tech museum of innovationtech museum of innovation
Lighten Up, California: Why GloFish Can't Glow in the Golden State
Living Life To The Extreme
The Nose Knows
The Tech Museum's Tech Challenge goes global
Sponsored
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Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_49318":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49318","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49318","score":null,"sort":[1360598459000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state","title":"Lighten Up, California: Why GloFish Can't Glow in the Golden State","publishDate":1360598459,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/glofish/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49319\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg\" alt=\"Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\" width=\"638\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49319\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more popular exhibits at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose is the wetlab. This is where museum visitors get to add the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from jellyfish to bacteria to get the bacteria to glow green. The 20,000 or so people who do this each year get to learn about how genetically engineering bacteria can help to create important medicines like EPO, insulin and growth hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is getting a little long in the tooth so I was looking for ways to give it a bit of a refresh. One idea we’re thinking about is adding some new colors to the mix. We might give visitors the option of using a gene from coral that makes the bacteria glow red or a mutant version of GFP that glows blue in addition to the current green one. We may even add a station that lets visitors paint living pictures using these different colored bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another simple but fun refresh I wanted to add was an aquarium full of \u003ca href=\"http://www.glofish.com/\">GloFish\u003c/a>. These are fish that have had various fluorescent genes inserted into their DNA so they glow incredibly brightly. I thought this was an easy and visually fun way to get into a discussion about how GFP has become such a powerful tool for scientists. I was only half right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting GloFish into an exhibit here in California is nontrivial because they are illegal. That’s right: they are legal in the other 49 states but illegal here. I need to get a special permit from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to have GloFish merrily swimming at The Tech. And Sheldon (from \u003cem>The Big Bang Theory\u003c/em>) would have been breaking California law by having them in his Pasadena apartment in the episode, “\u003ca href=\"http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/The_Luminous_Fish_Effect\">The Luminous Fish Effect\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/welab/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49323\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/WeLab.jpg\" alt=\"Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49323\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now they aren't illegal because they are dangerous. They won’t spread disease, take over native fishes or swallow swimmers whole. They are small, tropical fish that won’t survive long in California’s chilly waters. And the few that do manage to survive are twice as likely to be eaten by predatory fish compared to their non-glowing brethren. This means that because of natural selection they would quickly be wiped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they aren't dangerous, why in the world are they illegal? Because the Fish and Game Commission decided back in 2003 that GloFish were the result of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Why-GloFish-won-t-glow-in-California-2545870.php\">trivial use for a powerful technology\u003c/a>. They felt that these fish should not have been made and therefore Californians should not be able to have them. The commission imposed their set of values on the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is even though these fish are really a spinoff of a more useful technology. Scientists in Singapore created GloFish as part of a process of creating living pollution sensors. The idea was that the fish would only glow when pollutants are around and so they could serve as an early indicator of pollution. In one sense, then, GloFish are really more like Teflon or Tang—useful byproducts of more productive research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banning of GloFish is probably too trivial an issue to stir up enough protest to get it reversed. So if I decide to go ahead, I’ll apply for the permit. Maybe then at least some people in California will be able to see these cool fish in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019096509_glofish09.html\">Newest GloFish May Be More Worrisome\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the more popular exhibits at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose is the wetlab. The exhibit is getting a little long in the tooth so I was looking for ways to give it a bit of a refresh.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360963896,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":604},"headData":{"title":"Lighten Up, California: Why GloFish Can't Glow in the Golden State | KQED","description":"One of the more popular exhibits at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose is the wetlab. The exhibit is getting a little long in the tooth so I was looking for ways to give it a bit of a refresh.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lighten Up, California: Why GloFish Can't Glow in the Golden State","datePublished":"2013-02-11T16:00:59.000Z","dateModified":"2013-02-15T21:31:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"49318 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49318","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/","disqusTitle":"Lighten Up, California: Why GloFish Can't Glow in the Golden State","path":"/quest/49318/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/glofish/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49319\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg\" alt=\"Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\" width=\"638\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49319\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more popular exhibits at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose is the wetlab. This is where museum visitors get to add the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from jellyfish to bacteria to get the bacteria to glow green. The 20,000 or so people who do this each year get to learn about how genetically engineering bacteria can help to create important medicines like EPO, insulin and growth hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is getting a little long in the tooth so I was looking for ways to give it a bit of a refresh. One idea we’re thinking about is adding some new colors to the mix. We might give visitors the option of using a gene from coral that makes the bacteria glow red or a mutant version of GFP that glows blue in addition to the current green one. We may even add a station that lets visitors paint living pictures using these different colored bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another simple but fun refresh I wanted to add was an aquarium full of \u003ca href=\"http://www.glofish.com/\">GloFish\u003c/a>. These are fish that have had various fluorescent genes inserted into their DNA so they glow incredibly brightly. I thought this was an easy and visually fun way to get into a discussion about how GFP has become such a powerful tool for scientists. I was only half right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting GloFish into an exhibit here in California is nontrivial because they are illegal. That’s right: they are legal in the other 49 states but illegal here. I need to get a special permit from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to have GloFish merrily swimming at The Tech. And Sheldon (from \u003cem>The Big Bang Theory\u003c/em>) would have been breaking California law by having them in his Pasadena apartment in the episode, “\u003ca href=\"http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/The_Luminous_Fish_Effect\">The Luminous Fish Effect\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/welab/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49323\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/WeLab.jpg\" alt=\"Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49323\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now they aren't illegal because they are dangerous. They won’t spread disease, take over native fishes or swallow swimmers whole. They are small, tropical fish that won’t survive long in California’s chilly waters. And the few that do manage to survive are twice as likely to be eaten by predatory fish compared to their non-glowing brethren. This means that because of natural selection they would quickly be wiped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they aren't dangerous, why in the world are they illegal? Because the Fish and Game Commission decided back in 2003 that GloFish were the result of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Why-GloFish-won-t-glow-in-California-2545870.php\">trivial use for a powerful technology\u003c/a>. They felt that these fish should not have been made and therefore Californians should not be able to have them. The commission imposed their set of values on the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is even though these fish are really a spinoff of a more useful technology. Scientists in Singapore created GloFish as part of a process of creating living pollution sensors. The idea was that the fish would only glow when pollutants are around and so they could serve as an early indicator of pollution. In one sense, then, GloFish are really more like Teflon or Tang—useful byproducts of more productive research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banning of GloFish is probably too trivial an issue to stir up enough protest to get it reversed. So if I decide to go ahead, I’ll apply for the permit. Maybe then at least some people in California will be able to see these cool fish in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019096509_glofish09.html\">Newest GloFish May Be More Worrisome\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49318/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_1196","quest_11712","quest_11713","quest_13202","quest_2881"],"featImg":"quest_49319","label":"quest"},"quest_908":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_908","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"908","score":null,"sort":[1225119645000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"living-life-to-the-extreme","title":"Living Life To The Extreme","publishDate":1225119645,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/maritime-antarctica.jpg\">\u003cem>Having extra copies of certain genes helps fish live in Antarctica\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've always loved weird creatures. Bacteria that can live in boiling mudpots. Weird tubeworms huddled around deep sea hydrothermal vents. Fish that live in below freezing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I like is learning how these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment. More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this blog I'll focus on those poor fish living in the waters off Antarctica. These waters are icy cold and the fish aren't warm blooded. Which means their body temperature is the same as the water around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most biological processes do terribly under these conditions. Proteins don't fold right, enzymes work incredibly slowly, fats glob up. It is astonishing that these fish survive at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured out back in the 70's that these fish evolved a special antifreeze protein to keep their blood from freezing. Since then they've done other experiments that show other adaptations to the cold too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/105/35/12944\">new study\u003c/a>, scientists from the University of Illinois and the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to take a look at as many genes and as much of the DNA of these fish as they could. What they found was that lots of genes are turned up in these fish compared to relatives that live in warmer waters. And that many of these genes are turned on higher because the Antarctic fish have extra copies of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genes they found that were different made sense. For example, there are a bunch of genes that make proteins called chaperones. Chaperones help other proteins fold up right. In this cold, proteins need all the help they can get!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also they found that there were more of the proteins that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these fish. This makes sense because colder water has more oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O2 is a pretty nasty molecule that tends to create even nastier chemicals (ROS) that beat up on DNA and proteins. We all have proteins whose job it is to defuse these chemicals. These fish make more of these proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago it would have been surprising to find that the way these genes made more proteins was by duplicating themselves. Not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we look closely at the DNA of various creatures, we are finding that gene duplications (and deletions) happen a lot. Even in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, people from cultures that eat a lot of starch \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=62\">have extra amylase genes\u003c/a>. (This gene makes amylase, a protein that helps breakdown starch.) Some people are resistant to HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) because they have \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=74\">extra copies of the CCL3L1 gene\u003c/a>. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA is much less stable than we thought. Which is one way we can better adapt to our surroundings. I can't wait to see what they learn about those tubeworms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fish live in the below-freezing waters off Antarctica. How these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment? More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316921980,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":500},"headData":{"title":"Living Life To The Extreme | KQED","description":"Fish live in the below-freezing waters off Antarctica. How these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment? More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Living Life To The Extreme","datePublished":"2008-10-27T15:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-25T03:39:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"908 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=908","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/10/27/living-life-to-the-extreme/","disqusTitle":"Living Life To The Extreme","path":"/quest/908/living-life-to-the-extreme","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/maritime-antarctica.jpg\">\u003cem>Having extra copies of certain genes helps fish live in Antarctica\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've always loved weird creatures. Bacteria that can live in boiling mudpots. Weird tubeworms huddled around deep sea hydrothermal vents. Fish that live in below freezing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I like is learning how these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment. More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this blog I'll focus on those poor fish living in the waters off Antarctica. These waters are icy cold and the fish aren't warm blooded. Which means their body temperature is the same as the water around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most biological processes do terribly under these conditions. Proteins don't fold right, enzymes work incredibly slowly, fats glob up. It is astonishing that these fish survive at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured out back in the 70's that these fish evolved a special antifreeze protein to keep their blood from freezing. Since then they've done other experiments that show other adaptations to the cold too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/105/35/12944\">new study\u003c/a>, scientists from the University of Illinois and the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to take a look at as many genes and as much of the DNA of these fish as they could. What they found was that lots of genes are turned up in these fish compared to relatives that live in warmer waters. And that many of these genes are turned on higher because the Antarctic fish have extra copies of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genes they found that were different made sense. For example, there are a bunch of genes that make proteins called chaperones. Chaperones help other proteins fold up right. In this cold, proteins need all the help they can get!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also they found that there were more of the proteins that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these fish. This makes sense because colder water has more oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O2 is a pretty nasty molecule that tends to create even nastier chemicals (ROS) that beat up on DNA and proteins. We all have proteins whose job it is to defuse these chemicals. These fish make more of these proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago it would have been surprising to find that the way these genes made more proteins was by duplicating themselves. Not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we look closely at the DNA of various creatures, we are finding that gene duplications (and deletions) happen a lot. Even in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, people from cultures that eat a lot of starch \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=62\">have extra amylase genes\u003c/a>. (This gene makes amylase, a protein that helps breakdown starch.) Some people are resistant to HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) because they have \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=74\">extra copies of the CCL3L1 gene\u003c/a>. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA is much less stable than we thought. Which is one way we can better adapt to our surroundings. I can't wait to see what they learn about those tubeworms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/908/living-life-to-the-extreme","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_552","quest_848","quest_1099","quest_1192","quest_3351","quest_2318","quest_2349","quest_2880","quest_2881"],"label":"quest"},"quest_851":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_851","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"851","score":null,"sort":[1222700435000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-nose-knows","title":"The Nose Knows","publishDate":1222700435,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/nose.jpg\">\u003cem>Love is in the air\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I love you. Because you smell different than I do. Not quite Titanic or Casablanca or even Olivia Newton-John in Grease. But smells may be part of the reason why we fall in love with a certain person. At least that is what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known for awhile that animals find their \"true love\" partly through smells. One of the things they are sensing is whether the potential mate has a different set of MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MHC genes are a big part of our immune system. These genes are used to create the huge number of antibodies that we each make to battle bacteria, viruses, etc. Everyone has a different set of these antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more varied your MHC genes are, the more invaders your immune system can recognize and defeat. So two parents with very different MHC genes will have kids with immune systems that can recognize (and so defeat) lots of different kinds of bacteria and viruses. Parents with similar MHC genes will have kids with less varied immune systems. (This is a big reason why \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=131\">inbred animals\u003c/a> are so sickly.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animals can tell about a potential mate's MHC genes through smell. And people might be able to do this as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of experiments have been done where men or women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/05/dna-and-love/\">sniff the sweaty t-shirts of members of the opposite sex\u003c/a> to see which t-shirt smells better. If the potential mates are of the same ethnic group, the sniffers tend to prefer mates with very dissimilar MHC genes. If the potential mates were of different ethnic groups, the sniffers preferred mates with somewhat but not wildly dissimilar MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> looked at a group of 30 European American couples from Utah and 30 Yoruba couples from Nigeria. Thankfully there was no sweat smelling involved. Instead the researchers compared the DNA between the spouses of each couple in many different places throughout their genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was that for the Utah couples, the DNA around the MHC genes was much less alike than the DNA almost everywhere else. This did not appear to be the case for the Yoruba couples. This suggests that at least for these 30 couples from Utah, having a very different set of MHC genes may have been part of picking a spouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the difference between the Utahans and the Yorubans? It is hard to say without more data but one possibility has to do with how much of a role social factors play in picking a spouse in each society. Perhaps the European Americans are freer to choose a mate. If this is the case, then they might be more likely to follow some sort of biological imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility is that this smell test is only a big deal if the potential mates are all very similar to start with. The Utah couples all had pretty similar DNA to each other to begin with. The Yoruba couples' DNA was less alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this is a total of 60 couples and so is in no way exhaustive and may be proven wrong tomorrow. But it adds to a growing pile of evidence that suggests how mate selection works at the biological level. And it shows the wide range of things we can learn about ourselves by studying our DNA in great detail. Maybe it even gives perfume companies some ideas too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"We've known for awhile that animals find their \"true love\" partly through smells. One of the things they are sensing is whether the potential mate has a different set of MHC genes. People might be able to do this as well.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1222700435,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":581},"headData":{"title":"The Nose Knows | KQED","description":"We've known for awhile that animals find their "true love" partly through smells. One of the things they are sensing is whether the potential mate has a different set of MHC genes. People might be able to do this as well.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Nose Knows","datePublished":"2008-09-29T15:00:35.000Z","dateModified":"2008-09-29T15:00:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"851 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=851","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/29/the-nose-knows/","disqusTitle":"The Nose Knows","path":"/quest/851/the-nose-knows","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/nose.jpg\">\u003cem>Love is in the air\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I love you. Because you smell different than I do. Not quite Titanic or Casablanca or even Olivia Newton-John in Grease. But smells may be part of the reason why we fall in love with a certain person. At least that is what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known for awhile that animals find their \"true love\" partly through smells. One of the things they are sensing is whether the potential mate has a different set of MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MHC genes are a big part of our immune system. These genes are used to create the huge number of antibodies that we each make to battle bacteria, viruses, etc. Everyone has a different set of these antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more varied your MHC genes are, the more invaders your immune system can recognize and defeat. So two parents with very different MHC genes will have kids with immune systems that can recognize (and so defeat) lots of different kinds of bacteria and viruses. Parents with similar MHC genes will have kids with less varied immune systems. (This is a big reason why \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=131\">inbred animals\u003c/a> are so sickly.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animals can tell about a potential mate's MHC genes through smell. And people might be able to do this as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of experiments have been done where men or women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/05/dna-and-love/\">sniff the sweaty t-shirts of members of the opposite sex\u003c/a> to see which t-shirt smells better. If the potential mates are of the same ethnic group, the sniffers tend to prefer mates with very dissimilar MHC genes. If the potential mates were of different ethnic groups, the sniffers preferred mates with somewhat but not wildly dissimilar MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> looked at a group of 30 European American couples from Utah and 30 Yoruba couples from Nigeria. Thankfully there was no sweat smelling involved. Instead the researchers compared the DNA between the spouses of each couple in many different places throughout their genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was that for the Utah couples, the DNA around the MHC genes was much less alike than the DNA almost everywhere else. This did not appear to be the case for the Yoruba couples. This suggests that at least for these 30 couples from Utah, having a very different set of MHC genes may have been part of picking a spouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the difference between the Utahans and the Yorubans? It is hard to say without more data but one possibility has to do with how much of a role social factors play in picking a spouse in each society. Perhaps the European Americans are freer to choose a mate. If this is the case, then they might be more likely to follow some sort of biological imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility is that this smell test is only a big deal if the potential mates are all very similar to start with. The Utah couples all had pretty similar DNA to each other to begin with. The Yoruba couples' DNA was less alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this is a total of 60 couples and so is in no way exhaustive and may be proven wrong tomorrow. But it adds to a growing pile of evidence that suggests how mate selection works at the biological level. And it shows the wide range of things we can learn about ourselves by studying our DNA in great detail. Maybe it even gives perfume companies some ideas too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/851/the-nose-knows","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_848","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_1451","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2526","quest_2666","quest_2881"],"label":"quest"},"quest_429":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_429","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"429","score":null,"sort":[1203364670000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"429","title":"The Tech Museum's Tech Challenge goes global","publishDate":1203364670,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Guest blogger Lisa Croel of The Tech Museum in San Jose, CA sits in for Dr. Barry Starr this week. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_ww.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nI remember loving science class as a kid. The paper-maché messes, the bubbling baking soda, all of the wonderful experiments... I loved it all. Now, many grammar school kids are lucky to get 15 minutes of science education a week. Hardly enough time to get them imagining future careers as scientists, engineers and inventors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the lack of time given to science education, and the structure imposed by curriculum standards, museums need to be part of the education equation. My boss has a saying: \"Give random a chance.\" I love this quote because it speaks to the role informal educational resources like science museums need to be playing. By exposing young people to the experiences and programs in a museum, who knows what might really resonate and inspire?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For over 20 years, The Tech's \u003ca href=\"http://techchallenge.thetech.org/\">Tech Challenge\u003c/a> program has presented kids with an open-ended problem for which there is no one right answer. It forces participants to use their knowledge and ingenuity to solve the problem. For example, this year the Challenge (called \u003ca href=\"http://techchallenge.thetech.org/the_challenge.cfm\">Water Works\u003c/a>) is all about moving water from a stream up to a village without electricity. There is no one right answer, and there are lots of ways to solve this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants are 5\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> to 12\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> graders who will work in teams of 2-6 to explore solutions to solving this real world problem. Along the way, they will hit some roadblocks and come up with some duds. And that's OK because it is here that kids will learn that failure is an important part of problem solving. We have a great quote etched into a wall on the outside of The Tech from Intel co-founder and philanthropist Gordon Moore that says, \"If everything you try works, you are not trying hard enough.\" Through failure, many of the Tech Challenge teams will come up with a far superior solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year we're going international for the first time by partnering with the City of San Jose's \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjeconomy.com/sistercities/\">Sister City\u003c/a> program. On the final \u003ca href=\"http://techchallenge.thetech.org/schedule.cfm\">event day\u003c/a>, where all of the teams come together to present and demonstrate their solutions, we'll be webcasting in teams from far-away locations, and look forward to seeing and hearing how kids from other countries have tackled the challenge. Hopefully the involvement of other cultures will drive home how important it is to be inclusive to come up with better ways to solve problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I just looked at the U.S. Census Bureau web site for the latest world population number, and today there are 6,650,846,379 people on Planet Earth. One in five people on Earth don't have access to safe, clean drinking water, which means that 1.3 billion people are suffering from lack of water. As this year's Tech Challenge participants work on solutions to a global water problem, I hope they get excited (or \u003cem>more\u003c/em> excited) about science and remain engaged, even they don't get to study it much in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Croel is the Marketing Director at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, \u003c/em>\u003cem>Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366918233,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":544},"headData":{"title":"The Tech Museum's Tech Challenge goes global | KQED","description":"Guest blogger Lisa Croel of The Tech Museum in San Jose, CA sits in for Dr. Barry Starr this week. I remember loving science class as a kid. The paper-maché messes, the bubbling baking soda, all of the wonderful experiments... I loved it all. Now, many grammar school kids are lucky to get 15 minutes","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Tech Museum's Tech Challenge goes global","datePublished":"2008-02-18T19:57:50.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-25T19:30:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"429 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/18/429/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/18/429/","disqusTitle":"The Tech Museum's Tech Challenge goes global","path":"/quest/429/429","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Guest blogger Lisa Croel of The Tech Museum in San Jose, CA sits in for Dr. Barry Starr this week. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_ww.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nI remember loving science class as a kid. The paper-maché messes, the bubbling baking soda, all of the wonderful experiments... I loved it all. Now, many grammar school kids are lucky to get 15 minutes of science education a week. Hardly enough time to get them imagining future careers as scientists, engineers and inventors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the lack of time given to science education, and the structure imposed by curriculum standards, museums need to be part of the education equation. My boss has a saying: \"Give random a chance.\" I love this quote because it speaks to the role informal educational resources like science museums need to be playing. By exposing young people to the experiences and programs in a museum, who knows what might really resonate and inspire?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For over 20 years, The Tech's \u003ca href=\"http://techchallenge.thetech.org/\">Tech Challenge\u003c/a> program has presented kids with an open-ended problem for which there is no one right answer. It forces participants to use their knowledge and ingenuity to solve the problem. For example, this year the Challenge (called \u003ca href=\"http://techchallenge.thetech.org/the_challenge.cfm\">Water Works\u003c/a>) is all about moving water from a stream up to a village without electricity. There is no one right answer, and there are lots of ways to solve this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants are 5\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> to 12\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> graders who will work in teams of 2-6 to explore solutions to solving this real world problem. Along the way, they will hit some roadblocks and come up with some duds. And that's OK because it is here that kids will learn that failure is an important part of problem solving. We have a great quote etched into a wall on the outside of The Tech from Intel co-founder and philanthropist Gordon Moore that says, \"If everything you try works, you are not trying hard enough.\" Through failure, many of the Tech Challenge teams will come up with a far superior solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year we're going international for the first time by partnering with the City of San Jose's \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjeconomy.com/sistercities/\">Sister City\u003c/a> program. On the final \u003ca href=\"http://techchallenge.thetech.org/schedule.cfm\">event day\u003c/a>, where all of the teams come together to present and demonstrate their solutions, we'll be webcasting in teams from far-away locations, and look forward to seeing and hearing how kids from other countries have tackled the challenge. Hopefully the involvement of other cultures will drive home how important it is to be inclusive to come up with better ways to solve problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I just looked at the U.S. Census Bureau web site for the latest world population number, and today there are 6,650,846,379 people on Planet Earth. One in five people on Earth don't have access to safe, clean drinking water, which means that 1.3 billion people are suffering from lack of water. As this year's Tech Challenge participants work on solutions to a global water problem, I hope they get excited (or \u003cem>more\u003c/em> excited) about science and remain engaged, even they don't get to study it much in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Croel is the Marketing Director at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, \u003c/em>\u003cem>Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/429/429","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_1554","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2443","quest_2493","quest_2530","quest_2532","quest_2879","quest_2881","quest_2883","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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