Our Newest National Park: Pinnacles National Monument
Side Trips from Interstate 5: Sutter Buttes
The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz
Bay Area Volcanoes
Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
Web Extra: Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
Explosive hypothesis about humans' lack of genetic diversity
Sponsored
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She is also a long-time science writer, and president of the Northern California Science Writers' Association. She loves to climb big hills, investigate tidbits of everyday life, and do chemistry experiments with her food.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_private_pages","edit_private_posts","edit_published_pages","edit_published_posts","publish_posts","read_private_pages","read_private_posts","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload","upload_files","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Robin Marks | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/robin-marks"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_48410":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48410","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48410","score":null,"sort":[1357243146000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument","title":"Our Newest National Park: Pinnacles National Monument","publishDate":1357243146,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48411\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesnp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48411\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesNP-300x169.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from the Pinnacles, on the Pacific plate, to the North America plate across the San Andreas fault. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/33671002@N00/\"}Mike Prasad{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the last things the 112th Congress did in 2012 was to enact legislation that turns Pinnacles National Monument into the nation's 59th national park. It will replace Yosemite as the nearest national park to the Bay Area, so we should familiarize ourselves with its wealth of natural attractions -- including the geological.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinnacles has a lot to offer besides rocks and tectonics. It's a crucial \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/condors.htm\">northern outpost of the California condor\u003c/a> and a stronghold of good habitat for all kinds of animals and plants. The park is reported, among other things, to be the most species-rich area in the world for wild bees. The park's plant checklist is 20 pages long, covering five major habitats. The views from its namesake peaks are phenomenal, and its night skies are dark as can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pinnacles of Pinnacles are spires of volcanic rocks: rhyolite, dacite, andesite. These are remnants of a small volcanic complex that dates from early Miocene time, about 23 million years ago. That is quite a bit older than the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">volcanic centers of the Bay Area proper\u003c/a>, which date from the late Miocene, but its tectonic origin is the same: the rearrangement of the Pacific and North America plates that created the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original volcano was probably not right on the new fault but east of it, and it was located near Lancaster in Southern California. We know this because soon after the volcano finished its business, the fault system took hold of it and wrenched it apart. Pinnacles is the western portion. The eastern portion is still down there, where geologists know it as the Neenach Volcanics. That's where I picked up this specimen of rhyolite, just like what you'll see at Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/neenachlava/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"neenachlava\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhyolite from 3 Points Road. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Pinnacles/Neenach connection, or piercing point, documents about 315 kilometers of movement across the San Andreas fault. It's one of the fault's best-known piercing points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during its northward journey, the Pinnacles volcanics sank into a basin created by a spur fault. Otherwise it might have been entirely eroded away by now. Instead it's an island of high lava, sitting between Salinian granite on the west and unrelated sedimentary rocks across the fault on the east. This is very similar to the geologic setting of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, up the fault a little ways. Here's the park boundary superimposed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinnaclesgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks in the park: pink, Mesozoic granite; Ti/Tv/Tv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, Pinnacles volcanics; Mc, Miocene conglomerate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The erosion of the Pinnacles has created some unusual features, most notably a number of deep crevices that have become covered by large fallen boulders (talus). The cover of boulders, in fact, has rendered the crevices into caves. If you've visited limestone caves and lava tubes, you'll want to add these rare \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/11/inside-pinnacles-volcano-talus-caves-of.html\">talus caves\u003c/a> to your collection. I know I will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Pinnacles geology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm\">Pinnacles National Monument site\u003c/a>. Rock climbers will want to bookmark the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinnacles.org/\">Friends of Pinnacles\u003c/a>, who work to keep the park at its best.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This brand-new national park will be the closest one to the Bay Area. Let's get to know it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360964703,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":564},"headData":{"title":"Our Newest National Park: Pinnacles National Monument | KQED","description":"This brand-new national park will be the closest one to the Bay Area. Let's get to know it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48410 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48410","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/","disqusTitle":"Our Newest National Park: Pinnacles National Monument","path":"/quest/48410/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48411\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesnp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48411\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesNP-300x169.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from the Pinnacles, on the Pacific plate, to the North America plate across the San Andreas fault. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/33671002@N00/\"}Mike Prasad{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the last things the 112th Congress did in 2012 was to enact legislation that turns Pinnacles National Monument into the nation's 59th national park. It will replace Yosemite as the nearest national park to the Bay Area, so we should familiarize ourselves with its wealth of natural attractions -- including the geological.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinnacles has a lot to offer besides rocks and tectonics. It's a crucial \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/condors.htm\">northern outpost of the California condor\u003c/a> and a stronghold of good habitat for all kinds of animals and plants. The park is reported, among other things, to be the most species-rich area in the world for wild bees. The park's plant checklist is 20 pages long, covering five major habitats. The views from its namesake peaks are phenomenal, and its night skies are dark as can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pinnacles of Pinnacles are spires of volcanic rocks: rhyolite, dacite, andesite. These are remnants of a small volcanic complex that dates from early Miocene time, about 23 million years ago. That is quite a bit older than the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">volcanic centers of the Bay Area proper\u003c/a>, which date from the late Miocene, but its tectonic origin is the same: the rearrangement of the Pacific and North America plates that created the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original volcano was probably not right on the new fault but east of it, and it was located near Lancaster in Southern California. We know this because soon after the volcano finished its business, the fault system took hold of it and wrenched it apart. Pinnacles is the western portion. The eastern portion is still down there, where geologists know it as the Neenach Volcanics. That's where I picked up this specimen of rhyolite, just like what you'll see at Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/neenachlava/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"neenachlava\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhyolite from 3 Points Road. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Pinnacles/Neenach connection, or piercing point, documents about 315 kilometers of movement across the San Andreas fault. It's one of the fault's best-known piercing points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during its northward journey, the Pinnacles volcanics sank into a basin created by a spur fault. Otherwise it might have been entirely eroded away by now. Instead it's an island of high lava, sitting between Salinian granite on the west and unrelated sedimentary rocks across the fault on the east. This is very similar to the geologic setting of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, up the fault a little ways. Here's the park boundary superimposed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinnaclesgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks in the park: pink, Mesozoic granite; Ti/Tv/Tv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, Pinnacles volcanics; Mc, Miocene conglomerate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The erosion of the Pinnacles has created some unusual features, most notably a number of deep crevices that have become covered by large fallen boulders (talus). The cover of boulders, in fact, has rendered the crevices into caves. If you've visited limestone caves and lava tubes, you'll want to add these rare \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/11/inside-pinnacles-volcano-talus-caves-of.html\">talus caves\u003c/a> to your collection. I know I will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Pinnacles geology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm\">Pinnacles National Monument site\u003c/a>. Rock climbers will want to bookmark the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinnacles.org/\">Friends of Pinnacles\u003c/a>, who work to keep the park at its best.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48410/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_442","quest_11611","quest_1931","quest_11673","quest_13202","quest_10664","quest_3088"],"featImg":"quest_48411","label":"quest"},"quest_36069":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36069","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36069","score":null,"sort":[1335466732000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Sutter Buttes","publishDate":1335466732,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sutter Buttes are an isolated volcanic center surrounded by super-flat bottomland of the Sacramento Valley. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it's a fine day and you have a couple of hours to spare on your drive north, why not see one of the curiosities of California and take a spin around the Sutter Buttes, also known as the world's smallest mountain range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Buttes are a compact clump of rocky crags placed smack in the middle of the flat Sacramento Valley. If you know where to look on a clear day, you can first spot them from I-505 as you drive north just north of Winters, some 40 miles off. They're like a mirage, glimpsed through the distant trees and silos, that soon vanishes as an imperceptible rise cuts them off. Otherwise their first appearance is a vision dead ahead as you exit the rounded, dreamlike Dunnigan Hills just before joining I-5. On many hazy days you may catch the barest outline of the Buttes' fairytale-steep peaks and wonder if you're seeing anything at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sutter Buttes are the remains of a young volcanic center that flourished here between about 1.5 and 1.3 million years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch. On the geologic map below (derived from the California Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) its bulls-eye shape is distinct. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36071\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rock units are as follows: Qv, lava plugs and domes; Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, volcanic flows; E and Ku, Eocene and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A central set of lava plugs and domes (Qv) is surrounded by an apron of volcanic flows of lava and debris (Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>). After the eruptions stopped, erosion uncovered the older sedimentary rocks (E and Ku) that were folded upward by the rising magma. These folded older rocks are prime sites for natural gas wells. In the 1920s the volcanologist Howel Williams, a native of Wales, gave names to these parts that were inspired by Medieval castles: Qv is the Castellated Core, Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup> is the Rampart and the soft old rocks between make up the Moat. See more detail of the geologic story, plus a look at the Buttes' interior, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/sutterbuttes/\">over on my About.com site\u003c/a>. But this is enough background for today's side trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your closest approach to the Buttes on I-5 is at Williams, and that's where you set out for this enchanting feature. Turn off the freeway and head east on state route 20. The road crosses the Central Valley at one of its flattest points. The little town of Colusa sits on the Sacramento River and has a nice park there. This is a worthy side trip—maybe a picnic stop—in itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here there are several different ways to experience the Buttes, depending on your schedule. The shortest trip is a straight drive-by on route 20, after which you can take route 99 north to rejoin I-5 at Red Bluff. Longer versions could include a pass around the little-trafficked north side, a detour into the Buttes on Pass Road, and a complete circumnavigation with optional Pass Road leg. I'll start with the west side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbutteswest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36070\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbutteswest\" width=\"600\" height=\"370\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36070\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Butte Road skirts the ranchlands of the Rampart and several valleys, suitable for orchards and field crops, that penetrate to the Moat. The land of the Buttes is almost entirely in private hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesnorth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36072\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesnorth\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks of the Rampart and Castellated Core appear distinct in this view from the north. The lightly travelled road gives many opportunities to stop and admire the landscape. The east side of the Buttes is on the outskirts of Yuba City but otherwise is very similar. There the lower Feather River runs down the valley on its way to join the Sacramento near Knights Landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesrock/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36073\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesrock\" width=\"600\" height=\"408\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36073\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get a chance, pull over and inspect the roadside rocks. The Buttes have long been a ready source of stone for lining canals, bolstering levees and making roadbeds. The lava is a beautiful andesite porphyry that is unusually rich in crystals of hornblende and biotite (black) and feldspar (light). Other roadside rocks might include volcanic conglomerates and tuffs dating from the Buttes' fiery youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttessouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttessouth\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pass Road takes you inside the Rampart and as close as possible to the Castellated Core. Here South Butte, highest point in the range, rears its head to 2117 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Maidu tribes thought highly of the Buttes; so do its current landowners. Access for hiking is limited but possible through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.middlemountain.org/index.html\">Middle Mountain Foundation\u003c/a>. Perhaps this side trip will inspire a longer visit to California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Sutter Buttes are an oak-studded island of extinct volcanoes in the Sacramento Valley bottomlands. Step off the freeway to see California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1336497077,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":773},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Sutter Buttes | KQED","description":"The Sutter Buttes are an oak-studded island of extinct volcanoes in the Sacramento Valley bottomlands. Step off the freeway to see California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"36069 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36069","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Sutter Buttes","path":"/quest/36069/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sutter Buttes are an isolated volcanic center surrounded by super-flat bottomland of the Sacramento Valley. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it's a fine day and you have a couple of hours to spare on your drive north, why not see one of the curiosities of California and take a spin around the Sutter Buttes, also known as the world's smallest mountain range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Buttes are a compact clump of rocky crags placed smack in the middle of the flat Sacramento Valley. If you know where to look on a clear day, you can first spot them from I-505 as you drive north just north of Winters, some 40 miles off. They're like a mirage, glimpsed through the distant trees and silos, that soon vanishes as an imperceptible rise cuts them off. Otherwise their first appearance is a vision dead ahead as you exit the rounded, dreamlike Dunnigan Hills just before joining I-5. On many hazy days you may catch the barest outline of the Buttes' fairytale-steep peaks and wonder if you're seeing anything at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sutter Buttes are the remains of a young volcanic center that flourished here between about 1.5 and 1.3 million years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch. On the geologic map below (derived from the California Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) its bulls-eye shape is distinct. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36071\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rock units are as follows: Qv, lava plugs and domes; Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, volcanic flows; E and Ku, Eocene and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A central set of lava plugs and domes (Qv) is surrounded by an apron of volcanic flows of lava and debris (Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>). After the eruptions stopped, erosion uncovered the older sedimentary rocks (E and Ku) that were folded upward by the rising magma. These folded older rocks are prime sites for natural gas wells. In the 1920s the volcanologist Howel Williams, a native of Wales, gave names to these parts that were inspired by Medieval castles: Qv is the Castellated Core, Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup> is the Rampart and the soft old rocks between make up the Moat. See more detail of the geologic story, plus a look at the Buttes' interior, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/sutterbuttes/\">over on my About.com site\u003c/a>. But this is enough background for today's side trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your closest approach to the Buttes on I-5 is at Williams, and that's where you set out for this enchanting feature. Turn off the freeway and head east on state route 20. The road crosses the Central Valley at one of its flattest points. The little town of Colusa sits on the Sacramento River and has a nice park there. This is a worthy side trip—maybe a picnic stop—in itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here there are several different ways to experience the Buttes, depending on your schedule. The shortest trip is a straight drive-by on route 20, after which you can take route 99 north to rejoin I-5 at Red Bluff. Longer versions could include a pass around the little-trafficked north side, a detour into the Buttes on Pass Road, and a complete circumnavigation with optional Pass Road leg. I'll start with the west side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbutteswest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36070\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbutteswest\" width=\"600\" height=\"370\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36070\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Butte Road skirts the ranchlands of the Rampart and several valleys, suitable for orchards and field crops, that penetrate to the Moat. The land of the Buttes is almost entirely in private hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesnorth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36072\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesnorth\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks of the Rampart and Castellated Core appear distinct in this view from the north. The lightly travelled road gives many opportunities to stop and admire the landscape. The east side of the Buttes is on the outskirts of Yuba City but otherwise is very similar. There the lower Feather River runs down the valley on its way to join the Sacramento near Knights Landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesrock/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36073\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesrock\" width=\"600\" height=\"408\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36073\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get a chance, pull over and inspect the roadside rocks. The Buttes have long been a ready source of stone for lining canals, bolstering levees and making roadbeds. The lava is a beautiful andesite porphyry that is unusually rich in crystals of hornblende and biotite (black) and feldspar (light). Other roadside rocks might include volcanic conglomerates and tuffs dating from the Buttes' fiery youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttessouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttessouth\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pass Road takes you inside the Rampart and as close as possible to the Castellated Core. Here South Butte, highest point in the range, rears its head to 2117 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Maidu tribes thought highly of the Buttes; so do its current landowners. Access for hiking is limited but possible through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.middlemountain.org/index.html\">Middle Mountain Foundation\u003c/a>. Perhaps this side trip will inspire a longer visit to California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36069/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_9946","quest_13202","quest_2473","quest_11022","quest_11023","quest_3820","quest_3088"],"featImg":"quest_36075","label":"quest"},"quest_28655":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28655","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28655","score":null,"sort":[1324577927000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz","title":"The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz","publishDate":1324577927,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Twenty questions, four days to answer them, and one giveaway hint -- that's what this geological quiz is about.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485627,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":760},"headData":{"title":"The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz | KQED","description":"Twenty questions, four days to answer them, and one giveaway hint -- that's what this geological quiz is about.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28655 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28655","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/","disqusTitle":"The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz","path":"/quest/28655/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28655/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_10586","quest_10585","quest_9996","quest_1881","quest_13202","quest_10584","quest_2447","quest_3088"],"featImg":"quest_28656","label":"quest"},"quest_14117":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14117","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14117","score":null,"sort":[1304025174000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-volcanoes","title":"Bay Area Volcanoes","publishDate":1304025174,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. Indeed, volcanism helps you read this story.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316922971,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Volcanoes | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"14117 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14117","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Volcanoes","path":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3479","quest_3516","quest_1206","quest_3594","quest_3635","quest_2447","quest_2484","quest_2817","quest_3820","quest_3088","quest_3832"],"featImg":"quest_14119","label":"quest"},"quest_15110":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15110","score":null,"sort":[1215575021000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration","title":"Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve","publishDate":1215575021,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Oakland, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's lying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood. Join us and naturalist Steve Edwards of the East Bay Regional Park District on our latest Bay Area science hike.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Location\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>6800 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94611 [\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/6lj4lr\">Map\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nPhone: 888-EBPARKS (888-327-2757), option 3, extension 4554\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open between 5 a.m. and 10 p.m. unless otherwise posted or permitted\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Steve Edwards, Isa Polt-Jones and Rosemary Cameron of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org\">East Bay Regional Parks District\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Robin Marks contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sibley's Round Top: A Sideways Volcano\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Volcanoes in the East Bay? Really?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2082/2516290125_6cbb5fd770_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten million years ago, a vent now called Round Top sprouted in the Earth's crust and regularly spewed thick, gooey lava into its environs. At that time, Round Top stood upright, like a proper volcano, south of present-day San Jose. Over the millennia, the volcano's been ferried northward by the motion of nearby faults, a rugged journey that's changed the appearance of the mountain and the land around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A few volcanic basics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516284073/\" title=\"1b. How to make a volcano by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2249/2516284073_b277cb0a87_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"1b. How to make a volcano\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Volcanoes are formed by a host of geological processes-- in particular, one called subduction. During subduction, one of the earth's plates moves over another, pushing the underlying plate down toward the hotter parts of the earth. These giant slabs of earth are made of a variety of rocks and minerals, some of which melt before others as they sink toward the hot mantle. The melted rock, called magma, is lighter and more buoyant than the rocks around and above it. The magma makes its way upward through the earth's crust, often explosively, creating a volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When subduction stops, the fuel that fires a volcano slowly wanes. Here in Northern California, subduction has been slowing in a northward pattern. In other words, volcanic activity stopped first in the southern stretches near Hollister, then near Oakland, then in Sonoma. The area's volcanic rocks get younger and younger as you move northward, until you reach Mt. Lassen, a still active vent that last erupted in 1917.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The story behind Sibley's special volcano\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In its early days, Round Top was just a burbling crater. As it erupted, it filled itself with its own volcanic debris and, in time, lava piling on lava created a peak. With more eruptions, the volcano buried itself under hundreds of feet of lava and volcanic ash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nearby faults began to shift. Slices of the earth's crust moved northward, pushing and bumping things up against each other, creating folds and twists in the landscape. Caught in the action, the land under Round Top began to lean eastward, lifting and tilting until the volcano and all its roots were completely pushed over. The softer rocks that were exposed by this process eroded away, leaving behind a volcanic cauldron filled with its own material, its peak pointing to the east, toward the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help visualize Round Top's story, imagine the East Bay a bit differently than you usually do: it's no longer a series of neighborhoods comprising Berkeley and Oakland and nearby cities. It's one sprawling, continuous geological story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tale is centered at Round Top, which is situated near the juncture of Skyline and Grizzly Peak boulevards in the Oakland hills. But the story streams out from there, across parts of the East Bay landscape. Each day, thousands of cars pass by one strand of it, a 150-foot-thick lava flow exposed just east of the Caldecott tunnel. Next time you're on that stretch of Highway 24, look up at the road cut. The dark brown diagonal rocks forming the high part of the cliff are made of a hardened volcanic rock called basalt.You're driving by lava that erupted from nearby Round Top ten million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516296191/\" title=\"9a. Welded cinder by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3111/2516296191_a714d06802_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"9a. Welded cinder\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Southeast of the tunnel, the rocks in Sibley park recount a variety of volcanic events. Outcrops of red and brown rocks record the impact of the steaming lava as it first rolled out onto the cooling surface of the earth. Two rows of broken basalts straddle a more fine-grained rock that was once a fluid lava that moved between the two cooling outer layers. And orange-ish blobs hiding in patches of grass are the result of lava fragments that welded together as they were flying from the volcano, a rare formation, and possibly the only example of it that you can see in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While all these structures leave us impressed with Round Top's activity in its heyday, what really sets Sibley's volcano apart is that it reveals its inner workings to the public in a way rarely seen. Park visitors get a real geology lesson along with these interesting rock formations. To make matters even more revealing, Kaiser Sand and Gravel quarried the area comprising the park years ago. In doing so, they exposed the heart of the volcano, giving park visitors even more history to gander at. Hike out to the quarries and you'll find a variety of rock types in the remains of the quarry pits: hard basalt that was injected into the volcano, forming lakes inside it, and lighter materials like volcanic ash and mud that have been pushed up from horizontal to vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Geologists love road cuts and quarries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While digging and blasting the ground might pose some hazards to local biology, such acts can also reveal remarkable aspects of the earth that would otherwise remain hidden. \"Geologists love road cuts and quarries,\" says paleobotanist Steve Edwards, who mapped Round Top's history as part of his doctorate work. \"It's like an outdoor classroom, an incomparable display.\" And Sibley, in particular, presents visitors with rare opportunities. \"There is no other volcano in California whose deep interior is similarly exposed. It's a totally unique site,\" he says. \"It's absolutely incredible that we have this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Without the help of dedicated volunteers and docents, the East Bay Regional Park District could not offer the public the variety of services and programs that it does. There are many year-round volunteer and docent opportunities for you, your family, or your school or civic group in the Regional Parks. For information, email us at \u003ca href=\"mailto:Volunteers@EBParks.org\">Volunteers@EBParks.org\u003c/a> or visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\">the East Bay Regional Park District's website\u003c/a> for upcoming volunteer opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/835115@N22\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/California/framework.html\">California Volcanoes and Volcanics\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2005/voice-of-the-volcano\">Bay Nature: Voice of the Volcano\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. At Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450468992,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1284},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15110 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/08/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","path":"/quest/15110/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Oakland, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's lying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood. Join us and naturalist Steve Edwards of the East Bay Regional Park District on our latest Bay Area science hike.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Location\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>6800 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94611 [\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/6lj4lr\">Map\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nPhone: 888-EBPARKS (888-327-2757), option 3, extension 4554\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open between 5 a.m. and 10 p.m. unless otherwise posted or permitted\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Steve Edwards, Isa Polt-Jones and Rosemary Cameron of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org\">East Bay Regional Parks District\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Robin Marks contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sibley's Round Top: A Sideways Volcano\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Volcanoes in the East Bay? Really?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2082/2516290125_6cbb5fd770_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten million years ago, a vent now called Round Top sprouted in the Earth's crust and regularly spewed thick, gooey lava into its environs. At that time, Round Top stood upright, like a proper volcano, south of present-day San Jose. Over the millennia, the volcano's been ferried northward by the motion of nearby faults, a rugged journey that's changed the appearance of the mountain and the land around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A few volcanic basics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516284073/\" title=\"1b. How to make a volcano by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2249/2516284073_b277cb0a87_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"1b. How to make a volcano\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Volcanoes are formed by a host of geological processes-- in particular, one called subduction. During subduction, one of the earth's plates moves over another, pushing the underlying plate down toward the hotter parts of the earth. These giant slabs of earth are made of a variety of rocks and minerals, some of which melt before others as they sink toward the hot mantle. The melted rock, called magma, is lighter and more buoyant than the rocks around and above it. The magma makes its way upward through the earth's crust, often explosively, creating a volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When subduction stops, the fuel that fires a volcano slowly wanes. Here in Northern California, subduction has been slowing in a northward pattern. In other words, volcanic activity stopped first in the southern stretches near Hollister, then near Oakland, then in Sonoma. The area's volcanic rocks get younger and younger as you move northward, until you reach Mt. Lassen, a still active vent that last erupted in 1917.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The story behind Sibley's special volcano\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In its early days, Round Top was just a burbling crater. As it erupted, it filled itself with its own volcanic debris and, in time, lava piling on lava created a peak. With more eruptions, the volcano buried itself under hundreds of feet of lava and volcanic ash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nearby faults began to shift. Slices of the earth's crust moved northward, pushing and bumping things up against each other, creating folds and twists in the landscape. Caught in the action, the land under Round Top began to lean eastward, lifting and tilting until the volcano and all its roots were completely pushed over. The softer rocks that were exposed by this process eroded away, leaving behind a volcanic cauldron filled with its own material, its peak pointing to the east, toward the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help visualize Round Top's story, imagine the East Bay a bit differently than you usually do: it's no longer a series of neighborhoods comprising Berkeley and Oakland and nearby cities. It's one sprawling, continuous geological story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tale is centered at Round Top, which is situated near the juncture of Skyline and Grizzly Peak boulevards in the Oakland hills. But the story streams out from there, across parts of the East Bay landscape. Each day, thousands of cars pass by one strand of it, a 150-foot-thick lava flow exposed just east of the Caldecott tunnel. Next time you're on that stretch of Highway 24, look up at the road cut. The dark brown diagonal rocks forming the high part of the cliff are made of a hardened volcanic rock called basalt.You're driving by lava that erupted from nearby Round Top ten million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516296191/\" title=\"9a. Welded cinder by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3111/2516296191_a714d06802_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"9a. Welded cinder\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Southeast of the tunnel, the rocks in Sibley park recount a variety of volcanic events. Outcrops of red and brown rocks record the impact of the steaming lava as it first rolled out onto the cooling surface of the earth. Two rows of broken basalts straddle a more fine-grained rock that was once a fluid lava that moved between the two cooling outer layers. And orange-ish blobs hiding in patches of grass are the result of lava fragments that welded together as they were flying from the volcano, a rare formation, and possibly the only example of it that you can see in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While all these structures leave us impressed with Round Top's activity in its heyday, what really sets Sibley's volcano apart is that it reveals its inner workings to the public in a way rarely seen. Park visitors get a real geology lesson along with these interesting rock formations. To make matters even more revealing, Kaiser Sand and Gravel quarried the area comprising the park years ago. In doing so, they exposed the heart of the volcano, giving park visitors even more history to gander at. Hike out to the quarries and you'll find a variety of rock types in the remains of the quarry pits: hard basalt that was injected into the volcano, forming lakes inside it, and lighter materials like volcanic ash and mud that have been pushed up from horizontal to vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Geologists love road cuts and quarries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While digging and blasting the ground might pose some hazards to local biology, such acts can also reveal remarkable aspects of the earth that would otherwise remain hidden. \"Geologists love road cuts and quarries,\" says paleobotanist Steve Edwards, who mapped Round Top's history as part of his doctorate work. \"It's like an outdoor classroom, an incomparable display.\" And Sibley, in particular, presents visitors with rare opportunities. \"There is no other volcano in California whose deep interior is similarly exposed. It's a totally unique site,\" he says. \"It's absolutely incredible that we have this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Without the help of dedicated volunteers and docents, the East Bay Regional Park District could not offer the public the variety of services and programs that it does. There are many year-round volunteer and docent opportunities for you, your family, or your school or civic group in the Regional Parks. For information, email us at \u003ca href=\"mailto:Volunteers@EBParks.org\">Volunteers@EBParks.org\u003c/a> or visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\">the East Bay Regional Park District's website\u003c/a> for upcoming volunteer opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/835115@N22\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/California/framework.html\">California Volcanoes and Volcanics\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2005/voice-of-the-volcano\">Bay Nature: Voice of the Volcano\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15110/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration","authors":["6166","10191"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3310","quest_915","quest_13200","quest_1370","quest_3351","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2447","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_13434","quest_2692","quest_3311","quest_3088"],"featImg":"quest_15124","label":"source_quest_15110"},"quest_17427":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17427","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17427","score":null,"sort":[1215550740000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"web-extra-sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve","title":"Web Extra: Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve","publishDate":1215550740,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there is a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. At Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1447366883,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":90},"headData":{"title":"Web Extra: Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve | KQED","description":"As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there is a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. At Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17427 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/web-extra-sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/08/web-extra-sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve/","disqusTitle":"Web Extra: Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/zK1fhmWNmrE","path":"/quest/17427/web-extra-sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17427/web-extra-sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve","authors":["6166","10191"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10025","quest_2893","quest_3311","quest_3088"],"label":"quest"},"quest_474":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_474","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"474","score":null,"sort":[1205776781000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity","title":"Explosive hypothesis about humans' lack of genetic diversity","publishDate":1205776781,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genetically, we're all pretty much the same. A massive volcanic eruption 75,000 years ago may be why.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/lake-toba.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Toba is all that is left of the volcano that nearly wiped out mankind.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about how East Africans are genetically more diverse than Asians. Who are genetically more diverse than Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From all of this you might have concluded that people are pretty different from each other. They aren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are surprisingly similar at a genetic level. For example, any two people from anywhere on Earth are more similar than two chimps from the \u003cem>same\u003c/em> troop. Why are we all so alike?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that something in our collective past nearly wiped us all out. And we all come from the few survivors who were left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A likely candidate for this near annihilation event is the \u003ca href=\"http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/toba.html\">Toba volcanic eruption\u003c/a> that happened in Indonesia 75,000 or so years ago. This eruption was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was equivalent to around 1 billion tons of dynamite and was about 3000 times more powerful than the Mount Saint Helens eruption in 1980. It also may have reduced the average global temperature by 5 degrees Celsius, darkened the world for 5 or 6 years, and plunged the world into a new Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you might imagine, this eruption had dramatic effects on species around the world including our own. Estimates of how many people were left range from around 1000-10,000 breeding pairs. The theory is that we are all so alike because we share these survivors' DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether true or not, a bottleneck in our past would not make us unique. Lots of species go through these near death experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think cheetahs went through one around 10,000 years ago. Cheetahs are all so similar genetically that veterinarians can do skin grafts with \"unrelated\" cheetahs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, people have created bottlenecks in species too. For example, in the late 1890's there may have only been 20-100 elephant seals left in the world because of hunting. Now there are at least 150,000 spread across the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=113\">Species are in danger\u003c/a> long after they go through a bottleneck. They have a pretty limited gene pool which means they may not be particularly healthy and are in danger of being wiped out by, for example, a single disease. Humans are probably OK in this regard (consider \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=13\">natural resistance to HIV\u003c/a> for example) but elephant seals, bison, and cheetahs, and many other species may not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for us we successfully came through our bottleneck. Hopefully, the animals that we've nearly wiped out will too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1478827718,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":464},"headData":{"title":"Explosive hypothesis about humans' lack of genetic diversity | KQED","description":"Genetically, we're all pretty much the same. A massive volcanic eruption 75,000 years ago may be why. Last blog I talked about how East Africans are genetically more diverse than Asians. Who are genetically more diverse than Native Americans. From all of this you might have concluded that people are pretty different from each other.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"474 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/","disqusTitle":"Explosive hypothesis about humans' lack of genetic diversity","path":"/quest/474/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genetically, we're all pretty much the same. A massive volcanic eruption 75,000 years ago may be why.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/lake-toba.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Toba is all that is left of the volcano that nearly wiped out mankind.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about how East Africans are genetically more diverse than Asians. Who are genetically more diverse than Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From all of this you might have concluded that people are pretty different from each other. They aren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are surprisingly similar at a genetic level. For example, any two people from anywhere on Earth are more similar than two chimps from the \u003cem>same\u003c/em> troop. Why are we all so alike?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that something in our collective past nearly wiped us all out. And we all come from the few survivors who were left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A likely candidate for this near annihilation event is the \u003ca href=\"http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/toba.html\">Toba volcanic eruption\u003c/a> that happened in Indonesia 75,000 or so years ago. This eruption was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was equivalent to around 1 billion tons of dynamite and was about 3000 times more powerful than the Mount Saint Helens eruption in 1980. It also may have reduced the average global temperature by 5 degrees Celsius, darkened the world for 5 or 6 years, and plunged the world into a new Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you might imagine, this eruption had dramatic effects on species around the world including our own. Estimates of how many people were left range from around 1000-10,000 breeding pairs. The theory is that we are all so alike because we share these survivors' DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether true or not, a bottleneck in our past would not make us unique. Lots of species go through these near death experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think cheetahs went through one around 10,000 years ago. Cheetahs are all so similar genetically that veterinarians can do skin grafts with \"unrelated\" cheetahs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, people have created bottlenecks in species too. For example, in the late 1890's there may have only been 20-100 elephant seals left in the world because of hunting. Now there are at least 150,000 spread across the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=113\">Species are in danger\u003c/a> long after they go through a bottleneck. They have a pretty limited gene pool which means they may not be particularly healthy and are in danger of being wiped out by, for example, a single disease. Humans are probably OK in this regard (consider \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=13\">natural resistance to HIV\u003c/a> for example) but elephant seals, bison, and cheetahs, and many other species may not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for us we successfully came through our bottleneck. Hopefully, the animals that we've nearly wiped out will too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/474/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_371","quest_1018","quest_1032","quest_1197","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2349","quest_2883","quest_2950","quest_3088"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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