voice a bit like Darth Vader’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The speech is perfectly comprehensible, but all the melody is essentially gone,” Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other songs were altered to remove information about how the sound changed over time. That sounds a bit like someone humming a sentence rather than singing the words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can still perceive the melody but you can no longer tell what the speech is,” Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with hundreds of altered song fragments, recorded in both English and French, the team set out to learn how a human brain would process these sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists played them for 49 people while an \u003ca href=\"http://fmri.ucsd.edu/Research/whatisfmri.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fMRI scanner\u003c/a> monitored brain activity. And it turned out that the people decoded sounds the same way songbirds do, by separating a sound’s time-related elements from the frequencies it contains, and processing the information using two different groups of specialized brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, when we hear a song, it engages both hemispheres of the brain in a way that’s different than either speech or music alone, Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be why [songs are] especially prominent and especially meaningful” in cultures around the globe, Zatorre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just songs that require both hemispheres working together, Sammler says. That process is necessary to fully experience any type of sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the brain circuits involved probably existed before human language appeared, Sammer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Charles Darwin said the languages that we use today emerged from something that was a song-like proto-language,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that there’s good evidence a song takes two separate paths through the brain, researchers will need to figure out how the brain combines those twin streams of information into a coherent listening experience, Sammler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We perceive the song as a song, right?” she says. “It’s one thing and it’s not like a speech stream or a melody stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+The+Brain+Teases+Apart+A+Song%27s+Words+And+Music&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/arts/13875822/how-the-brain-teases-apart-a-songs-words-and-music","authors":["byline_arts_13875822"],"categories":["arts_69"],"tags":["arts_973"],"affiliates":["arts_137"],"featImg":"arts_13875829","label":"arts_137"},"arts_13875678":{"type":"posts","id":"arts_13875678","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"arts","id":"13875678","score":null,"sort":[1582895040000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"just-for-kids-a-comic-exploring-the-new-coronavirus","title":"Just For Kids: A Comic Exploring The New Coronavirus","publishDate":1582895040,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Just For Kids: A Comic Exploring The New Coronavirus | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":137,"site":"arts"},"content":"\u003cp>Kids, this comic is for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s based on a radio story that NPR education reporter Cory Turner did. He asked some experts what kids might want to know about the new coronavirus discovered in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this comic, we’ve used his interviews with \u003ca href=\"https://socialwork.illinois.edu/faculty-staff/tara-powell/?doing_wp_cron=1582845301.1810801029205322265625\">Tara Powell\u003c/a> at the University of Illinois School of Social Work, \u003ca href=\"https://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/Pediatrics/faculty_detail.aspx?name=osofsky_joy\">Joy Osofsky\u003c/a> at the LSU Health Sciences Center in New Orleans and\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/krystal-lewis-011a7227/\"> Krystal Lewis\u003c/a> at the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Print and fold \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PYrKYfOBa4p-azI5z_46KJMbi1FSmL_Y/view?usp=sharing\">\u003cstrong>a zine version of this comic\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> here. Here are \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ixqr9e3wCxI\">\u003cstrong>directions\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> on how to fold it. To read this comic in Chinese, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/06/811752935/\">\u003cstrong>click here.\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13876201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"1750\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom-160x350.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom-768x1680.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876203 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"2105\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom-160x421.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom-768x2021.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876204 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"2105\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom-160x421.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom-768x2021.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876205 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"2250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom-160x450.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom-768x2160.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876206 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"1320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom-160x264.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom-768x1267.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Malaka Gharib is an NPR editor and the author and illustrator of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/575400/i-was-their-american-dream-by-malaka-gharib/\">I Was Their American Dream: A Graphic Memoir\u003c/a>, \u003cem>about being first-generation Filipino Egyptian American. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You may have heard the word \"coronavirus\" online or on TV. You probably have a lot of questions. Check out our comic to get some answers — and print out a zine version at home.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1705021209,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":154},"headData":{"title":"Just For Kids: A Comic Exploring The New Coronavirus | KQED","description":"You may have heard the word "coronavirus" online or on TV. You probably have a lot of questions. Check out our comic to get some answers — and print out a zine version at home.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Malaka Gharib","nprImageAgency":"Malaka Gharib/ NPR","nprStoryId":"809580453","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=809580453&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/28/809580453/just-for-kids-a-comic-exploring-the-new-coronavirus?ft=nprml&f=809580453","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:28:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 28 Feb 2020 05:04:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:28:26 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2020/02/20200228_me_just_for_kids_a_comic_exploring_the_new_coronavirus_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1031&aggIds=812054919&d=225&p=3&story=809580453&ft=nprml&f=809580453","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1810269062-f83412.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1031&aggIds=812054919&d=225&p=3&story=809580453&ft=nprml&f=809580453","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/arts/13875678/just-for-kids-a-comic-exploring-the-new-coronavirus","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2020/02/20200228_me_just_for_kids_a_comic_exploring_the_new_coronavirus_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1031&aggIds=812054919&d=225&p=3&story=809580453&ft=nprml&f=809580453","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kids, this comic is for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s based on a radio story that NPR education reporter Cory Turner did. He asked some experts what kids might want to know about the new coronavirus discovered in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this comic, we’ve used his interviews with \u003ca href=\"https://socialwork.illinois.edu/faculty-staff/tara-powell/?doing_wp_cron=1582845301.1810801029205322265625\">Tara Powell\u003c/a> at the University of Illinois School of Social Work, \u003ca href=\"https://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/Pediatrics/faculty_detail.aspx?name=osofsky_joy\">Joy Osofsky\u003c/a> at the LSU Health Sciences Center in New Orleans and\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/krystal-lewis-011a7227/\"> Krystal Lewis\u003c/a> at the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Print and fold \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PYrKYfOBa4p-azI5z_46KJMbi1FSmL_Y/view?usp=sharing\">\u003cstrong>a zine version of this comic\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> here. Here are \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ixqr9e3wCxI\">\u003cstrong>directions\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> on how to fold it. To read this comic in Chinese, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/06/811752935/\">\u003cstrong>click here.\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13876201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"1750\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom-160x350.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_1_web_custom-768x1680.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876203 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"2105\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom-160x421.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_3_web_custom-768x2021.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876204 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"2105\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom-160x421.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_4_web_custom-768x2021.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876205 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"2250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom-160x450.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_5_web_custom-768x2160.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13876206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13876206 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom.jpg\" alt=\"Malaka Gharib / NPR\" width=\"800\" height=\"1320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom-160x264.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/cov_6_m-web_custom-768x1267.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malaka Gharib / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Malaka Gharib is an NPR editor and the author and illustrator of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/575400/i-was-their-american-dream-by-malaka-gharib/\">I Was Their American Dream: A Graphic Memoir\u003c/a>, \u003cem>about being first-generation Filipino Egyptian American. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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