California Deserts Could Hold The Key to a Future With Less Fossil Fuel (Hint: It's Lithium)
Bond. Earthquake Bond ... Is on the Ballot in San Francisco
Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night
The Cost of Battery Storage Plummets at the Right Moment for California
The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land
Solar and Batteries Work in a Blackout, But What Does That Mean for the Grid?
SoCal’s Big July Quakes Strained a Fault That’s Been Quiet for 500 Years, Study Says
How Loma Prieta Changed Earthquake Science
New Fire Retardant Acts Like 'Vaccine' Against Wildfires
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"lklivans":{"type":"authors","id":"8648","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"8648","found":true},"name":"Laura Klivans","firstName":"Laura","lastName":"Klivans","slug":"lklivans","email":"lklivans@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"Reporter and Host","bio":"Laura Klivans is a science reporter and the host of KQED's video series about tiny, amazing animals, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Her work can also be heard on NPR, \u003cem>Here & Now, \u003c/em>and PRI. Before working in audio, she taught, leading groups of students abroad. One of her favorite jobs was teaching on the Thai-Burmese border, working with immigrants and refugees.\r\n\r\nLaura has won three Northern California Area Emmys along with her Deep Look colleagues. She's won the North Gate Award for Excellence in Audio Reporting and the Gobind Behari Lal Award for a radio documentary about adults with imaginary friends. She's a fellowship junkie, completing the USC Center for Health Journalism's California Fellowship, UC Berkeley's Human Rights Fellowship and the Coro Fellowship in Public Affairs. Laura has a master’s in journalism from UC Berkeley and a master’s in education from Harvard.\r\n\r\nShe likes to eat chocolate for breakfast. She's also open to eating it all day long.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af8e757bb8ce7b7fee6160ba66e37327?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lauraklivans","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["contributor","editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Laura Klivans | KQED","description":"Reporter and Host","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af8e757bb8ce7b7fee6160ba66e37327?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af8e757bb8ce7b7fee6160ba66e37327?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lklivans"},"dventon":{"type":"authors","id":"11088","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11088","found":true},"name":"Danielle Venton","firstName":"Danielle","lastName":"Venton","slug":"dventon","email":"dventon@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Science reporter","bio":"Danielle Venton is a reporter for KQED Science. She covers wildfires, space and oceans (though she is prone to sea sickness).\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2015, Danielle was a staff reporter at KRCB in Sonoma County and a freelancer. She studied science communication at UC Santa Cruz and formerly worked at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland where she wrote about computing. She lives in Sonoma County and enjoys backpacking.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"DanielleVenton","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danielle Venton | KQED","description":"Science reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dventon"},"aheidt":{"type":"authors","id":"11520","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11520","found":true},"name":"Amanda Heidt","firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Heidt","slug":"aheidt","email":"aheidt@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Amanda Heidt was the 2018 Dr. Allen Fuhs KQED-CSUMB Fellow at KQED Science. Amanda came to KQED from Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, where her masters research uses molecular techniques to describe communities of meiofauna, small invertebrates living between grains of sand. She has a background in education, outreach, and science communication, fostered by a recent position with the Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions. She has a BS in Marine Science and a minor in Chemistry from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her interests include climbing, diving, camping, baking, and reading. Find her on Twitter and Instagram @Scatter_Cushion.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e646090632bd7fef75fff4616269ff8c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"Scatter_Cushion","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amanda Heidt | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e646090632bd7fef75fff4616269ff8c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e646090632bd7fef75fff4616269ff8c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aheidt"},"kevinstark":{"type":"authors","id":"11608","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11608","found":true},"name":"Kevin Stark","firstName":"Kevin","lastName":"Stark","slug":"kevinstark","email":"kstark@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Senior Editor","bio":"Kevin is a senior editor for KQED Science, managing the station's health and climate desks. His journalism career began in the Pacific Northwest, and he later became a lead reporter for the San Francisco Public Press. His work has appeared in Pacific Standard magazine, the Energy News Network, the Center for Investigative Reporting's Reveal and WBEZ in Chicago. Kevin joined KQED in 2019, and has covered issues related to energy, wildfire, climate change and the environment.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"starkkev","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kevin Stark | KQED","description":"Senior Editor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kevinstark"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1977587":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1977587","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1977587","score":null,"sort":[1636146633000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-deserts-could-hold-the-key-to-a-future-with-less-fossil-fuel-hint-its-lithium","title":"California Deserts Could Hold The Key to a Future With Less Fossil Fuel (Hint: It's Lithium)","publishDate":1636146633,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California Deserts Could Hold The Key to a Future With Less Fossil Fuel (Hint: It’s Lithium) | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The COP26 climate conference is underway in Glasgow, Scotland. Here in the Bay Area, KQED’s climate reporters are talking with locals who are working on solutions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There could be enough lithium stored across California and the West to supply all the batteries the U.S. demands, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://eesa.lbl.gov/event/media-roundtable-powering-a-sustainable-future-through-lithium-extraction-from-unconventional-sources/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate\u003c/a>, plus more to export.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that demand for lithium — a crucial part of the batteries that power electric cars and store extra energy from solar and wind — is heading in one direction: \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">up\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that California’s lithium is trapped in desert sediments, ocean water and deep underground, in natural deposits of saltwater called brine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has a trove of the stuff beneath the Salton Sea in Southern California, but \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/02/california-desert-lithium-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to extract it are fledgling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"https://lilacsolutions.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lilac Solutions\u003c/a> is one of the companies trying to use domestic lithium to make batteries that could power the U.S. toward a future without fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Snydacker, the company’s CEO, says a tricky part is to capture the lithium without damaging the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The environmental challenges associated with lithium production today relate to land use and water consumption,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lithium extraction in South America and Australia has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">created serious environmental issues\u003c/a>. Advocates around the Salton Sea have \u003ca href=\"https://holtvilletribune.com/2021/08/06/guest-column-lithium-boom-needs-public-input/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">raised concerns\u003c/a> about harmful impacts and extra waste from extracting and processing lithium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lilac’s solution is vastly limiting the physical footprint of its lithium plant from “10,000 acres down to tens of acres, and that’s limited the surface impacts associated with lithium production,” Snydacker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He spoke with KQED climate reporter Laura Klivans during a tour of his manufacturing space in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What climate problem are you trying to solve?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big environmental problem that we’re addressing is gasoline. And to replace gasoline, we need to increase production of batteries, and lithium is now the critical bottleneck to battery production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no way to meet climate targets without lithium, it’s essential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What would success of your company mean for California’s economy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea is a very large lithium resource capable of producing billions of dollars per year of lithium. That means hundreds of permanent jobs in the Salton Sea and permanent jobs here in Oakland as we scale up the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What initially inspired you to get into this kind of work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I grew up in Rhode Island, near the beach, where the ocean was a really important part of the community. Looking at forecasts for sea level rise as we lose the Greenland ice sheet was fairly shocking and horrifying. You think, OK, my entire community will be completely underwater by the time my children or my grandchildren are able to enjoy this place. And that’s just an unacceptable outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will what happens at COP affect your work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If COP is successful, this will mean more demand for electric vehicles. But meeting that demand will only be possible with more lithium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Even if things go south at COP, how’s that going to impact your company?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve lost a lot of faith in the ability of the government to deliver solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen the private sector really step up, make big commitments to innovate toward electric vehicles, to finance the supply chain and to start new companies capable of making all that happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m confident we will solve climate change and decarbonize the economy, the question in my mind is how fast does that happen? It needs to happen soon.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The COP26 climate conference is underway in Glasgow, Scotland. Here in the Bay Area, KQED’s climate reporters are talking with locals who are working on solutions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846374,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":619},"headData":{"title":"California Deserts Could Hold The Key to a Future With Less Fossil Fuel (Hint: It's Lithium) | KQED","description":"The COP26 climate conference is underway in Glasgow, Scotland. Here in the Bay Area, KQED’s climate reporters are talking with locals who are working on solutions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate Change","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/bbfa8834-e134-40fb-a3ae-add5011afae8/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1977587/california-deserts-could-hold-the-key-to-a-future-with-less-fossil-fuel-hint-its-lithium","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The COP26 climate conference is underway in Glasgow, Scotland. Here in the Bay Area, KQED’s climate reporters are talking with locals who are working on solutions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There could be enough lithium stored across California and the West to supply all the batteries the U.S. demands, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://eesa.lbl.gov/event/media-roundtable-powering-a-sustainable-future-through-lithium-extraction-from-unconventional-sources/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate\u003c/a>, plus more to export.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that demand for lithium — a crucial part of the batteries that power electric cars and store extra energy from solar and wind — is heading in one direction: \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">up\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that California’s lithium is trapped in desert sediments, ocean water and deep underground, in natural deposits of saltwater called brine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has a trove of the stuff beneath the Salton Sea in Southern California, but \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/02/california-desert-lithium-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to extract it are fledgling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"https://lilacsolutions.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lilac Solutions\u003c/a> is one of the companies trying to use domestic lithium to make batteries that could power the U.S. toward a future without fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Snydacker, the company’s CEO, says a tricky part is to capture the lithium without damaging the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The environmental challenges associated with lithium production today relate to land use and water consumption,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lithium extraction in South America and Australia has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">created serious environmental issues\u003c/a>. Advocates around the Salton Sea have \u003ca href=\"https://holtvilletribune.com/2021/08/06/guest-column-lithium-boom-needs-public-input/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">raised concerns\u003c/a> about harmful impacts and extra waste from extracting and processing lithium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lilac’s solution is vastly limiting the physical footprint of its lithium plant from “10,000 acres down to tens of acres, and that’s limited the surface impacts associated with lithium production,” Snydacker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He spoke with KQED climate reporter Laura Klivans during a tour of his manufacturing space in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What climate problem are you trying to solve?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big environmental problem that we’re addressing is gasoline. And to replace gasoline, we need to increase production of batteries, and lithium is now the critical bottleneck to battery production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no way to meet climate targets without lithium, it’s essential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What would success of your company mean for California’s economy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea is a very large lithium resource capable of producing billions of dollars per year of lithium. That means hundreds of permanent jobs in the Salton Sea and permanent jobs here in Oakland as we scale up the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What initially inspired you to get into this kind of work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I grew up in Rhode Island, near the beach, where the ocean was a really important part of the community. Looking at forecasts for sea level rise as we lose the Greenland ice sheet was fairly shocking and horrifying. You think, OK, my entire community will be completely underwater by the time my children or my grandchildren are able to enjoy this place. And that’s just an unacceptable outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will what happens at COP affect your work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If COP is successful, this will mean more demand for electric vehicles. But meeting that demand will only be possible with more lithium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Even if things go south at COP, how’s that going to impact your company?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve lost a lot of faith in the ability of the government to deliver solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen the private sector really step up, make big commitments to innovate toward electric vehicles, to finance the supply chain and to start new companies capable of making all that happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m confident we will solve climate change and decarbonize the economy, the question in my mind is how fast does that happen? It needs to happen soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1977587/california-deserts-could-hold-the-key-to-a-future-with-less-fossil-fuel-hint-its-lithium","authors":["8648"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_89","science_35","science_4450"],"tags":["science_188","science_4789","science_1133","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1977588","label":"source_science_1977587"},"science_1957501":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1957501","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1957501","score":null,"sort":[1582824614000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bond-earthquake-bond-is-on-the-ballot-in-san-francisco","title":"Bond. Earthquake Bond ... Is on the Ballot in San Francisco","publishDate":1582824614,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bond. Earthquake Bond … Is on the Ballot in San Francisco | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>One item on the March ballot in San Francisco is a $628.5 million bond to fund earthquake retrofitting at police and fire stations and other disaster-related facilities and services, including the city’s Emergency Firefighting Water System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor London Breed, Supervisor Catherine Stefani and Supervisor Sandra Lee Fewer crafted the measure, called the Earthquake Safety and Emergency Response Bond, or \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/San_Francisco,_California,_Proposition_B,_Earthquake_Safety_and_Emergency_Services_Bond_Issue_(March_2020)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition B\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breed said the bond, to be paid off within 30 years, is necessary to ensure the city is resilient in the event of a major earthquake or other disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that it’s not a matter of ‘if,’ but a matter of ‘when’ the next major earthquake will strike,” she said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bond will be funded from property taxes, at the rate of 1.5 cents for every $100 of assessed value — the equivalent of $150 per year on a home worth $1 million, and landlords could pass on up to half of any tax increase to tenants. However, \u003ca href=\"https://www.spur.org/voter-guide/san-francisco-2020-03/prop-b-earthquake-bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to\u003c/a> the San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association, or SPUR, taxes will not be increased because the bond is part of San Francisco’s capital planning program, which holds property taxes at the same rate as 2006 by retiring older bonds as new ones are issued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board of Supervisors unanimously approved the measure last July, putting it on the ballot. Proposition B needs to win two-thirds of the vote to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the city’s election guide \u003ca href=\"https://voterguide.sfelections.org/en/san-francisco-earthquake-safety-and-emergency-response-bond-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pamphlet\u003c/a>, the bond measure is endorsed by the San Francisco Firefighters Local 798 President Shon Buford, the San Francisco Democratic Party, former Mayor Willie Brown, State Treasurer Fiona Ma, State Assemblymember Phil Ting and San Francisco Assessor-Recorder Carmen Chu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco League of Pissed Off Voters, a group of young progressives who are sometimes at odds with the city’s establishment, endorsed the measure in their \u003ca href=\"http://www.theleaguesf.org/#PropB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pissed Off Voter Guide\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With climate catastrophe in the form of fires now ‘the new normal’ and a catastrophic earthquake being a possibility any day, we’re fine to support this bond to keep our fire stations and other infrastructure in tip-top shape. A lot of these programs and facilities support general emergency preparedness too, which we like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no recorded opposition to the measure, according to the voter guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SPUR, dinged the measure for not identifying which or how many facilities would be retrofitted. “As a result, we don’t know how much closer this level of investment would bring the city toward its overall seismic performance targets,” SPUR’s voter guide \u003ca href=\"https://www.spur.org/voter-guide/san-francisco-2020-03/prop-b-earthquake-bond\">says\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still the San Francisco-based planning and urban research think tank encouraged voters to vote yes on the bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Republicans took \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgop.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no position\u003c/a> on the proposition in their voter guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where the Money Will Go\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how Breed’s office \u003ca href=\"https://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-london-breed-signs-629-million-bond-earthquake-safety-and-emergency-response-march\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">says\u003c/a> the money will be spent:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$275 million to pay for seismic retrofitting at fire stations and training facilities; another $121 million to retrofit police stations\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$153.5 million to fix deteriorating \u003ca href=\"https://www.citylab.com/design/2017/05/the-sublime-subterranean-cisterns-of-san-francisco/524853/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cisterns\u003c/a>, pipes and tunnels that are part of an aging high-pressure water system the city uses to fight fires\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$70 million for upgrades to the city’s disaster response facilities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$9 million for the Department of Emergency Management’s 9-1-1 call center to improve its ability to field an inundation of emergency calls after an earthquake\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emergency Water System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1906, the San Andreas Fault ruptured, and the \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1906calif/18april/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">earthquake\u003c/a> that practically destroyed San Francisco still resonates as one of the most significant temblors of all time. Following the shaking from the quake, fires that ignited after gas lines ruptured whipped across the city, causing most of the destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the disaster, San Francisco installed pipes with pressurized water throughout the city, which firefighters can access to battle blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, as fire spread across the Marina, the water system shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the system protects San Francisco’s densest neighborhoods, but the Bayview, Sunset, Richmond and other neighborhoods are “inadequately protected,” according to a 2019 San Francisco Civil Grand Jury \u003ca href=\"http://civilgrandjury.sfgov.org/report.html\">report\u003c/a>. Money from Proposition B would go toward improving the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the United States Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-probability-earthquake-will-occur-los-angeles-area-san-francisco-bay-area?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate\u003c/a> there is a 72% likelihood that at least one earthquake of magnitude 6.7 or greater would strike the Bay Area in the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A $412 million earthquake bond passed in 2010, as did a similar $400 million bond in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money paid for an assessment and retrofits to some neighborhood firehouses and district police stations, as well as, upgrades to the water system and the construction of the city’s Public Safety Building in Mission Bay, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/public-officials-celebrate-opening-of-state-of-the-art-public-safety-building-in-mission-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The $628.5 million bond would fund earthquake retrofitting at police and fire stations and other emergency protections.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847733,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":829},"headData":{"title":"Bond. Earthquake Bond ... Is on the Ballot in San Francisco | KQED","description":"The $628.5 million bond would fund earthquake retrofitting at police and fire stations and other emergency protections.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Earthquake","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1957501/bond-earthquake-bond-is-on-the-ballot-in-san-francisco","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One item on the March ballot in San Francisco is a $628.5 million bond to fund earthquake retrofitting at police and fire stations and other disaster-related facilities and services, including the city’s Emergency Firefighting Water System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor London Breed, Supervisor Catherine Stefani and Supervisor Sandra Lee Fewer crafted the measure, called the Earthquake Safety and Emergency Response Bond, or \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/San_Francisco,_California,_Proposition_B,_Earthquake_Safety_and_Emergency_Services_Bond_Issue_(March_2020)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition B\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breed said the bond, to be paid off within 30 years, is necessary to ensure the city is resilient in the event of a major earthquake or other disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that it’s not a matter of ‘if,’ but a matter of ‘when’ the next major earthquake will strike,” she said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bond will be funded from property taxes, at the rate of 1.5 cents for every $100 of assessed value — the equivalent of $150 per year on a home worth $1 million, and landlords could pass on up to half of any tax increase to tenants. However, \u003ca href=\"https://www.spur.org/voter-guide/san-francisco-2020-03/prop-b-earthquake-bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to\u003c/a> the San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association, or SPUR, taxes will not be increased because the bond is part of San Francisco’s capital planning program, which holds property taxes at the same rate as 2006 by retiring older bonds as new ones are issued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board of Supervisors unanimously approved the measure last July, putting it on the ballot. Proposition B needs to win two-thirds of the vote to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the city’s election guide \u003ca href=\"https://voterguide.sfelections.org/en/san-francisco-earthquake-safety-and-emergency-response-bond-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pamphlet\u003c/a>, the bond measure is endorsed by the San Francisco Firefighters Local 798 President Shon Buford, the San Francisco Democratic Party, former Mayor Willie Brown, State Treasurer Fiona Ma, State Assemblymember Phil Ting and San Francisco Assessor-Recorder Carmen Chu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco League of Pissed Off Voters, a group of young progressives who are sometimes at odds with the city’s establishment, endorsed the measure in their \u003ca href=\"http://www.theleaguesf.org/#PropB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pissed Off Voter Guide\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With climate catastrophe in the form of fires now ‘the new normal’ and a catastrophic earthquake being a possibility any day, we’re fine to support this bond to keep our fire stations and other infrastructure in tip-top shape. A lot of these programs and facilities support general emergency preparedness too, which we like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no recorded opposition to the measure, according to the voter guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SPUR, dinged the measure for not identifying which or how many facilities would be retrofitted. “As a result, we don’t know how much closer this level of investment would bring the city toward its overall seismic performance targets,” SPUR’s voter guide \u003ca href=\"https://www.spur.org/voter-guide/san-francisco-2020-03/prop-b-earthquake-bond\">says\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still the San Francisco-based planning and urban research think tank encouraged voters to vote yes on the bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Republicans took \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgop.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no position\u003c/a> on the proposition in their voter guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where the Money Will Go\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how Breed’s office \u003ca href=\"https://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-london-breed-signs-629-million-bond-earthquake-safety-and-emergency-response-march\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">says\u003c/a> the money will be spent:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$275 million to pay for seismic retrofitting at fire stations and training facilities; another $121 million to retrofit police stations\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$153.5 million to fix deteriorating \u003ca href=\"https://www.citylab.com/design/2017/05/the-sublime-subterranean-cisterns-of-san-francisco/524853/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cisterns\u003c/a>, pipes and tunnels that are part of an aging high-pressure water system the city uses to fight fires\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$70 million for upgrades to the city’s disaster response facilities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$9 million for the Department of Emergency Management’s 9-1-1 call center to improve its ability to field an inundation of emergency calls after an earthquake\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emergency Water System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1906, the San Andreas Fault ruptured, and the \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1906calif/18april/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">earthquake\u003c/a> that practically destroyed San Francisco still resonates as one of the most significant temblors of all time. Following the shaking from the quake, fires that ignited after gas lines ruptured whipped across the city, causing most of the destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the disaster, San Francisco installed pipes with pressurized water throughout the city, which firefighters can access to battle blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, as fire spread across the Marina, the water system shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the system protects San Francisco’s densest neighborhoods, but the Bayview, Sunset, Richmond and other neighborhoods are “inadequately protected,” according to a 2019 San Francisco Civil Grand Jury \u003ca href=\"http://civilgrandjury.sfgov.org/report.html\">report\u003c/a>. Money from Proposition B would go toward improving the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the United States Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-probability-earthquake-will-occur-los-angeles-area-san-francisco-bay-area?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate\u003c/a> there is a 72% likelihood that at least one earthquake of magnitude 6.7 or greater would strike the Bay Area in the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A $412 million earthquake bond passed in 2010, as did a similar $400 million bond in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money paid for an assessment and retrofits to some neighborhood firehouses and district police stations, as well as, upgrades to the water system and the construction of the city’s Public Safety Building in Mission Bay, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/public-officials-celebrate-opening-of-state-of-the-art-public-safety-building-in-mission-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1957501/bond-earthquake-bond-is-on-the-ballot-in-san-francisco","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_89","science_40"],"tags":["science_3840","science_427","science_2006","science_5183"],"featImg":"science_1957504","label":"source_science_1957501"},"science_1956121":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956121","score":null,"sort":[1579909555000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","title":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night","publishDate":1579909555,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here\"]Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Nine finalists remain in the student essay contest to name NASA's next Mars rover. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847862,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED","description":"Nine finalists remain in the student essay contest to name NASA's next Mars rover. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Space Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956121/vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"link1":"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956121/vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_32","science_89","science_40","science_3947"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_5179","science_3616","science_5175","science_420"],"featImg":"science_1956130","label":"source_science_1956121"},"science_1951005":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1951005","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1951005","score":null,"sort":[1577995264000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-cost-of-battery-storage-plummets-at-the-right-moment-for-california","title":"The Cost of Battery Storage Plummets at the Right Moment for California","publishDate":1577995264,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Cost of Battery Storage Plummets at the Right Moment for California | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California has a decade to reach its self-mandated goal of slashing greenhouse gas emissions to 40% of 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found the state is falling behind — in part, because emissions from the transportation sector have soared to record highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But energy experts see hope in an eye-popping decline in the cost of renewable energy. In the last decade, onshore and offshore wind prices fell by about 57% and utility-scale solar by 86%. Those numbers are good news for California, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">near the top of the nation in both\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the best news is in the decline in the cost of battery energy storage. Based on data compiled by \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a> in a new \u003ca href=\"https://climatecentral.org/news/climate-central-solutions-brief-battery-energy-storage\">solutions brief\u003c/a>, it’s $186 per megawatt-hour, a 76% drop since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1951009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1200x881.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1920x1409.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With batteries, California can increase the state’s ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by storing energy generated by intermittent renewable resources. The sun doesn’t shine at night, for example, but batteries can absorb excess solar energy and send it back to the grid whenever needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries are a fundamentally different kind of asset than what we have historically placed on the grid,” said Jeremy Twitchell, an energy research analyst with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “They are much more flexible and can provide a much wider range of services than what we traditionally have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, batteries can offset the need to build transmission lines and power plants to meet peak demand, and can provide clean backup energy when the grid goes down. Solar power by itself can’t keep the lights on unless it is coupled with some kind of storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As climate change bakes the state’s forests and neighborhoods continue to spread into them, batteries can stand in for generators and boost \u003ca href=\"https://rmi.org/importance-distribution-scale-solar-grid-resilience/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">resilience\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little more than a decade ago, batteries were inefficient and impractical at grid scale. The cost was too high to store power in large amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has launched commercially viable projects – a lot of them – because of recent advancements in technology and manufacturing. The state has 262 megawatts of grid-scale storage installed, reports Climate Central, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more\u003c/a> than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s enough power for nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.seia.org/initiatives/whats-megawatt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50,000 homes\u003c/a>, with much more in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2013, state lawmakers and regulators mandated the state’s largest investor-owned utilities – PG&E, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric – to procure 1,325 megawatts of battery storage by 2020. They are on track to shatter that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has approved more than 1,600 megawatts worth of battery storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, PG&E won the \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M238/K048/238048767.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">go-ahead\u003c/a> for a mega-project in the South Bay that includes a 300-megawatt Vistra Energy project and a 182-megawatt Tesla system, two of the largest battery systems in the world. “These are really breakthrough projects,” said Paul Doherty, a spokesman for PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approval is great, but the state’s utilities must keep pushing until these projects are operational, said Alex Morris, vice president of policy with California Energy Storage Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The peak for the grid is around 50,000 megawatts,” Morris says. “I don’t want to take away from the hard work, but it is really just the first step. Only a tiny amount of new storage is up and running on the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are still more expensive than other energy sources – especially cheap and abundant natural gas – and regulators impose other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Batteries Can Do That, Too’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When temperatures rise during a heat wave, all at once people flip on their air conditioning units to cool down and the demand for power spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when utilities turn to natural gas turbines that spool up and ramp down quickly. But the power comes with a price as the plants belch planet warming gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas peaker plants respond to sudden increases in demand by generating power fast, but “batteries can do that, too,” said Chuck Kutscher, a senior research associate with University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For states that are really interested in achieving carbon emissions reductions, they’re looking at batteries to replace gas peakers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the price of batteries continues to fall, California is starting to make this move. East Bay Community Energy, for example, recently signed a \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/ebce-signs-new-power-contracts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contract\u003c/a> to replace a gas peaker with a standalone storage facility. But that’s not always possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Natural gas is so cheap right now in the U.S., it makes it hard to compete even though the battery costs are coming down,” said Eric Larson, a senior scientist with Climate Central. “It takes a special situation to make the economics work for replacing peakers. But there are cases where it works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, energy regulators voted begrudgingly and unanimously to extend the life of four natural gas power plants around Los Angeles based on what they saw as a need for new generation by next summer to prevent outages and price spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC’s new president Marybel Batjer described the decision as “perhaps the most difficult” she’s made since joining the commission. Commissioner Martha Guzman Aceves vowed to “never support another extension,” the San Diego Union-Tribune \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/energy-green/story/2019-11-07/concerned-about-future-power-shortages-utilities-commission-bumps-up-resource-requirements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Batteries can help California convert its energy grid to a carbon-free system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847945,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":924},"headData":{"title":"The Cost of Battery Storage Plummets at the Right Moment for California | KQED","description":"Batteries can help California convert its energy grid to a carbon-free system.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Energy","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2020/01/StarkWatt2WayBatteryStorage.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":168,"path":"/science/1951005/the-cost-of-battery-storage-plummets-at-the-right-moment-for-california","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has a decade to reach its self-mandated goal of slashing greenhouse gas emissions to 40% of 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found the state is falling behind — in part, because emissions from the transportation sector have soared to record highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But energy experts see hope in an eye-popping decline in the cost of renewable energy. In the last decade, onshore and offshore wind prices fell by about 57% and utility-scale solar by 86%. Those numbers are good news for California, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">near the top of the nation in both\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the best news is in the decline in the cost of battery energy storage. Based on data compiled by \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a> in a new \u003ca href=\"https://climatecentral.org/news/climate-central-solutions-brief-battery-energy-storage\">solutions brief\u003c/a>, it’s $186 per megawatt-hour, a 76% drop since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1951009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1200x881.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1920x1409.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With batteries, California can increase the state’s ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by storing energy generated by intermittent renewable resources. The sun doesn’t shine at night, for example, but batteries can absorb excess solar energy and send it back to the grid whenever needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries are a fundamentally different kind of asset than what we have historically placed on the grid,” said Jeremy Twitchell, an energy research analyst with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “They are much more flexible and can provide a much wider range of services than what we traditionally have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, batteries can offset the need to build transmission lines and power plants to meet peak demand, and can provide clean backup energy when the grid goes down. Solar power by itself can’t keep the lights on unless it is coupled with some kind of storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As climate change bakes the state’s forests and neighborhoods continue to spread into them, batteries can stand in for generators and boost \u003ca href=\"https://rmi.org/importance-distribution-scale-solar-grid-resilience/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">resilience\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little more than a decade ago, batteries were inefficient and impractical at grid scale. The cost was too high to store power in large amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has launched commercially viable projects – a lot of them – because of recent advancements in technology and manufacturing. The state has 262 megawatts of grid-scale storage installed, reports Climate Central, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more\u003c/a> than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s enough power for nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.seia.org/initiatives/whats-megawatt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50,000 homes\u003c/a>, with much more in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2013, state lawmakers and regulators mandated the state’s largest investor-owned utilities – PG&E, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric – to procure 1,325 megawatts of battery storage by 2020. They are on track to shatter that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has approved more than 1,600 megawatts worth of battery storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, PG&E won the \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M238/K048/238048767.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">go-ahead\u003c/a> for a mega-project in the South Bay that includes a 300-megawatt Vistra Energy project and a 182-megawatt Tesla system, two of the largest battery systems in the world. “These are really breakthrough projects,” said Paul Doherty, a spokesman for PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approval is great, but the state’s utilities must keep pushing until these projects are operational, said Alex Morris, vice president of policy with California Energy Storage Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The peak for the grid is around 50,000 megawatts,” Morris says. “I don’t want to take away from the hard work, but it is really just the first step. Only a tiny amount of new storage is up and running on the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are still more expensive than other energy sources – especially cheap and abundant natural gas – and regulators impose other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Batteries Can Do That, Too’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When temperatures rise during a heat wave, all at once people flip on their air conditioning units to cool down and the demand for power spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when utilities turn to natural gas turbines that spool up and ramp down quickly. But the power comes with a price as the plants belch planet warming gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas peaker plants respond to sudden increases in demand by generating power fast, but “batteries can do that, too,” said Chuck Kutscher, a senior research associate with University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For states that are really interested in achieving carbon emissions reductions, they’re looking at batteries to replace gas peakers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the price of batteries continues to fall, California is starting to make this move. East Bay Community Energy, for example, recently signed a \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/ebce-signs-new-power-contracts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contract\u003c/a> to replace a gas peaker with a standalone storage facility. But that’s not always possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Natural gas is so cheap right now in the U.S., it makes it hard to compete even though the battery costs are coming down,” said Eric Larson, a senior scientist with Climate Central. “It takes a special situation to make the economics work for replacing peakers. But there are cases where it works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, energy regulators voted begrudgingly and unanimously to extend the life of four natural gas power plants around Los Angeles based on what they saw as a need for new generation by next summer to prevent outages and price spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC’s new president Marybel Batjer described the decision as “perhaps the most difficult” she’s made since joining the commission. Commissioner Martha Guzman Aceves vowed to “never support another extension,” the San Diego Union-Tribune \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/energy-green/story/2019-11-07/concerned-about-future-power-shortages-utilities-commission-bumps-up-resource-requirements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1951005/the-cost-of-battery-storage-plummets-at-the-right-moment-for-california","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_3645","science_140"],"featImg":"science_1951011","label":"source_science_1951005"},"science_1952317":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1952317","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1952317","score":null,"sort":[1576753200000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island","title":"The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land","publishDate":1576753200,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treasure Island is a man-made polygon of 400 acres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">constructed by engineers\u003c/a> on a shallow reef in the middle of San Francisco Bay. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying island, as well as neighboring Yerba Buena island, are also the site of a multibillion-dollar neighborhood development. The project calls for 8,000 new homes and condos that could house more than 20,000 people, 500 new hotel rooms, and over 550,000 square feet of commercial space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how will climate change affect these plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952319\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952319\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 1930s, federal engineers constructed Treasure Island with bay mud and sand. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Water, Sinking Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40742-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> a comprehensive climate change study on the impact of rising sea levels, storms and erosion on the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the homes of hundreds of thousands of coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property in California are threatened by rising water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treasure Island is one of the most vulnerable locations in the entire state,” said Patrick Barnard, lead author of the study and a coastal geologist with USGS. “Not only because it sits right above sea level; [the island] is all fill. The ground itself is sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Treasure Island faces several threats:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952334\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1102px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png 1102w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-1020x602.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1102px) 100vw, 1102px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at U.S. Geologic Survey developed a flood map to help planners understand the impact of rising sea levels. The image shows Treasure Island after 3.3 feet of sea level rise and a ‘hundred year’ storm. \u003ccite>(Our Coast Our Future)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The water in San Francisco Bay is rising.\u003c/strong> Average high tides could increase by about 3 feet by 2100 under mid-range sea level rise \u003ca href=\"http://data.pointblue.org/apps/ocof/cms/index.php?page=flood-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scenarios\u003c/a>, according to studies by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13389/sea-level-rise-for-the-coasts-of-california-oregon-and-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Research Council\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storm waves push water levels even higher.\u003c/strong> Severe weather with a 1% chance of occurring in any year, called a 100-year storm, can push tides an additional 3 feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treasure Island’s own construction.\u003c/strong> Engineers built the island atop a bottom layer of mud. The weight of earth and buildings on this gooey muck compresses it like a sponge and over time causes the island to sink. Treasure Island is descending at about the same rate as the sea is rising, Barnard says. So, that equates to “about twice as much sea level rise as a static shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building High\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/FinalEIR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> to re-engineer Treasure Island in order to stabilize the land and stop it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"357\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg 357w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam-160x242.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vibrating beam. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first step: Using long straws, or what they call wick drains, engineers siphon off water from the mud as it compresses. When the water escapes from the straws onto the surface of the island, it evaporates. This speeds up the natural settlement of the land and prevent it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step two: Towering cranes slam long, vibrating beams into the ground. The vibrations cause the land to settle quicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step three: Workers weigh the island down with mounds of earth. The weight compresses more water out of the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mitigate flooding damage from rising waters, the plan calls for raising the grade of the island and setting buildings back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because the rise in the water level is projected to accelerate toward the end of the century, the plan asks Treasure Island residents to pay an annual fee toward future engineering work.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>“Build high. Monitor. Give yourself ample space and ample money to adapt as you go forward,” said Bob Beck, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/about-tida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island Development Authority\u003c/a>, summarizing the strategy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The development authority has finished several years of this geotechnical work. Developers began constructing condos on Yerba Buena Island this year, with more residential construction expected on Treasure Island in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melting Ice Sheets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the years since the plan was approved, scientific studies show rising water levels have tracked at the upper bound of earlier projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]More troubling still, studies based on computer models, including one \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>in 2017, show that melting ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland could push the San Francisco Bay to a height more than double the latest calculation from the IPCC. The extreme estimates suggest that sea level could rise by as much as 10 feet, with storms roiling the water even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Treasure Island case really reveals how vulnerable planning is to changes in the estimated magnitude of sea level rise,” said Kristina Hill, an environmental planner at UC Berkeley. “Seeing how much ice is melting in Greenland and Antarctica — [what was the] worst case turned out to be too low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California convened a group of climate scientists to review the new research. They warned in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> that “Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option. … Consideration of high and even extreme sea levels in decisions with implications past 2050 is needed to safeguard the people and resources of coastal California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beck acknowledges that the scientific projections are concerning, but he argues that Treasure Island has the space and the funding to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy to adapt to sea level rise is baked into the land use and the funding plan here,” Beck said. “We are well-positioned to adapt to even some of the worst-case scenarios.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The future of Treasure Island will be shaped by climate change. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847982,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":924},"headData":{"title":"The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land | KQED","description":"The future of Treasure Island will be shaped by climate change. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC6651807456.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":679,"path":"/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treasure Island is a man-made polygon of 400 acres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">constructed by engineers\u003c/a> on a shallow reef in the middle of San Francisco Bay. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying island, as well as neighboring Yerba Buena island, are also the site of a multibillion-dollar neighborhood development. The project calls for 8,000 new homes and condos that could house more than 20,000 people, 500 new hotel rooms, and over 550,000 square feet of commercial space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how will climate change affect these plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952319\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952319\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 1930s, federal engineers constructed Treasure Island with bay mud and sand. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Water, Sinking Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40742-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> a comprehensive climate change study on the impact of rising sea levels, storms and erosion on the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the homes of hundreds of thousands of coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property in California are threatened by rising water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treasure Island is one of the most vulnerable locations in the entire state,” said Patrick Barnard, lead author of the study and a coastal geologist with USGS. “Not only because it sits right above sea level; [the island] is all fill. The ground itself is sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Treasure Island faces several threats:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952334\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1102px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png 1102w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-1020x602.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1102px) 100vw, 1102px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at U.S. Geologic Survey developed a flood map to help planners understand the impact of rising sea levels. The image shows Treasure Island after 3.3 feet of sea level rise and a ‘hundred year’ storm. \u003ccite>(Our Coast Our Future)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The water in San Francisco Bay is rising.\u003c/strong> Average high tides could increase by about 3 feet by 2100 under mid-range sea level rise \u003ca href=\"http://data.pointblue.org/apps/ocof/cms/index.php?page=flood-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scenarios\u003c/a>, according to studies by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13389/sea-level-rise-for-the-coasts-of-california-oregon-and-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Research Council\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storm waves push water levels even higher.\u003c/strong> Severe weather with a 1% chance of occurring in any year, called a 100-year storm, can push tides an additional 3 feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treasure Island’s own construction.\u003c/strong> Engineers built the island atop a bottom layer of mud. The weight of earth and buildings on this gooey muck compresses it like a sponge and over time causes the island to sink. Treasure Island is descending at about the same rate as the sea is rising, Barnard says. So, that equates to “about twice as much sea level rise as a static shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building High\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/FinalEIR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> to re-engineer Treasure Island in order to stabilize the land and stop it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"357\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg 357w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam-160x242.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vibrating beam. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first step: Using long straws, or what they call wick drains, engineers siphon off water from the mud as it compresses. When the water escapes from the straws onto the surface of the island, it evaporates. This speeds up the natural settlement of the land and prevent it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step two: Towering cranes slam long, vibrating beams into the ground. The vibrations cause the land to settle quicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step three: Workers weigh the island down with mounds of earth. The weight compresses more water out of the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mitigate flooding damage from rising waters, the plan calls for raising the grade of the island and setting buildings back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because the rise in the water level is projected to accelerate toward the end of the century, the plan asks Treasure Island residents to pay an annual fee toward future engineering work.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>“Build high. Monitor. Give yourself ample space and ample money to adapt as you go forward,” said Bob Beck, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/about-tida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island Development Authority\u003c/a>, summarizing the strategy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The development authority has finished several years of this geotechnical work. Developers began constructing condos on Yerba Buena Island this year, with more residential construction expected on Treasure Island in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melting Ice Sheets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the years since the plan was approved, scientific studies show rising water levels have tracked at the upper bound of earlier projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>More troubling still, studies based on computer models, including one \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>in 2017, show that melting ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland could push the San Francisco Bay to a height more than double the latest calculation from the IPCC. The extreme estimates suggest that sea level could rise by as much as 10 feet, with storms roiling the water even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Treasure Island case really reveals how vulnerable planning is to changes in the estimated magnitude of sea level rise,” said Kristina Hill, an environmental planner at UC Berkeley. “Seeing how much ice is melting in Greenland and Antarctica — [what was the] worst case turned out to be too low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California convened a group of climate scientists to review the new research. They warned in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> that “Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option. … Consideration of high and even extreme sea levels in decisions with implications past 2050 is needed to safeguard the people and resources of coastal California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beck acknowledges that the scientific projections are concerning, but he argues that Treasure Island has the space and the funding to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy to adapt to sea level rise is baked into the land use and the funding plan here,” Beck said. “We are well-positioned to adapt to even some of the worst-case scenarios.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_33","science_89","science_38","science_40","science_3423","science_98"],"tags":["science_460","science_206"],"featImg":"science_1956214","label":"source_science_1952317"},"science_1950575":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1950575","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1950575","score":null,"sort":[1572854609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"solar-and-batteries-work-in-a-blackout-but-what-does-that-mean-for-the-grid","title":"Solar and Batteries Work in a Blackout, But What Does That Mean for the Grid?","publishDate":1572854609,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Solar and Batteries Work in a Blackout, But What Does That Mean for the Grid? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>While his neighbors’ homes in the Berkeley Hills sat in the dark during a recent PG&E outage, Howard Matis had working lights, a cold fridge and a fully functional garage door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Tesla Powerwall batteries he installed just days before high winds prompted the utility to shut off electricity to millions in Northern California kept the power on in his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“How can we build a system so all those investments that people are making can bring a benefit to the grid as a whole?”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Anne Hoskins, Sunrun\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Home solar suppliers have seen a surge in interest since the PG&E shutoffs began. Most battery owners are still early adopters, but as prices come down, the technology is sparking a debate over whether California’s electric grid will be supplied by far-reaching transmission lines or powered by hyper-local sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels on the roof charge Matis’ battery system, which can power most of his house. During an outage, those panels generally don’t work when they’re interconnected with the grid. A battery system, though, can store the solar energy and “island” a property from the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the garage door,” Matis said. “It’s too heavy for my wife to lift. That’s why we have electricity. If we had a real fire right now, a lot of people couldn’t flee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lessons From Experience\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knows what it’s like to escape a wildfire. In 1991, the Oakland Hills fire consumed his neighborhood. Vehicles jammed the roads, so a policeman loaded Matis and his son into another car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This incredibly brave woman drove on a twisty road,” he recalled. “She couldn’t see through the flames. And then she drove us to safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of his neighbors died trying to escape. Matis’ neighborhood is more fire aware now and the power lines are buried underground. But the people there are not immune from PG&E’s blackouts or from the frustration they cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve talked to PG&E in the past, and I realized they didn’t know what they’re talking about,” Matis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility would disagree, but other companies see an opportunity in that resentment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had a very big uptick,” said Anne Hoskins, chief policy officer at Sunrun, which sells solar and battery systems. The company saw 15 times more web traffic to its battery pages than usual during the most recent outages. “We have a better way than relying on this over-century-old system that has to take power from far distances to serve communities and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins said home batteries aren’t just for emergencies. Homeowners can use them every day to store solar power for use when the sun goes down. Other solutions, like portable gas generators, are a temporary measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re loud,” Hoskins said. “They’re dirty. And that also contributes to the problem, in our view, that we’re facing, which is climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, batteries are expensive. Telsa’s Powerwalls, the kind Howard Matis has in his garage, cost around $6,500 each, plus thousands more in installation. CEO Elon Musk recently \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1188880437067665408?s=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted\u003c/a> that the company was knocking $1,000 off the price of their systems for Californians affected by the outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 30% federal tax credit for solar and battery systems helps reduce the cost. So does California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.selfgenca.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Self-Generation Incentive Program\u003c/a>, which provides rebates \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/support/energy/powerwall/learn/incentives\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the thousands of dollars\u003c/a>. The California Public Utilities Commission recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/recent-changes-to-californias-self-generation-incentive-program-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carved out $100 million\u003c/a> in rebates for low-income households or communities in high fire-risk areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Sunrun also offer leasing options with little money down for home batteries . That adds about $40 a month to a solar lease. But potentially, wealthier Californian homeowners could buy their way out of blackouts, leaving everyone else feeling the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what you want to do is get ahead of that and figure out, okay, how can we build a system so all those investments that people are making can bring a benefit to the grid as a whole?” Hoskins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that’s possible with “virtual power plants.” In \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/ebce-expands-its-renewable-energy-and-storage-portfolio-with-three-new-contracts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one project\u003c/a> planned by \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a> in West Oakland, 500 low-income households will get solar and batteries. During times of high demand, those systems will feed power back onto the grid for everyone to use, almost like a traditional power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that locally produced power reduces the need for big transmission lines to bring it in from far away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s definitely some truth to that, but there’s also some real cost to trying to operate smaller grids independently,” said Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California utilities could spend billions on these microgrids, he says, but they’ll also need to spend billions on improving the existing grid to prevent fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we make all these investments, if we load it all into electricity rates, we’re going to have even higher electricity rates,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher PG&E rates could encourage more Californians to install solar and batteries to avoid the rising costs. But when households make their own electricity, they buy less from PG&E, so the utility gets less revenue for grid improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I have been arguing is that we really need to take some of these programs and take them off of electricity bills and put them into the state budget,” Borentsein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, PG&E’s blackouts and ongoing bankruptcy could add urgency to these conversations, as California looks for ways to create a safer and more reliable grid.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Most battery owners are still early adopters, but the technology is sparking a debate over whether California’s electric grid will be supplied by far-reaching transmission lines or powered by hyper-local sources.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848177,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1006},"headData":{"title":"Solar and Batteries Work in a Blackout, But What Does That Mean for the Grid? | KQED","description":"Most battery owners are still early adopters, but the technology is sparking a debate over whether California’s electric grid will be supplied by far-reaching transmission lines or powered by hyper-local sources.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"PG&E Power Outages","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1950575/solar-and-batteries-work-in-a-blackout-but-what-does-that-mean-for-the-grid","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While his neighbors’ homes in the Berkeley Hills sat in the dark during a recent PG&E outage, Howard Matis had working lights, a cold fridge and a fully functional garage door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Tesla Powerwall batteries he installed just days before high winds prompted the utility to shut off electricity to millions in Northern California kept the power on in his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“How can we build a system so all those investments that people are making can bring a benefit to the grid as a whole?”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Anne Hoskins, Sunrun\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Home solar suppliers have seen a surge in interest since the PG&E shutoffs began. Most battery owners are still early adopters, but as prices come down, the technology is sparking a debate over whether California’s electric grid will be supplied by far-reaching transmission lines or powered by hyper-local sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels on the roof charge Matis’ battery system, which can power most of his house. During an outage, those panels generally don’t work when they’re interconnected with the grid. A battery system, though, can store the solar energy and “island” a property from the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the garage door,” Matis said. “It’s too heavy for my wife to lift. That’s why we have electricity. If we had a real fire right now, a lot of people couldn’t flee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lessons From Experience\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knows what it’s like to escape a wildfire. In 1991, the Oakland Hills fire consumed his neighborhood. Vehicles jammed the roads, so a policeman loaded Matis and his son into another car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This incredibly brave woman drove on a twisty road,” he recalled. “She couldn’t see through the flames. And then she drove us to safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of his neighbors died trying to escape. Matis’ neighborhood is more fire aware now and the power lines are buried underground. But the people there are not immune from PG&E’s blackouts or from the frustration they cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve talked to PG&E in the past, and I realized they didn’t know what they’re talking about,” Matis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility would disagree, but other companies see an opportunity in that resentment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had a very big uptick,” said Anne Hoskins, chief policy officer at Sunrun, which sells solar and battery systems. The company saw 15 times more web traffic to its battery pages than usual during the most recent outages. “We have a better way than relying on this over-century-old system that has to take power from far distances to serve communities and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins said home batteries aren’t just for emergencies. Homeowners can use them every day to store solar power for use when the sun goes down. Other solutions, like portable gas generators, are a temporary measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re loud,” Hoskins said. “They’re dirty. And that also contributes to the problem, in our view, that we’re facing, which is climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, batteries are expensive. Telsa’s Powerwalls, the kind Howard Matis has in his garage, cost around $6,500 each, plus thousands more in installation. CEO Elon Musk recently \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1188880437067665408?s=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted\u003c/a> that the company was knocking $1,000 off the price of their systems for Californians affected by the outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 30% federal tax credit for solar and battery systems helps reduce the cost. So does California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.selfgenca.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Self-Generation Incentive Program\u003c/a>, which provides rebates \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/support/energy/powerwall/learn/incentives\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the thousands of dollars\u003c/a>. The California Public Utilities Commission recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/recent-changes-to-californias-self-generation-incentive-program-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carved out $100 million\u003c/a> in rebates for low-income households or communities in high fire-risk areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Sunrun also offer leasing options with little money down for home batteries . That adds about $40 a month to a solar lease. But potentially, wealthier Californian homeowners could buy their way out of blackouts, leaving everyone else feeling the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what you want to do is get ahead of that and figure out, okay, how can we build a system so all those investments that people are making can bring a benefit to the grid as a whole?” Hoskins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that’s possible with “virtual power plants.” In \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/ebce-expands-its-renewable-energy-and-storage-portfolio-with-three-new-contracts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one project\u003c/a> planned by \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a> in West Oakland, 500 low-income households will get solar and batteries. During times of high demand, those systems will feed power back onto the grid for everyone to use, almost like a traditional power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that locally produced power reduces the need for big transmission lines to bring it in from far away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s definitely some truth to that, but there’s also some real cost to trying to operate smaller grids independently,” said Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California utilities could spend billions on these microgrids, he says, but they’ll also need to spend billions on improving the existing grid to prevent fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we make all these investments, if we load it all into electricity rates, we’re going to have even higher electricity rates,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher PG&E rates could encourage more Californians to install solar and batteries to avoid the rising costs. But when households make their own electricity, they buy less from PG&E, so the utility gets less revenue for grid improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I have been arguing is that we really need to take some of these programs and take them off of electricity bills and put them into the state budget,” Borentsein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, PG&E’s blackouts and ongoing bankruptcy could add urgency to these conversations, as California looks for ways to create a safer and more reliable grid.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1950575/solar-and-batteries-work-in-a-blackout-but-what-does-that-mean-for-the-grid","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_3730"],"tags":["science_188","science_3370","science_136","science_138","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1950579","label":"source_science_1950575"},"science_1949485":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1949485","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1949485","score":null,"sort":[1571421604000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"socals-big-july-quakes-strained-a-fault-thats-been-quiet-for-500-years-study-says","title":"SoCal’s Big July Quakes Strained a Fault That’s Been Quiet for 500 Years, Study Says","publishDate":1571421604,"format":"standard","headTitle":"SoCal’s Big July Quakes Strained a Fault That’s Been Quiet for 500 Years, Study Says | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The earthquakes that hammered the Southern California desert near the town of Ridgecrest last summer involved ruptures on a web of interconnected faults and increased strain on a major nearby fault that has begun to slowly move, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Ruptures in the Ridgecrest earthquake sequence ended a few miles from the Garlock Fault, which runs east-west for 185 miles (300 kilometers) from the San Andreas Fault to Death Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The Garlock Fault has been relatively quiet for 500 years. It now has begun a process called fault creep and has slipped 0.8 inch (2 centimeters) since July, the research found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The study by geophysicists from the California Institute of Technology and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory was published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> on Thursday, coinciding with the implementation of a statewide earthquake early warning system for the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Southern California’s largest earthquake sequence in two decades began July 4 in the Mojave Desert about 120 miles (190 kilometers) north of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">A magnitude 6.4 foreshock was followed the next day by a magnitude 7.1 mainshock and then more than 100,000 aftershocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Zachary Ross, assistant professor of geophysics at Caltech and lead author of the paper, said in a statement that it was one of the most well-documented earthquake sequences in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Ross developed automated computer analysis of seismometer data to detect the huge number of aftershocks with precise location information, Caltech and JPL said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The JPL scientists mapped surface ruptures of the faults with data from Japanese and European Space Agency radar satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">“I was surprised to see how much complexity there was and the number of faults that ruptured,” said Eric Fielding, a co-author of the study from JPL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">About 20 previously unknown crisscrossing faults were involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Ross said the 6.4 quake simultaneously broke faults at right angles to each other, which he characterized as surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">It was a commonly held idea that major earthquakes are caused by rupture of single long fault, but that has been reconsidered since a 1992 quake in the desert near Landers, California, ruptured several faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The Ridgecrest sequence adds evidence of a more complex process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">“It’s going to force people to think hard about how we quantify seismic hazard and whether our approach to defining faults needs to change,” Ross said. “We can’t just assume that the largest faults dominate the seismic hazard if many smaller faults can link up to create these major quakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The study was published on the 30th anniversary of the deadly magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake that badly damaged the San Francisco Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Gov. Gavin Newsom marked the occasion by formally announcing the launch of the nation’s first statewide earthquake early warning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Alerts previously were made available to schools, government agencies, industries and industries but not the general public, except in Los Angeles County where an app-based system has been in use since January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The ShakeAlert system that has been under development by the U.S. Geological Survey and science institutions for years will now push alerts to cellphones through an app developed by the University of California, Berkeley, and the Wire Emergency Alert system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">ShakeAlert uses hundreds of seismic sensor stations to detect the start of an earthquake, calculate its location and strength and generate alerts that the app and WEA system send to phones in areas that are expected to have significant shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The intent is to provide seconds or tens of seconds in which people can protect themselves before shaking arrives at their location.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Garlock Fault has been relatively quiet for 500 years. It now has begun a process called fault creep.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848223,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":2,"wordCount":616},"headData":{"title":"SoCal’s Big July Quakes Strained a Fault That’s Been Quiet for 500 Years, Study Says | KQED","description":"The Garlock Fault has been relatively quiet for 500 years. It now has begun a process called fault creep.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Associated Press","sticky":false,"nprByline":"John Anticzak \u003cbr/>Associated Press\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1949485/socals-big-july-quakes-strained-a-fault-thats-been-quiet-for-500-years-study-says","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The earthquakes that hammered the Southern California desert near the town of Ridgecrest last summer involved ruptures on a web of interconnected faults and increased strain on a major nearby fault that has begun to slowly move, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Ruptures in the Ridgecrest earthquake sequence ended a few miles from the Garlock Fault, which runs east-west for 185 miles (300 kilometers) from the San Andreas Fault to Death Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The Garlock Fault has been relatively quiet for 500 years. It now has begun a process called fault creep and has slipped 0.8 inch (2 centimeters) since July, the research found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The study by geophysicists from the California Institute of Technology and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory was published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> on Thursday, coinciding with the implementation of a statewide earthquake early warning system for the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Southern California’s largest earthquake sequence in two decades began July 4 in the Mojave Desert about 120 miles (190 kilometers) north of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">A magnitude 6.4 foreshock was followed the next day by a magnitude 7.1 mainshock and then more than 100,000 aftershocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Zachary Ross, assistant professor of geophysics at Caltech and lead author of the paper, said in a statement that it was one of the most well-documented earthquake sequences in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Ross developed automated computer analysis of seismometer data to detect the huge number of aftershocks with precise location information, Caltech and JPL said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The JPL scientists mapped surface ruptures of the faults with data from Japanese and European Space Agency radar satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">“I was surprised to see how much complexity there was and the number of faults that ruptured,” said Eric Fielding, a co-author of the study from JPL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">About 20 previously unknown crisscrossing faults were involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Ross said the 6.4 quake simultaneously broke faults at right angles to each other, which he characterized as surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">It was a commonly held idea that major earthquakes are caused by rupture of single long fault, but that has been reconsidered since a 1992 quake in the desert near Landers, California, ruptured several faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The Ridgecrest sequence adds evidence of a more complex process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">“It’s going to force people to think hard about how we quantify seismic hazard and whether our approach to defining faults needs to change,” Ross said. “We can’t just assume that the largest faults dominate the seismic hazard if many smaller faults can link up to create these major quakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The study was published on the 30th anniversary of the deadly magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake that badly damaged the San Francisco Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Gov. Gavin Newsom marked the occasion by formally announcing the launch of the nation’s first statewide earthquake early warning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">Alerts previously were made available to schools, government agencies, industries and industries but not the general public, except in Los Angeles County where an app-based system has been in use since January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The ShakeAlert system that has been under development by the U.S. Geological Survey and science institutions for years will now push alerts to cellphones through an app developed by the University of California, Berkeley, and the Wire Emergency Alert system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">ShakeAlert uses hundreds of seismic sensor stations to detect the start of an earthquake, calculate its location and strength and generate alerts that the app and WEA system send to phones in areas that are expected to have significant shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c0154 c0149\">The intent is to provide seconds or tens of seconds in which people can protect themselves before shaking arrives at their location.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1949485/socals-big-july-quakes-strained-a-fault-thats-been-quiet-for-500-years-study-says","authors":["byline_science_1949485"],"categories":["science_89","science_38"],"tags":["science_4081","science_257","science_3838","science_546"],"featImg":"science_1949492","label":"source_science_1949485"},"science_1949362":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1949362","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1949362","score":null,"sort":[1571341715000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-loma-prieta-changed-earthquake-science-building-codes-and-the-bay-area","title":"How Loma Prieta Changed Earthquake Science","publishDate":1571341715,"format":"audio","headTitle":"How Loma Prieta Changed Earthquake Science | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>For so many of us, memories of the Loma Prieta quake crystallized around Candlestick Park, where Game 3 of the 1989 A’s-Giants World Series was about to begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the Bay Area had rushed home from work to watch on TV. As they waited for the first pitch to be thrown, broadcasters Al Michaels and Tim McCarver analyzed highlights from the previous game. Suddenly, the image of Jose Canseco flickered out, followed by an audio-only pronouncement of Michaels:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell ya what, I think we’re having an earth-”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, the transmission cut, before the audio returned. “I don’t know if we’re on the air or not, and I’m not sure I care at this particular moment … ” Michaels said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5fJdM69pbQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major League Baseball canceled the game. Players and fans, in a state of shock, made their way home. People already at home were glued to the radio or TV news as damage reports poured in. Fires broke out in San Francisco’s Marina District. The Cypress Viaduct pancaked. A section of the Bay Bridge caved in. A department store in Santa Cruz’s Pacific Garden Mall collapsed. The 6.9 magnitude quake \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3092/pdf/fs2014-3092.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed at least 63 people and caused $6-10 billion dollars\u003c/a> in property loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the public eye, away from the news teams, plenty more was going on. What happened there in the days, months and years following Oct. 17, 1989 would rewrite our understanding of how the ground moves and what we need to do to stay safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quake Throws Scientists for a Loop\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Loma Prieta was in many ways a transformative earthquake.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Loma Prieta was in many ways a transformative earthquake,” said Bill Ellsworth, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. In 1989, he worked as a researcher at the U.S. Geological Survey headquarters in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:03 p.m., Ellsworth had been preparing to leave work for the day and go home to watch the ball game. At 5:04, he said, “I felt the ground begin to move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knew instantly this was no ordinary small-scale temblor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often we feel earthquakes and there’s kind of a sharp rattle. This was a much lower-frequency motion, and really quite large amplitude. Putting those two together told me immediately that this was going to be a significant earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got up, braced himself in the doorframe, and “rode through the earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGS snapped into action. Its first task was to determine the source. The agency’s automated network of sensors had gone out, as had the power and all the computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually did it the old-fashioned way,” said Tom Holzer, a USGS geologist. At the time Holzer was the branch chief for the team that did much of the work documenting the earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had these old recording drums . . . they’re what earthquakes used to look like before we had all the digital stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the hour, his team had pinpointed the epicenter near Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The next step was to to get organized to have people go out and document what had happened,” Holzer says. “We actually sent one person out that night. He volunteered to drive to Santa Cruz to see if the fault intersected any of the roads he was on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other USGS staff went to work supporting responders. Some of the most severe damage took place at the Cypress Viaduct, a two-tiered freeway that connected West Oakland to the MacArthur Maze. Its top level collapsed onto the bottom, and 42 people — two-thirds of the earthquake’s death toll — lost their lives there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It clearly needed to be taken down but to do that was dangerous and were another strong earthquake to occur while people were working on that, they would really be in harm’s way,” Ellsworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within days, engineers built the first earthquake early warning system used in the United States, to alert demolition crews about coming aftershocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We placed instruments in the Loma Prieta region,” Ellsworth said, “and then if shaking were strong we would send a radio signal to the Cypress Structure, to tell people that sound an alarm to tell people that they needed to take action to be safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there were no aftershocks during the demolition. But Ellsworth says the earthquake threw scientists for a loop in other ways. For starters, the earthquake struck in a location they had not expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dangerous quake had seemed likely on the southern part of the 1906 rupture along the San Andreas Fault. The Loma Prieta quake was close to that, “but it was on an unknown fault we had never seen before,” Ellsworth said. “So it really reminded us that we don’t know where all the faults are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ground Motion Illuminated\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\n\u003cp>Remembering Loma Prieta and Preparing for the Next ‘Big One’\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949019/its-about-time-how-to-get-ready-for-the-next-emergency\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Prepping for the Next Big Quake, One Hour a Day. Four Days.\u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949166/photos-what-san-franciscos-marina-looked-like-after-loma-prieta-and-now\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Photos: What San Francisco’s Marina District Looked Like After Loma Prieta and Now \u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11780447/the-bay-area-remembers-loma-prieta-30-years-later\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Bay Area Remembers Loma Prieta, 30 Years Later \u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/121413/inside-candlestick-park-on-the-night-the-earth-shook\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Inside Candlestick Park on the Night the Earth Shook\u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11780734/an-earthquake-early-warning-system-in-your-pocket\">An Earthquake Early Warning System in Your Pocket \u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Before the quake, engineers generally modeled earthquake intensity the way they did volume. The closer you are to the source, the stronger the signal. The 1989 disaster showed clearly in the Bay Area how certain regions, particularly areas built on fill, or unstable soil, can amplify the motion of the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was severe damage 100 kilometers away from the epicenter. So that is much farther than we would generally expect for this size, this magnitude earthquake,” said Annemarie Baltay, a current USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as if you have a bowl of Jell-O and you shake it once. You stop touching it. It continues to wiggle, right?” Baltay says. “But if you took a rock and you shook it and you stopped shaking, it would just stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of extreme shaking happened in San Francisco’s Marina District, at the Cypress Viaduct, and along the Bay at the San Francisco and Oakland airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [building] code didn’t have a very good accommodation of what soft soils could do to modify the shaking,” Holzer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insights that came out of studying this quake spurred a lot of research. In 1990, Congress directed \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/hjres423/text/enr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$40 million to the USGS\u003c/a> to study earthquakes and reduce their hazards. Scientists reassessed the earthquake threat to the region. What they learned \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/fs151-99/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">informed new building codes\u003c/a> and spurred retrofits and rebuilds around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And if we look at the way that we designed freeways before then, and now they are very different,” Ellsworth said. “I think the earthquake really helped educate the public about the reality of earthquakes and over the following years we’ve made a lot of progress in California in terms of addressing many of those problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After the earthquake, scientists snapped into action, and what they discovered would rewrite our understanding of how the ground moves and what we need to do to stay safe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848229,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1231},"headData":{"title":"How Loma Prieta Changed Earthquake Science | KQED","description":"After the earthquake, scientists snapped into action, and what they discovered would rewrite our understanding of how the ground moves and what we need to do to stay safe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Earthquakes","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/10/LomaPrietaBseg1017.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":323,"path":"/science/1949362/how-loma-prieta-changed-earthquake-science-building-codes-and-the-bay-area","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For so many of us, memories of the Loma Prieta quake crystallized around Candlestick Park, where Game 3 of the 1989 A’s-Giants World Series was about to begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the Bay Area had rushed home from work to watch on TV. As they waited for the first pitch to be thrown, broadcasters Al Michaels and Tim McCarver analyzed highlights from the previous game. Suddenly, the image of Jose Canseco flickered out, followed by an audio-only pronouncement of Michaels:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell ya what, I think we’re having an earth-”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, the transmission cut, before the audio returned. “I don’t know if we’re on the air or not, and I’m not sure I care at this particular moment … ” Michaels said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/P5fJdM69pbQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/P5fJdM69pbQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Major League Baseball canceled the game. Players and fans, in a state of shock, made their way home. People already at home were glued to the radio or TV news as damage reports poured in. Fires broke out in San Francisco’s Marina District. The Cypress Viaduct pancaked. A section of the Bay Bridge caved in. A department store in Santa Cruz’s Pacific Garden Mall collapsed. The 6.9 magnitude quake \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3092/pdf/fs2014-3092.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed at least 63 people and caused $6-10 billion dollars\u003c/a> in property loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the public eye, away from the news teams, plenty more was going on. What happened there in the days, months and years following Oct. 17, 1989 would rewrite our understanding of how the ground moves and what we need to do to stay safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quake Throws Scientists for a Loop\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Loma Prieta was in many ways a transformative earthquake.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Loma Prieta was in many ways a transformative earthquake,” said Bill Ellsworth, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. In 1989, he worked as a researcher at the U.S. Geological Survey headquarters in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:03 p.m., Ellsworth had been preparing to leave work for the day and go home to watch the ball game. At 5:04, he said, “I felt the ground begin to move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knew instantly this was no ordinary small-scale temblor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often we feel earthquakes and there’s kind of a sharp rattle. This was a much lower-frequency motion, and really quite large amplitude. Putting those two together told me immediately that this was going to be a significant earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got up, braced himself in the doorframe, and “rode through the earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGS snapped into action. Its first task was to determine the source. The agency’s automated network of sensors had gone out, as had the power and all the computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually did it the old-fashioned way,” said Tom Holzer, a USGS geologist. At the time Holzer was the branch chief for the team that did much of the work documenting the earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had these old recording drums . . . they’re what earthquakes used to look like before we had all the digital stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the hour, his team had pinpointed the epicenter near Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The next step was to to get organized to have people go out and document what had happened,” Holzer says. “We actually sent one person out that night. He volunteered to drive to Santa Cruz to see if the fault intersected any of the roads he was on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other USGS staff went to work supporting responders. Some of the most severe damage took place at the Cypress Viaduct, a two-tiered freeway that connected West Oakland to the MacArthur Maze. Its top level collapsed onto the bottom, and 42 people — two-thirds of the earthquake’s death toll — lost their lives there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It clearly needed to be taken down but to do that was dangerous and were another strong earthquake to occur while people were working on that, they would really be in harm’s way,” Ellsworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within days, engineers built the first earthquake early warning system used in the United States, to alert demolition crews about coming aftershocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We placed instruments in the Loma Prieta region,” Ellsworth said, “and then if shaking were strong we would send a radio signal to the Cypress Structure, to tell people that sound an alarm to tell people that they needed to take action to be safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there were no aftershocks during the demolition. But Ellsworth says the earthquake threw scientists for a loop in other ways. For starters, the earthquake struck in a location they had not expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dangerous quake had seemed likely on the southern part of the 1906 rupture along the San Andreas Fault. The Loma Prieta quake was close to that, “but it was on an unknown fault we had never seen before,” Ellsworth said. “So it really reminded us that we don’t know where all the faults are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ground Motion Illuminated\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\n\u003cp>Remembering Loma Prieta and Preparing for the Next ‘Big One’\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949019/its-about-time-how-to-get-ready-for-the-next-emergency\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Prepping for the Next Big Quake, One Hour a Day. Four Days.\u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949166/photos-what-san-franciscos-marina-looked-like-after-loma-prieta-and-now\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Photos: What San Francisco’s Marina District Looked Like After Loma Prieta and Now \u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11780447/the-bay-area-remembers-loma-prieta-30-years-later\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Bay Area Remembers Loma Prieta, 30 Years Later \u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/121413/inside-candlestick-park-on-the-night-the-earth-shook\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Inside Candlestick Park on the Night the Earth Shook\u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11780734/an-earthquake-early-warning-system-in-your-pocket\">An Earthquake Early Warning System in Your Pocket \u003c/a>\n \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Before the quake, engineers generally modeled earthquake intensity the way they did volume. The closer you are to the source, the stronger the signal. The 1989 disaster showed clearly in the Bay Area how certain regions, particularly areas built on fill, or unstable soil, can amplify the motion of the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was severe damage 100 kilometers away from the epicenter. So that is much farther than we would generally expect for this size, this magnitude earthquake,” said Annemarie Baltay, a current USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as if you have a bowl of Jell-O and you shake it once. You stop touching it. It continues to wiggle, right?” Baltay says. “But if you took a rock and you shook it and you stopped shaking, it would just stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of extreme shaking happened in San Francisco’s Marina District, at the Cypress Viaduct, and along the Bay at the San Francisco and Oakland airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [building] code didn’t have a very good accommodation of what soft soils could do to modify the shaking,” Holzer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insights that came out of studying this quake spurred a lot of research. In 1990, Congress directed \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/hjres423/text/enr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$40 million to the USGS\u003c/a> to study earthquakes and reduce their hazards. Scientists reassessed the earthquake threat to the region. What they learned \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/fs151-99/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">informed new building codes\u003c/a> and spurred retrofits and rebuilds around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And if we look at the way that we designed freeways before then, and now they are very different,” Ellsworth said. “I think the earthquake really helped educate the public about the reality of earthquakes and over the following years we’ve made a lot of progress in California in terms of addressing many of those problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1949362/how-loma-prieta-changed-earthquake-science-building-codes-and-the-bay-area","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_89","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_257","science_3370","science_3833"],"featImg":"science_1949365","label":"source_science_1949362"},"science_1928267":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928267","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928267","score":null,"sort":[1569884114000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hydrogels-offer-proactive-approaches-to-fighting-fires","title":"New Fire Retardant Acts Like 'Vaccine' Against Wildfires","publishDate":1569884114,"format":"audio","headTitle":"New Fire Retardant Acts Like ‘Vaccine’ Against Wildfires | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California’s last two fire seasons were brutal. As the Legislature struggles to fund fire \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948013/california-lawmakers-plans-to-protect-homes-from-wildfire-fall-short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">safety proposals\u003c/a>, and agencies spend more on firefighting crews, a team of scientists is proposing a novel solution: extinguishing fires before they start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something we do with vaccines all the time,” said Eric Appel, materials scientist at Stanford. “You have high-risk populations and you vaccinate them against the disease in the first place. As with many things, prevention is cheaper, easier and more effective than treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appel is senior author on a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907855116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, reporting on the first field trials of a long-acting, environmentally benign fire retardant that he hopes will reshape the way fires are prevented and fought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people think that fires just sort of start willy nilly anywhere in the forest. But it turns out that that’s not really true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that most wildfires start in the same locations, and that the retardant will protect an area for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what that means,” Appel says, “is that you would only need to treat a very small amount of land in order to prevent a majority of fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spark of An Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For co-author Jesse Acosta, adjunct professor of Natural Resource Management at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, a moment of inspiration came years ago, as he stood in the sweltering heat of Hawaii, working for the U.S. Forest Service in a Smokey Bear costume, trying to convince people to care about fire prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if it was the actual discomfort of the suit that made me think about things differently, or if it was some sort of late-night epiphany,” said the former Fire Prevention Forester, “but it became very clear to me very quickly that [outreach] was not effective in terms of preventing fires.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likely, it was both, but it would take a move to Connecticut and a chance meeting with a colleague for the building blocks of a new approach to fall into place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the time, \u003ca href=\"http://www.supramolecularbiomaterials.com/\">Eric Appel\u003c/a>, now a materials scientist at Stanford University, was studying medical drug delivery at MIT, \u003c/span>“answering the question of ‘H\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ow do we keep these drug molecules stable and get them where they need to go and keep them where they need to be?'”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer lead to the development of a “hydrogel” \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">made of\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">inexpensive, renewable and benign materials that could deliver medications in a human body and keep them stable over time. For example, an early application allowed people with diabetes to receive a single injection that supplied insulin over six months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hydrogels themselves may seem an unlikely hero: They’re pale, shapeless blobs reminiscent of thick shampoo or mayonnaise. You mix them up in buckets, foregoing a lab coat for rubber boots. But to Appel, their beauty lies in the thoughtfulness of their design.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The gels we’re making are sophisticated and scalable. They form from simple components,” said Appel. “And they function like molecular Velcro,” meaning they can change their properties to allow them to be sprayed easily from a needle or nozzle.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta was aware of Appel’s hydrogels and thought about what might happen if you replaced medications with a “molecular cargo” of flame retardants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was around midnight when it finally dawned on me to use these hydrogels,” Acosta said\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> pointing out the many commonalities shared between what makes something safe for the human body and what makes something environmentally benign. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Let’s wrap up fire retardant in these hydrogels and see if they are able to stick to fuels and persist through weather.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/ilhFV7DIbxo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Out of the Lab and Into the Fire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this unlikely series of events, Appel, Acosta and collaborators received funding through Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/research/realizing-environmental-innovation-program\">Realizing Environmental Innovation Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appel and his collaborators began working with Cal Fire to identify where fires start each year. They found fires reproducibly start year-after-year in the same places, calculating that 84 percent of wildfires in California in the last 10 years have started at the same high-risk roadside spots or near utilities infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the success of a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003ca href=\"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52f83177e4b045fae914ddf2/t/584257b446c3c4f2f7d665e2/1480742837825/Yu_Appel_PNAS.pdf\">pilot study\u003c/a> on small piles of pine shavings, this new study tests hydrogel performance on a larger scale. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They treated plots of native grass 10 feet long and 10 feet wide with their product and set both those and untreated control plots alight, watching how they burned. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“T\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">hey just explode,” Appel said of the control plots. “It’s a pyromaniac’s best afternoon.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appel and Acosta also wanted to address a major shortcoming of current retardants — that they are not meant to persist long beyond their initial application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, much of the millions of tons of retardant that planes drop onto fires each year are \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rendered useless by subsequent dumps of water onto active fire-lines. Even heavy dews and fogs, common along the California coast, can decrease the retardants’ efficiency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The hydrogel, by contrast, stays at full potency and continues delivering fire protection over months of the traditional fire season. The hydrogels also stand up to dew, fog, and moderate rain, although they are intentionally designed to wash away at the start of the wetter fall months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can put 20,000 gallons of this on an area for prevention, or 1 million gallons of the traditional formulation after a fire starts,” said study lead author Anthony Yu, a Ph.D. student in materials science and engineering at Stanford, in a media release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The New Reality of Fire in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Acosta, a policy of suppression and a cultural view that fire is villainous has pitted the country against a future where extreme fires are guaranteed. This is due to a massive buildup of fuel — dead trees, brush and chaparral — in an ecosystem that has historically required fires as a natural part of the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every fire we fight, every fire that happens, has the potential to be the Mendocino Complex or the Thomas Fire or the Carr Fire or the Ferguson Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the economic costs of fighting fires have become enormous. Last year the federal government spent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_documents/SuppCosts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$3 billion\u003c/a> to put out blazes. Local agencies are also strapped. Fighting fires and defending one hot, 4-mile stretch along Highway 118 in Ventura County costs an average of $5.5 million annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true importance of hydrogels, Acosta says, extends beyond their use as a long-term, environmentally benign treatment. By stopping fires from ever starting, it pushes the balance of power further into our favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can stop fighting these catastrophic fires in June and July, Acosta said, “and fight them on our terms with prescribed burns in cooler, wetter weather and during times when we have more money freed up for fighting fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the next week, crews will apply the long-term fire retardant to some of Highway 118 and two other stretches of road in San Diego County. These will be the first large projects of a company formed to promote the retardant, which is now sold as Fortify. Appel and Yu are listed as inventors on the Fortify patent. Appel is Chief Technical Advisor for the new company, Ladera Tech. Jesse Acosta is Chief Business Officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wes Bolsen, president and CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladera.tech/team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ladera\u003c/a>, estimates roadside treatments will cost Cal Fire and the California Department of Transportation between $20,000 and $200,000, depending on the mileage and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolsen says utilities have also expressed interest in the retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Projects such as this may signal the first drop in a flood of new tools and methods aimed at developing a more holistic approach to accommodating fires in the state. Acosta feels hopeful because ultimately everyone he has worked with — from politicians to firefighters to loggers — are working toward a common goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These new technological advances,” he said, “are giving us the power to make new and better decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example of this is that Appel and Yu hope that their retardant won’t just help put out fires. The researchers hope products like this will help start controlled burns. Not only can it be used as a tool to limit the area burned, it can protect rare plants within it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they’re out in an area, you can’t just burn through because you might damage those plants,” said Appel. “So these materials can actually be used to provide sort of a protective layer around those plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stanford researchers say they have found a wildfire solution — a non-toxic, environmentally benign retardant that can persist throughout a fire season. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848278,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":1505},"headData":{"title":"New Fire Retardant Acts Like 'Vaccine' Against Wildfires | KQED","description":"Stanford researchers say they have found a wildfire solution — a non-toxic, environmentally benign retardant that can persist throughout a fire season. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Adapting to Wildfire","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/10/VentonHydrogels.mp3","sticky":false,"WpOldSlug":"__trashed-22","audioTrackLength":294,"path":"/science/1928267/hydrogels-offer-proactive-approaches-to-fighting-fires","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s last two fire seasons were brutal. As the Legislature struggles to fund fire \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948013/california-lawmakers-plans-to-protect-homes-from-wildfire-fall-short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">safety proposals\u003c/a>, and agencies spend more on firefighting crews, a team of scientists is proposing a novel solution: extinguishing fires before they start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something we do with vaccines all the time,” said Eric Appel, materials scientist at Stanford. “You have high-risk populations and you vaccinate them against the disease in the first place. As with many things, prevention is cheaper, easier and more effective than treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appel is senior author on a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907855116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, reporting on the first field trials of a long-acting, environmentally benign fire retardant that he hopes will reshape the way fires are prevented and fought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people think that fires just sort of start willy nilly anywhere in the forest. But it turns out that that’s not really true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that most wildfires start in the same locations, and that the retardant will protect an area for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what that means,” Appel says, “is that you would only need to treat a very small amount of land in order to prevent a majority of fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spark of An Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For co-author Jesse Acosta, adjunct professor of Natural Resource Management at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, a moment of inspiration came years ago, as he stood in the sweltering heat of Hawaii, working for the U.S. Forest Service in a Smokey Bear costume, trying to convince people to care about fire prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if it was the actual discomfort of the suit that made me think about things differently, or if it was some sort of late-night epiphany,” said the former Fire Prevention Forester, “but it became very clear to me very quickly that [outreach] was not effective in terms of preventing fires.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likely, it was both, but it would take a move to Connecticut and a chance meeting with a colleague for the building blocks of a new approach to fall into place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the time, \u003ca href=\"http://www.supramolecularbiomaterials.com/\">Eric Appel\u003c/a>, now a materials scientist at Stanford University, was studying medical drug delivery at MIT, \u003c/span>“answering the question of ‘H\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ow do we keep these drug molecules stable and get them where they need to go and keep them where they need to be?'”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer lead to the development of a “hydrogel” \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">made of\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">inexpensive, renewable and benign materials that could deliver medications in a human body and keep them stable over time. For example, an early application allowed people with diabetes to receive a single injection that supplied insulin over six months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hydrogels themselves may seem an unlikely hero: They’re pale, shapeless blobs reminiscent of thick shampoo or mayonnaise. You mix them up in buckets, foregoing a lab coat for rubber boots. But to Appel, their beauty lies in the thoughtfulness of their design.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The gels we’re making are sophisticated and scalable. They form from simple components,” said Appel. “And they function like molecular Velcro,” meaning they can change their properties to allow them to be sprayed easily from a needle or nozzle.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta was aware of Appel’s hydrogels and thought about what might happen if you replaced medications with a “molecular cargo” of flame retardants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was around midnight when it finally dawned on me to use these hydrogels,” Acosta said\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> pointing out the many commonalities shared between what makes something safe for the human body and what makes something environmentally benign. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Let’s wrap up fire retardant in these hydrogels and see if they are able to stick to fuels and persist through weather.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ilhFV7DIbxo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ilhFV7DIbxo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Out of the Lab and Into the Fire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this unlikely series of events, Appel, Acosta and collaborators received funding through Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/research/realizing-environmental-innovation-program\">Realizing Environmental Innovation Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appel and his collaborators began working with Cal Fire to identify where fires start each year. They found fires reproducibly start year-after-year in the same places, calculating that 84 percent of wildfires in California in the last 10 years have started at the same high-risk roadside spots or near utilities infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the success of a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003ca href=\"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52f83177e4b045fae914ddf2/t/584257b446c3c4f2f7d665e2/1480742837825/Yu_Appel_PNAS.pdf\">pilot study\u003c/a> on small piles of pine shavings, this new study tests hydrogel performance on a larger scale. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They treated plots of native grass 10 feet long and 10 feet wide with their product and set both those and untreated control plots alight, watching how they burned. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“T\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">hey just explode,” Appel said of the control plots. “It’s a pyromaniac’s best afternoon.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appel and Acosta also wanted to address a major shortcoming of current retardants — that they are not meant to persist long beyond their initial application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, much of the millions of tons of retardant that planes drop onto fires each year are \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rendered useless by subsequent dumps of water onto active fire-lines. Even heavy dews and fogs, common along the California coast, can decrease the retardants’ efficiency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The hydrogel, by contrast, stays at full potency and continues delivering fire protection over months of the traditional fire season. The hydrogels also stand up to dew, fog, and moderate rain, although they are intentionally designed to wash away at the start of the wetter fall months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can put 20,000 gallons of this on an area for prevention, or 1 million gallons of the traditional formulation after a fire starts,” said study lead author Anthony Yu, a Ph.D. student in materials science and engineering at Stanford, in a media release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The New Reality of Fire in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Acosta, a policy of suppression and a cultural view that fire is villainous has pitted the country against a future where extreme fires are guaranteed. This is due to a massive buildup of fuel — dead trees, brush and chaparral — in an ecosystem that has historically required fires as a natural part of the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every fire we fight, every fire that happens, has the potential to be the Mendocino Complex or the Thomas Fire or the Carr Fire or the Ferguson Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the economic costs of fighting fires have become enormous. Last year the federal government spent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_documents/SuppCosts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$3 billion\u003c/a> to put out blazes. Local agencies are also strapped. Fighting fires and defending one hot, 4-mile stretch along Highway 118 in Ventura County costs an average of $5.5 million annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true importance of hydrogels, Acosta says, extends beyond their use as a long-term, environmentally benign treatment. By stopping fires from ever starting, it pushes the balance of power further into our favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can stop fighting these catastrophic fires in June and July, Acosta said, “and fight them on our terms with prescribed burns in cooler, wetter weather and during times when we have more money freed up for fighting fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the next week, crews will apply the long-term fire retardant to some of Highway 118 and two other stretches of road in San Diego County. These will be the first large projects of a company formed to promote the retardant, which is now sold as Fortify. Appel and Yu are listed as inventors on the Fortify patent. Appel is Chief Technical Advisor for the new company, Ladera Tech. Jesse Acosta is Chief Business Officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wes Bolsen, president and CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladera.tech/team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ladera\u003c/a>, estimates roadside treatments will cost Cal Fire and the California Department of Transportation between $20,000 and $200,000, depending on the mileage and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolsen says utilities have also expressed interest in the retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Projects such as this may signal the first drop in a flood of new tools and methods aimed at developing a more holistic approach to accommodating fires in the state. Acosta feels hopeful because ultimately everyone he has worked with — from politicians to firefighters to loggers — are working toward a common goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These new technological advances,” he said, “are giving us the power to make new and better decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example of this is that Appel and Yu hope that their retardant won’t just help put out fires. The researchers hope products like this will help start controlled burns. Not only can it be used as a tool to limit the area burned, it can protect rare plants within it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they’re out in an area, you can’t just burn through because you might damage those plants,” said Appel. “So these materials can actually be used to provide sort of a protective layer around those plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928267/hydrogels-offer-proactive-approaches-to-fighting-fires","authors":["11520","11088"],"categories":["science_29","science_31","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_194","science_4203","science_3370","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1948211","label":"source_science_1928267"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mindshift2021-tile-3000x3000-1-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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