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She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. 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This year’s scarcity of Chinook salmon is tied to California’s last drought. The fish have a three-year lifecycle, so the returning fish were born when there wasn’t enough water to thrive. The issues threatening the species extend well beyond the recent dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We hope the decision gives the benefit to the fish so they can rebuild themselves and be available for fisheries in future years,” Ehlke said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s water management decisions have played a significant role in the species’ decline over the years — cutting off the fish from spawning grounds and decreasing the cold water the salmon need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984149/as-klamath-dams-come-down-a-once-in-a-generation-river-restoration-begins\">State leaders unveiled a blueprint to boost salmon populations\u003c/a> in January, including tearing down dams that block salmon from spawning grounds and restoring some river flows. However, scientists and environmental groups argue that the pace of the work is too slow and that some salmon runs may not exist by the time the state completes the projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘It comes down to water’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The closing of the salmon season will force Matt Juanes, who docks his green and white 36-foot-long boat, Plumeria, at San Francisco’s Fisherman’s Wharf, to diversify his income this year. Juanes said he will likely lose nearly half his income. “This year is going to be very difficult,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2024/04/10/californias-commercial-salmon-season-is-closed-again-this-year/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1992315\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1992315 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1.jpg\" alt=\"A man dressed in black jacket and a black beanie stands on a boat surrounded by orange and white boating supplies. The sky behind him is purple and pink\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Commercial salmon fisher Matt Juanes prepares to set sail at Pier 47 in San Francisco on June 7, 2023. With California’s salmon season shut down this year, Juanes is pivoting to fish for crab and using his boat to charter tourists. (Kori Suzuki/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s fished salmon for six years, and the numbers seem to dwindle each season, he said. The closure of the fishery was a gut punch, but he agreed that it was a necessary step for the species to rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d rather see the fish go back up the river,” he said. “It comes down to water. If it had rained, we probably wouldn’t be in this predicament.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought isn’t the only factor contributing to the demise of California’s salmon.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Robert Lusardi, UC Davis wetlands professor\"]‘That’s a beacon of hope for the future, but it has to happen at a faster rate. We need these habitats like yesterday.’[/pullquote]Also to blame is a \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/climate-change/epic-2022/impacts-vegetation-and-wildlife/chinook-salmon-abundance#:~:text=California%20Chinook%20salmon%20populations%20are,dramatically%20declined%20in%20recent%20years.\">warming and acidifying ocean\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992122/toxic-dust-threatens-california-salmon-population-lawmaker-seeks-solution\">toxic dust from tires that kills the fish in hours\u003c/a>, dams blocking migration paths, managers diverting water flows for storage and climate-fueled storms complicating river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all these challenges, \u003ca href=\"https://caltrout.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SOS-II-Fish-in-Hot-Water-Report.pdf\">the state could lose nearly half of its native salmon and trout species\u003c/a> within 50 years, according to a study co-authored by UC Davis professor Robert Lusardi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lusardi, who studies freshwater ecology and wetlands, said the closure of the salmon season is a direct result of humans’ alteration of the salmon habitat. Nearly 2 million salmon historically swam up rivers within the Central Valley. This year, Lusardi expects just over 200,000 to spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have left are small populations that I would argue are not diverse, which means they are incapable of acclimating to changing environments,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘We need these habitats like yesterday’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In January, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/01/30/governor-newsom-launches-californias-salmon-strategy-for-a-hotter-drier-future/\">Gov. Gavin Newsom outlined his administration’s strategy to restore salmon populations\u003c/a> “amidst hotter and drier weather exacerbated by climate change.” The sprawling plan includes improving salmon migration pathways, tearing down dams that block fish from spawning, updating hatcheries and restoring flows in some waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California — alongside environmental groups, tribes and scientists — has started to restore floodplains where juvenile fish can grow into what conservationists call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2018/01/23/a-floating-fillet-rice-farmers-grow-bugs-to-help-restore-californias-salmon/\">floodplain fatties\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2018/01/23/a-floating-fillet-rice-farmers-grow-bugs-to-help-restore-californias-salmon/\">,\u003c/a>” a nickname for the well-fed salmon that feed off bugs in flooded areas. The state is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984149/as-klamath-dams-come-down-a-once-in-a-generation-river-restoration-begins\">removing four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River partly so fish have more room to spawn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a beacon of hope for the future, but it has to happen at a faster rate,” Lusardi said. “We need these habitats like yesterday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State scientists, including Colin Purdy, environmental program manager for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, are tasked with implementing the governor’s plan. They have a considerable feat ahead of them. While some of the actions outlined in the state’s new blueprint are already underway, Purdy said changing how fisheries operate “takes years of doing pilot studies to flesh out the details” before hatchery managers can reintroduce the fish into habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sooner we can get started on that stuff, the better,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State Salmon Association and other groups critiqued the governor’s plan. They argue that while it has some suitable components, California is also pursuing projects — a new reservoir and a 45-mile water tunnel beneath the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta to divert more water south — that could decrease the amount of cold water in rivers where salmon need to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re being distracted by this smoke and mirrors scenario,” said Scott Artis, the association’s executive director. “If we don’t address the water diversions, we’re going to continue to see salmon numbers decline, and we’re going to continue to be in a situation where there are closures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fishery managers announced a closure of the state’s commercial salmon fishing season for the second year in a row due to low fish populations.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1712857008,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1066},"headData":{"title":"California’s Commercial Salmon Season Is Closed Again This Year | KQED","description":"Fishery managers announced a closure of the state’s commercial salmon fishing season for the second year in a row due to low fish populations.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Salmon","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992309/californias-commercial-salmon-season-is-closed-again-this-year","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Not enough salmon will swim up the state’s rivers to spawn this year to make a commercial salmon season viable, the Pacific Fishery Management Council announced late Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The number of fish that could be available for harvest was so small there was risk that we wouldn’t be able to conduct a fishery and stay within our limitations,” Robin Ehlke, a staff officer with the Salmon and Pacific Halibut Pacific Fishery Management Council, told KQED. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I’d rather see the fish go back up the river.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Matt Juanes, Bay Area fisher","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second year in a row that the council voted to close the season, which hundreds of commercial fishers and tribes rely on for their livelihoods and food supplies. This year’s scarcity of Chinook salmon is tied to California’s last drought. The fish have a three-year lifecycle, so the returning fish were born when there wasn’t enough water to thrive. The issues threatening the species extend well beyond the recent dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We hope the decision gives the benefit to the fish so they can rebuild themselves and be available for fisheries in future years,” Ehlke said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s water management decisions have played a significant role in the species’ decline over the years — cutting off the fish from spawning grounds and decreasing the cold water the salmon need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984149/as-klamath-dams-come-down-a-once-in-a-generation-river-restoration-begins\">State leaders unveiled a blueprint to boost salmon populations\u003c/a> in January, including tearing down dams that block salmon from spawning grounds and restoring some river flows. However, scientists and environmental groups argue that the pace of the work is too slow and that some salmon runs may not exist by the time the state completes the projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘It comes down to water’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The closing of the salmon season will force Matt Juanes, who docks his green and white 36-foot-long boat, Plumeria, at San Francisco’s Fisherman’s Wharf, to diversify his income this year. Juanes said he will likely lose nearly half his income. “This year is going to be very difficult,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2024/04/10/californias-commercial-salmon-season-is-closed-again-this-year/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1992315\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1992315 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1.jpg\" alt=\"A man dressed in black jacket and a black beanie stands on a boat surrounded by orange and white boating supplies. The sky behind him is purple and pink\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/230607-salmon-closures-02-ks_qut-1-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Commercial salmon fisher Matt Juanes prepares to set sail at Pier 47 in San Francisco on June 7, 2023. With California’s salmon season shut down this year, Juanes is pivoting to fish for crab and using his boat to charter tourists. (Kori Suzuki/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s fished salmon for six years, and the numbers seem to dwindle each season, he said. The closure of the fishery was a gut punch, but he agreed that it was a necessary step for the species to rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d rather see the fish go back up the river,” he said. “It comes down to water. If it had rained, we probably wouldn’t be in this predicament.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought isn’t the only factor contributing to the demise of California’s salmon.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘That’s a beacon of hope for the future, but it has to happen at a faster rate. We need these habitats like yesterday.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Robert Lusardi, UC Davis wetlands professor","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Also to blame is a \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/climate-change/epic-2022/impacts-vegetation-and-wildlife/chinook-salmon-abundance#:~:text=California%20Chinook%20salmon%20populations%20are,dramatically%20declined%20in%20recent%20years.\">warming and acidifying ocean\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992122/toxic-dust-threatens-california-salmon-population-lawmaker-seeks-solution\">toxic dust from tires that kills the fish in hours\u003c/a>, dams blocking migration paths, managers diverting water flows for storage and climate-fueled storms complicating river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all these challenges, \u003ca href=\"https://caltrout.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SOS-II-Fish-in-Hot-Water-Report.pdf\">the state could lose nearly half of its native salmon and trout species\u003c/a> within 50 years, according to a study co-authored by UC Davis professor Robert Lusardi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lusardi, who studies freshwater ecology and wetlands, said the closure of the salmon season is a direct result of humans’ alteration of the salmon habitat. Nearly 2 million salmon historically swam up rivers within the Central Valley. This year, Lusardi expects just over 200,000 to spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have left are small populations that I would argue are not diverse, which means they are incapable of acclimating to changing environments,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘We need these habitats like yesterday’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In January, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/01/30/governor-newsom-launches-californias-salmon-strategy-for-a-hotter-drier-future/\">Gov. Gavin Newsom outlined his administration’s strategy to restore salmon populations\u003c/a> “amidst hotter and drier weather exacerbated by climate change.” The sprawling plan includes improving salmon migration pathways, tearing down dams that block fish from spawning, updating hatcheries and restoring flows in some waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California — alongside environmental groups, tribes and scientists — has started to restore floodplains where juvenile fish can grow into what conservationists call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2018/01/23/a-floating-fillet-rice-farmers-grow-bugs-to-help-restore-californias-salmon/\">floodplain fatties\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2018/01/23/a-floating-fillet-rice-farmers-grow-bugs-to-help-restore-californias-salmon/\">,\u003c/a>” a nickname for the well-fed salmon that feed off bugs in flooded areas. The state is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984149/as-klamath-dams-come-down-a-once-in-a-generation-river-restoration-begins\">removing four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River partly so fish have more room to spawn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a beacon of hope for the future, but it has to happen at a faster rate,” Lusardi said. “We need these habitats like yesterday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State scientists, including Colin Purdy, environmental program manager for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, are tasked with implementing the governor’s plan. They have a considerable feat ahead of them. While some of the actions outlined in the state’s new blueprint are already underway, Purdy said changing how fisheries operate “takes years of doing pilot studies to flesh out the details” before hatchery managers can reintroduce the fish into habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sooner we can get started on that stuff, the better,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State Salmon Association and other groups critiqued the governor’s plan. They argue that while it has some suitable components, California is also pursuing projects — a new reservoir and a 45-mile water tunnel beneath the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta to divert more water south — that could decrease the amount of cold water in rivers where salmon need to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re being distracted by this smoke and mirrors scenario,” said Scott Artis, the association’s executive director. “If we don’t address the water diversions, we’re going to continue to see salmon numbers decline, and we’re going to continue to be in a situation where there are closures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992309/californias-commercial-salmon-season-is-closed-again-this-year","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_2874","science_31","science_35","science_36","science_4550","science_40","science_2873","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_4417","science_4414","science_804"],"featImg":"science_1992343","label":"source_science_1992309"},"science_1984850":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984850","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984850","score":null,"sort":[1698159640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"varroa-mites-are-a-honeybees-8-legged-nightmare","title":"Varroa Mites Are a Honeybee’s 8-Legged Nightmare","publishDate":1698159640,"format":"video","headTitle":"Varroa Mites Are a Honeybee’s 8-Legged Nightmare | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Every year, up to half the honeybee colonies in the U.S. die. Varroa mites, the bees’ ghastly parasites, are one of the main culprits. After hitching a ride into a hive, a mite mom hides in a honeycomb cell, where she and her offspring feed on a growing bee. But beekeepers and scientists are helping honeybees fight back.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Here’s a go-to recipe for beekeepers. It’s called a “sugar shake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a half-cup of bees. That’s about 300.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put them in a jar and cover them with a mesh lid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add two tablespoons confectioners’ sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shake for 30 seconds. We’re going for a nice, even coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Empty the sugar onto a tray. And there you have it: frosted varroa mites, aka \u003cem>Varroa destructor\u003c/em>. They’re a honeybee’s worst enemy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fine-powdered sugar made them lose the grip they had on their hosts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A minute ago, the mites were on the bees in the hive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as if you were carrying around a tick the size of a dinner plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, up to half the managed honeybee hives in the United States die from hazards like pesticide exposure, lack of flowers to forage on year-round, and varroa mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To feed, a varroa mite nestles between the bees’ protective plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It digs in with its gnarly mouth, the gnathosoma. The mite sinks it into a crucial organ called the fat body. It’s a layer of tissue that lines the abdomen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nElina L. Niño, associate professor of cooperative extension in apiculture at UC Davis, has answered \u003ca href=\"https://elninobeelab.sf.ucdavis.edu/resources-community\">common questions about honeybees\u003c/a> from beekeepers, homeowners and gardeners, including where to send pests to be identified. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 2019 paper by Samuel Ramsey and colleagues details how they discovered that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818371116\">varroa mites feed on the fat body of honeybees\u003c/a>. For a long time, it was thought that the mites fed on honeybees’ blood, known as hemolymph.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of like the human liver, the fat body helps the bee break down harmful stuff, including pesticides. And it maintains the bee’s immune system. So, when varroa mites attack the fat body, they seriously weaken the bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites can also transmit a virus that causes a bee to be born with deformed wings, no good for flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s go back to the “sugar shake.” Beekeepers use them to monitor the varroa mites in their hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As few as three mites per half-cup of bees could kill a hive within the year. That’s because varroa mites are great at sneaking into hives, hiding, and reproducing like mad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first mite gets into a hive by hitching a ride on a bee from another colony. Maybe the bee’s own colony wasn’t doing well and it was looking for a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite sniffs around for a bee larva and sneaks in right before the bees cover the cell with wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defenseless larva is now trapped with its enemy, which begins to feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the larva grows into a pupa, the mite, called a foundress, starts her family. Take a look underneath this bee pupa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite’s firstborn is always a son. The rest are daughters. They’re hard to tell apart when they’re young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the siblings come of age inside the cell, they’ll meet up on this pile of mite poop – maybe they’re guided by the scent. And they’ll mate … with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes two foundresses make it into a cell. Then their offspring get to mate with someone they’re not related to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites live off the bee pupa, but they don’t kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bee is all grown up, it chews its way out of the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite slips onto its next victim. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why don’t the bees just pick those mites off themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, we didn’t start seeing varroa mites in the U.S. until the 1980s. They evolved on eastern honeybees, in Asia. That’s why the western honeybees in the Americas and Europe aren’t yet good at defending against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When beekeepers find mites in a sugar shake, they treat a hive with pesticide strips that kill the mites. But mites are becoming resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers are selectively breeding honeybees to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Agriculture and private companies are breeding bees that can sniff out varroa mites. When the bees find some, they uncap the cells and interrupt reproduction. The bees then, um, “recycle” the unlucky pupa. Yep, they’re eating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Purdue and Central State universities, scientists breed honeybees known as “mite-biters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After collecting sperm from a male bee, they inseminate a queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the queen and the male come from colonies that are particularly good at killing mites by chewing off their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a grisly end for these tormentors and – just maybe – a fair shake for the honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey sugar, what’s shakin’? We’ve got more bee stories for you. Bindweed turret bees fill their underground nests with pollen. See those “pollen pants”? But freeloading flies drop their own eggs into the nests … from the air!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, PBS Digital Studios wants to know what you enjoy on YouTube and what you want more of. Follow the link in the description to take their annual survey. You even get to vote on new show ideas. Thanks for representing, and please tell them Deep Look sent you.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Every year, up to half the honeybee colonies in the U.S. die. Varroa mites, the bees’ ghastly parasites, are one of the main culprits. After hitching a ride into a hive, a mite mom hides in a honeycomb cell, where she and her offspring feed on a growing bee. But beekeepers and scientists are helping honeybees fight back.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845855,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":972},"headData":{"title":"Varroa Mites Are a Honeybee’s 8-Legged Nightmare | KQED","description":"Every year, up to half the honeybee colonies in the U.S. die. Varroa mites, the bees’ ghastly parasites, are one of the main culprits. After hitching a ride into a hive, a mite mom hides in a honeycomb cell, where she and her offspring feed on a growing bee. But beekeepers and scientists are helping honeybees fight back.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/69Do8tw_xy0","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"/food/","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984850/varroa-mites-are-a-honeybees-8-legged-nightmare","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Every year, up to half the honeybee colonies in the U.S. die. Varroa mites, the bees’ ghastly parasites, are one of the main culprits. After hitching a ride into a hive, a mite mom hides in a honeycomb cell, where she and her offspring feed on a growing bee. But beekeepers and scientists are helping honeybees fight back.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Here’s a go-to recipe for beekeepers. It’s called a “sugar shake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a half-cup of bees. That’s about 300.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put them in a jar and cover them with a mesh lid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add two tablespoons confectioners’ sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shake for 30 seconds. We’re going for a nice, even coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Empty the sugar onto a tray. And there you have it: frosted varroa mites, aka \u003cem>Varroa destructor\u003c/em>. They’re a honeybee’s worst enemy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fine-powdered sugar made them lose the grip they had on their hosts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A minute ago, the mites were on the bees in the hive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as if you were carrying around a tick the size of a dinner plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, up to half the managed honeybee hives in the United States die from hazards like pesticide exposure, lack of flowers to forage on year-round, and varroa mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To feed, a varroa mite nestles between the bees’ protective plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It digs in with its gnarly mouth, the gnathosoma. The mite sinks it into a crucial organ called the fat body. It’s a layer of tissue that lines the abdomen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nElina L. Niño, associate professor of cooperative extension in apiculture at UC Davis, has answered \u003ca href=\"https://elninobeelab.sf.ucdavis.edu/resources-community\">common questions about honeybees\u003c/a> from beekeepers, homeowners and gardeners, including where to send pests to be identified. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 2019 paper by Samuel Ramsey and colleagues details how they discovered that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818371116\">varroa mites feed on the fat body of honeybees\u003c/a>. For a long time, it was thought that the mites fed on honeybees’ blood, known as hemolymph.\u003cbr>\n","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of like the human liver, the fat body helps the bee break down harmful stuff, including pesticides. And it maintains the bee’s immune system. So, when varroa mites attack the fat body, they seriously weaken the bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites can also transmit a virus that causes a bee to be born with deformed wings, no good for flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s go back to the “sugar shake.” Beekeepers use them to monitor the varroa mites in their hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As few as three mites per half-cup of bees could kill a hive within the year. That’s because varroa mites are great at sneaking into hives, hiding, and reproducing like mad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first mite gets into a hive by hitching a ride on a bee from another colony. Maybe the bee’s own colony wasn’t doing well and it was looking for a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite sniffs around for a bee larva and sneaks in right before the bees cover the cell with wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defenseless larva is now trapped with its enemy, which begins to feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the larva grows into a pupa, the mite, called a foundress, starts her family. Take a look underneath this bee pupa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite’s firstborn is always a son. The rest are daughters. They’re hard to tell apart when they’re young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the siblings come of age inside the cell, they’ll meet up on this pile of mite poop – maybe they’re guided by the scent. And they’ll mate … with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes two foundresses make it into a cell. Then their offspring get to mate with someone they’re not related to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites live off the bee pupa, but they don’t kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bee is all grown up, it chews its way out of the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite slips onto its next victim. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why don’t the bees just pick those mites off themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, we didn’t start seeing varroa mites in the U.S. until the 1980s. They evolved on eastern honeybees, in Asia. That’s why the western honeybees in the Americas and Europe aren’t yet good at defending against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When beekeepers find mites in a sugar shake, they treat a hive with pesticide strips that kill the mites. But mites are becoming resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers are selectively breeding honeybees to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Agriculture and private companies are breeding bees that can sniff out varroa mites. When the bees find some, they uncap the cells and interrupt reproduction. The bees then, um, “recycle” the unlucky pupa. Yep, they’re eating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Purdue and Central State universities, scientists breed honeybees known as “mite-biters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After collecting sperm from a male bee, they inseminate a queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the queen and the male come from colonies that are particularly good at killing mites by chewing off their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a grisly end for these tormentors and – just maybe – a fair shake for the honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey sugar, what’s shakin’? We’ve got more bee stories for you. Bindweed turret bees fill their underground nests with pollen. See those “pollen pants”? But freeloading flies drop their own eggs into the nests … from the air!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, PBS Digital Studios wants to know what you enjoy on YouTube and what you want more of. Follow the link in the description to take their annual survey. You even get to vote on new show ideas. Thanks for representing, and please tell them Deep Look sent you.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984850/varroa-mites-are-a-honeybees-8-legged-nightmare","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_36","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_392","science_1120","science_5178","science_1970","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1984881","label":"source_science_1984850"},"science_1980896":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1980896","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1980896","score":null,"sort":[1670941858000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"citrus-psyllids-bribe-ants-with-strings-of-candy-poop","title":"Citrus Psyllids Bribe Ants with Strings of Candy Poop","publishDate":1670941858,"format":"video","headTitle":"Citrus Psyllids Bribe Ants with Strings of Candy Poop | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem> Asian citrus psyllids transmit a disease that can ruin your oranges. Even worse, Argentine ants protect them in exchange for the psyllids’ delicate ribbons of sugary poop, called honeydew. So, researchers are helping orange growers fight back with invisible lasers, ghastly wasps and more trickery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This orchard is swarming with Argentine ants, but they’re not here for the juicy oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found something way better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re obsessed with these delicate candy ribbons …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… which happen to be coming out of the butts of these tiny insects: Asian citrus psyllids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They suck sap from citrus trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And produce the prettiest of poops, called honeydew. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ants ranch the psyllids like cattle, putting their lives on the line to protect their herd from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This ladybug larva is easily deterred. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this hoverfly larva takes more convincing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more dangerous to psyllids is this tiny parasitoid wasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s looking for a host for its eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants are having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psyllids and their ant allies have an even bigger threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citrus growers who are desperate to keep the pests out of their orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because psyllids can spread bacteria in their saliva that causes a disease called citrus greening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease turns leaves yellow and makes fruit green and bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citrus growers can spray pesticides, but those kill the helpful insects too …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… leaving the trees undefended when the psyllids inevitably find their way back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus spraying only gets at some of the ants, since most are safely underground at any one time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nLearn how \u003ca href=\"https://biocontrol.ucr.edu/asian-citrus-psyllid\">Hoddle Lab at University of California, Riverside \u003c/a> studies ways to protect citrus orchards from Asia citrus psyllids and citrus greening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information about \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74155.html#:~:text=The%20adult%20Asian%20citrus%20psyllid,the%20pattern%20at%20the%20back.\"> Asian citrus psyllids \u003c/a> from the University of California Integrated Pest Management Program\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So let’s recap: it’s psyllids and their ant bodyguards vs. citrus growers, predators and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still with me? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because psyllids are so tough to get at, citrus growers decided to take out their ant accomplices instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying the ants’ behavior, researchers at the University of California, Riverside, found a weakness they could exploit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ants follow the easiest path from tree to tree. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re all about efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They turn the orchard’s irrigation pipes into mini highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers set up sensors on the pipes that use invisible infrared beams to measure how many ants go marching through. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most trafficked areas, researchers spread these tiny biodegradable balls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re soaked in sugar water laced with a slow-acting insecticide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ants slurp up the poison and bring it back to share with the colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This targeted technique uses just a fraction of the pesticide that spraying would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fewer of their bodyguards around, the psyllids are more exposed to their enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parasitoid wasp moves right on in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lays an egg on the psyllid’s soft underside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That wasp egg hatches and the larva right here burrows into the psyllid, devouring it from the inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the wasp is all grown up, it chews its way out, right through the top of the dead psyllid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glad they’re on our side, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a story of unlikely allies, fighting an ongoing battle, for the sweetest of rewards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, remember those ferocious hoverfly maggots beating up the ants?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they grow up, they’re some of the most athletic fliers in the insect world.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846135,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":45,"wordCount":592},"headData":{"title":"Citrus Psyllids Bribe Ants with Strings of Candy Poop | KQED","description":"Asian citrus psyllids transmit a disease that can ruin your oranges. Even worse, Argentine ants protect them in exchange for the psyllids' delicate ribbons of sugary poop, called honeydew. So, researchers are helping orange growers fight back with invisible lasers, ghastly wasps and more trickery. TRANSCRIPT This orchard is swarming with Argentine ants, but they’re","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtPXows1FWs","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"/food/","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1980896/citrus-psyllids-bribe-ants-with-strings-of-candy-poop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem> Asian citrus psyllids transmit a disease that can ruin your oranges. Even worse, Argentine ants protect them in exchange for the psyllids’ delicate ribbons of sugary poop, called honeydew. So, researchers are helping orange growers fight back with invisible lasers, ghastly wasps and more trickery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This orchard is swarming with Argentine ants, but they’re not here for the juicy oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found something way better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re obsessed with these delicate candy ribbons …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… which happen to be coming out of the butts of these tiny insects: Asian citrus psyllids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They suck sap from citrus trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And produce the prettiest of poops, called honeydew. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ants ranch the psyllids like cattle, putting their lives on the line to protect their herd from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This ladybug larva is easily deterred. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this hoverfly larva takes more convincing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more dangerous to psyllids is this tiny parasitoid wasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s looking for a host for its eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants are having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psyllids and their ant allies have an even bigger threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citrus growers who are desperate to keep the pests out of their orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because psyllids can spread bacteria in their saliva that causes a disease called citrus greening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease turns leaves yellow and makes fruit green and bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citrus growers can spray pesticides, but those kill the helpful insects too …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… leaving the trees undefended when the psyllids inevitably find their way back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus spraying only gets at some of the ants, since most are safely underground at any one time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nLearn how \u003ca href=\"https://biocontrol.ucr.edu/asian-citrus-psyllid\">Hoddle Lab at University of California, Riverside \u003c/a> studies ways to protect citrus orchards from Asia citrus psyllids and citrus greening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information about \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74155.html#:~:text=The%20adult%20Asian%20citrus%20psyllid,the%20pattern%20at%20the%20back.\"> Asian citrus psyllids \u003c/a> from the University of California Integrated Pest Management Program\u003cbr>\n","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So let’s recap: it’s psyllids and their ant bodyguards vs. citrus growers, predators and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still with me? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because psyllids are so tough to get at, citrus growers decided to take out their ant accomplices instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying the ants’ behavior, researchers at the University of California, Riverside, found a weakness they could exploit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ants follow the easiest path from tree to tree. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re all about efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They turn the orchard’s irrigation pipes into mini highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers set up sensors on the pipes that use invisible infrared beams to measure how many ants go marching through. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most trafficked areas, researchers spread these tiny biodegradable balls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re soaked in sugar water laced with a slow-acting insecticide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ants slurp up the poison and bring it back to share with the colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This targeted technique uses just a fraction of the pesticide that spraying would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fewer of their bodyguards around, the psyllids are more exposed to their enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parasitoid wasp moves right on in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lays an egg on the psyllid’s soft underside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That wasp egg hatches and the larva right here burrows into the psyllid, devouring it from the inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the wasp is all grown up, it chews its way out, right through the top of the dead psyllid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glad they’re on our side, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a story of unlikely allies, fighting an ongoing battle, for the sweetest of rewards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, remember those ferocious hoverfly maggots beating up the ants?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they grow up, they’re some of the most athletic fliers in the insect world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980896/citrus-psyllids-bribe-ants-with-strings-of-candy-poop","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_36","science_4450","science_86"],"featImg":"science_1980988","label":"source_science_1980896"},"science_1979934":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979934","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979934","score":null,"sort":[1660050700000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"barn-owl-table-manners-are-just-different","title":"Barn Owl Table Manners are Just ... Different","publishDate":1660050700,"format":"video","headTitle":"Barn Owl Table Manners are Just … Different | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe] \u003cem>Barn owls swoop down on rodents and swallow them whole – gophers, voles and mice, gone in a few gulps. But how do they keep down all that food? Well, they don’t. In a few stomach-turning steps, they transform the varmints into compact balls of fur and bones known as pellets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Scarfing down their food \u003cem>whole\u003c/em> keeps barn owls moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, these hungry birds gotta eat and there are lots of little rodents to hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barn owls need a hole to nest in, and when a tree isn’t available, they’ll use a building. Or an owl box, like this one in California’s Napa Valley. Scientists keep tabs on the owls inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winegrowers invite barn owls to raise their young in the boxes because owls are pest control machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mean, a barn owl family can kill about 3,500 varmints a year. They don’t take ’em all out, but they can make a dent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They particularly like gophers, like this stunner right here. Their constant tunneling damages roots and irrigation lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s voles, which gnaw on the grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 2-week-old owl already has the hang of it. But how the heck does it keep down all that food?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it doesn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet the owl pellet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out this furball. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s a jaw. Gnarly!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to turning this into this is its stomach. It has two chambers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first one oozes digestive juices, like our stomach. The second one – the gizzard – squeezes the remains with powerful muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fats and proteins get absorbed. The fur and bones become tightly compacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about eight hours in the gizzard, the result is one of these beauties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For researchers like Laura Echávez, from Cal Poly Humboldt, pellets are forensic evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She carefully dissects them to find out how many pesky gophers and voles the owls took care of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura (off camera): The tail still has skin on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This unlucky rodent had a small skull. It could be a vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then she examines the teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura (off camera): The teeth are actually looking more like a gopher’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re kind of circular, surrounded by a white ring of enamel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the first and second teeth are joined by a bridge. Classic gopher trademarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura (off camera): If it’s a gopher, it’s a very young one, because this is on the small side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes more than one carcass is crammed into a single pellet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one had two gophers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nRead about the ongoing research on barn owls in Napa Valley by students at Cal Poly Humboldt in the lab of professor of wildlife \u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.humboldt.edu/people/matthew-johnson\">Matthew Johnson\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And learn more details on these raptors from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.barnowltrust.org.uk/barn-owl-facts/\">Barn Owl Trust\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group in England working to protect them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winegrowers love barn owls for their prolific appetites. But researchers still don’t know whether vineyards are an ideal place to raise an owl family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christian Cortez, a researcher at Cal Poly Humboldt, studies young owls to see how well they’re growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After covering their head to calm them down, he takes a drop of blood, and plucks a feather. They will tell him if the owlet is getting enough to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers want to know, do owls have enough open space to hunt in? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And do the toxic chemicals Napa winegrowers sometimes use to kill rodents end up hurting the owls too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists explore these questions, we’ll find out if barn owls are really getting a good deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey Deep Peeps. I’m science journalist Maddie Sofia, sitting in for Laura until she returns this fall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you know what makes owls such quiet, deadly hunters? Watch our episode about how owls fly to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, check out a wild new show on PBS Terra called “Far Out.” It explores how changes in science, technology and culture are reshaping life on Earth. Tell them Deep Look sent you. Thanks!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Barn owls swoop down on rodents and swallow them whole – gophers, voles and mice, gone in a few gulps. But how do they keep down all that food? Well, they don’t. In a few stomach-turning steps, they transform the varmints into compact balls of fur and bones known as pellets.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846219,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"Barn Owl Table Manners are Just ... Different | KQED","description":"Barn owls swoop down on rodents and swallow them whole – gophers, voles and mice, gone in a few gulps. But how do they keep down all that food? Well, they don’t. In a few stomach-turning steps, they transform the varmints into compact balls of fur and bones known as pellets.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/x-mJkak30v0","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"/food/","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1979934/barn-owl-table-manners-are-just-different","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003cem>Barn owls swoop down on rodents and swallow them whole – gophers, voles and mice, gone in a few gulps. But how do they keep down all that food? Well, they don’t. In a few stomach-turning steps, they transform the varmints into compact balls of fur and bones known as pellets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Scarfing down their food \u003cem>whole\u003c/em> keeps barn owls moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, these hungry birds gotta eat and there are lots of little rodents to hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barn owls need a hole to nest in, and when a tree isn’t available, they’ll use a building. Or an owl box, like this one in California’s Napa Valley. Scientists keep tabs on the owls inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winegrowers invite barn owls to raise their young in the boxes because owls are pest control machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mean, a barn owl family can kill about 3,500 varmints a year. They don’t take ’em all out, but they can make a dent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They particularly like gophers, like this stunner right here. Their constant tunneling damages roots and irrigation lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s voles, which gnaw on the grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 2-week-old owl already has the hang of it. But how the heck does it keep down all that food?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it doesn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet the owl pellet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out this furball. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s a jaw. Gnarly!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to turning this into this is its stomach. It has two chambers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first one oozes digestive juices, like our stomach. The second one – the gizzard – squeezes the remains with powerful muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fats and proteins get absorbed. The fur and bones become tightly compacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about eight hours in the gizzard, the result is one of these beauties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For researchers like Laura Echávez, from Cal Poly Humboldt, pellets are forensic evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She carefully dissects them to find out how many pesky gophers and voles the owls took care of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura (off camera): The tail still has skin on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This unlucky rodent had a small skull. It could be a vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then she examines the teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura (off camera): The teeth are actually looking more like a gopher’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re kind of circular, surrounded by a white ring of enamel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the first and second teeth are joined by a bridge. Classic gopher trademarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura (off camera): If it’s a gopher, it’s a very young one, because this is on the small side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes more than one carcass is crammed into a single pellet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one had two gophers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nRead about the ongoing research on barn owls in Napa Valley by students at Cal Poly Humboldt in the lab of professor of wildlife \u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.humboldt.edu/people/matthew-johnson\">Matthew Johnson\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And learn more details on these raptors from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.barnowltrust.org.uk/barn-owl-facts/\">Barn Owl Trust\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group in England working to protect them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winegrowers love barn owls for their prolific appetites. But researchers still don’t know whether vineyards are an ideal place to raise an owl family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christian Cortez, a researcher at Cal Poly Humboldt, studies young owls to see how well they’re growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After covering their head to calm them down, he takes a drop of blood, and plucks a feather. They will tell him if the owlet is getting enough to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers want to know, do owls have enough open space to hunt in? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And do the toxic chemicals Napa winegrowers sometimes use to kill rodents end up hurting the owls too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists explore these questions, we’ll find out if barn owls are really getting a good deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey Deep Peeps. I’m science journalist Maddie Sofia, sitting in for Laura until she returns this fall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you know what makes owls such quiet, deadly hunters? Watch our episode about how owls fly to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, check out a wild new show on PBS Terra called “Far Out.” It explores how changes in science, technology and culture are reshaping life on Earth. Tell them Deep Look sent you. Thanks!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979934/barn-owl-table-manners-are-just-different","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_36","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_393"],"featImg":"science_1979937","label":"source_science_1979934"},"science_1979380":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979380","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979380","score":null,"sort":[1654607748000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"this-freaky-fruit-fly-lays-eggs-in-your-strawberries","title":"This Freaky Fruit Fly Lays Eggs in Your Strawberries","publishDate":1654607748,"format":"video","headTitle":"This Freaky Fruit Fly Lays Eggs in Your Strawberries | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>The spotted wing drosophila may look like a common fruit fly, but it’s so much worse. Just as strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and blackberries are ripening in the field, this fly saws into them and lays her eggs inside. The growing maggots turn the fruit into a mushy mess. Could a wasp and its own hungry maggots save the day?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You’ll never delight in this juicy raspberry, if this fly gets its way. It’s called a spotted wing drosophila because the male has dark spots on its wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common fruit flies are maddening enough, crawling around and feeding on your overripe bananas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their spotted wing cousins are way worse. They ruin blueberries, raspberries, blackberries and strawberries at their mouth-watering prime, before they can ever reach your kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out in the strawberry patch, this female spotted wing drosophila is ready to lay some eggs. She uses this tool, called an ovipositor, to cut into the fruit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ovipositor is long and has two rows of teeth. Much more impressive than the common fruit fly, which uses a smaller, smoother ovipositor to lay eggs on rotting fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spotted wing drosophila uses the extra cutting power to dig a hole into firm fruit while it’s still in the field. Then she pushes her egg in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See that tiny white string she left behind? It looks like one of the strawberry hairs, but that’s how the egg will breathe. Kind of like a snorkel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within three days the egg hatches into a squirmy maggot. It makes itself at home – in this case, in a blueberry. The maggot transforms into a pupa at the fruit’s surface, where it breathes through two star-shaped tubes called spiracles. All this mucking about in the pulp ruins the fruit, so it never makes it to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These flies cost farmers millions all around the world. They’re originally from East Asia. Growers have to spray insecticides to kill them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why scientists are introducing a less toxic option. They’ve invited an old enemy from Asia to take the fly down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nRead about \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74158.html#:~:text=Spotted%20wing%20drosophila%20(SWD)%2C,crops%2C%20especially%20in%20coastal%20areas.\">the impact of the spotted wing drosophila fly in California\u003c/a>, in this sheet prepared by the UC Integrated Pest Management Program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2018 videotaped talk, UC Berkeley entomologist Kent Daane describes \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KVTGmDo2LLQ\">the sleuthing that led him and his colleagues to a parasitic wasp, \u003cem>Ganaspis brasiliensis\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which will soon be released in the U.S. to control the spotted wing drosophila. The wasp is featured in the Deep Look video above.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This parasitic wasp is even tinier than the fly, but just as determined to lay her eggs. Her favorite spot is inside a fly’s growing maggot. She can feel vibrations that lead her to a fly maggot moving below the fruit’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She slides a thin needle into the blueberry and injects an egg straight into a maggot. The wasp egg hatches. But instead of killing the fly maggot right away, it waits for it to plump up and develop a hard casing. Then the wasp maggot devours the fly and grows into an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that’s left of the fly is its casing, from which the triumphant wasp emerges. It’s a boy! You can tell by the long antennae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been raising these wasps in labs in the U.S. Soon they’ll be released into fields across the country. Based on their research, scientists say the wasps will almost exclusively target spotted wing drosophila and the occasional common fruit fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wasps can cut down the number of flies, but only up to about half. So, farmers will still need to use some pesticides. They’ll be playing a game of whack-a-mole to prevent flies from turning our scrumptious berries into mush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, Deep Peeps! If you liked seeing the spotted wing drosophila meet its match, we have an episode about the gruesome death of fruit flies. Watch how a killer fungus turns them into spore-launching zombies. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The spotted wing drosophila may look like a common fruit fly, but it's so much worse. Just as strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and blackberries are ripening in the field, this fly saws into them and lays her eggs inside. The growing maggots turn the fruit into a mushy mess. Could a wasp and its own hungry maggots save the day?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846254,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"This Freaky Fruit Fly Lays Eggs in Your Strawberries | KQED","description":"The spotted wing drosophila may look like a common fruit fly, but it's so much worse. Just as strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and blackberries are ripening in the field, this fly saws into them and lays her eggs inside. The growing maggots turn the fruit into a mushy mess. Could a wasp and its own hungry maggots save the day?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/MJsI50wQELU","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"/food/","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1979380/this-freaky-fruit-fly-lays-eggs-in-your-strawberries","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>The spotted wing drosophila may look like a common fruit fly, but it’s so much worse. Just as strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and blackberries are ripening in the field, this fly saws into them and lays her eggs inside. The growing maggots turn the fruit into a mushy mess. Could a wasp and its own hungry maggots save the day?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You’ll never delight in this juicy raspberry, if this fly gets its way. It’s called a spotted wing drosophila because the male has dark spots on its wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common fruit flies are maddening enough, crawling around and feeding on your overripe bananas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their spotted wing cousins are way worse. They ruin blueberries, raspberries, blackberries and strawberries at their mouth-watering prime, before they can ever reach your kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out in the strawberry patch, this female spotted wing drosophila is ready to lay some eggs. She uses this tool, called an ovipositor, to cut into the fruit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ovipositor is long and has two rows of teeth. Much more impressive than the common fruit fly, which uses a smaller, smoother ovipositor to lay eggs on rotting fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spotted wing drosophila uses the extra cutting power to dig a hole into firm fruit while it’s still in the field. Then she pushes her egg in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See that tiny white string she left behind? It looks like one of the strawberry hairs, but that’s how the egg will breathe. Kind of like a snorkel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within three days the egg hatches into a squirmy maggot. It makes itself at home – in this case, in a blueberry. The maggot transforms into a pupa at the fruit’s surface, where it breathes through two star-shaped tubes called spiracles. All this mucking about in the pulp ruins the fruit, so it never makes it to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These flies cost farmers millions all around the world. They’re originally from East Asia. Growers have to spray insecticides to kill them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why scientists are introducing a less toxic option. They’ve invited an old enemy from Asia to take the fly down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nRead about \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74158.html#:~:text=Spotted%20wing%20drosophila%20(SWD)%2C,crops%2C%20especially%20in%20coastal%20areas.\">the impact of the spotted wing drosophila fly in California\u003c/a>, in this sheet prepared by the UC Integrated Pest Management Program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2018 videotaped talk, UC Berkeley entomologist Kent Daane describes \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KVTGmDo2LLQ\">the sleuthing that led him and his colleagues to a parasitic wasp, \u003cem>Ganaspis brasiliensis\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which will soon be released in the U.S. to control the spotted wing drosophila. The wasp is featured in the Deep Look video above.\u003cbr>\n","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This parasitic wasp is even tinier than the fly, but just as determined to lay her eggs. Her favorite spot is inside a fly’s growing maggot. She can feel vibrations that lead her to a fly maggot moving below the fruit’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She slides a thin needle into the blueberry and injects an egg straight into a maggot. The wasp egg hatches. But instead of killing the fly maggot right away, it waits for it to plump up and develop a hard casing. Then the wasp maggot devours the fly and grows into an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that’s left of the fly is its casing, from which the triumphant wasp emerges. It’s a boy! You can tell by the long antennae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been raising these wasps in labs in the U.S. Soon they’ll be released into fields across the country. Based on their research, scientists say the wasps will almost exclusively target spotted wing drosophila and the occasional common fruit fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wasps can cut down the number of flies, but only up to about half. So, farmers will still need to use some pesticides. They’ll be playing a game of whack-a-mole to prevent flies from turning our scrumptious berries into mush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, Deep Peeps! If you liked seeing the spotted wing drosophila meet its match, we have an episode about the gruesome death of fruit flies. Watch how a killer fungus turns them into spore-launching zombies. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979380/this-freaky-fruit-fly-lays-eggs-in-your-strawberries","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_36","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_3315"],"featImg":"science_1979387","label":"source_science_1979380"},"science_1976483":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976483","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976483","score":null,"sort":[1629912070000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wildfire-smoke-the-greatest-challenge-facing-california-wine-industry","title":"Wildfire Smoke The 'Greatest Challenge' Facing California Wine Industry","publishDate":1629912070,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Wildfire Smoke The ‘Greatest Challenge’ Facing California Wine Industry | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In August 2013, Ron and Cheryl Harms were eagerly anticipating the third harvest from their boutique vineyard in the Sierra Foothills when the massive, fast-moving Rim Fire zigzagged perilously close to their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple’s four-acre Yosemite Cellars vineyard sits on a rocky hillside surrounded by forest about 20 miles west of Yosemite National Park. From their perch high above the valley, the Harms watched helplessly as planes released flame retardant around the gathering firestorm and thick clouds of smoke settled on their ripening grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we convinced ourselves that we were probably going to be okay, personally, and that our property was going to be okay, it was fascinating to just see where the fire was going and how it was being fought,” said Ron Harms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fascinating yet terrifying, said Cheryl Harms, fighting back tears. “I have PTSD from it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire, at the time California’s third-largest wildfire, torched more than a quarter of a million acres of Sierra forestland, including nearly 80,000 acres in Yosemite. The inferno spared the Harms’ home and vineyard. But it left the couple grappling with a grape affliction that has emerged as the West Coast wine industry’s latest scourge: smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our grapes were very smoky,” said Cheryl Harms. When they had juice from their grapes analyzed, she said, “it was smokier than anything they’d ever tested.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there was little they could do to remove the taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause extensive damage throughout the agricultural industry, destroying crops and killing livestock. But grapes appear to be the only commodity affected by smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers intentionally add subtle smoky notes to increase the complexity of wines by aging them in toasted oak barrels. But wildfire smoke can make wines undrinkable. Smoke-tainted wines have unpleasant aromas often described as disinfectant or burnt rubber and taste “like licking an ashtray,” experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine being a 5-year-old who thinks it’s fun to put dad’s old cigarette in their mouth,” said Anita Oberholster, an enology extension specialist who studies smoke taint at the University of California, Davis. Smoke taint, like sucking on a cigarette butt, assaults the back of your throat with a trademark campfire smoke or ashtray quality, she said. “The only thing I’ve ever seen that gives you that character is smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke taint can ruin a wine as surely as a bad cork. And as climate change increases the likelihood of drought-fueled conflagrations in fire-prone California, wildfire’s effects on grape quality have emerged as one of the biggest threats to the state’s $43 billion wine industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pandemic was an enormous challenge,” said John Aguirre, president of the California Association of Winegrape Growers. “But now, without question, I think the threat of wildfire in many different ways is the greatest challenge of the day for the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising global temperatures have made droughts and heatwaves more common and intense, fueling ever more devastating wildfires. Last year, thousands of drought-primed fires scorched more than 4 million acres in California—close to 40% of the national total—making 2020 the state’s largest wildfire season on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still in the throes of severe drought, nearly a million and a half acres have already burned in the state this year, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several devastating fire seasons, many California vintners and wineries found themselves either \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/denied-property-insurance-napa-valley-wineries-extremely-vulnerable-this-fire-season/article_709a9690-11bf-54aa-b603-6a6a09fbc147.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">denied fire insurance\u003c/a> because they were too risky or priced out of coverage as rates skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause serious economic losses through direct damage to vineyards and wineries. But vineyards tend to be fairly resistant to the flames, Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In wine country vineyards have demonstrated themselves to be good fire breaks. They can really help prevent the movement of fire,” he said. “But the smoke is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losses incurred from smoke drifting into vineyards before harvest \u003ca href=\"https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/07c52619-2f6a-44a6-8502-2a67f238abd7/Krstic_et_al-2015-Australian_Journal_of_Grape_and_Wine_Research.pdf\">far outweigh\u003c/a> direct losses from fires, industry analysts say\u003cstrong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fire season already in high gear, scientists are scrambling to help growers figure out how to protect their harvests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Adapting to smoke\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Scientists first recognized wildfire smoke’s growing threat to wine grapes less than two decades ago, around the same time \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change was driving\u003c/a> more and more destructive fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating 2003 Canberra bushfires in southeastern Australia followed one of the most severe droughts on record, and left winegrowing regions shrouded in smoke for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inundated by inquiries for help from wineries and grape growers, the Australian Wine Research Institute ran experimental trials to understand the nature and extent of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few vineyards sustained fire damage, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2003_AWRI_Annual_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">institute found\u003c/a>, but damage from smoke exposure was widespread. Institute scientists identified compounds associated with smoke taint’s hallmark ashtray qualities. But solutions, they concluded, “remain elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically, Australia had the brunt of the wildfires,” said Oberholster, of UC Davis. “And now since 2017, the West Coast is in the same boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California endured “one of the deadliest and most destructive fire seasons in modern history,” according to Cal Fire. Fewer fires burned the following year, but they tore through hundreds of thousands more acres to cause some of the worst destruction ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"Ryan Harms and Eric Harms stand in front of big oak wine barrels. \" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-1020x685.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two of the Harms’ sons, Ryan (left) and Eric Harms, took over management of Yosemite Cellars in June. \u003ccite>(Yosemite Cellars/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Devastating firestorms were no longer an anomaly in wine country, but the new norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ron Harms looked out his window in early July, he could see smoke on the horizon. “It’s from the Dixie Fire, I presume, though there are also some fires in Yosemite that might be contributing to that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dixie Fire, now California’s second-largest fire on record, incinerated most of the small Sierra Nevada town of Greenville a few weeks ago, and has barely slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little Harms can do about the smoke, he said. “Our reality as a grower and wine producer is that we just have to roll with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After yet another record-breaking fire season in 2020, wine grape growers suffered substantial economic losses due to concerns about smoke exposure. An estimated 165,000 to 325,000 tons of California wine grapes went unharvested last year, contributing to more than $600 million in losses from wildfire and smoke, according to an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2021/07/08/cawg-legal-analysis-2020-winegrape-rejections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">released in July\u003c/a> by the California Association of Winegrape Growers and Allied Grape Growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many wineries rejected growers’ wine grapes, the analysis found, “often with little evidence to support the rejection and without basis in the grape purchase contract.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major problem stemmed from fuzzy language in contracts about “quality standards.” Contracts drawn up before severe wildfires had become a recurring wine country hazard did not mention smoke exposure. More recent contracts referenced “smoke taint” or “smoke compounds,” without clear definitions or evaluation criteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of understanding and science around smoke issues has meant that people are acting very conservatively and rejecting grapes,” Aguirre said. “The purpose of our report is to highlight that, regrettably, some of these actions by wineries were just inconsistent with contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires are contributing in a substantial way to economic losses in the industry, Aguirre added. “And we’ve got to change the way we’re doing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, Aguirre and other industry leaders from California, Oregon and Washington formed the West Coast Smoke Exposure Task Force to advocate for federal funding for research on managing smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force won a $2 million grant to support smoke exposure research last year from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, and expects an additional $5 million for research when the 2022 federal appropriations bill passes. The hope is to find ways to predict the risk of smoke taint in the vineyard and mitigate its effects in the winery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re optimistic that funding for research will help a great deal,” Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Dissecting smoke’s effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ Oberholster is among the scientists leading that research. One of her top priorities will be to identify objective markers of smoke-affected grapes. The task is complicated by the fact that some of the same chemical compounds associated with taint occur naturally in berries at levels that vary among grape varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the growers’ contracts talk about “elevated” levels, Oberholster said. But to know what’s elevated, you need to know what’s normal. “We need to figure out a baseline for each variety to figure out what’s normal,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrations of the compounds vary seasonally, so it will take multiple seasons to get an accurate picture of what’s normal. Australian scientists identified markers for their top 12 varieties, but it took them seven years because wildfire smoke kept interfering with their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oberholster had been studying a grapevine virus in an experimental Napa vineyard when the 2017 firestorms broke out. She couldn’t get to her plot for 10 days, as wildfire smoke settled on her vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when my smoke exposure research started,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As climate change brings longer, more destructive fire seasons, the California wine industry scrambles to protect vineyards from the dreaded taint of smoke.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846460,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":45,"wordCount":1636},"headData":{"title":"Wildfire Smoke The 'Greatest Challenge' Facing California Wine Industry | KQED","description":"As climate change brings longer, more destructive fire seasons, the California wine industry scrambles to protect vineyards from the dreaded taint of smoke.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"InsideClimate News","sticky":false,"nprByline":" Liza Gross \u003cbr />InsideClimate News\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1976483/wildfire-smoke-the-greatest-challenge-facing-california-wine-industry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In August 2013, Ron and Cheryl Harms were eagerly anticipating the third harvest from their boutique vineyard in the Sierra Foothills when the massive, fast-moving Rim Fire zigzagged perilously close to their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple’s four-acre Yosemite Cellars vineyard sits on a rocky hillside surrounded by forest about 20 miles west of Yosemite National Park. From their perch high above the valley, the Harms watched helplessly as planes released flame retardant around the gathering firestorm and thick clouds of smoke settled on their ripening grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we convinced ourselves that we were probably going to be okay, personally, and that our property was going to be okay, it was fascinating to just see where the fire was going and how it was being fought,” said Ron Harms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fascinating yet terrifying, said Cheryl Harms, fighting back tears. “I have PTSD from it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire, at the time California’s third-largest wildfire, torched more than a quarter of a million acres of Sierra forestland, including nearly 80,000 acres in Yosemite. The inferno spared the Harms’ home and vineyard. But it left the couple grappling with a grape affliction that has emerged as the West Coast wine industry’s latest scourge: smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our grapes were very smoky,” said Cheryl Harms. When they had juice from their grapes analyzed, she said, “it was smokier than anything they’d ever tested.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there was little they could do to remove the taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause extensive damage throughout the agricultural industry, destroying crops and killing livestock. But grapes appear to be the only commodity affected by smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers intentionally add subtle smoky notes to increase the complexity of wines by aging them in toasted oak barrels. But wildfire smoke can make wines undrinkable. Smoke-tainted wines have unpleasant aromas often described as disinfectant or burnt rubber and taste “like licking an ashtray,” experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine being a 5-year-old who thinks it’s fun to put dad’s old cigarette in their mouth,” said Anita Oberholster, an enology extension specialist who studies smoke taint at the University of California, Davis. Smoke taint, like sucking on a cigarette butt, assaults the back of your throat with a trademark campfire smoke or ashtray quality, she said. “The only thing I’ve ever seen that gives you that character is smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke taint can ruin a wine as surely as a bad cork. And as climate change increases the likelihood of drought-fueled conflagrations in fire-prone California, wildfire’s effects on grape quality have emerged as one of the biggest threats to the state’s $43 billion wine industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pandemic was an enormous challenge,” said John Aguirre, president of the California Association of Winegrape Growers. “But now, without question, I think the threat of wildfire in many different ways is the greatest challenge of the day for the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising global temperatures have made droughts and heatwaves more common and intense, fueling ever more devastating wildfires. Last year, thousands of drought-primed fires scorched more than 4 million acres in California—close to 40% of the national total—making 2020 the state’s largest wildfire season on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still in the throes of severe drought, nearly a million and a half acres have already burned in the state this year, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several devastating fire seasons, many California vintners and wineries found themselves either \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/denied-property-insurance-napa-valley-wineries-extremely-vulnerable-this-fire-season/article_709a9690-11bf-54aa-b603-6a6a09fbc147.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">denied fire insurance\u003c/a> because they were too risky or priced out of coverage as rates skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause serious economic losses through direct damage to vineyards and wineries. But vineyards tend to be fairly resistant to the flames, Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In wine country vineyards have demonstrated themselves to be good fire breaks. They can really help prevent the movement of fire,” he said. “But the smoke is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losses incurred from smoke drifting into vineyards before harvest \u003ca href=\"https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/07c52619-2f6a-44a6-8502-2a67f238abd7/Krstic_et_al-2015-Australian_Journal_of_Grape_and_Wine_Research.pdf\">far outweigh\u003c/a> direct losses from fires, industry analysts say\u003cstrong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fire season already in high gear, scientists are scrambling to help growers figure out how to protect their harvests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Adapting to smoke\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Scientists first recognized wildfire smoke’s growing threat to wine grapes less than two decades ago, around the same time \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change was driving\u003c/a> more and more destructive fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating 2003 Canberra bushfires in southeastern Australia followed one of the most severe droughts on record, and left winegrowing regions shrouded in smoke for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inundated by inquiries for help from wineries and grape growers, the Australian Wine Research Institute ran experimental trials to understand the nature and extent of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few vineyards sustained fire damage, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2003_AWRI_Annual_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">institute found\u003c/a>, but damage from smoke exposure was widespread. Institute scientists identified compounds associated with smoke taint’s hallmark ashtray qualities. But solutions, they concluded, “remain elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically, Australia had the brunt of the wildfires,” said Oberholster, of UC Davis. “And now since 2017, the West Coast is in the same boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California endured “one of the deadliest and most destructive fire seasons in modern history,” according to Cal Fire. Fewer fires burned the following year, but they tore through hundreds of thousands more acres to cause some of the worst destruction ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"Ryan Harms and Eric Harms stand in front of big oak wine barrels. \" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-1020x685.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two of the Harms’ sons, Ryan (left) and Eric Harms, took over management of Yosemite Cellars in June. \u003ccite>(Yosemite Cellars/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Devastating firestorms were no longer an anomaly in wine country, but the new norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ron Harms looked out his window in early July, he could see smoke on the horizon. “It’s from the Dixie Fire, I presume, though there are also some fires in Yosemite that might be contributing to that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dixie Fire, now California’s second-largest fire on record, incinerated most of the small Sierra Nevada town of Greenville a few weeks ago, and has barely slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little Harms can do about the smoke, he said. “Our reality as a grower and wine producer is that we just have to roll with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After yet another record-breaking fire season in 2020, wine grape growers suffered substantial economic losses due to concerns about smoke exposure. An estimated 165,000 to 325,000 tons of California wine grapes went unharvested last year, contributing to more than $600 million in losses from wildfire and smoke, according to an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2021/07/08/cawg-legal-analysis-2020-winegrape-rejections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">released in July\u003c/a> by the California Association of Winegrape Growers and Allied Grape Growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many wineries rejected growers’ wine grapes, the analysis found, “often with little evidence to support the rejection and without basis in the grape purchase contract.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major problem stemmed from fuzzy language in contracts about “quality standards.” Contracts drawn up before severe wildfires had become a recurring wine country hazard did not mention smoke exposure. More recent contracts referenced “smoke taint” or “smoke compounds,” without clear definitions or evaluation criteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of understanding and science around smoke issues has meant that people are acting very conservatively and rejecting grapes,” Aguirre said. “The purpose of our report is to highlight that, regrettably, some of these actions by wineries were just inconsistent with contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires are contributing in a substantial way to economic losses in the industry, Aguirre added. “And we’ve got to change the way we’re doing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, Aguirre and other industry leaders from California, Oregon and Washington formed the West Coast Smoke Exposure Task Force to advocate for federal funding for research on managing smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force won a $2 million grant to support smoke exposure research last year from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, and expects an additional $5 million for research when the 2022 federal appropriations bill passes. The hope is to find ways to predict the risk of smoke taint in the vineyard and mitigate its effects in the winery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re optimistic that funding for research will help a great deal,” Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Dissecting smoke’s effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ Oberholster is among the scientists leading that research. One of her top priorities will be to identify objective markers of smoke-affected grapes. The task is complicated by the fact that some of the same chemical compounds associated with taint occur naturally in berries at levels that vary among grape varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the growers’ contracts talk about “elevated” levels, Oberholster said. But to know what’s elevated, you need to know what’s normal. “We need to figure out a baseline for each variety to figure out what’s normal,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrations of the compounds vary seasonally, so it will take multiple seasons to get an accurate picture of what’s normal. Australian scientists identified markers for their top 12 varieties, but it took them seven years because wildfire smoke kept interfering with their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oberholster had been studying a grapevine virus in an experimental Napa vineyard when the 2017 firestorms broke out. She couldn’t get to her plot for 10 days, as wildfire smoke settled on her vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when my smoke exposure research started,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976483/wildfire-smoke-the-greatest-challenge-facing-california-wine-industry","authors":["byline_science_1976483"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_4122","science_3463","science_113","science_393"],"featImg":"science_1976485","label":"source_science_1976483"},"science_1967925":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1967925","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1967925","score":null,"sort":[1596220199000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"evs-are-coming-to-the-farm-in-californias-central-coast","title":"EVs Are Coming to the Farm in California's Central Coast","publishDate":1596220199,"format":"standard","headTitle":"EVs Are Coming to the Farm in California’s Central Coast | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monterey Bay Community Power is entering the world of agricultural electrification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The community-owned electricity provider launched its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbcommunitypower.org/ag-electrification-grant-program/\">agriculture-specific grant program\u003c/a> this week, an initiative that will fund the replacement of fossil fuel-powered farm equipment, like tractors and forklifts, with electric alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Funding will be allocated based on the number of customers that the electricity provider serves in each county. Of the $160,000 available — enough to fund at least eight grants of up to $20,000 each — half the money is earmarked for agricultural customers in Monterey County and a quarter for Santa Cruz County, with the remainder split between San Benito County and the cities of San Luis Obispo and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The hope is to learn, establish ourselves as a trusted resource for the Ag sector, and then just build upon the success of this program,” said J.R. Killigrew, director of communications and outreach for Monterey Bay Community Power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The electricity provider’s leaders have said their goal is to electrify the Central Coast, and they want to ensure that agricultural customers are included in that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grant program would mean new customers for the small but growing array of companies that make electric farm equipment. One of those companies is \u003ca href=\"https://www.solectrac.com/\">Solectrac\u003c/a>, a startup based in Mendocino County, California, that makes compact electric tractors. Its eUtility model provides the equivalent of 40 horsepower for a base price of $45,000, which is roughly 50% more than an equivalent diesel tractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I became converted that this is going to work, and this is coming,” said Roger Hoy, director of the University of Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory, who has tested the Solectac model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said he expects that the electric tractor market will start with small models and build from that niche, adding that there is not yet a viable electric alternative to the large tractors used for row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grants from Monterey Bay Community Power would reduce or eliminate the cost difference between an electric model and a diesel one, which should make the EVs an attractive option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“At the end of the day, they’re trying to make a buck,” Killigrew said about the farmers that may apply. “They’re trying to make sure that they stay in business. So any way they could find means that could help support their operations, and if we can do it in a clean and sustainable way, then we’re meeting their goals and we’re also meeting our goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applications for the grant close at the end of August. The electricity provider plans to announce recipients by late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Reporter Nicole Pollack contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Monterey Bay Community Power launched a grant program to pay for replacing gas-powered farm equipment with electric ones. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847134,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":488},"headData":{"title":"EVs Are Coming to the Farm in California's Central Coast | KQED","description":"Monterey Bay Community Power launched a grant program to pay for replacing gas-powered farm equipment with electric ones. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"InsideClimate News","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Dan Gearino \u003cbr />InsideClimate News\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1967925/evs-are-coming-to-the-farm-in-californias-central-coast","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monterey Bay Community Power is entering the world of agricultural electrification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The community-owned electricity provider launched its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbcommunitypower.org/ag-electrification-grant-program/\">agriculture-specific grant program\u003c/a> this week, an initiative that will fund the replacement of fossil fuel-powered farm equipment, like tractors and forklifts, with electric alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Funding will be allocated based on the number of customers that the electricity provider serves in each county. Of the $160,000 available — enough to fund at least eight grants of up to $20,000 each — half the money is earmarked for agricultural customers in Monterey County and a quarter for Santa Cruz County, with the remainder split between San Benito County and the cities of San Luis Obispo and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The hope is to learn, establish ourselves as a trusted resource for the Ag sector, and then just build upon the success of this program,” said J.R. Killigrew, director of communications and outreach for Monterey Bay Community Power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The electricity provider’s leaders have said their goal is to electrify the Central Coast, and they want to ensure that agricultural customers are included in that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grant program would mean new customers for the small but growing array of companies that make electric farm equipment. One of those companies is \u003ca href=\"https://www.solectrac.com/\">Solectrac\u003c/a>, a startup based in Mendocino County, California, that makes compact electric tractors. Its eUtility model provides the equivalent of 40 horsepower for a base price of $45,000, which is roughly 50% more than an equivalent diesel tractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I became converted that this is going to work, and this is coming,” said Roger Hoy, director of the University of Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory, who has tested the Solectac model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said he expects that the electric tractor market will start with small models and build from that niche, adding that there is not yet a viable electric alternative to the large tractors used for row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grants from Monterey Bay Community Power would reduce or eliminate the cost difference between an electric model and a diesel one, which should make the EVs an attractive option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“At the end of the day, they’re trying to make a buck,” Killigrew said about the farmers that may apply. “They’re trying to make sure that they stay in business. So any way they could find means that could help support their operations, and if we can do it in a clean and sustainable way, then we’re meeting their goals and we’re also meeting our goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applications for the grant close at the end of August. The electricity provider plans to announce recipients by late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Reporter Nicole Pollack contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1967925/evs-are-coming-to-the-farm-in-californias-central-coast","authors":["byline_science_1967925"],"categories":["science_33","science_36","science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_392","science_194","science_4122"],"featImg":"science_1967927","label":"source_science_1967925"},"science_1966616":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1966616","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1966616","score":null,"sort":[1593609054000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"virus-driven-drop-in-emissions-could-hamper-farmers-climate-efforts","title":"Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers' Climate Efforts","publishDate":1593609054,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers’ Climate Efforts | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drop in greenhouse gas emissions that accompanied the coronavirus stay-at-home orders might seem like the lone silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic. But in California, the reduced demand for petroleum-based fuel has had one paradoxical consequence: Revenue from the state’s system for limiting carbon emissions plummeted last month, putting many of the “climate smart” agricultural programs it funds in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote citation='Javier Zamora, JSM Organic Farms']‘Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil.’[/pullquote]California’s cap-and-trade system is designed to reduce climate-harming greenhouse gas pollution. Major emitters like power plants receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emissions allowances\u003c/a> from the state government, but if companies’ emissions surpass what the allowances cover, they must reduce their greenhouse gas output accordingly, or buy additional allowances at auctions held four times each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state’s sale of the emissions allowances funds \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dozens of programs\u003c/a> that support California’s climate goals, including a number of agriculture initiatives like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Healthy Soils\u003c/a>, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">helps farmers\u003c/a> restore microbes to damaged farmland and trap carbon underground. Healthy Soils recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/egov/Press_Releases/Press_Release.asp?PRnum=20-065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awarded grants\u003c/a> worth about $22 million to 316 projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil,” said Javier Zamora, owner of JSM Organic Farms. Zamora received a $42,000 Healthy Soils grant last year that funded the construction of a hedge row along one of his fields. The hedge prevents wind from eroding the topsoil, retains water and keeps pests at bay. He would have built it anyway, but with the Healthy Soils funding, he expects to have it done in a fraction of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But such funding is now endangered by the decrease in revenue from cap-and-trade allowance auctions. The auctions normally generate between $600 million and $800 million in revenue. But proceeds from the most recent auction, in May, totaled just $25 million, making the auction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-performing since 2017\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/results_summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37% \u003c/a> of the offered allowances sold, compared to 100% in each of the last three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power plants and other emitters can “bank” their unused allowances, effectively saving them to put toward future emissions. The recent decline in emissions, along with the banked allowances, meant that many businesses’ recent carbon output was covered by the allowances they already owned and they did not have to buy more, decreasing auction revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg\" alt=\"Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1020x694.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1200x816.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">May’s auction result will only have an impact on this fiscal year’s programs, but the low revenue could signal trouble for the next auction in August and the allocation of funding in the upcoming budget, said Jeanne Merrill, the policy director of the California Climate and Agriculture Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of funds may become a longer-term challenge for California’s climate smart agriculture programs if the August auction goes poorly. Some programs probably would not receive funding in the upcoming budget. And starting in January 2021, lawmakers will \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2020/06/02/california-climate-programs-see-bottom-fall-out-of-main-funding-source-1289867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer be required\u003c/a> to allocate money raised in the cap-and-trade auctions to climate-specific programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the state is in recession, you might imagine, next year, it will be quite tempting to use [those] funds for non-climate investments or programs,” Merrill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Essential Agriculture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Katie Patterson, the California policy manager for the \u003ca href=\"https://farmland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Farmland Trust\u003c/a>, said she has seen agriculture take on a new level of visibility since the start of the pandemic. She hopes its heightened presence will sustain public interest and help prioritize future funding for agriculture-related climate programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Folks are talking about the essentialism of agriculture, the essentialism of small- and medium-sized farms and also the food structure, too: farm to food bank, farm to school,” she said. “So a lot of our food system’s work is being looked at in a much more thoughtful way, not by just policymakers, not by advocates, but by communities, people who walked into their stores and saw their food wasn’t there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">PT Ranch saw their pasteurized meat sales double in recent months, said ranch manager Molly Taylor. Though she attributes the initial spike in business to the panic that arose when meat disappeared from supermarket shelves, sales have remained higher than before the pandemic. Taylor thinks it could be connected to the spread of COVID-19 in meatpacking plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Even though the panic has subsided, I think people either have the time to consider their purchases more carefully now, or are genuinely concerned about losing localized and regional meat production in light of all of the issues with the more concentrated and consolidated packing plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor plans to use the Healthy Soils grant she was awarded in May to better facilitate carbon capture on the ranch, through regenerative soil management practices like no-till farming and the use of cover crops. With a growing number of people interested in where their food comes from and becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943671/centers-of-insurrection-central-valley-farmers-reckon-with-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conscious of its carbon footprint\u003c/a>, “one of the strongest stories we can tell about the production of food is through this lens of climate change mitigation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet, in spite of the new conversations happening around the food system, some cap-and-trade-funded climate smart agriculture programs, including Healthy Soils, face an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 65% of cap-and-trade revenue is already earmarked for specific programs, including the \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/solutions/farmlandconservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Agricultural Lands Conservation\u003c/a> or SALC Program, which the American Farmland Trust helped launch in 2015. The project has since enabled the permanent conservation of more than 112,000 acres of at-risk farmland in California, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was the first program in the country to draw the nexus between climate change and farmland protection, she said. More programs targeting agricultural emissions in California — including Healthy Soils — soon followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately 2% of the total cap-and-trade revenue is allocated to the SALC program, in a continuous appropriation every year. While the program itself is not in jeopardy, low revenue could reduce its funding by \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/faulty-cap-and-trade-auctions-healthy-soils-climate-smart-agriculture-funding-in-jeopardy/?utm_source=California+Climate+%26+Agriculture+Network&utm_campaign=0b0c4fb708-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_06_21_05_09_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ba73b276e-0b0c4fb708-215643177&mc_cid=0b0c4fb708&mc_eid=7b5bb267b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a quarter\u003c/a>. Land protection groups like the American Farmland Trust may have to seek out alternative sources of funding to sustain SALC projects if cap-and-trade does not rebound quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 35% of auction revenue not designated for a specific program ends up in a “discretionary pot,” to be appropriated by the state Legislature, Patterson said. If the proceeds remain lower than anticipated, some programs supported from that pool of money will not receive funding during the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of the programs that are not automatically funded, the governor has designated the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/node/1666/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Funding Agriculture Replacement Measures for Emission Reductions\u003c/a> or FARMER Program, aimed at lowering diesel emissions from agricultural equipment, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00031/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among the highest priority\u003c/a>, making it most likely to receive funding from the discretionary pot, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For programs given lower priority, such as Healthy Soils, the climate-friendly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/AMMP/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alternative Manure Management Program\u003c/a> (AMMP) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dairy Digester Research & Development Program\u003c/a>, which helps farmers install onsite technology that captures usable methane from livestock manure, funding from cap-and-trade is far less secure. The American Farmland Trust is pushing for Healthy Soils to be prioritized as highly as FARMER and hopes to see AMMP, Dairy Digesters and other lower-priority programs receive funding as well, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/sweep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Efficiency & Enhancement Program\u003c/a>, an especially \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/california-falls-short-on-climate-smart-farming-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">popular\u003c/a> initiative intended to reduce farms’ water and energy use by upgrading their irrigation systems, was one of the programs given the lowest priority. The state has already announced that it will not be funded for the second year in a row, though the program’s 182 already-approved projects that are still being implemented will be seen through completion, according to Steve Lyle, director of public affairs at the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, from PT Ranch, worked with the state to provide technical assistance to other farmers during last year’s Healthy Soils grant application period, long before the May cap-and-trade auction raised concerns about future funding for that program. She told growers that they could expect Healthy Soils to be in place every year, and that if they did not receive a grant this year, they could, and should, apply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if we’re going to be able to hold their attention if it becomes a variable source of funding year to year, unpredictable and unreliable,” Taylor said. “It takes a whole year, sometimes, to plan for something like this. And for that planning to go totally out the window and then expect someone in two years to remember it’s there, or to trust that it’s going to come through—it takes a long time to establish this type of trust with growers.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The state’s cap-and-trade program funds ‘climate smart’ agriculture programs. But with emissions down, funding for those programs is also expected to drop.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":2,"wordCount":1624},"headData":{"title":"Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers' Climate Efforts | KQED","description":"The state’s cap-and-trade program funds ‘climate smart’ agriculture programs. But with emissions down, funding for those programs is also expected to drop.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Nicole Pollack, InsideClimate News","path":"/science/1966616/virus-driven-drop-in-emissions-could-hamper-farmers-climate-efforts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drop in greenhouse gas emissions that accompanied the coronavirus stay-at-home orders might seem like the lone silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic. But in California, the reduced demand for petroleum-based fuel has had one paradoxical consequence: Revenue from the state’s system for limiting carbon emissions plummeted last month, putting many of the “climate smart” agricultural programs it funds in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"citation":"Javier Zamora, JSM Organic Farms","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system is designed to reduce climate-harming greenhouse gas pollution. Major emitters like power plants receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emissions allowances\u003c/a> from the state government, but if companies’ emissions surpass what the allowances cover, they must reduce their greenhouse gas output accordingly, or buy additional allowances at auctions held four times each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state’s sale of the emissions allowances funds \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dozens of programs\u003c/a> that support California’s climate goals, including a number of agriculture initiatives like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Healthy Soils\u003c/a>, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">helps farmers\u003c/a> restore microbes to damaged farmland and trap carbon underground. Healthy Soils recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/egov/Press_Releases/Press_Release.asp?PRnum=20-065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awarded grants\u003c/a> worth about $22 million to 316 projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil,” said Javier Zamora, owner of JSM Organic Farms. Zamora received a $42,000 Healthy Soils grant last year that funded the construction of a hedge row along one of his fields. The hedge prevents wind from eroding the topsoil, retains water and keeps pests at bay. He would have built it anyway, but with the Healthy Soils funding, he expects to have it done in a fraction of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But such funding is now endangered by the decrease in revenue from cap-and-trade allowance auctions. The auctions normally generate between $600 million and $800 million in revenue. But proceeds from the most recent auction, in May, totaled just $25 million, making the auction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-performing since 2017\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/results_summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37% \u003c/a> of the offered allowances sold, compared to 100% in each of the last three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power plants and other emitters can “bank” their unused allowances, effectively saving them to put toward future emissions. The recent decline in emissions, along with the banked allowances, meant that many businesses’ recent carbon output was covered by the allowances they already owned and they did not have to buy more, decreasing auction revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg\" alt=\"Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1020x694.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1200x816.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">May’s auction result will only have an impact on this fiscal year’s programs, but the low revenue could signal trouble for the next auction in August and the allocation of funding in the upcoming budget, said Jeanne Merrill, the policy director of the California Climate and Agriculture Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of funds may become a longer-term challenge for California’s climate smart agriculture programs if the August auction goes poorly. Some programs probably would not receive funding in the upcoming budget. And starting in January 2021, lawmakers will \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2020/06/02/california-climate-programs-see-bottom-fall-out-of-main-funding-source-1289867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer be required\u003c/a> to allocate money raised in the cap-and-trade auctions to climate-specific programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the state is in recession, you might imagine, next year, it will be quite tempting to use [those] funds for non-climate investments or programs,” Merrill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Essential Agriculture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Katie Patterson, the California policy manager for the \u003ca href=\"https://farmland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Farmland Trust\u003c/a>, said she has seen agriculture take on a new level of visibility since the start of the pandemic. She hopes its heightened presence will sustain public interest and help prioritize future funding for agriculture-related climate programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Folks are talking about the essentialism of agriculture, the essentialism of small- and medium-sized farms and also the food structure, too: farm to food bank, farm to school,” she said. “So a lot of our food system’s work is being looked at in a much more thoughtful way, not by just policymakers, not by advocates, but by communities, people who walked into their stores and saw their food wasn’t there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">PT Ranch saw their pasteurized meat sales double in recent months, said ranch manager Molly Taylor. Though she attributes the initial spike in business to the panic that arose when meat disappeared from supermarket shelves, sales have remained higher than before the pandemic. Taylor thinks it could be connected to the spread of COVID-19 in meatpacking plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Even though the panic has subsided, I think people either have the time to consider their purchases more carefully now, or are genuinely concerned about losing localized and regional meat production in light of all of the issues with the more concentrated and consolidated packing plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor plans to use the Healthy Soils grant she was awarded in May to better facilitate carbon capture on the ranch, through regenerative soil management practices like no-till farming and the use of cover crops. With a growing number of people interested in where their food comes from and becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943671/centers-of-insurrection-central-valley-farmers-reckon-with-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conscious of its carbon footprint\u003c/a>, “one of the strongest stories we can tell about the production of food is through this lens of climate change mitigation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet, in spite of the new conversations happening around the food system, some cap-and-trade-funded climate smart agriculture programs, including Healthy Soils, face an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 65% of cap-and-trade revenue is already earmarked for specific programs, including the \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/solutions/farmlandconservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Agricultural Lands Conservation\u003c/a> or SALC Program, which the American Farmland Trust helped launch in 2015. The project has since enabled the permanent conservation of more than 112,000 acres of at-risk farmland in California, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was the first program in the country to draw the nexus between climate change and farmland protection, she said. More programs targeting agricultural emissions in California — including Healthy Soils — soon followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately 2% of the total cap-and-trade revenue is allocated to the SALC program, in a continuous appropriation every year. While the program itself is not in jeopardy, low revenue could reduce its funding by \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/faulty-cap-and-trade-auctions-healthy-soils-climate-smart-agriculture-funding-in-jeopardy/?utm_source=California+Climate+%26+Agriculture+Network&utm_campaign=0b0c4fb708-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_06_21_05_09_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ba73b276e-0b0c4fb708-215643177&mc_cid=0b0c4fb708&mc_eid=7b5bb267b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a quarter\u003c/a>. Land protection groups like the American Farmland Trust may have to seek out alternative sources of funding to sustain SALC projects if cap-and-trade does not rebound quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 35% of auction revenue not designated for a specific program ends up in a “discretionary pot,” to be appropriated by the state Legislature, Patterson said. If the proceeds remain lower than anticipated, some programs supported from that pool of money will not receive funding during the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of the programs that are not automatically funded, the governor has designated the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/node/1666/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Funding Agriculture Replacement Measures for Emission Reductions\u003c/a> or FARMER Program, aimed at lowering diesel emissions from agricultural equipment, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00031/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among the highest priority\u003c/a>, making it most likely to receive funding from the discretionary pot, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For programs given lower priority, such as Healthy Soils, the climate-friendly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/AMMP/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alternative Manure Management Program\u003c/a> (AMMP) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dairy Digester Research & Development Program\u003c/a>, which helps farmers install onsite technology that captures usable methane from livestock manure, funding from cap-and-trade is far less secure. The American Farmland Trust is pushing for Healthy Soils to be prioritized as highly as FARMER and hopes to see AMMP, Dairy Digesters and other lower-priority programs receive funding as well, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/sweep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Efficiency & Enhancement Program\u003c/a>, an especially \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/california-falls-short-on-climate-smart-farming-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">popular\u003c/a> initiative intended to reduce farms’ water and energy use by upgrading their irrigation systems, was one of the programs given the lowest priority. The state has already announced that it will not be funded for the second year in a row, though the program’s 182 already-approved projects that are still being implemented will be seen through completion, according to Steve Lyle, director of public affairs at the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, from PT Ranch, worked with the state to provide technical assistance to other farmers during last year’s Healthy Soils grant application period, long before the May cap-and-trade auction raised concerns about future funding for that program. She told growers that they could expect Healthy Soils to be in place every year, and that if they did not receive a grant this year, they could, and should, apply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if we’re going to be able to hold their attention if it becomes a variable source of funding year to year, unpredictable and unreliable,” Taylor said. “It takes a whole year, sometimes, to plan for something like this. And for that planning to go totally out the window and then expect someone in two years to remember it’s there, or to trust that it’s going to come through—it takes a long time to establish this type of trust with growers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1966616/virus-driven-drop-in-emissions-could-hamper-farmers-climate-efforts","authors":["byline_science_1966616"],"categories":["science_36","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_182","science_4329"],"featImg":"science_1940563","label":"source_science_1966616"},"science_1966269":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1966269","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1966269","score":null,"sort":[1592982818000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-picky-eating-becomes-a-dangerous-disorder","title":"When Picky Eating Becomes a Dangerous Disorder","publishDate":1592982818,"format":"audio","headTitle":"When Picky Eating Becomes a Dangerous Disorder | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">At the beginning of the coronavirus crisis, Margo Henderson ordered a lot of takeout pizza and quesadillas. But she worried that the greasy comfort foods she indulged in at the pandemic’s outset had nudged her down a slippery slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]‘I grew up pretty much on an all-beige diet,” says Margo Henderson. “I [had] the palate of a 4-year-old until I was 25.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For most of her 29 years, Henderson has grappled with an eating disorder that caused a deep aversion, even disgust, for most foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I grew up pretty much on an all-beige diet,” she said, perched on the edge of her weathered leather couch in a sparsely furnished San Francisco apartment. “Absolutely nothing green. No fruits or vegetables. I pretty much had the palate of a 4-year-old until I was 25.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When she was a child, her mother tried bribing her with treats. Sometimes her mom refused to let her leave the table if she didn’t eat something other than bread and pasta. When those tactics failed, her mother dragged her to pediatricians, dieticians and even a hypnotist. The specialists shrugged off her intolerant palate as age-related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But fussy eating was more than a phase. Even into adulthood, Henderson preferred the kids menu. She cringed at the sight and smell of certain foods, especially cold and crunchy items like salads or pickles. Her stomach lurched when she neared the produce section of a grocery story. While a lot of people will opt for the fries instead of the salad, just the sight of lettuce next to a burger nauseated Henderson. Her worst nightmare was a boxed lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Like, God forbid someone gave me a turkey sandwich with soggy lettuce and tomato that’s been all touching,” said Henderson. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>\u003c/span>Even if you were sitting next to me eating a carrot stick or a celery stick, I’d gag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the years passed, her limited diet led to greater isolation. She always had a menu of excuses at the ready in case of invitations: Let’s just do drinks. I’m not hungry. I don’t want dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Food was such an anxious thing in my life,” she said. “I definitely tried to steer away from it. I had such a strong physical reaction to being around food, let alone eating it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Though Henderson was never diagnosed with any medical complications stemming from her restricted eating habits, she frequently felt sluggish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It definitely affected my energy level,” she said. “My skin was really gray-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">She knew something was wrong, but what? She didn’t have a name for it, let alone a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>A New Diagnosis\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Then one night while surfing the web, Henderson stumbled across a link on \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725687/pdf/ndt-12-213.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, or ARFID. She was stunned. For the first time in her life, she read about other people who were repulsed by certain flavors, aromas and textures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Doctors are still studying what causes the illness. Unlike other eating disorders, it’s not related to body image. Early research suggests that people who have ARFID are not just extreme versions of a choosy young eater, but potentially “supertasters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Meaning that their palates are much more sensitive and they taste things in a really intense way,” said Erin Accurso, clinical director of the UCSF Eating Disorders Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A traumatic event like a choking incident or a bad case of food poisoning can trigger the disorder, Accurso says. Over time, someone’s initially small roster of disliked foods tends to lengthen, until their eating selection has become uncommonly narrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Common \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24343807/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">behaviors\u003c/span>\u003c/a> include food avoidance, loss of appetite, abdominal pain and fear of vomiting. Eventually, ARFID can lead to nutritional deficiencies, weight loss and depression. One British \u003ca href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/L19-0361\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">teenager\u003c/a> who ate only chips, sausages, processed ham and white bread lost his sight permanently after malnutrition led to optic nerve damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Henderson and her doctors speculate her sensitivities stemmed from a childhood illness called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2018/06/410786/unbearable-sensation-being-living-sensory-processing-disorder\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sensory processing disorder\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I think my brain incorrectly processed sensory information like the textures and smells of foods,” said Henderson. “Instead of recognizing some foods as healthy, my brain would try to protect me. That’s how I developed a gag reflex.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Doctors Treating More Cases\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">ARFID is a recent addition to the psychiatric bible, the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, or DSM-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Accurso says preliminary studies suggest about \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725687/pdf/ndt-12-213.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">1 in 20\u003c/span>\u003c/a> kids may have the illness. Nancy Zucker, director of the Duke Center for Eating Disorders, says about 30% of calls to the center were related to ARFID between November and January last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an illness that we are really hearing more about in our field,” said Claire Mysko, the chief executive officer of the National Eating Disorders Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6534269/pdf/nihms-995861.pdf\">Research\u003c/a>\u003c/span> suggests the disorder can occur in individuals of all ages, although it usually presents before age 12 and is more common in males. Experts theorize that doctors routinely misdiagnose ARFID for anorexia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Clinicians are experimenting with treatments. Henderson’s doctors helped her dissect her reflexive aversions to foods like kale and cucumber juice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Oh, it’s green, and the thought is like, green is bad, vegetables are bad,” Henderson said. “And it’s kind of funny when you really sit there to break down your thoughts, you’re like, these are kind of ridiculous statements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Over time, counselors encouraged her to try foods she despised. Then they would role-play social eating situations to help relieve anxiety around meals. Just as the coronavirus was starting to spread, Henderson was enjoying eating out with friends for the first time in her life. Now, she is using the forced time at home to sharpen her cooking skills; she eats healthier when she’s the chef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think it has something to do with control,” she said, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People who have avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder are not just finicky about their food. Their phobias can lead to serious nutritional deficiencies.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847280,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":1036},"headData":{"title":"When Picky Eating Becomes a Dangerous Disorder | KQED","description":"People who have avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder are not just finicky about their food. Their phobias can lead to serious nutritional deficiencies.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Health","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/443a2e5b-32df-4343-aa46-abe4016f9822/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1966269/when-picky-eating-becomes-a-dangerous-disorder","audioDuration":281000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">At the beginning of the coronavirus crisis, Margo Henderson ordered a lot of takeout pizza and quesadillas. But she worried that the greasy comfort foods she indulged in at the pandemic’s outset had nudged her down a slippery slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I grew up pretty much on an all-beige diet,” says Margo Henderson. “I [had] the palate of a 4-year-old until I was 25.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For most of her 29 years, Henderson has grappled with an eating disorder that caused a deep aversion, even disgust, for most foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I grew up pretty much on an all-beige diet,” she said, perched on the edge of her weathered leather couch in a sparsely furnished San Francisco apartment. “Absolutely nothing green. No fruits or vegetables. I pretty much had the palate of a 4-year-old until I was 25.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When she was a child, her mother tried bribing her with treats. Sometimes her mom refused to let her leave the table if she didn’t eat something other than bread and pasta. When those tactics failed, her mother dragged her to pediatricians, dieticians and even a hypnotist. The specialists shrugged off her intolerant palate as age-related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But fussy eating was more than a phase. Even into adulthood, Henderson preferred the kids menu. She cringed at the sight and smell of certain foods, especially cold and crunchy items like salads or pickles. Her stomach lurched when she neared the produce section of a grocery story. While a lot of people will opt for the fries instead of the salad, just the sight of lettuce next to a burger nauseated Henderson. Her worst nightmare was a boxed lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Like, God forbid someone gave me a turkey sandwich with soggy lettuce and tomato that’s been all touching,” said Henderson. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>\u003c/span>Even if you were sitting next to me eating a carrot stick or a celery stick, I’d gag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the years passed, her limited diet led to greater isolation. She always had a menu of excuses at the ready in case of invitations: Let’s just do drinks. I’m not hungry. I don’t want dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Food was such an anxious thing in my life,” she said. “I definitely tried to steer away from it. I had such a strong physical reaction to being around food, let alone eating it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Though Henderson was never diagnosed with any medical complications stemming from her restricted eating habits, she frequently felt sluggish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It definitely affected my energy level,” she said. “My skin was really gray-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">She knew something was wrong, but what? She didn’t have a name for it, let alone a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>A New Diagnosis\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Then one night while surfing the web, Henderson stumbled across a link on \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725687/pdf/ndt-12-213.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, or ARFID. She was stunned. For the first time in her life, she read about other people who were repulsed by certain flavors, aromas and textures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Doctors are still studying what causes the illness. Unlike other eating disorders, it’s not related to body image. Early research suggests that people who have ARFID are not just extreme versions of a choosy young eater, but potentially “supertasters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Meaning that their palates are much more sensitive and they taste things in a really intense way,” said Erin Accurso, clinical director of the UCSF Eating Disorders Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A traumatic event like a choking incident or a bad case of food poisoning can trigger the disorder, Accurso says. Over time, someone’s initially small roster of disliked foods tends to lengthen, until their eating selection has become uncommonly narrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Common \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24343807/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">behaviors\u003c/span>\u003c/a> include food avoidance, loss of appetite, abdominal pain and fear of vomiting. Eventually, ARFID can lead to nutritional deficiencies, weight loss and depression. One British \u003ca href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/L19-0361\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">teenager\u003c/a> who ate only chips, sausages, processed ham and white bread lost his sight permanently after malnutrition led to optic nerve damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Henderson and her doctors speculate her sensitivities stemmed from a childhood illness called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2018/06/410786/unbearable-sensation-being-living-sensory-processing-disorder\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sensory processing disorder\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I think my brain incorrectly processed sensory information like the textures and smells of foods,” said Henderson. “Instead of recognizing some foods as healthy, my brain would try to protect me. That’s how I developed a gag reflex.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Doctors Treating More Cases\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">ARFID is a recent addition to the psychiatric bible, the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, or DSM-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Accurso says preliminary studies suggest about \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725687/pdf/ndt-12-213.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">1 in 20\u003c/span>\u003c/a> kids may have the illness. Nancy Zucker, director of the Duke Center for Eating Disorders, says about 30% of calls to the center were related to ARFID between November and January last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an illness that we are really hearing more about in our field,” said Claire Mysko, the chief executive officer of the National Eating Disorders Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6534269/pdf/nihms-995861.pdf\">Research\u003c/a>\u003c/span> suggests the disorder can occur in individuals of all ages, although it usually presents before age 12 and is more common in males. Experts theorize that doctors routinely misdiagnose ARFID for anorexia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Clinicians are experimenting with treatments. Henderson’s doctors helped her dissect her reflexive aversions to foods like kale and cucumber juice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Oh, it’s green, and the thought is like, green is bad, vegetables are bad,” Henderson said. “And it’s kind of funny when you really sit there to break down your thoughts, you’re like, these are kind of ridiculous statements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Over time, counselors encouraged her to try foods she despised. Then they would role-play social eating situations to help relieve anxiety around meals. Just as the coronavirus was starting to spread, Henderson was enjoying eating out with friends for the first time in her life. Now, she is using the forced time at home to sharpen her cooking skills; she eats healthier when she’s the chef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think it has something to do with control,” she said, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1966269/when-picky-eating-becomes-a-dangerous-disorder","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_36","science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_4414","science_5181"],"featImg":"science_1966278","label":"source_science_1966269"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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