Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests
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Photo: Gary McDonald.","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_44615":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44615","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44615","score":null,"sort":[1348848019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests","title":"Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests","publishDate":1348848019,"format":"video","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Potato grower \u003ca title=\"Brian Kirschenmann bio\" href=\"http://www.uspotatoes.com/pressRoom/pr.php?id=82\" target=\"_blank\">Brian Kirschenmann\u003c/a> bent over the deep green plants in his field in New Cuyama, nestled in a verdant valley an hour southwest of Bakersfield, and looked at the bottom of each leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to him, his crop advisor Gary Toschi examined a leaf under a magnifying glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That one is active,” said Toschi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44631\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44631\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllids\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult potato-tomato psyllid surrounded by young nymphs. Photo: Jeffrey Bradshaw, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Kirschenmann had found a round, bright green insect, about the size of the comma on a computer keyboard. The tiny pest is called a \u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska sheet about potato-tomato psyllids.\" href=\"http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1449\" target=\"_blank\">potato-tomato psyllid\u003c/a>, and both the young nymphs like the one they found, and the adults, which are shaped like a cicada, wreak havoc on potatoes, as well as tomatoes, peppers and about 40 other crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In potatoes, they suck the plant dry. And what’s worse, the pest also can transmit a disease that ruins potato chips – a $6 billion business in the United States, despite the bad rap chips get from nutritionists. The disease transmitted by potato-tomato psyllids gives chips a burnt flavor and causes them to develop brown streaks, which is why the disease is known as “\u003ca title=\"Information about zebra chip disease\" href=\"http://zebrachipscri.tamu.edu/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\">zebra chip\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44657\" title=\"Potatoes with zebra chip disease.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potatoes infected with zebra chip disease streak when they're fried. Photo: John Trumble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Kirschenmann lost $250,000, when one of his potato fields in Kern County was infected with zebra chip and Frito Lay wouldn’t buy his chipper potatoes. Though potatoes aren’t one of California’s main crops, in Kern County they’re among the top 10 in value, to the tune of $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zebra chip disease hasn’t caused widespread losses in California, but the state’s potato growers are worried, especially after South Korea banned potato imports from Washington, Oregon and Idaho in August, out of concern over the disease. The ban is costing producers in those states some $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s my biggest fear,” said Kirschenmann, who grows 5,700 acres of potatoes in Kern County and New Cuyama and is a member of the United States Potato Board. Though California doesn’t export potatoes to South Korea, Kirschenmann does sell part of his crop to Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44626\" title=\"Brian Kirschenmann, potato grower\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato grower Brian Kirschenmann.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has had potato-tomato psyllids for more than 100 years. What makes them a new problem for growers is that now they don’t just live in the state during the warmer months; they also spend the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our temperatures have increased by 2 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that seems to be enough to keep them from being frozen out during the winter,” said entomologist \u003ca title=\"John Trumble bio\" href=\"http://www.facultydirectory.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=159\" target=\"_blank\">John Trumble\u003c/a>, of the University of California, Riverside. “I suspect that global warming is at least playing a role in this particular insect’s spread into California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects can’t produce their own heat, the way mammals do, so most of them do better in warmer temperatures. Around the world, scientists have started to document changes in insect behavior, as a result of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44627\" title=\"John Trumble, UC Riverside\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist John Trumble, from UC Riverside, says warmer temperatures are making a pest of potatoes and tomatoes more abundant in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Spain, the European grapevine moth is flying out earlier in the summer and reproducing more abundantly than it did 20 years ago. On Tanzania’s Mt. Kilimanjaro, malaria mosquitoes are moving farther up the mountain. And in Japan, a pest called the green stink bug, that damages rice and soybeans, is expanding its range northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not speculative, this is not something that we would predict,” said Trumble. “This is what’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trumble discovered, in the year 2000, that potato-tomato psyllids had spent the winter near one of his research tomato fields in Irvine, he knew this change in the insect’s behavior was bad news: it meant the pest could begin attacking crops early in the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more dangerous for the grower,” said Trumble, “because early infestation in a crop oftentimes leads to much more damage than if the pest occurs late in the crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When spring temperatures get warm, this sends a cue to insects to begin their development, said entomologist Peter Oboyski, manager of collections at the University of California, Berkeley’s Essig Museum of Entomology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the season gets warmer earlier, that gives insects that much more time to develop, that much more time to eat a plant, that much more time to produce another generation,” said Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44634\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44634\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato-tomato psyllid. Photo: Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But how did UC Riverside’s John Trumble know that he was seeing a new behavior in the psyllid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out if spending the winter in California was a new behavior, Trumble turned to the historical record. He was fortunate that scientists in California have been collecting psyllids and making detailed notes about their habits since the 1880s. Through this information, he concluded that he was seeing something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 30 years, since about 1900, it’s moved into California,” said Trumble, “and we would find it, it would be here for six months to a year, and then it would disappear, presumably because it got too cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pattern changed radically in 2000, with the psyllid spending the winter in Trumble’s field in Irvine. And the pest has since overwintered in locations further and further north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, tomato growers discovered psyllids had overwintered in Hollister. In 2012, scientists found they had spent the winter in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho area, where half of the country’s potatoes are grown. And this year, the pest also appeared in Manitoba, Canada, early in the growing season, a sign that it might have spent the winter there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As temperatures warm up in California and across the United States,” said Trumble, “these insects will be able to overwinter further and further north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, down south, farmers have already been hit hard by the pest. In Mexico’s Baja California, the psyllids destroyed 85 percent of the tomato crop in 2001, said Trumble. Partly in response to the new pest, California farmers who grow tomatoes in Baja California have moved much of their production inside screened enclosures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying for psyllids is costing California potato growers about $75 per acre, said Kirschenmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44628\" title=\"Potato field in New Cuyama, California\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato field in New Cuyama Valley, an hour southwest of Bakersfield. Potato-tomato psyllids have been found nearby. Photos: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This need for additional spraying has Trumble concerned. Since the 1970s, he and other scientists around the state have worked with growers to reduce pesticide use in conventionally-grown crops. The results have been dramatic, he said. Tomato growers, for example, cut spraying by half in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less pesticide use means less concern by the consumers for pesticide residue. We use less fossil fuel; we have fewer volatile organic compounds that appear in the atmosphere; it reduces smog. It’s a real win-win for everybody in California,” said Trumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warmer temperatures, and the pests that thrive in them, now threaten to undermine these gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have an insect with multiple generations, you get more generations. If you’ve got an insect that occurs early in a crop, it will occur earlier in the crop, and faster,” said Trumble. “So all of these things are desperately in need of additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A shorter version of this video story is part of the 30-minute documentary \u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest - the documentary\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>, a co-production of KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting, that airs on KQED and PBS stations around California on Friday September 28 at 7:30 pm. Check your local listings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists and farmers are starting to notice that, as California's winters warm up, the state is becoming more hospitable to destructive agricultural pests.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457567183,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1344},"headData":{"title":"Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests | KQED","description":"Scientists and farmers are starting to notice that, as California's winters warm up, the state is becoming more hospitable to destructive agricultural pests.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"44615 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=44615","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/","disqusTitle":"Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qaRQ0MoEmY","path":"/quest/44615/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Potato grower \u003ca title=\"Brian Kirschenmann bio\" href=\"http://www.uspotatoes.com/pressRoom/pr.php?id=82\" target=\"_blank\">Brian Kirschenmann\u003c/a> bent over the deep green plants in his field in New Cuyama, nestled in a verdant valley an hour southwest of Bakersfield, and looked at the bottom of each leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to him, his crop advisor Gary Toschi examined a leaf under a magnifying glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That one is active,” said Toschi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44631\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44631\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllids\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult potato-tomato psyllid surrounded by young nymphs. Photo: Jeffrey Bradshaw, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Kirschenmann had found a round, bright green insect, about the size of the comma on a computer keyboard. The tiny pest is called a \u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska sheet about potato-tomato psyllids.\" href=\"http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1449\" target=\"_blank\">potato-tomato psyllid\u003c/a>, and both the young nymphs like the one they found, and the adults, which are shaped like a cicada, wreak havoc on potatoes, as well as tomatoes, peppers and about 40 other crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In potatoes, they suck the plant dry. And what’s worse, the pest also can transmit a disease that ruins potato chips – a $6 billion business in the United States, despite the bad rap chips get from nutritionists. The disease transmitted by potato-tomato psyllids gives chips a burnt flavor and causes them to develop brown streaks, which is why the disease is known as “\u003ca title=\"Information about zebra chip disease\" href=\"http://zebrachipscri.tamu.edu/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\">zebra chip\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44657\" title=\"Potatoes with zebra chip disease.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potatoes infected with zebra chip disease streak when they're fried. Photo: John Trumble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Kirschenmann lost $250,000, when one of his potato fields in Kern County was infected with zebra chip and Frito Lay wouldn’t buy his chipper potatoes. Though potatoes aren’t one of California’s main crops, in Kern County they’re among the top 10 in value, to the tune of $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zebra chip disease hasn’t caused widespread losses in California, but the state’s potato growers are worried, especially after South Korea banned potato imports from Washington, Oregon and Idaho in August, out of concern over the disease. The ban is costing producers in those states some $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s my biggest fear,” said Kirschenmann, who grows 5,700 acres of potatoes in Kern County and New Cuyama and is a member of the United States Potato Board. Though California doesn’t export potatoes to South Korea, Kirschenmann does sell part of his crop to Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44626\" title=\"Brian Kirschenmann, potato grower\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato grower Brian Kirschenmann.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has had potato-tomato psyllids for more than 100 years. What makes them a new problem for growers is that now they don’t just live in the state during the warmer months; they also spend the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our temperatures have increased by 2 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that seems to be enough to keep them from being frozen out during the winter,” said entomologist \u003ca title=\"John Trumble bio\" href=\"http://www.facultydirectory.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=159\" target=\"_blank\">John Trumble\u003c/a>, of the University of California, Riverside. “I suspect that global warming is at least playing a role in this particular insect’s spread into California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects can’t produce their own heat, the way mammals do, so most of them do better in warmer temperatures. Around the world, scientists have started to document changes in insect behavior, as a result of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44627\" title=\"John Trumble, UC Riverside\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist John Trumble, from UC Riverside, says warmer temperatures are making a pest of potatoes and tomatoes more abundant in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Spain, the European grapevine moth is flying out earlier in the summer and reproducing more abundantly than it did 20 years ago. On Tanzania’s Mt. Kilimanjaro, malaria mosquitoes are moving farther up the mountain. And in Japan, a pest called the green stink bug, that damages rice and soybeans, is expanding its range northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not speculative, this is not something that we would predict,” said Trumble. “This is what’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trumble discovered, in the year 2000, that potato-tomato psyllids had spent the winter near one of his research tomato fields in Irvine, he knew this change in the insect’s behavior was bad news: it meant the pest could begin attacking crops early in the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more dangerous for the grower,” said Trumble, “because early infestation in a crop oftentimes leads to much more damage than if the pest occurs late in the crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When spring temperatures get warm, this sends a cue to insects to begin their development, said entomologist Peter Oboyski, manager of collections at the University of California, Berkeley’s Essig Museum of Entomology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the season gets warmer earlier, that gives insects that much more time to develop, that much more time to eat a plant, that much more time to produce another generation,” said Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44634\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44634\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato-tomato psyllid. Photo: Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But how did UC Riverside’s John Trumble know that he was seeing a new behavior in the psyllid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out if spending the winter in California was a new behavior, Trumble turned to the historical record. He was fortunate that scientists in California have been collecting psyllids and making detailed notes about their habits since the 1880s. Through this information, he concluded that he was seeing something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 30 years, since about 1900, it’s moved into California,” said Trumble, “and we would find it, it would be here for six months to a year, and then it would disappear, presumably because it got too cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pattern changed radically in 2000, with the psyllid spending the winter in Trumble’s field in Irvine. And the pest has since overwintered in locations further and further north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, tomato growers discovered psyllids had overwintered in Hollister. In 2012, scientists found they had spent the winter in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho area, where half of the country’s potatoes are grown. And this year, the pest also appeared in Manitoba, Canada, early in the growing season, a sign that it might have spent the winter there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As temperatures warm up in California and across the United States,” said Trumble, “these insects will be able to overwinter further and further north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, down south, farmers have already been hit hard by the pest. In Mexico’s Baja California, the psyllids destroyed 85 percent of the tomato crop in 2001, said Trumble. Partly in response to the new pest, California farmers who grow tomatoes in Baja California have moved much of their production inside screened enclosures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying for psyllids is costing California potato growers about $75 per acre, said Kirschenmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44628\" title=\"Potato field in New Cuyama, California\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato field in New Cuyama Valley, an hour southwest of Bakersfield. Potato-tomato psyllids have been found nearby. Photos: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This need for additional spraying has Trumble concerned. Since the 1970s, he and other scientists around the state have worked with growers to reduce pesticide use in conventionally-grown crops. The results have been dramatic, he said. Tomato growers, for example, cut spraying by half in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less pesticide use means less concern by the consumers for pesticide residue. We use less fossil fuel; we have fewer volatile organic compounds that appear in the atmosphere; it reduces smog. It’s a real win-win for everybody in California,” said Trumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warmer temperatures, and the pests that thrive in them, now threaten to undermine these gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have an insect with multiple generations, you get more generations. If you’ve got an insect that occurs early in a crop, it will occur earlier in the crop, and faster,” said Trumble. “So all of these things are desperately in need of additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A shorter version of this video story is part of the 30-minute documentary \u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest - the documentary\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>, a co-production of KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting, that airs on KQED and PBS stations around California on Friday September 28 at 7:30 pm. Check your local listings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44615/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11480","quest_621","quest_11463","quest_11476","quest_2167","quest_11474","quest_11475","quest_13","quest_11479","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_11374","quest_11478","quest_3071","quest_11477"],"featImg":"quest_44792","label":"quest_13295"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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