Waterways of the Largest Estuary on the West Coast
Bay-Friendly Gardening: Welcoming Wildlife and Nature Into Human Habitats
Exploring the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail
Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon
6 MORE Simple Things You Can Do to Help the Bay: Conservation Edition
A fishy odyssey through the delta
Sponsored
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She is also a long-time science writer, and president of the Northern California Science Writers' Association. 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He’s produced documentaries worldwide, bringing science to audiences through TV, the web, museums, and schools. Gary has twice received the American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award. His recent documentary, NOVA: Secrets Beneath The Ice, examines how researchers explore, drill and prospect to detect how Antarctica’s climate history can forecast Earth’s global climate future. His national productions include: NOVA: Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land, NOVA: Buried In Ash, NOVA: Edgerton and His Incredible Seeing Machines, Behind Lab Doors, Jungle Under Glass, Profit the Earth, Sexuality and Aging, and Seeking the Real Jesse James.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_dashboard","edit_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gary Hochman | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/garyhochman"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17429":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17429","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17429","score":null,"sort":[1447164000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"secret-life-of-a-raindrop","title":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop","publishDate":1447164000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12824,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How old is the water in the stream? The answer could help us endure the dry times ahead. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475873,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1389},"headData":{"title":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop","datePublished":"2015-11-10T14:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:17:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17429 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/tracking-raindrops/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/10/secret-life-of-a-raindrop/","disqusTitle":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/ABGC6SalwJU","path":"/quest/17429/secret-life-of-a-raindrop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17429/secret-life-of-a-raindrop","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13385","quest_886","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_3021","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_81285","label":"quest_12824"},"quest_69546":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69546","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69546","score":null,"sort":[1398780026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight","title":"Beyond Plain Sight","publishDate":1398780026,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Think the Great Plains is no more than a flat, endless landscape, often called “flyover country”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69919 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Forsberg\" width=\"231\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think again. Through the lens of native Nebraskan photographer and author \u003ca title=\"Michael Forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/projects/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/a>, the Great Plains is far from “plain.” For 20 years, Forsberg has been documenting the habitats of his home turf. For him, the Great Plains is an extraordinary, immense, and unanticipated wonderland of species and habitats, including an essential flyway for millions of migratory birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depicting the true nature and meaning of the plains has become a personal mission. Forsberg has a degree in geography, and he uses photography to generate a discussion about the world. “Geography is a perspective that emphasizes space and place and ecology -- and how everything connects with everything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69913 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\" alt=\"Great Plains map and landscape\" width=\"658\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-400x144.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-1180x424.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-960x345.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The 12 states that make up the Great Plains account for an astonishing one-quarter of the U.S., covering one million square miles that are anything but flat. If it was its own country, the Great Plains would be the tenth largest in the world by area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">But only 30 percent of the Great Plains would be considered flat. For example, Nebraska topography is like an inclined tabletop. If you took off from Omaha (elevation 1,090 feet) and flew west across the undulating terrain at a steady elevation of 2,000 feet, you would crash into the ground 450 miles away at Scottsbluff, Nebraska (elevation 3,891 ft).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\" alt=\"Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas\" width=\"182\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 182px) 100vw, 182px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This land is a place where grass rules over trees,” said Forsberg. “It’s a place so immense you feel very small. It’s not the mountains. It’s not the Grand Canyon. But it’s every bit as remarkable -- a really diverse landscape. It’s a place where the more you linger, the more beauty you’ll see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected natural beauty that Forsberg captures on film fills a book he authored, \u003ca href=\"http://shop.michaelforsberg.com/collections/great-plains-americas-lingering-wild\">\u003cstrong>Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and many of these images appear in an NET Television documentary by the same name broadcast on PBS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\" alt=\"Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana\" width=\"228\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They include a lone bison roaming the sun-swept prairie, a dazzling rainbow framing colorful milkweed in a prairie meadow, a solitary cougar prowling the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota at night, majestic cliffs rising over a river in Montana, a burrowing owl with outstretched wings and a laser-piercing stare, and a frolicking Sandhill crane leaping for joy in a courtship dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 904px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69884 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Cranes\" width=\"904\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During breeding season, Sandhill Cranes display elaborate dancing rituals to attract a mate. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg cautions that this bounty of natural wonder is a gift that needs to be protected, now and for the future. A century ago much of the Great Plains was wide-open territory, a broad expanse of natural prairie, wetlands, and rivers. But today only a patchwork of these environments remains because of widespread development. Forsberg refers to these pockets of refuge as “America’s lingering wild,” where species and habitats are literally hanging on for survival. And some of his most striking images, seen from the air, point to a vast ecosystem at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69986 \" title=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" width=\"263\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg 1560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1440x930.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1180x762.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-960x620.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a territory where half of our nation’s ducks breed annually, only the remains of tiny green patches of irregular wetlands are seen from the air in North Dakota, dwarfed by crop fields of wheat and canola. In the past 50 years, nesting waterfowl have declined dramatically as areas cultivated for high commodity crops, including corn for ethanol production, have overrun these duck-nesting habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69885 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming\" width=\"270\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the once rugged and wild Wyoming landscape is scarred and dissected by networks of roads for oil and natural gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arid, fragile plains of Texas contain whitish, ghostly rings of former shallow, circular wetlands called playas, now replaced by dried fields cultivated by center-pivot irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69991 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\" alt=\"Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland).\" width=\"266\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg 1541w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland). Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forsberg laments that the Great Plains, like most temperate grasslands of the world, includes the most endangered habitats on the planet because they’ve been drastically altered from their natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all been plowed up for agriculture,” said Forsberg. “The Great Plains is the world’s breadbasket. It’s increasingly being asked to be our energy pump. And it sits on the Holy Grail of the High Plains: the Ogallala Aquifer.” This aquifer is the largest underground system of water-saturated sediments in the country, what Forsberg refers to as “the Saudi Arabia of water.” The Ogallala Aquifer sits beneath the expansive prairie that runs from the Dakotas to Texas. It is the ecological underpinning of all life in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is little wonder that water figures prominently in Forsberg’s imagery. Geography is at the core of his work, and water is central to the Plains. And with a changing climate and reoccurring drought, Forsberg realizes that his imagery is becoming even more important to showcase the fragile nature of nature itself. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have life. We need to know where our water comes from,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Water Source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg is convinced that most people give little thought to the source of their water. It’s just pervasive, at the tip of our fingertips. Need water? Turn on a faucet. Where does it come from? Who knows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg explained, “In Nebraska we get our water from the snowpack in the Rockies as snow melt. We get it from the Ogallala Aquifer as groundwater. And we also get water from our weather and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most places across the country the answer would be similar: water originates in a watershed or water basin. These are geographical features of all landscapes nationwide. A terrain’s basin acts like a funnel, draining all surface water from its highest elevation to its lowest point. In Nebraska, the Platte River Basin is enormous. It takes up most of Nebraska and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69936 \" title=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" width=\"337\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At select locations throughout the Platte River Basin, automated timelapse cameras record the daily ebb and flow of the watershed. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Depicting the vast watershed at work in pictures is a challenge. Forsberg knows it couldn’t be done with a single camera. But what if there were many? And not just any camera. Forsberg partnered with NET Television colleague Mike Farrell and technology expert Jeff Dale of \u003ca title=\"TRLcam\" href=\"http://www.trlcam.com\" target=\"_blank\">TRLcam\u003c/a>, to custom design a series of weatherproof automated time-lapse cameras. “We thought, what if we took a watershed and put time-lapse cameras throughout the entire water basin? And then followed that water hundreds of miles until it came to the mouth of where it empties into the Missouri River,” stated Forsberg. And so, \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a>(PBT) was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69933\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69933 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project.\" width=\"289\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PBT team then selected 45 locations, from the headwaters at Lake Agnes, Colorado, throughout the Platte River, and ending at the convergence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers. At each location a time-lapse camera is programmed to take one photo every hour, every day, year-round. They’ve now recorded an unprecedented three-year visual database of the watershed. By summer, there will be over a million photos!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the PBT team began, they hoped to record the ebb and flow of the watershed through time, including normal water cycles, flooding, and drought. Unexpectedly, they hit the jackpot right away. In 2011, parts of the Great Plains experienced double the average snow melt and runoff from the Rocky Mountains, heavy rains, and massive flooding. A year later, in 2012, a historic drought created bone-dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month the PBT team posts time-lapse sequences on the Platte Basin Timelapse \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">website \u003c/a>for the public to view and learn the water cycles and how a watershed functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg believes that the PBT Project will act as a template that can be applied to watersheds around the world. “I want people to understand a little bit more about the world in which they live and the natural processes that they rely on to care for the landscape we call home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EDUCATORS\u003c/strong>: Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST digital learning objects\u003c/a> on \u003ca title=\"Surface Water\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\" target=\"_blank\">watersheds \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"Water Flows\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\" target=\"_blank\">aquifers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore unexpected imagery of the Great Plains and see how photographer Michael Forsberg is using timelapse cameras to reveal unprecedented views of how watersheds work.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457561025,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1468},"headData":{"title":"Beyond Plain Sight | KQED","description":"Explore unexpected imagery of the Great Plains and see how photographer Michael Forsberg is using timelapse cameras to reveal unprecedented views of how watersheds work.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Beyond Plain Sight","datePublished":"2014-04-29T14:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T22:03:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"69546 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69546","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/29/michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight/","disqusTitle":"Beyond Plain Sight","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pC70-5wrY8","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69546/michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Think the Great Plains is no more than a flat, endless landscape, often called “flyover country”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69919 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Forsberg\" width=\"231\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think again. Through the lens of native Nebraskan photographer and author \u003ca title=\"Michael Forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/projects/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/a>, the Great Plains is far from “plain.” For 20 years, Forsberg has been documenting the habitats of his home turf. For him, the Great Plains is an extraordinary, immense, and unanticipated wonderland of species and habitats, including an essential flyway for millions of migratory birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depicting the true nature and meaning of the plains has become a personal mission. Forsberg has a degree in geography, and he uses photography to generate a discussion about the world. “Geography is a perspective that emphasizes space and place and ecology -- and how everything connects with everything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69913 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\" alt=\"Great Plains map and landscape\" width=\"658\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-400x144.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-1180x424.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-960x345.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The 12 states that make up the Great Plains account for an astonishing one-quarter of the U.S., covering one million square miles that are anything but flat. If it was its own country, the Great Plains would be the tenth largest in the world by area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">But only 30 percent of the Great Plains would be considered flat. For example, Nebraska topography is like an inclined tabletop. If you took off from Omaha (elevation 1,090 feet) and flew west across the undulating terrain at a steady elevation of 2,000 feet, you would crash into the ground 450 miles away at Scottsbluff, Nebraska (elevation 3,891 ft).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\" alt=\"Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas\" width=\"182\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 182px) 100vw, 182px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This land is a place where grass rules over trees,” said Forsberg. “It’s a place so immense you feel very small. It’s not the mountains. It’s not the Grand Canyon. But it’s every bit as remarkable -- a really diverse landscape. It’s a place where the more you linger, the more beauty you’ll see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected natural beauty that Forsberg captures on film fills a book he authored, \u003ca href=\"http://shop.michaelforsberg.com/collections/great-plains-americas-lingering-wild\">\u003cstrong>Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and many of these images appear in an NET Television documentary by the same name broadcast on PBS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\" alt=\"Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana\" width=\"228\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They include a lone bison roaming the sun-swept prairie, a dazzling rainbow framing colorful milkweed in a prairie meadow, a solitary cougar prowling the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota at night, majestic cliffs rising over a river in Montana, a burrowing owl with outstretched wings and a laser-piercing stare, and a frolicking Sandhill crane leaping for joy in a courtship dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 904px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69884 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Cranes\" width=\"904\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During breeding season, Sandhill Cranes display elaborate dancing rituals to attract a mate. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg cautions that this bounty of natural wonder is a gift that needs to be protected, now and for the future. A century ago much of the Great Plains was wide-open territory, a broad expanse of natural prairie, wetlands, and rivers. But today only a patchwork of these environments remains because of widespread development. Forsberg refers to these pockets of refuge as “America’s lingering wild,” where species and habitats are literally hanging on for survival. And some of his most striking images, seen from the air, point to a vast ecosystem at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69986 \" title=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" width=\"263\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg 1560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1440x930.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1180x762.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-960x620.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a territory where half of our nation’s ducks breed annually, only the remains of tiny green patches of irregular wetlands are seen from the air in North Dakota, dwarfed by crop fields of wheat and canola. In the past 50 years, nesting waterfowl have declined dramatically as areas cultivated for high commodity crops, including corn for ethanol production, have overrun these duck-nesting habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69885 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming\" width=\"270\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the once rugged and wild Wyoming landscape is scarred and dissected by networks of roads for oil and natural gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arid, fragile plains of Texas contain whitish, ghostly rings of former shallow, circular wetlands called playas, now replaced by dried fields cultivated by center-pivot irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69991 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\" alt=\"Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland).\" width=\"266\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg 1541w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland). Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forsberg laments that the Great Plains, like most temperate grasslands of the world, includes the most endangered habitats on the planet because they’ve been drastically altered from their natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all been plowed up for agriculture,” said Forsberg. “The Great Plains is the world’s breadbasket. It’s increasingly being asked to be our energy pump. And it sits on the Holy Grail of the High Plains: the Ogallala Aquifer.” This aquifer is the largest underground system of water-saturated sediments in the country, what Forsberg refers to as “the Saudi Arabia of water.” The Ogallala Aquifer sits beneath the expansive prairie that runs from the Dakotas to Texas. It is the ecological underpinning of all life in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is little wonder that water figures prominently in Forsberg’s imagery. Geography is at the core of his work, and water is central to the Plains. And with a changing climate and reoccurring drought, Forsberg realizes that his imagery is becoming even more important to showcase the fragile nature of nature itself. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have life. We need to know where our water comes from,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Water Source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg is convinced that most people give little thought to the source of their water. It’s just pervasive, at the tip of our fingertips. Need water? Turn on a faucet. Where does it come from? Who knows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg explained, “In Nebraska we get our water from the snowpack in the Rockies as snow melt. We get it from the Ogallala Aquifer as groundwater. And we also get water from our weather and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most places across the country the answer would be similar: water originates in a watershed or water basin. These are geographical features of all landscapes nationwide. A terrain’s basin acts like a funnel, draining all surface water from its highest elevation to its lowest point. In Nebraska, the Platte River Basin is enormous. It takes up most of Nebraska and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69936 \" title=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" width=\"337\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At select locations throughout the Platte River Basin, automated timelapse cameras record the daily ebb and flow of the watershed. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Depicting the vast watershed at work in pictures is a challenge. Forsberg knows it couldn’t be done with a single camera. But what if there were many? And not just any camera. Forsberg partnered with NET Television colleague Mike Farrell and technology expert Jeff Dale of \u003ca title=\"TRLcam\" href=\"http://www.trlcam.com\" target=\"_blank\">TRLcam\u003c/a>, to custom design a series of weatherproof automated time-lapse cameras. “We thought, what if we took a watershed and put time-lapse cameras throughout the entire water basin? And then followed that water hundreds of miles until it came to the mouth of where it empties into the Missouri River,” stated Forsberg. And so, \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a>(PBT) was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69933\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69933 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project.\" width=\"289\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PBT team then selected 45 locations, from the headwaters at Lake Agnes, Colorado, throughout the Platte River, and ending at the convergence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers. At each location a time-lapse camera is programmed to take one photo every hour, every day, year-round. They’ve now recorded an unprecedented three-year visual database of the watershed. By summer, there will be over a million photos!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the PBT team began, they hoped to record the ebb and flow of the watershed through time, including normal water cycles, flooding, and drought. Unexpectedly, they hit the jackpot right away. In 2011, parts of the Great Plains experienced double the average snow melt and runoff from the Rocky Mountains, heavy rains, and massive flooding. A year later, in 2012, a historic drought created bone-dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month the PBT team posts time-lapse sequences on the Platte Basin Timelapse \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">website \u003c/a>for the public to view and learn the water cycles and how a watershed functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg believes that the PBT Project will act as a template that can be applied to watersheds around the world. “I want people to understand a little bit more about the world in which they live and the natural processes that they rely on to care for the landscape we call home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EDUCATORS\u003c/strong>: Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST digital learning objects\u003c/a> on \u003ca title=\"Surface Water\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\" target=\"_blank\">watersheds \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"Water Flows\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\" target=\"_blank\">aquifers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69546/michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_326","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_12847","quest_12845","quest_2186","quest_12782","quest_12354","quest_2893","quest_12348","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"featImg":"quest_69894","label":"source_quest_69546"},"quest_60744":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60744","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60744","score":null,"sort":[1393945222000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"64479","displayName":"Hannah Weinberger","firstName":"Hannah","lastName":"Weinberger","userLogin":"hannah-weinberger","userEmail":"Hannah.Weinberger@ideastream.org","linkedAccount":"hweinberger","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Hannah Weinberger, a May 2013 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and native Clevelander, is QUEST Ohio’s jack-of-all-trades intern. Despite majoring in Mandarin Chinese, Hannah developed an interest in journalism that solidified during an internship with CNN. Hannah joined QUEST after completing a writing fellowship with multimedia journalism lab Powering a Nation, in which she investigated water use along the Colorado River. When not chasing down a lead, Hannah plays guitar, explores the Cleveland Metroparks and restrains herself from petting woodland creatures.","userNicename":"hannah-weinberger","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"out-of-sight-out-of-mine","title":"Out of Sight, Out of Mine","publishDate":1393945222,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/biosci/profiles/johnson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kelly Johnson\u003c/a> often finds herself knee deep in streams. Net in hand, she leads her biology students through lessons about life in southern Ohio’s waterways -- and the lack thereof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In healthy waters, Johnson and her students kick up streambeds to free large insects; they sweep mayflies and caddisflies into nets and pour hundreds out on the ground for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their adventure gets murkier in certain waterways where the toxic legacy of the coal-mining industry lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students expecting to see clean blue streams instead run into crunchy waters thick with rusty buildup. When the crust is broken, Johnson said, streams looks orange, like “orange juice [that] someone poured some milk in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Acid mine drainage, thick with metals, spills through a Southern Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acid mine drainage spills through an Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These waters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">colored by metals\u003c/a> like iron and nickel that coat and suffocate streambeds in glittering layers. Frothy plumes of aluminum make up the creamy haze in the water column above. Conspicuously missing are living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll do a kick and we might get four or five living things in the net,” Johnson said. “These streams are biologically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all looks wrong,” Johnson added. “You know this is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two Ohio counties intersect the Appalachian Coal Basin, one of America’s largest coalfields. While many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, surrounding land and streams still feel their effects. Cascades of toxic waters seep daily from \u003ca href=\"http://abandonedmines.gov/\">abandoned mines across the country \u003c/a>and introduce leached metals and acidity into nearby streams, a process known as acid mine drainage (AMD). Throughout Ohio, \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.ohiodnr.gov/\">4,400 abandoned mines pollute at least 1,300 miles of once fresh water\u003c/a>, threatening biodiversity and natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/getinvolved/sos/Pages/AMD12.aspx\">Remediation projects \u003c/a>exist but are hard to fund and maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and activists claim that AMD is as damaging as it is little acknowledged. The \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/acid_mine.cfm\">EPA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/whitemountain/landmanagement/projects/?cid=stelprdb5209652\">USDA\u003c/a> both recognize that AMD may present human health hazards, but confined to poorer rural areas, activists say it’s been difficult to attract dollars and ears to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to tackle the daunting and costly task of remediating such a large problem, states like Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://files.dep.state.pa.us/Mining/Abandoned%20Mine%20Reclamation/AbandonedMinePortalFiles/MIW/Final_MIW_White_Paper.pdf\">have gone so far as to encourage hydraulic fracturing companies to join the fight. The state is in discussion with fracking companies about the prospect of cleaning AMD\u003c/a> for use in place of fresh water, which is used to help blast through shale and free up natural gas and oil deposits. In January 2014, Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2014/01/14/senate-panel-approves-bill-encouraging-acid-mine-drainage-use-in-fracking/\">even relaxed environmental policies\u003c/a> to sweeten the deal. Fracking is divisive in the Midwest, and many \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/acid-mine-drainage-reduces-radioactivity-fracking-waste\">worry that plans like this might contribute to other environmental issues\u003c/a>. Still, Mark Bruce of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources says researchers are looking into the safety of doing the same in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deadly Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67650 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565-480x360.jpg\" alt='Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR' width=\"346\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AMD is essentially acidic water filled with metals like iron pyrite. It results from mineral deposits’ exposure to air and water in mineshafts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/enviroissue/amd/links/science2.html\">When all three meet, metals become solvent in water and produce hydrogen-rich sulfuric acids\u003c/a>. As water pressure builds, the toxic cocktail dribbles out of mines and into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most animals aren’t adapted for influxes of AMD. Healthy streams support 30 to 40 species, but acidic streams are lucky to have any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like the green sunfish and yellow perch can handle acidic waters, but that doesn’t mean they’ll survive them. Dissolved metals present other dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When AMD meets a less acidic stream, metals within it precipitate out. They crust over the water while gilding and clogging streambed habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if (animals and insects) could tolerate the chemical stress, they have nowhere to sort of get down in and live and know where to feed,” Johnson said. Species sensitive to both AMD and habitat loss like mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies are the first to go and last to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the impacts of AMD decay food webs -- and even hardy predators can’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67616\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"1735\" height=\"907\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg 1735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1440x753.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1180x617.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-960x502.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1735px) 100vw, 1735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Remedies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes only minutes for acid mine drainage to infiltrate a stream, but getting rid of it is far more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have an effect on the water quality of our streams, but it's not something that will ever go away,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/marissa%20intro\">Marissa Geib\u003c/a>, watershed coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/\">Huff Run Watershed Restoration P\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">artnership\u003c/span> in Mineral City, Ohio. “It was hard to swallow when I realized Huff Run is always going to be orange. There's no way that all of the dissolved metals will get out of the stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMD is an opened can of worms -- reactions among metals, water, and air are hard to stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By and large, the most effective thing is to prevent the water from going into the mine to start with, or prevent the water from coming out of the mine,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67615\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge. \" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But plugging mines to keep out new water can increase pressure and force new seepages, and regrading surrounding land to drain water away is no mean feat. Teams neutralize AMD by dumping basic materials like limestone chips into shafts and streams, or by installing devices that treat drainage as it comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds aside, a busy network of concerned parties is working to curb AMD. In Ohio, watershed groups like Geib’s work with the EPA and ODNR to acquire grant funding and complete remediation plans. Long-term monitoring -- cleaning valves, monitoring populations, and sampling water -- is left to volunteers, while ODNR engineers and contractors are in charge of project design and coordination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streams that receive help can see dramatic improvements. When Huff Run volunteers started treatment in the mid-1990s, the only species in the 9.9-mile stretch of stream was the resilient green sunfish. Since then they’ve found 22 species in the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, Ohio remediation teams treat 10,886 pounds of acidity a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67644\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\" alt=\"To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources\" width=\"257\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg 1102w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-960x1242.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But remediation is trial and error. “We've looked at restoration options with acid mine drainage and I can honestly say we have not seen too much success,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.indstate.edu/biology/faculty/simon.htm\">Thomas P. Simon\u003c/a>, a professor of ichthyology at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of compound the problem sometimes,” Simon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark Bruce, ODNR and restoration groups have spent $26 million completing \u003ca href=\"http://watersheddata.com/default.aspx\">55 remediation projects in seven Ohio watersheds\u003c/a>. Funding comes largely from \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/30/1231\">federal \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof15.pdf\">state excise taxes on mined coal\u003c/a>, paid by operating mining companies. Some worry this funding will dry up as energy companies turn toward natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extending responsibility for remediation to Ohioans all across the state has been challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is ultimately a problem that's happening in Appalachian Ohio and oftentimes that doesn't get communicated up to Columbus,” said Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/voinovichschool/upload/Kruse-CV-January-2013.pdf\">Natalie Kruse\u003c/a>, who teaches environmental studies courses about watershed management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When problems are out of sight, they’re out of mind. But the thing about water is that it doesn't often stay in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is part of a watershed,” Geib said, “and all watersheds connect at some point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of all this, activists and scientists focus on the good they can do and perceived risks of doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop treating (AMD) and we just declare that these creeks are dead and that that's okay -- that it's okay that we kill creeks -- then that sets a very scary precedent to me,” Kruse said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, but surrounding land and streams still feel their toxic effects.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823337,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1321},"headData":{"title":"Out of Sight, Out of Mine | KQED","description":"Many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, but surrounding land and streams still feel their toxic effects.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Out of Sight, Out of Mine","datePublished":"2014-03-04T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:02:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"60744 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60744","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/04/out-of-sight-out-of-mine/","disqusTitle":"Out of Sight, Out of Mine","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/60744/out-of-sight-out-of-mine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/biosci/profiles/johnson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kelly Johnson\u003c/a> often finds herself knee deep in streams. Net in hand, she leads her biology students through lessons about life in southern Ohio’s waterways -- and the lack thereof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In healthy waters, Johnson and her students kick up streambeds to free large insects; they sweep mayflies and caddisflies into nets and pour hundreds out on the ground for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their adventure gets murkier in certain waterways where the toxic legacy of the coal-mining industry lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students expecting to see clean blue streams instead run into crunchy waters thick with rusty buildup. When the crust is broken, Johnson said, streams looks orange, like “orange juice [that] someone poured some milk in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Acid mine drainage, thick with metals, spills through a Southern Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acid mine drainage spills through an Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These waters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">colored by metals\u003c/a> like iron and nickel that coat and suffocate streambeds in glittering layers. Frothy plumes of aluminum make up the creamy haze in the water column above. Conspicuously missing are living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll do a kick and we might get four or five living things in the net,” Johnson said. “These streams are biologically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all looks wrong,” Johnson added. “You know this is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two Ohio counties intersect the Appalachian Coal Basin, one of America’s largest coalfields. While many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, surrounding land and streams still feel their effects. Cascades of toxic waters seep daily from \u003ca href=\"http://abandonedmines.gov/\">abandoned mines across the country \u003c/a>and introduce leached metals and acidity into nearby streams, a process known as acid mine drainage (AMD). Throughout Ohio, \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.ohiodnr.gov/\">4,400 abandoned mines pollute at least 1,300 miles of once fresh water\u003c/a>, threatening biodiversity and natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/getinvolved/sos/Pages/AMD12.aspx\">Remediation projects \u003c/a>exist but are hard to fund and maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and activists claim that AMD is as damaging as it is little acknowledged. The \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/acid_mine.cfm\">EPA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/whitemountain/landmanagement/projects/?cid=stelprdb5209652\">USDA\u003c/a> both recognize that AMD may present human health hazards, but confined to poorer rural areas, activists say it’s been difficult to attract dollars and ears to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to tackle the daunting and costly task of remediating such a large problem, states like Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://files.dep.state.pa.us/Mining/Abandoned%20Mine%20Reclamation/AbandonedMinePortalFiles/MIW/Final_MIW_White_Paper.pdf\">have gone so far as to encourage hydraulic fracturing companies to join the fight. The state is in discussion with fracking companies about the prospect of cleaning AMD\u003c/a> for use in place of fresh water, which is used to help blast through shale and free up natural gas and oil deposits. In January 2014, Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2014/01/14/senate-panel-approves-bill-encouraging-acid-mine-drainage-use-in-fracking/\">even relaxed environmental policies\u003c/a> to sweeten the deal. Fracking is divisive in the Midwest, and many \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/acid-mine-drainage-reduces-radioactivity-fracking-waste\">worry that plans like this might contribute to other environmental issues\u003c/a>. Still, Mark Bruce of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources says researchers are looking into the safety of doing the same in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deadly Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67650 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565-480x360.jpg\" alt='Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR' width=\"346\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AMD is essentially acidic water filled with metals like iron pyrite. It results from mineral deposits’ exposure to air and water in mineshafts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/enviroissue/amd/links/science2.html\">When all three meet, metals become solvent in water and produce hydrogen-rich sulfuric acids\u003c/a>. As water pressure builds, the toxic cocktail dribbles out of mines and into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most animals aren’t adapted for influxes of AMD. Healthy streams support 30 to 40 species, but acidic streams are lucky to have any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like the green sunfish and yellow perch can handle acidic waters, but that doesn’t mean they’ll survive them. Dissolved metals present other dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When AMD meets a less acidic stream, metals within it precipitate out. They crust over the water while gilding and clogging streambed habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if (animals and insects) could tolerate the chemical stress, they have nowhere to sort of get down in and live and know where to feed,” Johnson said. Species sensitive to both AMD and habitat loss like mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies are the first to go and last to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the impacts of AMD decay food webs -- and even hardy predators can’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67616\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"1735\" height=\"907\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg 1735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1440x753.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1180x617.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-960x502.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1735px) 100vw, 1735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Remedies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes only minutes for acid mine drainage to infiltrate a stream, but getting rid of it is far more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have an effect on the water quality of our streams, but it's not something that will ever go away,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/marissa%20intro\">Marissa Geib\u003c/a>, watershed coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/\">Huff Run Watershed Restoration P\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">artnership\u003c/span> in Mineral City, Ohio. “It was hard to swallow when I realized Huff Run is always going to be orange. There's no way that all of the dissolved metals will get out of the stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMD is an opened can of worms -- reactions among metals, water, and air are hard to stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By and large, the most effective thing is to prevent the water from going into the mine to start with, or prevent the water from coming out of the mine,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67615\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge. \" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But plugging mines to keep out new water can increase pressure and force new seepages, and regrading surrounding land to drain water away is no mean feat. Teams neutralize AMD by dumping basic materials like limestone chips into shafts and streams, or by installing devices that treat drainage as it comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds aside, a busy network of concerned parties is working to curb AMD. In Ohio, watershed groups like Geib’s work with the EPA and ODNR to acquire grant funding and complete remediation plans. Long-term monitoring -- cleaning valves, monitoring populations, and sampling water -- is left to volunteers, while ODNR engineers and contractors are in charge of project design and coordination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streams that receive help can see dramatic improvements. When Huff Run volunteers started treatment in the mid-1990s, the only species in the 9.9-mile stretch of stream was the resilient green sunfish. Since then they’ve found 22 species in the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, Ohio remediation teams treat 10,886 pounds of acidity a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67644\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\" alt=\"To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources\" width=\"257\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg 1102w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-960x1242.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But remediation is trial and error. “We've looked at restoration options with acid mine drainage and I can honestly say we have not seen too much success,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.indstate.edu/biology/faculty/simon.htm\">Thomas P. Simon\u003c/a>, a professor of ichthyology at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of compound the problem sometimes,” Simon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark Bruce, ODNR and restoration groups have spent $26 million completing \u003ca href=\"http://watersheddata.com/default.aspx\">55 remediation projects in seven Ohio watersheds\u003c/a>. Funding comes largely from \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/30/1231\">federal \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof15.pdf\">state excise taxes on mined coal\u003c/a>, paid by operating mining companies. Some worry this funding will dry up as energy companies turn toward natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extending responsibility for remediation to Ohioans all across the state has been challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is ultimately a problem that's happening in Appalachian Ohio and oftentimes that doesn't get communicated up to Columbus,” said Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/voinovichschool/upload/Kruse-CV-January-2013.pdf\">Natalie Kruse\u003c/a>, who teaches environmental studies courses about watershed management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When problems are out of sight, they’re out of mind. But the thing about water is that it doesn't often stay in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is part of a watershed,” Geib said, “and all watersheds connect at some point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of all this, activists and scientists focus on the good they can do and perceived risks of doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop treating (AMD) and we just declare that these creeks are dead and that that's okay -- that it's okay that we kill creeks -- then that sets a very scary precedent to me,” Kruse said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60744/out-of-sight-out-of-mine","authors":["64479"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12635","quest_12633","quest_12634","quest_12643","quest_12636","quest_12269","quest_12642","quest_12641","quest_10327","quest_12637","quest_12638","quest_12639","quest_10429","quest_12640","quest_2965","quest_3121"],"featImg":"quest_67648","label":"source_quest_60744"},"quest_43059":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43059","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43059","score":null,"sort":[1346425222000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast","title":"Waterways of the Largest Estuary on the West Coast","publishDate":1346425222,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/bayareausgs-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43075\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43075 \" title=\"Bay Area USGS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BayareaUSGS1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area from Space photo by United States Geological Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SF_Bay_area_USGS.jpg \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area residents and visitors don’t realize the extent of our estuary’s connection outside of the Bay Area. It's the largest estuary on the West Coast of North America fed by ocean tides and tendrils of fresh water stretching east to the Sierras and north nearly to the Oregon border. Envisioning the \u003ca title=\"Bay Conservation and Development Commission website\" href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/bay_estuary.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">watershed of San Francisco Bay\u003c/a> is like constructing nesting dolls out of the landscape. Small watersheds are formed by creeks and drainages surrounding the bay, delivering surface runoff from the land and streets to the estuary. Larger creeks, like Coyote Creek, Alameda Creek, and the Napa River form larger watersheds that incorporate the small creeks. But our estuary also drains a much larger land mass. The delta brings water to the bay from nearly half of our state from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Take the \u003ca title=\"US EPA website of the SF Bay-Delta\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/sfbaydelta/\" target=\"_blank\">virtual tour of the bay’s watershed\u003c/a> in this interactive website from the Environmental Protection Agency. You can \"fly\" along the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers to their headwaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43078\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/dscf1140/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43078\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-43078\" title=\"Sierra Waterflow\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/DSCF1140-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra waterflow\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week I made my annual summer pilgrimage to the granite backbone of our state and a campsite at Lake Tahoe. As I floated down the Truckee River (which doesn’t empty into San Francisco Bay, but impressively drains water that may have been impounded for over 700 years in Lake Tahoe), I pondered the journey of Sierra water through the watershed. You might picture a drop of water falling on the rugged western Sierra slopes and trace its path from the high mountains into a clear, cold creek. The creek flows downhill and joins others, eventually reaching larger streams and rivers. Complex ecosystems are formed along the way. Mayfly and caddisfly larvae in the creeks feed trout. The water permeates the banks creating riparian habitats with willows and alders supporting nesting habitat for migratory songbirds from the tropics to raise their young. The water picks up nutrients from the creekbed as it travels downhill. Along the way, some of the water is dammed to provide the thirsty communities of the Bay Area with drinking water. The Calaveras Dam brings Sierra water from the Mokelumne River to \u003ca title=\"East Bay Municipal Utilties District website\" href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/our-water/water-supply\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay MUD\u003c/a> water recipients while the Hetch Hetchy water is delivered to \u003ca title=\"SF Public Utilties Commission website\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=200\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco\u003c/a>. The mighty Sacramento River wends through the valley and past the State Capitol, watering farmlands along the way. Its headwaters are in the Cascade Mountains north of Redding, but many other tributaries, including the American and Yuba rivers add to its flow. Further south, the creeks feed into the San Joaquin River which meets the Sacramento River at the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43079\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/dscf1185/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43079\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-43079\" title=\"Floating\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/DSCF1185-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Floating through the watershed\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The health of our mountains and the ecosystems between here and there are vital to the health of our bay. Climate change, pollution and invasive species take a toll throughout the watershed. It’s important that we each do what we can to take care of our land. The land will reward us with a bounty of water to drink, food to eat and places to recreate and restore our weary urban souls. You can celebrate our amazing bay and learn more about it at the \u003ca title=\"Saving the Bay website\" href=\"http://www.savingthebay.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Saving the Bay\u003c/a> website with an award-winning, local film (portions of the video are available as well as lesson plans for teachers on the website). Don't forget \u003ca title=\"CA Coastal Cleanup Day website\" href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/ccd2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Coastal Cleanup Day\u003c/a> coming up the third Saturday of September, too, where you can make a difference in your neighborhood or along the bay shoreline picking up trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"San Francisco Bay's watershed extends to the Sierras. Ponder the waterways of the largest estuary in western North America.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366750286,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":627},"headData":{"title":"Waterways of the Largest Estuary on the West Coast | KQED","description":"San Francisco Bay's watershed extends to the Sierras. Ponder the waterways of the largest estuary in western North America.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Waterways of the Largest Estuary on the West Coast","datePublished":"2012-08-31T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T20:51:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43059 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43059","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/","disqusTitle":"Waterways of the Largest Estuary on the West Coast","path":"/quest/43059/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/bayareausgs-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43075\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43075 \" title=\"Bay Area USGS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BayareaUSGS1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area from Space photo by United States Geological Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SF_Bay_area_USGS.jpg \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area residents and visitors don’t realize the extent of our estuary’s connection outside of the Bay Area. It's the largest estuary on the West Coast of North America fed by ocean tides and tendrils of fresh water stretching east to the Sierras and north nearly to the Oregon border. Envisioning the \u003ca title=\"Bay Conservation and Development Commission website\" href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/bay_estuary.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">watershed of San Francisco Bay\u003c/a> is like constructing nesting dolls out of the landscape. Small watersheds are formed by creeks and drainages surrounding the bay, delivering surface runoff from the land and streets to the estuary. Larger creeks, like Coyote Creek, Alameda Creek, and the Napa River form larger watersheds that incorporate the small creeks. But our estuary also drains a much larger land mass. The delta brings water to the bay from nearly half of our state from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Take the \u003ca title=\"US EPA website of the SF Bay-Delta\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/sfbaydelta/\" target=\"_blank\">virtual tour of the bay’s watershed\u003c/a> in this interactive website from the Environmental Protection Agency. You can \"fly\" along the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers to their headwaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43078\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/dscf1140/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43078\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-43078\" title=\"Sierra Waterflow\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/DSCF1140-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra waterflow\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week I made my annual summer pilgrimage to the granite backbone of our state and a campsite at Lake Tahoe. As I floated down the Truckee River (which doesn’t empty into San Francisco Bay, but impressively drains water that may have been impounded for over 700 years in Lake Tahoe), I pondered the journey of Sierra water through the watershed. You might picture a drop of water falling on the rugged western Sierra slopes and trace its path from the high mountains into a clear, cold creek. The creek flows downhill and joins others, eventually reaching larger streams and rivers. Complex ecosystems are formed along the way. Mayfly and caddisfly larvae in the creeks feed trout. The water permeates the banks creating riparian habitats with willows and alders supporting nesting habitat for migratory songbirds from the tropics to raise their young. The water picks up nutrients from the creekbed as it travels downhill. Along the way, some of the water is dammed to provide the thirsty communities of the Bay Area with drinking water. The Calaveras Dam brings Sierra water from the Mokelumne River to \u003ca title=\"East Bay Municipal Utilties District website\" href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/our-water/water-supply\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay MUD\u003c/a> water recipients while the Hetch Hetchy water is delivered to \u003ca title=\"SF Public Utilties Commission website\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=200\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco\u003c/a>. The mighty Sacramento River wends through the valley and past the State Capitol, watering farmlands along the way. Its headwaters are in the Cascade Mountains north of Redding, but many other tributaries, including the American and Yuba rivers add to its flow. Further south, the creeks feed into the San Joaquin River which meets the Sacramento River at the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43079\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/dscf1185/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43079\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-43079\" title=\"Floating\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/DSCF1185-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Floating through the watershed\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The health of our mountains and the ecosystems between here and there are vital to the health of our bay. Climate change, pollution and invasive species take a toll throughout the watershed. It’s important that we each do what we can to take care of our land. The land will reward us with a bounty of water to drink, food to eat and places to recreate and restore our weary urban souls. You can celebrate our amazing bay and learn more about it at the \u003ca title=\"Saving the Bay website\" href=\"http://www.savingthebay.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Saving the Bay\u003c/a> website with an award-winning, local film (portions of the video are available as well as lesson plans for teachers on the website). Don't forget \u003ca title=\"CA Coastal Cleanup Day website\" href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/ccd2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Coastal Cleanup Day\u003c/a> coming up the third Saturday of September, too, where you can make a difference in your neighborhood or along the bay shoreline picking up trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43059/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast","authors":["6328"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_3310","quest_3307","quest_13202","quest_2473","quest_2487","quest_33","quest_3121"],"featImg":"quest_43078","label":"quest"},"quest_37221":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37221","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37221","score":null,"sort":[1336748449000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-friendly-gardening-welcoming-wildlife-and-nature-into-human-habitats","title":"Bay-Friendly Gardening: Welcoming Wildlife and Nature Into Human Habitats","publishDate":1336748449,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37226\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37226\" title=\"Bay Friendly Garden Tour\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our tour begins with a beautifully landscaped front yard\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine this audacious plan: we return our grid of manicured yards into watershed and wildlife-friendly spaces. From a bird or butterfly’s perspective, it would be a transformation from sterile segmented turf fields to bounteous habitat full of nectar plants, insects, hiding places and nesting spaces. This \u003ca title=\"Bay Friendly Gardens website\" href=\"http://www.bayfriendlycoalition.org/bayfriendlyis.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bay-Friendly\"\u003cbr>\ngardens\u003c/a> initiative is underway around the Bay Area under the sponsorship of \u003ca href=\"http://stopwaste.org/home/index.asp\">Stopwaste.org\u003c/a>. Last weekend some generous, certified “Bay-Friendly” garden owners opened their yards for tours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37228\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/bay-friendly-gardening-welcoming-wildlife-and-nature-into-human-habitats/dscf0856/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37228\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-37228\" title=\"Fox squirrel in the garden\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0856-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A red fox squirrel scampers through the garden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were able to purchase a tour booklet and tickets to gain entry to meander around and view the \u003ca title=\"Seven Principles of Bay-Friendly gardening\" href=\"http://bayfriendlycoalition.org/principles.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">seven principles\u003c/a> of \"Bay-Friendly\" gardening used in very different ways. As their website states, \"It’s an approach to landscaping with room for lots of personal preferences and interpretations.\" The gardens were beautiful, creative, and a great way to bring the natural world into people’s every day lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What struck me was the amount of insect and wildlife activity in the featured gardens. These gardens were busy with insects visiting flowers on the sunny Sunday afternoon. Squirrels scampered through the trees and a variety of birds were flitting about and calling from the shelter of trees and shrubs. Like little wildlife havens, the yards were alive with an abundant diversity of plants and wildlife compared with other nearby yards of traditional turf grass and ornamental plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37227\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0871.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37227\" title=\"Garden creekside retreat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0871-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden creekside retreat featuring water permeable surface and artistic seating area\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bay-Friendly\" gardening also calls for the limited use of pesticides. Toxic chemicals, along with trash pollution, pose big problems to our bay and creeks. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos are two commonly used insecticides. According to a report by \u003ca title=\"TDC Environmental report on pesticides\" href=\"http://www.tdcenvironmental.com/Pesticides.html\" target=\"_blank\">TDC Environmental\u003c/a>, the two are “of great concern, because elevated levels of the two pesticides have been linked to findings of toxicity in wastewater treatment plant effluent, storm water runoff, urban creeks (including all San Francisco Bay area urban creeks), estuaries (including San Francisco Bay), and the Sacramento River. Much of this toxicity occurs in urban areas, apparently reflecting urban releases—rather than agricultural releases—of diazinon and chlorpyrifos.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37229\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0882.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37229\" title=\"Thimbleberry blooming and setting fruit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0882-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thimbleberry provides food for native birds and insects\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bay-Friendly\" gardens seem to need fewer pest control measures because the owners strive to create healthier soil conditions, choose plants that are best suited to our climate and location in the garden which, in turn, encourages beneficial insects. Ultimately this combination keeps the pest populations in better balance. When control measures are called for, there are resources available to help you choose those least toxic to the environment. \u003ca title=\"Our Water, Our World website\" href=\"http://www.ourwaterourworld.org/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Our Water, Our World\u003c/a> website has some great resources including a \u003ca title=\"Downloadable pocket guide to least toxic pest control\" href=\"http://www.cleanwaterprogram.org/resources/resources-pest.html\" target=\"_blank\">downloadable pocket guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Bay-Friendly\" garden website is a great resource, too, for both home gardeners and landscaping professionals. There’s an interactive page showing some \u003ca title=\"Interactive picture of Bay Friendly Garden practices\" href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=142\" target=\"_blank\">examples of good gardening practices\u003c/a>. There is still one more tour you can attend in \u003ca title=\"Bay Friendly Garden Tour Marin County\" href=\"http://www.bayfriendlycoalition.org/GardenTour.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Marin County\u003c/a> on May 19 to gather ideas for your own \"Bay-Friendly\" garden. We’ve also been working on creating a \"Bay-Friendly\" landscape around the \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\" target=\"_blank\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a>. Maybe you’ll see us on the Alameda County garden tour, once we get certified, in the next couple of years!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sunset.com/garden/landscaping-design/lush-look-less-lawn-00400000045131/\">Pesticide pollution prevention\u003c/a> ideas\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Sunset Magazine less lawn landscaping\" href=\"http://www.sunset.com/garden/landscaping-design/lush-look-less-lawn-00400000045131/\" target=\"_blank\">Sunset Magazine\u003c/a> landscaping ideas with less lawn\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A \"Bay-Friendly\" gardens initiative is underway around the Bay Area under the sponsorship of Stopwaste.org. Last weekend some generous, certified “Bay-Friendly” garden owners opened their yards for tours.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1336588146,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"Bay-Friendly Gardening: Welcoming Wildlife and Nature Into Human Habitats | KQED","description":"A "Bay-Friendly" gardens initiative is underway around the Bay Area under the sponsorship of Stopwaste.org. Last weekend some generous, certified “Bay-Friendly” garden owners opened their yards for tours.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay-Friendly Gardening: Welcoming Wildlife and Nature Into Human Habitats","datePublished":"2012-05-11T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-09T18:29:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"37221 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=37221","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/bay-friendly-gardening-welcoming-wildlife-and-nature-into-human-habitats/","disqusTitle":"Bay-Friendly Gardening: Welcoming Wildlife and Nature Into Human Habitats","path":"/quest/37221/bay-friendly-gardening-welcoming-wildlife-and-nature-into-human-habitats","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37226\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37226\" title=\"Bay Friendly Garden Tour\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0857-e1336436422187-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our tour begins with a beautifully landscaped front yard\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine this audacious plan: we return our grid of manicured yards into watershed and wildlife-friendly spaces. From a bird or butterfly’s perspective, it would be a transformation from sterile segmented turf fields to bounteous habitat full of nectar plants, insects, hiding places and nesting spaces. This \u003ca title=\"Bay Friendly Gardens website\" href=\"http://www.bayfriendlycoalition.org/bayfriendlyis.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bay-Friendly\"\u003cbr>\ngardens\u003c/a> initiative is underway around the Bay Area under the sponsorship of \u003ca href=\"http://stopwaste.org/home/index.asp\">Stopwaste.org\u003c/a>. Last weekend some generous, certified “Bay-Friendly” garden owners opened their yards for tours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37228\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/bay-friendly-gardening-welcoming-wildlife-and-nature-into-human-habitats/dscf0856/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37228\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-37228\" title=\"Fox squirrel in the garden\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0856-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A red fox squirrel scampers through the garden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were able to purchase a tour booklet and tickets to gain entry to meander around and view the \u003ca title=\"Seven Principles of Bay-Friendly gardening\" href=\"http://bayfriendlycoalition.org/principles.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">seven principles\u003c/a> of \"Bay-Friendly\" gardening used in very different ways. As their website states, \"It’s an approach to landscaping with room for lots of personal preferences and interpretations.\" The gardens were beautiful, creative, and a great way to bring the natural world into people’s every day lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What struck me was the amount of insect and wildlife activity in the featured gardens. These gardens were busy with insects visiting flowers on the sunny Sunday afternoon. Squirrels scampered through the trees and a variety of birds were flitting about and calling from the shelter of trees and shrubs. Like little wildlife havens, the yards were alive with an abundant diversity of plants and wildlife compared with other nearby yards of traditional turf grass and ornamental plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37227\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0871.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37227\" title=\"Garden creekside retreat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0871-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden creekside retreat featuring water permeable surface and artistic seating area\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bay-Friendly\" gardening also calls for the limited use of pesticides. Toxic chemicals, along with trash pollution, pose big problems to our bay and creeks. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos are two commonly used insecticides. According to a report by \u003ca title=\"TDC Environmental report on pesticides\" href=\"http://www.tdcenvironmental.com/Pesticides.html\" target=\"_blank\">TDC Environmental\u003c/a>, the two are “of great concern, because elevated levels of the two pesticides have been linked to findings of toxicity in wastewater treatment plant effluent, storm water runoff, urban creeks (including all San Francisco Bay area urban creeks), estuaries (including San Francisco Bay), and the Sacramento River. Much of this toxicity occurs in urban areas, apparently reflecting urban releases—rather than agricultural releases—of diazinon and chlorpyrifos.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37229\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0882.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37229\" title=\"Thimbleberry blooming and setting fruit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DSCF0882-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thimbleberry provides food for native birds and insects\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bay-Friendly\" gardens seem to need fewer pest control measures because the owners strive to create healthier soil conditions, choose plants that are best suited to our climate and location in the garden which, in turn, encourages beneficial insects. Ultimately this combination keeps the pest populations in better balance. When control measures are called for, there are resources available to help you choose those least toxic to the environment. \u003ca title=\"Our Water, Our World website\" href=\"http://www.ourwaterourworld.org/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Our Water, Our World\u003c/a> website has some great resources including a \u003ca title=\"Downloadable pocket guide to least toxic pest control\" href=\"http://www.cleanwaterprogram.org/resources/resources-pest.html\" target=\"_blank\">downloadable pocket guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Bay-Friendly\" garden website is a great resource, too, for both home gardeners and landscaping professionals. There’s an interactive page showing some \u003ca title=\"Interactive picture of Bay Friendly Garden practices\" href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=142\" target=\"_blank\">examples of good gardening practices\u003c/a>. There is still one more tour you can attend in \u003ca title=\"Bay Friendly Garden Tour Marin County\" href=\"http://www.bayfriendlycoalition.org/GardenTour.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Marin County\u003c/a> on May 19 to gather ideas for your own \"Bay-Friendly\" garden. We’ve also been working on creating a \"Bay-Friendly\" landscape around the \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\" target=\"_blank\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a>. Maybe you’ll see us on the Alameda County garden tour, once we get certified, in the next couple of years!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sunset.com/garden/landscaping-design/lush-look-less-lawn-00400000045131/\">Pesticide pollution prevention\u003c/a> ideas\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Sunset Magazine less lawn landscaping\" href=\"http://www.sunset.com/garden/landscaping-design/lush-look-less-lawn-00400000045131/\" target=\"_blank\">Sunset Magazine\u003c/a> landscaping ideas with less lawn\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37221/bay-friendly-gardening-welcoming-wildlife-and-nature-into-human-habitats","authors":["6328"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_11077","quest_915","quest_13198","quest_3307","quest_9945","quest_2167","quest_13202","quest_2487","quest_11078","quest_11079","quest_11085","quest_3121","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_37226","label":"quest"},"quest_15008":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15008","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15008","score":null,"sort":[1249631619000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fifieldcahill-ridge-trail-exploration","title":"Exploring the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail","publishDate":1249631619,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/fifield-cahill-ridge-trail-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span> Local nature lovers can enjoy the rare opportunity to hike, bike, or ride their horses through pristine stands of old growth Douglas Fir, evergreen and fragrant coastal scrub while enjoying ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. Although this trail is not open for walk-in use by the general public, trained volunteer trail leaders head excursions three days a week.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org/\">[Make a Reservation]\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trailhead Locations\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Skyline Quarry – access to this trail head is at Skyline Quarry Gate, which is 0.7 miles west of the intersection of Lower Skyline Boulevard and Highway 92. Look for the sign. Drive westbound on California Highway 92 crossing under Interstate 280. The \"T\" intersection before you cross the reservoir is Lower Skyline Boulevard. Go straight through it. Remain on Highway 92 crossing over the reservoir. After you have passed the reservoir drive approximately .5 mile. Look for a gate on the north side of Highway 92. Enter through the gate. Drive .5 mile to the parking area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cemetery Gate – access via Skylawn Cemetery.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Portola Gate – access via Army Road from the terminus of Sneath Lane. \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003ch3>Activities\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trail excursions on foot, bicycle, or horseback.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trail Length\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trail is 10 miles long and is the SFPUC-managed segment of the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail from Highway 92 to Sweeney Ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trail Connections\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Fifield-Cahill Ridge connects with the 3.7 miles of the Sweeney Ridge Trail open to the public. Visitors interested in connecting their trek on the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail with Sweeney Ridge can contact the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trail Condition\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The trail is a gravel service road, with periods of loose base rock. Grades range from 0% to 21%. The steepest grade stretches 1.3 miles from Skyline Quarry (elevation 400 ft.) to Cemetery Gate (elevation 1,050 ft.) on Cahill Ridge, with a vertical elevation change of 650 ft.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Time\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Approximately 5-7 hours to complete the entire 10 miles on foot, with shorter events to be scheduled as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to John Fournet and Betsy Lauppe Rhodes of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking the Peninsula Watershed: Gaining a new view on water and resource conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2523/3749874911_c53cc0ae7e.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> Crystal Springs reservoir, a familiar sight from Interstate 280, has helped serve San Francisco’s water needs since it was dammed in the 1880s. The dam, made of interlocking concrete blocks, survived the 1906 earthquake with little damage. The four reservoirs of the Peninsula Watershed are in the valley created by the San Andreas fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It flows downhill for miles and miles until it reaches your tap. On its way, it passes towering fir forests, distinctive grasslands, and the habitat of many rare and endangered species. It's San Francisco's water, resting on the San Andreas fault, replenished constantly by the cycles of nature, and delivered to you via ingenious Civil War-era engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history and nature surrounding the San Francisco Peninsula Watershed make it much more than a pastiche of hillsides and reservoirs. The watershed, managed by the Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and unique opportunities to appreciate the complexity of providing 2.4 million people with a clean water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some trails follow the outlines of reservoirs; others lead to hillside hikes that provide wide-angle views of the watershed. The Sawyer Camp trail, one of the most heavily used in the Bay Area, skirts the edges of Crystal Springs and San Andreas reservoirs, via a six-mile accessible paved path. At the northern edge of PUC land is the Sweeny Ridge trail, managed by the national park service, a 600-foot climb to sweeping views and a favorite with mountain bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting the two areas we've explored here on the QUEST website lends a dual understanding of the watershed and its simultaneous protection from and integration into the surrounding metro area. The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail, in a carefully preserved area that includes old growth Douglas firs, demonstrates differing views of conservation measures taken over 15 decades. On the other side of interstate 280, a hike starting from the Pulgas Water Temple gives visitors a chance to ponder the enormity of the task of bringing water halfway across the state, downhill through the mountains, to a growing Bay Area population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2569/3750665226_f3abefef74.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> A stand of Monterey pines along the Fifiled-Cahill Ridge trail serve as a reminder of past conservation ethics, when ecologists deemed tree-planting as a most vital activity. Though they are from the nearby Monterey Bay region, these trees aren’t native to these more northern hills. They were likely planted in the 1930s, possibly to promote fog drip in the hopes that it would contribute to the reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running a 10-mile length through the area's many habitats, the Fifield-Cahill trail may be the watershed's most special excursion. It was closed to the public until 2003, and even now only parties of 20 or less are allowed, and must be accompanied by a trail guide. Why? It's all in the interest of preserving the habitat and resources here, and protecting the reservoirs from fire, erosion, and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make reservations to explore the trail on foot, bicycle or horse by visiting \u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org\">trail.sfwater.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail, hikers get views of all four of the watershed's reservoirs, as well as a vista of the city, old-growth forests, and a chance to glimpse some rare and endangered species. These reservoirs were the impetus for establishing a protected wilderness here 150 years ago, and they've been vital to the development of San Francisco. Their dams were all built between 1860 and 1880, and survived the 1906 earthquake, despite their locations along the San Andreas fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landscape here is perfect for catching rainfall. Coastal marine layers move on shore over the hillsides, dumping lots of rain into the rift valley. The area around Pilarcitos reservoir can sometimes receive four or five times the rainfall of the airport, which is only 5 miles away. On their own, the four reservoirs—Upper and Lower Crystal Springs, Pilarcitos, and San Andreas—provides about ten percent of San Francisco's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pulgas Water Temple and Sheep Camp trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, “I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,” a biblical quote from Isaiah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does the rest of the city's vital H2O come from? The Pulgas Water Temple tells this part of the story, and a climb from the Temple to a nearby ridgetop affords broad brush views of the watershed, putting the whole water narrative together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco long ago outgrew its four reservoirs. In 1909, with memories of the '06 earthquake's unquenchable fires still vivid, the city of San Francisco purchased land in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park with the intention to dam the Tuolomie river. The next year, the city voted to build the dam and a 160-mile-long system to carry the water from the mountains to the San Andreas valley, and in 1913 Congress allowed the construction. The effort expended was enormous: $45 million dollars, twenty years of construction, a few deaths and a great deal of politics. In 1934, the first rush of Hetch Hetchy water flowed through the gravity-driven tunnel system, across the California's central valley. It swooshed through the base of the Pulgas Water Temple and into nearby Crystal Springs reservoir while San Franciscans cheered, and some conservationists frowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2668/4134114633_cc78c13947.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> Signs at the start of the Sheep Camp trail let visitors know that this is protected land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ascension up Sheep Camp trail connects the Hetchy water to its final destination. Climbing to the ridge top east of 280, hikers pass through coastal oak scrub, until reaching the viewpoint. Here, you can see across the valley, taking in Crystal Springs reservoir and the pine and fir stands that the Fifield-Cahill trail passes through, Trekkers with a fondness for geology will appreciate this scene: the reservoir in view sits atop the San Andreas fault, meaning that a hiker here is standing on one tectonic plate and looking out at another, the distant hills moving southward, ever so slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see two tectonic plates isn't entirely uncommon in the Bay Area. But this vista brings together so much more: an illustration of how humans have made use of the valley created by these plate movements, and harnessed the landscape's natural slope and the resources in the mountains hundreds of miles east, all with the purpose of providing water—California's original gold—to the people who flock here for the very magic this set of hikes offers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1199541@N23\">Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/msc_main.cfm/MC_ID/20/MSC_ID/176\">SFWATER.ORG : Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Local nature lovers can enjoy the rare opportunity to hike, bike, or ride their horses through pristine stands of old growth Douglas Fir, evergreen and fragrant coastal scrub while enjoying ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. To protect our watershed, hiking on the trail is restricted to docent-led ventures three days a week, with advanced registration.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450469621,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/fifield-cahill-ridge-trail-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1566},"headData":{"title":"Exploring the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail","datePublished":"2009-08-07T07:53:39.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T20:13:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15008 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/fifieldcahill-ridge-trail-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/08/07/fifieldcahill-ridge-trail-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","path":"/quest/15008/fifieldcahill-ridge-trail-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/fifield-cahill-ridge-trail-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span> Local nature lovers can enjoy the rare opportunity to hike, bike, or ride their horses through pristine stands of old growth Douglas Fir, evergreen and fragrant coastal scrub while enjoying ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. Although this trail is not open for walk-in use by the general public, trained volunteer trail leaders head excursions three days a week.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org/\">[Make a Reservation]\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trailhead Locations\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Skyline Quarry – access to this trail head is at Skyline Quarry Gate, which is 0.7 miles west of the intersection of Lower Skyline Boulevard and Highway 92. Look for the sign. Drive westbound on California Highway 92 crossing under Interstate 280. The \"T\" intersection before you cross the reservoir is Lower Skyline Boulevard. Go straight through it. Remain on Highway 92 crossing over the reservoir. After you have passed the reservoir drive approximately .5 mile. Look for a gate on the north side of Highway 92. Enter through the gate. Drive .5 mile to the parking area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cemetery Gate – access via Skylawn Cemetery.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Portola Gate – access via Army Road from the terminus of Sneath Lane. \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003ch3>Activities\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trail excursions on foot, bicycle, or horseback.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trail Length\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trail is 10 miles long and is the SFPUC-managed segment of the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail from Highway 92 to Sweeney Ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trail Connections\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Fifield-Cahill Ridge connects with the 3.7 miles of the Sweeney Ridge Trail open to the public. Visitors interested in connecting their trek on the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail with Sweeney Ridge can contact the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trail Condition\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The trail is a gravel service road, with periods of loose base rock. Grades range from 0% to 21%. The steepest grade stretches 1.3 miles from Skyline Quarry (elevation 400 ft.) to Cemetery Gate (elevation 1,050 ft.) on Cahill Ridge, with a vertical elevation change of 650 ft.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Time\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Approximately 5-7 hours to complete the entire 10 miles on foot, with shorter events to be scheduled as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to John Fournet and Betsy Lauppe Rhodes of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking the Peninsula Watershed: Gaining a new view on water and resource conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2523/3749874911_c53cc0ae7e.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> Crystal Springs reservoir, a familiar sight from Interstate 280, has helped serve San Francisco’s water needs since it was dammed in the 1880s. The dam, made of interlocking concrete blocks, survived the 1906 earthquake with little damage. The four reservoirs of the Peninsula Watershed are in the valley created by the San Andreas fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It flows downhill for miles and miles until it reaches your tap. On its way, it passes towering fir forests, distinctive grasslands, and the habitat of many rare and endangered species. It's San Francisco's water, resting on the San Andreas fault, replenished constantly by the cycles of nature, and delivered to you via ingenious Civil War-era engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history and nature surrounding the San Francisco Peninsula Watershed make it much more than a pastiche of hillsides and reservoirs. The watershed, managed by the Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and unique opportunities to appreciate the complexity of providing 2.4 million people with a clean water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some trails follow the outlines of reservoirs; others lead to hillside hikes that provide wide-angle views of the watershed. The Sawyer Camp trail, one of the most heavily used in the Bay Area, skirts the edges of Crystal Springs and San Andreas reservoirs, via a six-mile accessible paved path. At the northern edge of PUC land is the Sweeny Ridge trail, managed by the national park service, a 600-foot climb to sweeping views and a favorite with mountain bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting the two areas we've explored here on the QUEST website lends a dual understanding of the watershed and its simultaneous protection from and integration into the surrounding metro area. The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail, in a carefully preserved area that includes old growth Douglas firs, demonstrates differing views of conservation measures taken over 15 decades. On the other side of interstate 280, a hike starting from the Pulgas Water Temple gives visitors a chance to ponder the enormity of the task of bringing water halfway across the state, downhill through the mountains, to a growing Bay Area population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2569/3750665226_f3abefef74.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> A stand of Monterey pines along the Fifiled-Cahill Ridge trail serve as a reminder of past conservation ethics, when ecologists deemed tree-planting as a most vital activity. Though they are from the nearby Monterey Bay region, these trees aren’t native to these more northern hills. They were likely planted in the 1930s, possibly to promote fog drip in the hopes that it would contribute to the reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running a 10-mile length through the area's many habitats, the Fifield-Cahill trail may be the watershed's most special excursion. It was closed to the public until 2003, and even now only parties of 20 or less are allowed, and must be accompanied by a trail guide. Why? It's all in the interest of preserving the habitat and resources here, and protecting the reservoirs from fire, erosion, and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make reservations to explore the trail on foot, bicycle or horse by visiting \u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org\">trail.sfwater.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail, hikers get views of all four of the watershed's reservoirs, as well as a vista of the city, old-growth forests, and a chance to glimpse some rare and endangered species. These reservoirs were the impetus for establishing a protected wilderness here 150 years ago, and they've been vital to the development of San Francisco. Their dams were all built between 1860 and 1880, and survived the 1906 earthquake, despite their locations along the San Andreas fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landscape here is perfect for catching rainfall. Coastal marine layers move on shore over the hillsides, dumping lots of rain into the rift valley. The area around Pilarcitos reservoir can sometimes receive four or five times the rainfall of the airport, which is only 5 miles away. On their own, the four reservoirs—Upper and Lower Crystal Springs, Pilarcitos, and San Andreas—provides about ten percent of San Francisco's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pulgas Water Temple and Sheep Camp trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, “I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,” a biblical quote from Isaiah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does the rest of the city's vital H2O come from? The Pulgas Water Temple tells this part of the story, and a climb from the Temple to a nearby ridgetop affords broad brush views of the watershed, putting the whole water narrative together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco long ago outgrew its four reservoirs. In 1909, with memories of the '06 earthquake's unquenchable fires still vivid, the city of San Francisco purchased land in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park with the intention to dam the Tuolomie river. The next year, the city voted to build the dam and a 160-mile-long system to carry the water from the mountains to the San Andreas valley, and in 1913 Congress allowed the construction. The effort expended was enormous: $45 million dollars, twenty years of construction, a few deaths and a great deal of politics. In 1934, the first rush of Hetch Hetchy water flowed through the gravity-driven tunnel system, across the California's central valley. It swooshed through the base of the Pulgas Water Temple and into nearby Crystal Springs reservoir while San Franciscans cheered, and some conservationists frowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2668/4134114633_cc78c13947.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> Signs at the start of the Sheep Camp trail let visitors know that this is protected land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ascension up Sheep Camp trail connects the Hetchy water to its final destination. Climbing to the ridge top east of 280, hikers pass through coastal oak scrub, until reaching the viewpoint. Here, you can see across the valley, taking in Crystal Springs reservoir and the pine and fir stands that the Fifield-Cahill trail passes through, Trekkers with a fondness for geology will appreciate this scene: the reservoir in view sits atop the San Andreas fault, meaning that a hiker here is standing on one tectonic plate and looking out at another, the distant hills moving southward, ever so slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see two tectonic plates isn't entirely uncommon in the Bay Area. But this vista brings together so much more: an illustration of how humans have made use of the valley created by these plate movements, and harnessed the landscape's natural slope and the resources in the mountains hundreds of miles east, all with the purpose of providing water—California's original gold—to the people who flock here for the very magic this set of hikes offers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1199541@N23\">Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/msc_main.cfm/MC_ID/20/MSC_ID/176\">SFWATER.ORG : Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15008/fifieldcahill-ridge-trail-exploration","authors":["6166","10191"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_1370","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_13","quest_2486","quest_2487","quest_3385","quest_2530","quest_13434","quest_3311","quest_3121"],"featImg":"quest_15014","label":"source_quest_15008"},"quest_2357":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2357","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2357","score":null,"sort":[1242157059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon","title":"Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon","publishDate":1242157059,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The Russian River is my family river. When my children tip over the canoe, or launch off a rope swing and plop into the quiet green waters, it will hold more religious significance for me than any other baptism ever could. That is how important that place is to my family and me. We love the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we would with any loved one, we care about its health and well being. Over the years we have witnessed wanton pollution from purposeful and \"accidental\" sewage spills, there has been gravel mining, seemingly unchecked agri-business dumping pesticides and sucking wells dry, and more than anything, precious water has been continuously pumped out and diverted to quench the thirst of the ever-growing populations of Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each one of these factors has taken some of the life and wildness out of the Russian River. And there comes a point when the natural world and The River does not have anything left to give.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/coho-go1.jpg\" alt=\"California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2414\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered \u003ccite>(Richard James)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still there is the hope that nature is resilient. One of the best indicators of environmental health on the Russian River would be the return of the native salmon. While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Seeing them work gave me a lot of hope. These men and women literally hold the future of the coho salmon in their hands. Each egg is tenderly cared for-- each little growing fish is carefully identified, numbered and individually tagged before being gently released into the wild. It is an enormous, time-consuming and laborious task. But without them, the critically endangered coho salmon have little or no realistic chance of returning to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught. In early April 2009, for just one night's frost protection, the wineries of the Russian River valley went against a request by the National Marine Fisheries Service and turned open their taps, taking so much water out of the Russian River watershed that the water-table dramatically dropped resulting in a massive coho salmon die-off. It's another heartbreaking blow to an already perilous situation. The wineries were told specifically about the consequences of their actions last year at a special meeting held by the State Water Resources Control Board. Yet to protect a small percentage of an already glutted crop, the wineries knowingly risked dooming an entire species to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information see:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quick drop in water level kills coho | The Press Democrat | Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20090404/NEWS/904040312\">Frost protection measures to save crops stranded fish in Russian River tributary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coho killed after water diverted to protect crops | SF Chronicle\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nEndangered coho salmon killed after a sudden drop in the water level...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have always advocated for The Russian River and its small communities and businesses. I recommend it as the perfect getaway for friends looking for a weekend exploration. Hiking, canoeing, wine-tasting or exploring--The River is the place. In turn I have also regularly recommended and sought out Russian River wines. But I doubt I'll be recommending anything from this year's vintage. I have a feeling the 2009 Russian River wines are going to leave a very bitter taste.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457749446,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":581},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon | KQED","description":"While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon","datePublished":"2009-05-12T19:37:39.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T02:24:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2357 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2357","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/12/producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZskYQNO-cHo","path":"/quest/2357/producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Russian River is my family river. When my children tip over the canoe, or launch off a rope swing and plop into the quiet green waters, it will hold more religious significance for me than any other baptism ever could. That is how important that place is to my family and me. We love the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we would with any loved one, we care about its health and well being. Over the years we have witnessed wanton pollution from purposeful and \"accidental\" sewage spills, there has been gravel mining, seemingly unchecked agri-business dumping pesticides and sucking wells dry, and more than anything, precious water has been continuously pumped out and diverted to quench the thirst of the ever-growing populations of Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each one of these factors has taken some of the life and wildness out of the Russian River. And there comes a point when the natural world and The River does not have anything left to give.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/coho-go1.jpg\" alt=\"California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2414\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered \u003ccite>(Richard James)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still there is the hope that nature is resilient. One of the best indicators of environmental health on the Russian River would be the return of the native salmon. While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Seeing them work gave me a lot of hope. These men and women literally hold the future of the coho salmon in their hands. Each egg is tenderly cared for-- each little growing fish is carefully identified, numbered and individually tagged before being gently released into the wild. It is an enormous, time-consuming and laborious task. But without them, the critically endangered coho salmon have little or no realistic chance of returning to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught. In early April 2009, for just one night's frost protection, the wineries of the Russian River valley went against a request by the National Marine Fisheries Service and turned open their taps, taking so much water out of the Russian River watershed that the water-table dramatically dropped resulting in a massive coho salmon die-off. It's another heartbreaking blow to an already perilous situation. The wineries were told specifically about the consequences of their actions last year at a special meeting held by the State Water Resources Control Board. Yet to protect a small percentage of an already glutted crop, the wineries knowingly risked dooming an entire species to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information see:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quick drop in water level kills coho | The Press Democrat | Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20090404/NEWS/904040312\">Frost protection measures to save crops stranded fish in Russian River tributary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coho killed after water diverted to protect crops | SF Chronicle\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nEndangered coho salmon killed after a sudden drop in the water level...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have always advocated for The Russian River and its small communities and businesses. I recommend it as the perfect getaway for friends looking for a weekend exploration. Hiking, canoeing, wine-tasting or exploring--The River is the place. In turn I have also regularly recommended and sought out Russian River wines. But I doubt I'll be recommending anything from this year's vintage. I have a feeling the 2009 Russian River wines are going to leave a very bitter taste.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2357/producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon","authors":["10169"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_390","quest_20","quest_646","quest_726","quest_934","quest_1150","quest_1293","quest_1321","quest_1599","quest_1734","quest_1789","quest_1826","quest_2392","quest_2395","quest_2465","quest_2477","quest_2672","quest_2727","quest_2744","quest_2786","quest_13364","quest_3100","quest_3121"],"label":"quest"},"quest_749":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_749","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"749","score":null,"sort":[1218151182000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"6-more-simple-things-you-can-do-to-help-the-bay-conservation-edition","title":"6 MORE Simple Things You Can Do to Help the Bay: Conservation Edition","publishDate":1218151182,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/blog_hose.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>I hadn't been working at The Bay Institute long when our then Executive Director dropped a packet of information on my desk and asked me to draft a letter. The topic? Urinals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An hour later, I'd written (if I may say) an eloquent letter in support of updating California's plumbing code to ease the way for water- saving fixtures in men's restrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day in the life of working at a water organization--and another reminder of how our home and office plumbing impacts the \"plumbing\" of our larger watershed: By saving water, we're also helping to save the ecosystems at the other end of our taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be a leak detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaking irrigation systems and running toilets are big water wasters. That innocuous little drip you haven't gotten around to fixing? Check out the WaterWiser Drip Calculator to see how those little drips add up. Learn how to monitor your household water use so you can find and repair leaks. One method: Turn off all taps inside and out. Record your meter reading, then check back an hour or two later. If the reading has changed, you may have a leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fix your fixtures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replace old toilets and clothes washers-the biggest water users in your home-with new water efficient versions. Install low flow showerheads and aerators on faucets, and top your hose with an automatic shut-off nozzle. Check with your water district: They may offer rebates-or even free supplies-to help you make these changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Go native!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replace conventional lawns and other thirsty plants with native species, which are more drought tolerant, resist pests, and provide great habitat. Use mulch to keep moisture in and weeds down. Water in the early morning or in the evening, when less is lost to evaporation, and avoid overwatering. If you use an automated irrigation system, install a rain shutoff device or soil moisture sensor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get creative\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rinse vegetables in a bowl of water rather than under a running tap, then reuse the rinse water for watering houseplants. Keep a pitcher in the refrigerator rather than waiting for tap water to get cold enough to drink. Hold a jug under the faucet while waiting for your shower to warm up, or even bring a bucket in the shower with you to capture some of the water for watering plants. And don't forget the easy and obvious: turn off the tap when brushing teeth, shaving, or washing dishes; run the dish- and clothes- washers only when full; trim a few minutes from your shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak up!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don't need to write your legislator about urinals (though feel free), but do speak up in favor of conservation and environmental protection and restoration. Call or write your elected officials to let them know what's important to you, or pen a letter to the editor of the newspaper you read. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/localgov/story/1057802.html\">When a water-saving couple in Sacramento was cited for letting their lawn die\u003c/a>, there was a public outcry. In response, the city not only changed its mind about fining the couple, but also acknowledged city codes may need a drought-friendly update. You can also make your voice heard at the ballot box: Check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecovote.org\">www.ecovote.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Befriend your watershed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as it can be hard to make the link between the neatly packaged food at the grocery and the farms it came from, we don't normally connect the dots between the water that magically comes out of our taps and the watersheds we live in. Millions of Bay Area residents rely on water not just from their local watersheds but also from the Delta and Sierra Nevada. Know where your water comes from and help protect those sources. And don't forget to get out and get to know the Bay and its tributaries: walking our river banks and shorelines, helping clean up your local creek, kayaking, rafting, sailing, birding, and swimming are just a few ways to interact with your watershed and can be great ways to teach kids the value of protecting our natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more water saving ideas, visit www.watersavinghero.com, \u003ca href=\"http://www.h2ouse.org/\">www.h2ouse.org\u003c/a>, and www.bay.org/SimpleThingsYouCanDo.pdf -- or share your ideas below. Also don't miss \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/04/simple-things-you-can-do-to-help-the-bay/\">my earlier post on what you can do to help the bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.1048 -122.561\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I hadn't been working at The Bay Institute long when our then Executive Director dropped a packet of information on my desk and asked me to draft a letter. The topic? Urinals.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833339,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":732},"headData":{"title":"6 MORE Simple Things You Can Do to Help the Bay: Conservation Edition | KQED","description":"I hadn't been working at The Bay Institute long when our then Executive Director dropped a packet of information on my desk and asked me to draft a letter. The topic? Urinals.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"6 MORE Simple Things You Can Do to Help the Bay: Conservation Edition","datePublished":"2008-08-07T23:19:42.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:48:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"749 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=749","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/07/6-more-simple-things-you-can-do-to-help-the-bay-conservation-edition/","disqusTitle":"6 MORE Simple Things You Can Do to Help the Bay: Conservation Edition","path":"/quest/749/6-more-simple-things-you-can-do-to-help-the-bay-conservation-edition","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/blog_hose.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>I hadn't been working at The Bay Institute long when our then Executive Director dropped a packet of information on my desk and asked me to draft a letter. The topic? Urinals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An hour later, I'd written (if I may say) an eloquent letter in support of updating California's plumbing code to ease the way for water- saving fixtures in men's restrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day in the life of working at a water organization--and another reminder of how our home and office plumbing impacts the \"plumbing\" of our larger watershed: By saving water, we're also helping to save the ecosystems at the other end of our taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be a leak detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaking irrigation systems and running toilets are big water wasters. That innocuous little drip you haven't gotten around to fixing? Check out the WaterWiser Drip Calculator to see how those little drips add up. Learn how to monitor your household water use so you can find and repair leaks. One method: Turn off all taps inside and out. Record your meter reading, then check back an hour or two later. If the reading has changed, you may have a leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fix your fixtures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replace old toilets and clothes washers-the biggest water users in your home-with new water efficient versions. Install low flow showerheads and aerators on faucets, and top your hose with an automatic shut-off nozzle. Check with your water district: They may offer rebates-or even free supplies-to help you make these changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Go native!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replace conventional lawns and other thirsty plants with native species, which are more drought tolerant, resist pests, and provide great habitat. Use mulch to keep moisture in and weeds down. Water in the early morning or in the evening, when less is lost to evaporation, and avoid overwatering. If you use an automated irrigation system, install a rain shutoff device or soil moisture sensor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get creative\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rinse vegetables in a bowl of water rather than under a running tap, then reuse the rinse water for watering houseplants. Keep a pitcher in the refrigerator rather than waiting for tap water to get cold enough to drink. Hold a jug under the faucet while waiting for your shower to warm up, or even bring a bucket in the shower with you to capture some of the water for watering plants. And don't forget the easy and obvious: turn off the tap when brushing teeth, shaving, or washing dishes; run the dish- and clothes- washers only when full; trim a few minutes from your shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak up!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don't need to write your legislator about urinals (though feel free), but do speak up in favor of conservation and environmental protection and restoration. Call or write your elected officials to let them know what's important to you, or pen a letter to the editor of the newspaper you read. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/localgov/story/1057802.html\">When a water-saving couple in Sacramento was cited for letting their lawn die\u003c/a>, there was a public outcry. In response, the city not only changed its mind about fining the couple, but also acknowledged city codes may need a drought-friendly update. You can also make your voice heard at the ballot box: Check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecovote.org\">www.ecovote.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Befriend your watershed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as it can be hard to make the link between the neatly packaged food at the grocery and the farms it came from, we don't normally connect the dots between the water that magically comes out of our taps and the watersheds we live in. Millions of Bay Area residents rely on water not just from their local watersheds but also from the Delta and Sierra Nevada. Know where your water comes from and help protect those sources. And don't forget to get out and get to know the Bay and its tributaries: walking our river banks and shorelines, helping clean up your local creek, kayaking, rafting, sailing, birding, and swimming are just a few ways to interact with your watershed and can be great ways to teach kids the value of protecting our natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more water saving ideas, visit www.watersavinghero.com, \u003ca href=\"http://www.h2ouse.org/\">www.h2ouse.org\u003c/a>, and www.bay.org/SimpleThingsYouCanDo.pdf -- or share your ideas below. Also don't miss \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/04/simple-things-you-can-do-to-help-the-bay/\">my earlier post on what you can do to help the bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.1048 -122.561\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/749/6-more-simple-things-you-can-do-to-help-the-bay-conservation-edition","authors":["10179"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_284","quest_684","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2530","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"label":"quest"},"quest_684":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_684","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"684","score":null,"sort":[1215454090000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-fishy-odyssey-through-the-delta","title":"A fishy odyssey through the delta","publishDate":1215454090,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3358,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Talk about a wild ride.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/louversystem1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Every year, millions of fish make a strange and harrowing detour through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.publicaffairs.water.ca.gov/swp/future.cfm\">Skinner Fish Facility\u003c/a>, part of the State Water Project's facilities in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my last post, I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/05/where-water-runs-uphill/\">my visit to the Banks Pumping Plant\u003c/a>, whose giant pumps slurp water from the Delta to help quench California's thirst. As the volumes of water are sucked up, both resident and migrating fish come along for the ride. The Skinner Facility, in operation since 1968, was built to protect fish from being killed at the pumps--an effort that sadly is not as successful as one would hope (more on that below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was amazed to learn there is a whole art and science to fish screens, which range from physical barriers--called \u003cem>positive barriers\u003c/em>--like perforated plates or wire mesh, to \u003cem>behavioral barriers\u003c/em> like sound, light, or other stimuli aimed at keeping fish away. Well-designed screens minimize both \u003cem>entrainment\u003c/em> (fish being pulled into the pump or diversion) and \u003cem>impingement\u003c/em> (fish being trapped or injured against the screen itself due to water velocity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both physical and behavioral barriers are used at the Skinner Facility. Fish being pulled toward the pumps first encounter a trash rack that diverts many bigger fish, along with floating debris. Next, fish encounter a large, v-shaped array of metal louvers. The louvers create turbulence that functions as a behavioral signal, encouraging the fish to swim away into bypass pipes that function, as our tour guide put it, like \"a big vacuum system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/holdingtank1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>From the bypass pipes fish travel to another set of louvers and pipes, concentrating them into a smaller volume of water, and then into holding tanks in a nearby warehouse. Giant, suspended cone-shaped buckets are used to periodically sample the fish, which are identified, counted, and measured. Some 90 species turn up in the facility, including \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhead\">steelhead\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sturgeon\">white sturgeon\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/05/little-fish-big-crisis/\">delta smelt\u003c/a>. (I asked our guide if delta smelt really do smell like cucumbers. He confirmed it. In fact, when a school of smelt comes through--an event that has become rare--the warehouse smells \"like a salad.\") When enough fish have been collected, they are loaded into trucks and driven back to the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the rub. Many fish caught in the pull of the pumps are lost to predation before even reaching the screening facility. Then, the facility does not effectively screen fish smaller than about 1.5 inches, meaning that littler, less powerful species and juveniles are still vulnerable to the pumps. For the fish that make it to the holding tanks, the process is such a trauma--with big and little fish squashed together in the tanks, buckets, and trucks--it's no surprise there are casualties; in fact, the delicate delta smelt often do not survive. And even for fish that make it through the entire process and out the other end, there's a final, fatal hurdle: the trunks routinely dump salvaged fish at the same locations, where more predators have learned to cluster for a free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree that the loss of fish at the huge state pumps--and other pumps and intake pipes throughout the Delta--is a major contributor to plummeting populations. How much water we use makes a difference: The higher the export rates, the more fish are entrained. There also is broad consensus that more state-of-the-art fish screening facilities are needed. That could come with a hefty price tag. But with our fish disappearing, can we afford \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to invest in their survival?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.825718 -121.596422\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366749852,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":606},"headData":{"title":"A fishy odyssey through the delta | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A fishy odyssey through the delta","datePublished":"2008-07-07T18:08:10.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T20:44:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"684 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=684","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/07/a-fishy-odyssey-through-the-delta/","disqusTitle":"A fishy odyssey through the delta","path":"/quest/684/a-fishy-odyssey-through-the-delta","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Talk about a wild ride.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/louversystem1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Every year, millions of fish make a strange and harrowing detour through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.publicaffairs.water.ca.gov/swp/future.cfm\">Skinner Fish Facility\u003c/a>, part of the State Water Project's facilities in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my last post, I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/05/where-water-runs-uphill/\">my visit to the Banks Pumping Plant\u003c/a>, whose giant pumps slurp water from the Delta to help quench California's thirst. As the volumes of water are sucked up, both resident and migrating fish come along for the ride. The Skinner Facility, in operation since 1968, was built to protect fish from being killed at the pumps--an effort that sadly is not as successful as one would hope (more on that below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was amazed to learn there is a whole art and science to fish screens, which range from physical barriers--called \u003cem>positive barriers\u003c/em>--like perforated plates or wire mesh, to \u003cem>behavioral barriers\u003c/em> like sound, light, or other stimuli aimed at keeping fish away. Well-designed screens minimize both \u003cem>entrainment\u003c/em> (fish being pulled into the pump or diversion) and \u003cem>impingement\u003c/em> (fish being trapped or injured against the screen itself due to water velocity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both physical and behavioral barriers are used at the Skinner Facility. Fish being pulled toward the pumps first encounter a trash rack that diverts many bigger fish, along with floating debris. Next, fish encounter a large, v-shaped array of metal louvers. The louvers create turbulence that functions as a behavioral signal, encouraging the fish to swim away into bypass pipes that function, as our tour guide put it, like \"a big vacuum system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/holdingtank1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>From the bypass pipes fish travel to another set of louvers and pipes, concentrating them into a smaller volume of water, and then into holding tanks in a nearby warehouse. Giant, suspended cone-shaped buckets are used to periodically sample the fish, which are identified, counted, and measured. Some 90 species turn up in the facility, including \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhead\">steelhead\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sturgeon\">white sturgeon\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/05/little-fish-big-crisis/\">delta smelt\u003c/a>. (I asked our guide if delta smelt really do smell like cucumbers. He confirmed it. In fact, when a school of smelt comes through--an event that has become rare--the warehouse smells \"like a salad.\") When enough fish have been collected, they are loaded into trucks and driven back to the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the rub. Many fish caught in the pull of the pumps are lost to predation before even reaching the screening facility. Then, the facility does not effectively screen fish smaller than about 1.5 inches, meaning that littler, less powerful species and juveniles are still vulnerable to the pumps. For the fish that make it to the holding tanks, the process is such a trauma--with big and little fish squashed together in the tanks, buckets, and trucks--it's no surprise there are casualties; in fact, the delicate delta smelt often do not survive. And even for fish that make it through the entire process and out the other end, there's a final, fatal hurdle: the trunks routinely dump salvaged fish at the same locations, where more predators have learned to cluster for a free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree that the loss of fish at the huge state pumps--and other pumps and intake pipes throughout the Delta--is a major contributor to plummeting populations. How much water we use makes a difference: The higher the export rates, the more fish are entrained. There also is broad consensus that more state-of-the-art fish screening facilities are needed. That could come with a hefty price tag. But with our fish disappearing, can we afford \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to invest in their survival?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.825718 -121.596422\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/684/a-fishy-odyssey-through-the-delta","authors":["10179"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_438","quest_684","quest_797","quest_799","quest_1099","quest_1101","quest_3351","quest_2211","quest_2270","quest_2472","quest_2477","quest_2487","quest_2530","quest_2649","quest_2783","quest_2816","quest_13364","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"collections":["quest_3358"],"label":"quest_3358"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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