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Beyond Plain Sight
The System of Surface Water
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Sponsored
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The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. 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His work has included environmental, technology and feature reporting for the magazine program, In Wisconsin, as well as numerous Web projects. He is content editor for WisconsinVote.org, which was recently named best election Web site by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association. The WBA, along with the Milwaukee Press Club and the Northwest Broadcast News Association have frequently honored Soth’s television stories. In 1999, Soth shared in a national Emmy as segment producer for The :30 Second Candidate.\r\n\r\nSoth has an MS in Life Sciences Communication from the University of Wisconsin and graduated from Oberlin College with a degree in Art History. He has also attended the WETA Producers Academy and was recently selected a Fellow for the Institutes for Journalism & Natural Resources Asian Carp Institute.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_pages","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andy Soth | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andysoth"},"garyhochman":{"type":"authors","id":"10297","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10297","found":true},"name":"Gary Hochman","firstName":"Gary","lastName":"Hochman","slug":"garyhochman","email":"GHochman@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Gary is a senior producer at NET Television. He’s produced documentaries worldwide, bringing science to audiences through TV, the web, museums, and schools. Gary has twice received the American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award. His recent documentary, NOVA: Secrets Beneath The Ice, examines how researchers explore, drill and prospect to detect how Antarctica’s climate history can forecast Earth’s global climate future. His national productions include: NOVA: Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land, NOVA: Buried In Ash, NOVA: Edgerton and His Incredible Seeing Machines, Behind Lab Doors, Jungle Under Glass, Profit the Earth, Sexuality and Aging, and Seeking the Real Jesse James.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_dashboard","edit_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gary Hochman | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/garyhochman"},"llaffitte":{"type":"authors","id":"10443","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10443","found":true},"name":"Lucy Laffitte","firstName":"Lucy","lastName":"Laffitte","slug":"llaffitte","email":"llaffitte@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lucy B. Laffitte, PhD has been a science communicator and environmental educator for over thirty years. She has produced in-class and on-line instructional design, curriculum development, and certificate programs to a variety of conservation organizations, including the Oregon Museum of Natural History, Tall Timbers Research Station, North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, Salt River Project, New England Wildflower Society, Rachel Carson Institute, and Nicholas School of the Environment. She has published in print and on air—writing a nature column for The Cape Codder and was the founding radio producer for the environmental program the Allegheny Front. She has a bachelor’s degree in natural science, from the University of Oregon, a Master’s in adult education and graphic design and a PhD in environmental resources from North Carolina State University. She has been science education consultant for UNCTV working on QUEST and NC Science Now since April 2013.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lucy Laffitte | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/llaffitte"},"abrocious":{"type":"authors","id":"10465","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10465","found":true},"name":"Ariana Brocious","firstName":"Ariana","lastName":"Brocious","slug":"abrocious","email":"abrocious@netnebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Ariana Brocious is the Reporter/Morning Host at NET Radio in Nebraska, where she covers energy, water, culture and Latino issues. A native of the Southwest and graduate of the University of Arizona, she traces her interest in the environment—and how humans interact with it—to her time living in Western Colorado, where she worked as News Director for KVNF Radio, and at High Country News magazine. In her non-working hours she enjoys getting outside, coaxing her vegetable garden along, and experimenting in the kitchen.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ariana Brocious | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/abrocious"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17429":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17429","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17429","score":null,"sort":[1447164000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"secret-life-of-a-raindrop","title":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop","publishDate":1447164000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12824,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How old is the water in the stream? The answer could help us endure the dry times ahead. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475873,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1389},"headData":{"title":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17429 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/tracking-raindrops/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/10/secret-life-of-a-raindrop/","disqusTitle":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/ABGC6SalwJU","path":"/quest/17429/secret-life-of-a-raindrop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17429/secret-life-of-a-raindrop","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13385","quest_886","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_3021","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_81285","label":"quest_12824"},"quest_74258":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74258","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74258","score":null,"sort":[1438303358000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","title":"Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water","publishDate":1438303358,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Bangladesh -- a country just east of India on the Bay of Bengal -- is known for its lush, tropical environment and extensive river system. It’s capital, Dhaka, is the tenth largest city in the world and travel by boat and Rickshaw is a common way to get around town. While the waterways are an inviting lure to this populated city, water is also the source of many diseases, particularly in Dhaka’s crowded slums. Here, sewage can seep into low-pressure, old, leaky pipes that transport the town’s drinking water, exposing residents to harmful bacteria and viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking contaminated water can lead to diarrheal disease and sometimes even death. In fact, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\"> World Health Organization\u003c/a>, diarrhea is the second leading killer of children under five years of age worldwide, and it is often caused by contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Stephen Luby, a professor of medicine at Stanford University and senior fellow at Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, wanted to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Luby was working at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Bangladesh, and he was all too familiar with the number of people who were getting sick and dying from preventable waterborne diseases. In the developed world, big expensive water treatment plants clean drinking water. However, poorer countries, like Bangladesh, don’t have the resources to implement these treatment plants. Instead, residents have to clean their drinking water themselves using expensive or fragile filters, chlorine tablets or boiling the water. These types of strategies often prove difficult and cumbersome for residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that model asks, is to say ‘Let’s have the poorest people in the world each set up a water treatment plant in their home.’ That’s actually a big undertaking. And these are the folks who are already trying to figure out ‘How am I going to get enough money to pay rent and to feed my family?’” explains Luby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 214px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/142277422.IiJWNDQF.e_amy_hp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/142277422.IiJWNDQF.e_amy_hp-214x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amy Pickering with a handpump\" width=\"214\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Pickering, a research associate at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, posing with a hand pump. Courtesy of Amy Pickering/ Stanford University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luby enlisted the help of Amy Pickering, a research associate at Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and in the department of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University. Along with Jenna Davis, a professor in the department of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, they were hoping to come up with a solution to clean contaminated water that was much cheaper than traditional centralized water treatment plants, but that didn’t require users to do any extra work. They call their effort the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lotuswater.org/\"> Lotus Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pickering went to Dhaka to investigate possible solutions. She observed that women in the slums in Dhaka were using communal hand pumps to collect water in containers and store for later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we realized is that we needed a technology that could be compatible with these manual hand pumps that people are using to extract water from the systems,\" said Pickering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They thought that if there was a device that attached to the hand pump that would clean the water as it was pumped out, then residents would have easy access to clean water. Learning that nothing like this already existed, the team realized they were going to have to develop something themselves. So Pickering packed a 70-pound hand pump in her suitcase and brought it back to Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the guidance of Luby and Davis, Pickering and a team of students at Stanford began developing a solution. They needed to create a device that would be cheap, easy to maintain and robust to hot temperatures and monsoons. It also couldn't rely on electricity since electricity can be hard to come by in Dhaka’s slums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to use liquid chlorine as the way to clean the water because it’s cheap and readily available in household bleach throughout Dhaka and in many places throughout the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how were they going to inject the chlorine into the water without using electricity? They turned to a physics principle called the Venturi effect to accomplish this. The Venturi effect explains that when water is forced through a constricted pipe, like a funnel, the pressure of the water decreases. Pickering and her team created a system that uses the drop in water pressure caused by the Venturi effect to create a suction, which in turn sucks in chlorine stored in an attached tank. At the heart of the system is a funnel-like device that attaches to the outflow of the hand pump. They call the device \"the Venturi\" and they actually design and 3D print it themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74260\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/Labelled_device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/Labelled_device-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Venturi device\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A funnel-like device attaches directly to the hand pump and is connected to a tank that holds chlorine. When the water starts flowing through the funnel, the drop in water pressure causes the chlorine from the attached tank to be sucked into the water stream, thereby cleaning the water.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They prototyped many different designs both in the lab and in the field in Dhaka. They tested for durability, leaks, ease of use and functionality which included testing water samples for chlorine and bacteria levels. They also interviewed and spoke with residents to understand what they liked and didn’t like about their system. They would then incorporate what they learned from user feedback and field testing by modifying their designs, often 3-D printing new devices throughout the night in their rented apartments in Bangladesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They now have proof of concept that their device can work in Dhaka, and they are currently looking at possible business models and talking with companies to try to begin implementing in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re in conversations with for-profit companies that might be interested in taking this technology and commercializing it, and we’re really excited about that. Because what we want to see is this technology being scaled up and distributed throughout the world,” says Pickering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They estimate the device capital to cost $20 or less when produced at scale. The eventual goal is that their system will not only be used in Dhaka, but in other places in the developing world where contaminated water is often found at shared water points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the Lotus Water project's device designed to purify drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers at Stanford University have developed a cheap way to clean contaminated drinking water in the slums of Bangladesh.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442613235,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1133},"headData":{"title":"Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water | KQED","description":"An interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers at Stanford University have developed a cheap way to clean contaminated drinking water in the slums of Bangladesh.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74258 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74258","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/07/30/cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water/","disqusTitle":"Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Inc-I8CWT94","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/74258/cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bangladesh -- a country just east of India on the Bay of Bengal -- is known for its lush, tropical environment and extensive river system. It’s capital, Dhaka, is the tenth largest city in the world and travel by boat and Rickshaw is a common way to get around town. While the waterways are an inviting lure to this populated city, water is also the source of many diseases, particularly in Dhaka’s crowded slums. Here, sewage can seep into low-pressure, old, leaky pipes that transport the town’s drinking water, exposing residents to harmful bacteria and viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking contaminated water can lead to diarrheal disease and sometimes even death. In fact, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\"> World Health Organization\u003c/a>, diarrhea is the second leading killer of children under five years of age worldwide, and it is often caused by contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Stephen Luby, a professor of medicine at Stanford University and senior fellow at Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, wanted to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Luby was working at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Bangladesh, and he was all too familiar with the number of people who were getting sick and dying from preventable waterborne diseases. In the developed world, big expensive water treatment plants clean drinking water. However, poorer countries, like Bangladesh, don’t have the resources to implement these treatment plants. Instead, residents have to clean their drinking water themselves using expensive or fragile filters, chlorine tablets or boiling the water. These types of strategies often prove difficult and cumbersome for residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that model asks, is to say ‘Let’s have the poorest people in the world each set up a water treatment plant in their home.’ That’s actually a big undertaking. And these are the folks who are already trying to figure out ‘How am I going to get enough money to pay rent and to feed my family?’” explains Luby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 214px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/142277422.IiJWNDQF.e_amy_hp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/142277422.IiJWNDQF.e_amy_hp-214x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amy Pickering with a handpump\" width=\"214\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Pickering, a research associate at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, posing with a hand pump. Courtesy of Amy Pickering/ Stanford University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luby enlisted the help of Amy Pickering, a research associate at Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and in the department of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University. Along with Jenna Davis, a professor in the department of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, they were hoping to come up with a solution to clean contaminated water that was much cheaper than traditional centralized water treatment plants, but that didn’t require users to do any extra work. They call their effort the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lotuswater.org/\"> Lotus Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pickering went to Dhaka to investigate possible solutions. She observed that women in the slums in Dhaka were using communal hand pumps to collect water in containers and store for later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we realized is that we needed a technology that could be compatible with these manual hand pumps that people are using to extract water from the systems,\" said Pickering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They thought that if there was a device that attached to the hand pump that would clean the water as it was pumped out, then residents would have easy access to clean water. Learning that nothing like this already existed, the team realized they were going to have to develop something themselves. So Pickering packed a 70-pound hand pump in her suitcase and brought it back to Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the guidance of Luby and Davis, Pickering and a team of students at Stanford began developing a solution. They needed to create a device that would be cheap, easy to maintain and robust to hot temperatures and monsoons. It also couldn't rely on electricity since electricity can be hard to come by in Dhaka’s slums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to use liquid chlorine as the way to clean the water because it’s cheap and readily available in household bleach throughout Dhaka and in many places throughout the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how were they going to inject the chlorine into the water without using electricity? They turned to a physics principle called the Venturi effect to accomplish this. The Venturi effect explains that when water is forced through a constricted pipe, like a funnel, the pressure of the water decreases. Pickering and her team created a system that uses the drop in water pressure caused by the Venturi effect to create a suction, which in turn sucks in chlorine stored in an attached tank. At the heart of the system is a funnel-like device that attaches to the outflow of the hand pump. They call the device \"the Venturi\" and they actually design and 3D print it themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74260\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/Labelled_device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/07/Labelled_device-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Venturi device\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A funnel-like device attaches directly to the hand pump and is connected to a tank that holds chlorine. When the water starts flowing through the funnel, the drop in water pressure causes the chlorine from the attached tank to be sucked into the water stream, thereby cleaning the water.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They prototyped many different designs both in the lab and in the field in Dhaka. They tested for durability, leaks, ease of use and functionality which included testing water samples for chlorine and bacteria levels. They also interviewed and spoke with residents to understand what they liked and didn’t like about their system. They would then incorporate what they learned from user feedback and field testing by modifying their designs, often 3-D printing new devices throughout the night in their rented apartments in Bangladesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They now have proof of concept that their device can work in Dhaka, and they are currently looking at possible business models and talking with companies to try to begin implementing in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re in conversations with for-profit companies that might be interested in taking this technology and commercializing it, and we’re really excited about that. Because what we want to see is this technology being scaled up and distributed throughout the world,” says Pickering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They estimate the device capital to cost $20 or less when produced at scale. The eventual goal is that their system will not only be used in Dhaka, but in other places in the developing world where contaminated water is often found at shared water points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the Lotus Water project's device designed to purify drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74258/cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13180","quest_12185","quest_12946","quest_13152","quest_12269","quest_3596","quest_13201","quest_3351","quest_13179","quest_2349","quest_2774","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_13362"],"featImg":"quest_74277","label":"source_quest_74258"},"quest_74042":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74042","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74042","score":null,"sort":[1430360179000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought","title":"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?","publishDate":1430360179,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: For the past four years, California has been experiencing an historic drought. Governor Jerry Brown recently mandated a 25 percent reduction in urban water use across the state. While this legislation seems to some to be a long overdue move in addressing the growing water crisis, others criticize it for a lack of attention towards California’s large agricultural industry. What do you think?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1430360293,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: For the past four years, California has been experiencing an historic drought. Governor Jerry Brown recently mandated a 25 percent reduction in urban water use across the state. While this legislation seems to some to be a long overdue move in addressing the growing water crisis, others criticize it for a lack of attention towards California’s large agricultural industry. What do you think?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74042 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=74042&preview_id=74042","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/","disqusTitle":"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/","path":"/quest/74042/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_886","quest_12269","quest_3108","quest_13160"],"featImg":"quest_74043","label":"quest"},"quest_71562":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71562","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71562","score":null,"sort":[1409234456000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","title":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills","publishDate":1409234456,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640169,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1072},"headData":{"title":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills | KQED","description":"Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71562 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71562","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/28/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills/","disqusTitle":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/71562/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71562/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_886","quest_894","quest_924","quest_12269","quest_9907","quest_12970","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_3728","quest_12969","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_71926","label":"source_quest_71562"},"quest_60854":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60854","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60854","score":null,"sort":[1403791254000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change","title":"Picturing a Future Wrought by Climate Change","publishDate":1403791254,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\"\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>From the ashes of catastrophe, life somehow manages to rise again. This thought hung on Daisy’s mind, sweat pouring down her face, as she uttered a reassuring click to Bud and Betsy, the pair of Belgian draft horses drawing the plow\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 489px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy-548x360.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy plowing\" width=\"489\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You wouldn’t expect those opening words from a story set six decades from today. But those kinds of surprises abound in the tales told in “\u003ca title=\"Yahara 2070 home page\" href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070\">Yahara 2070\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is part of an intensive study of the land, lakes, and rivers incorporating and surrounding Madison, Wisconsin, a thousand-square-kilometer area known as the Yahara Watershed. To engage community thought and discussion, “Yahara 2070” uses illustrated stories set in the year 2070 to explore four distinct imagined futures for the region’s environment and society, each with its own descriptive title and logo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy_Icon-153x169.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy_Icon\" width=\"83\" height=\"91\">n “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/abandonment\">Abandonment and Renewal\u003c/a>,” from which the lines above are taken, the population is unprepared for a dramatic rise in temperature. Government is unable to manage ecological disaster and the area begins to return to the wild, including animals, like elephants, who have escaped the local zoo. Brave settlers have returned to the area, joining those who were unable to evacuate, and together they work to carve out a new way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another scenario, “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/innovation\">Accelerated Innovation\u003c/a>,” technology provides the path away from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71095\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon-149x169.jpg\" alt=\"Accelerated_Icon\" width=\"89\" height=\"101\">\u003c/a> environmental ruin. Agricultural automation optimizes water use, reducing runoff, and ecologically destructive cattle raising has been replaced by genetically engineered, “motherless” meat created in laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon-157x169.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"83\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>While the Robert Frost line may read that good fences make good neighbors, in “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/connected\">Connected Communities\u003c/a>,” neighbors have removed fences, creating space for community gardens and parks. This symbolizes a societal shift in values toward cooperation, community and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/nested\">Nested Watersheds\u003c/a>” takes an idea first proposed by 19th century explorer John Wesley Powell that our largely arbitrary state boundaries be redrawn\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nested_icon\" width=\"88\" height=\"88\">\u003c/a> around watersheds. More water-centric forms of governance are adopted after years of drought and water scarcity, placing a premium on conservation, and rewarding farmers for practices that regenerate groundwater while preventing runoff and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\" alt=\"Land cover map for abandonment scenario\" width=\"605\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg 605w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBased on extensive data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the stories are futuristic science fiction, they are grounded in present-day scientific fact. Background for the scenarios comes from extensive data collection on land use in the Yahara watershed. Modeling how present trends could play out over the coming decades informs the conditions that become the setting for each story. The projection seen above shows the abandonment scenario, with a large swath of green representing a return to forest and grassland after depopulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hearing hopes and fears\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantitative approach of data and projection is combined with qualitative methods of interview and discussion. “We began this project by interviewing a large number of people and conducting workshops with about a hundred people in the watershed to hear what they think about the future. What are the stories in their head about the future? What are their fears, their hopes for the future?” explained Steve Carpenter, “Yahara 2070” leader and director of the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting thought to paper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthesizing those hopes and fears with the background of a changing environment into narratives fell to project writer Jenny Seifert. Unlike producers of all too many high-concept Hollywood science fiction films, Seifert didn’t forget to create stories on a human scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I created characters for each story,” she said. “So I really think about these moments in time for these characters. Focusing on these moments really was my way of trying to help people connect with the stories and kind of see themselves and see what their life could be like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix-464x360.jpg\" alt=\"Felix swimming in lake with elephant in backdrop\" width=\"385\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Felix heard a loud rustle on the shoreline that startled him into alertness. Cougars are known to stalk these shores, and even though he knew the odds that one would bother to jump in after him were miniscule, he couldn’t help but feel a sense of dread as he eyed the distance between himself and the pier, where his machete lay. Then, a trumpet-like noise bellowed from the trees, and the mammoth head of an elephant emerged. Phew, thought Felix. Just an elephant.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>- Excerpt from “Abandonment and Renewal”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imagining and imaging \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deciding what life could be like, or look like, was a special challenge for the project’s illustrator, John Miller, particularly with the technology involved in some of the scenarios. Contemplating his iPhone, Miller said, “You take a look at something like this and it’s just so different from the original phone that if I were to create something, to invent something, nobody would know what I’m showing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asking “What if…”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team makes clear they are not trying to invent the future, or even predict it. Rather, the use of scenarios is a tool to help prepare for what the future may bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of the scenarios is to develop stories about the future that organize our thinking. Carpenter explained, “and also provide guidance to us as scientists about what we should be learning to simulate in order to understand the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of these scenarios seems most likely? Will pachyderms prowl the prairie? Will Wisconsin’s beloved bratwurst be petri-dish-processed before hitting the grill? Both the good and bad parts of each scenario are worth contemplating as we all collectively create the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video, follow a University of Wisconsin research team creating scenarios visualizing what the climate in Madison, Wisconsin could look like in the year 2070.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457554142,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":947},"headData":{"title":"Picturing a Future Wrought by Climate Change | KQED","description":"In this video, follow a University of Wisconsin research team creating scenarios visualizing what the climate in Madison, Wisconsin could look like in the year 2070.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60854 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60854","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/26/picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"Picturing a Future Wrought by Climate Change","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAg-va6anGc","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/60854/picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>From the ashes of catastrophe, life somehow manages to rise again. This thought hung on Daisy’s mind, sweat pouring down her face, as she uttered a reassuring click to Bud and Betsy, the pair of Belgian draft horses drawing the plow\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 489px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy-548x360.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy plowing\" width=\"489\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You wouldn’t expect those opening words from a story set six decades from today. But those kinds of surprises abound in the tales told in “\u003ca title=\"Yahara 2070 home page\" href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070\">Yahara 2070\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is part of an intensive study of the land, lakes, and rivers incorporating and surrounding Madison, Wisconsin, a thousand-square-kilometer area known as the Yahara Watershed. To engage community thought and discussion, “Yahara 2070” uses illustrated stories set in the year 2070 to explore four distinct imagined futures for the region’s environment and society, each with its own descriptive title and logo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy_Icon-153x169.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy_Icon\" width=\"83\" height=\"91\">n “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/abandonment\">Abandonment and Renewal\u003c/a>,” from which the lines above are taken, the population is unprepared for a dramatic rise in temperature. Government is unable to manage ecological disaster and the area begins to return to the wild, including animals, like elephants, who have escaped the local zoo. Brave settlers have returned to the area, joining those who were unable to evacuate, and together they work to carve out a new way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another scenario, “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/innovation\">Accelerated Innovation\u003c/a>,” technology provides the path away from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71095\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon-149x169.jpg\" alt=\"Accelerated_Icon\" width=\"89\" height=\"101\">\u003c/a> environmental ruin. Agricultural automation optimizes water use, reducing runoff, and ecologically destructive cattle raising has been replaced by genetically engineered, “motherless” meat created in laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon-157x169.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"83\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>While the Robert Frost line may read that good fences make good neighbors, in “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/connected\">Connected Communities\u003c/a>,” neighbors have removed fences, creating space for community gardens and parks. This symbolizes a societal shift in values toward cooperation, community and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/nested\">Nested Watersheds\u003c/a>” takes an idea first proposed by 19th century explorer John Wesley Powell that our largely arbitrary state boundaries be redrawn\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nested_icon\" width=\"88\" height=\"88\">\u003c/a> around watersheds. More water-centric forms of governance are adopted after years of drought and water scarcity, placing a premium on conservation, and rewarding farmers for practices that regenerate groundwater while preventing runoff and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\" alt=\"Land cover map for abandonment scenario\" width=\"605\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg 605w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBased on extensive data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the stories are futuristic science fiction, they are grounded in present-day scientific fact. Background for the scenarios comes from extensive data collection on land use in the Yahara watershed. Modeling how present trends could play out over the coming decades informs the conditions that become the setting for each story. The projection seen above shows the abandonment scenario, with a large swath of green representing a return to forest and grassland after depopulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hearing hopes and fears\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantitative approach of data and projection is combined with qualitative methods of interview and discussion. “We began this project by interviewing a large number of people and conducting workshops with about a hundred people in the watershed to hear what they think about the future. What are the stories in their head about the future? What are their fears, their hopes for the future?” explained Steve Carpenter, “Yahara 2070” leader and director of the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting thought to paper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthesizing those hopes and fears with the background of a changing environment into narratives fell to project writer Jenny Seifert. Unlike producers of all too many high-concept Hollywood science fiction films, Seifert didn’t forget to create stories on a human scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I created characters for each story,” she said. “So I really think about these moments in time for these characters. Focusing on these moments really was my way of trying to help people connect with the stories and kind of see themselves and see what their life could be like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix-464x360.jpg\" alt=\"Felix swimming in lake with elephant in backdrop\" width=\"385\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Felix heard a loud rustle on the shoreline that startled him into alertness. Cougars are known to stalk these shores, and even though he knew the odds that one would bother to jump in after him were miniscule, he couldn’t help but feel a sense of dread as he eyed the distance between himself and the pier, where his machete lay. Then, a trumpet-like noise bellowed from the trees, and the mammoth head of an elephant emerged. Phew, thought Felix. Just an elephant.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>- Excerpt from “Abandonment and Renewal”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imagining and imaging \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deciding what life could be like, or look like, was a special challenge for the project’s illustrator, John Miller, particularly with the technology involved in some of the scenarios. Contemplating his iPhone, Miller said, “You take a look at something like this and it’s just so different from the original phone that if I were to create something, to invent something, nobody would know what I’m showing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asking “What if…”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team makes clear they are not trying to invent the future, or even predict it. Rather, the use of scenarios is a tool to help prepare for what the future may bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of the scenarios is to develop stories about the future that organize our thinking. Carpenter explained, “and also provide guidance to us as scientists about what we should be learning to simulate in order to understand the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of these scenarios seems most likely? Will pachyderms prowl the prairie? Will Wisconsin’s beloved bratwurst be petri-dish-processed before hitting the grill? Both the good and bad parts of each scenario are worth contemplating as we all collectively create the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60854/picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change","authors":["10275"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_12269","quest_1157","quest_3351","quest_12895","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12355","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_10339","quest_12894"],"featImg":"quest_71123","label":"source_quest_60854"},"quest_69857":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69857","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69857","score":null,"sort":[1400767255000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda","title":"Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda","publishDate":1400767255,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. The models that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) released in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/\">its report\u003c/a> still show the continuing trend of a hotter atmosphere, which exacerbates drought, but also a moister atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say, the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> So it depends on the timing of these rains, how many days in between these rains. But in general, it’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed. And if that shift continues long enough -- say, a couple decades -- that would mean more of a climate shift to the climate regime of a region. We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">This interview has been condensed and edited. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new tool promises to help decision makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442678471,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1354},"headData":{"title":"Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda | KQED","description":"A new tool promises to help decision makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"69857 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69857","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/22/drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda/","disqusTitle":"Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69857/drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. The models that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) released in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/\">its report\u003c/a> still show the continuing trend of a hotter atmosphere, which exacerbates drought, but also a moister atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say, the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> So it depends on the timing of these rains, how many days in between these rains. But in general, it’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed. And if that shift continues long enough -- say, a couple decades -- that would mean more of a climate shift to the climate regime of a region. We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">This interview has been condensed and edited. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69857/drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_886","quest_12850","quest_12269","quest_12852","quest_12851","quest_12849","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_2363","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_70443","label":"source_quest_69857"},"quest_69546":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69546","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69546","score":null,"sort":[1398780026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight","title":"Beyond Plain Sight","publishDate":1398780026,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Think the Great Plains is no more than a flat, endless landscape, often called “flyover country”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69919 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Forsberg\" width=\"231\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think again. Through the lens of native Nebraskan photographer and author \u003ca title=\"Michael Forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/projects/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/a>, the Great Plains is far from “plain.” For 20 years, Forsberg has been documenting the habitats of his home turf. For him, the Great Plains is an extraordinary, immense, and unanticipated wonderland of species and habitats, including an essential flyway for millions of migratory birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depicting the true nature and meaning of the plains has become a personal mission. Forsberg has a degree in geography, and he uses photography to generate a discussion about the world. “Geography is a perspective that emphasizes space and place and ecology -- and how everything connects with everything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69913 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\" alt=\"Great Plains map and landscape\" width=\"658\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-400x144.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-1180x424.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-960x345.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The 12 states that make up the Great Plains account for an astonishing one-quarter of the U.S., covering one million square miles that are anything but flat. If it was its own country, the Great Plains would be the tenth largest in the world by area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">But only 30 percent of the Great Plains would be considered flat. For example, Nebraska topography is like an inclined tabletop. If you took off from Omaha (elevation 1,090 feet) and flew west across the undulating terrain at a steady elevation of 2,000 feet, you would crash into the ground 450 miles away at Scottsbluff, Nebraska (elevation 3,891 ft).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\" alt=\"Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas\" width=\"182\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 182px) 100vw, 182px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This land is a place where grass rules over trees,” said Forsberg. “It’s a place so immense you feel very small. It’s not the mountains. It’s not the Grand Canyon. But it’s every bit as remarkable -- a really diverse landscape. It’s a place where the more you linger, the more beauty you’ll see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected natural beauty that Forsberg captures on film fills a book he authored, \u003ca href=\"http://shop.michaelforsberg.com/collections/great-plains-americas-lingering-wild\">\u003cstrong>Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and many of these images appear in an NET Television documentary by the same name broadcast on PBS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\" alt=\"Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana\" width=\"228\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They include a lone bison roaming the sun-swept prairie, a dazzling rainbow framing colorful milkweed in a prairie meadow, a solitary cougar prowling the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota at night, majestic cliffs rising over a river in Montana, a burrowing owl with outstretched wings and a laser-piercing stare, and a frolicking Sandhill crane leaping for joy in a courtship dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 904px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69884 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Cranes\" width=\"904\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During breeding season, Sandhill Cranes display elaborate dancing rituals to attract a mate. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg cautions that this bounty of natural wonder is a gift that needs to be protected, now and for the future. A century ago much of the Great Plains was wide-open territory, a broad expanse of natural prairie, wetlands, and rivers. But today only a patchwork of these environments remains because of widespread development. Forsberg refers to these pockets of refuge as “America’s lingering wild,” where species and habitats are literally hanging on for survival. And some of his most striking images, seen from the air, point to a vast ecosystem at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69986 \" title=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" width=\"263\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg 1560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1440x930.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1180x762.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-960x620.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a territory where half of our nation’s ducks breed annually, only the remains of tiny green patches of irregular wetlands are seen from the air in North Dakota, dwarfed by crop fields of wheat and canola. In the past 50 years, nesting waterfowl have declined dramatically as areas cultivated for high commodity crops, including corn for ethanol production, have overrun these duck-nesting habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69885 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming\" width=\"270\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the once rugged and wild Wyoming landscape is scarred and dissected by networks of roads for oil and natural gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arid, fragile plains of Texas contain whitish, ghostly rings of former shallow, circular wetlands called playas, now replaced by dried fields cultivated by center-pivot irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69991 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\" alt=\"Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland).\" width=\"266\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg 1541w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland). Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forsberg laments that the Great Plains, like most temperate grasslands of the world, includes the most endangered habitats on the planet because they’ve been drastically altered from their natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all been plowed up for agriculture,” said Forsberg. “The Great Plains is the world’s breadbasket. It’s increasingly being asked to be our energy pump. And it sits on the Holy Grail of the High Plains: the Ogallala Aquifer.” This aquifer is the largest underground system of water-saturated sediments in the country, what Forsberg refers to as “the Saudi Arabia of water.” The Ogallala Aquifer sits beneath the expansive prairie that runs from the Dakotas to Texas. It is the ecological underpinning of all life in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is little wonder that water figures prominently in Forsberg’s imagery. Geography is at the core of his work, and water is central to the Plains. And with a changing climate and reoccurring drought, Forsberg realizes that his imagery is becoming even more important to showcase the fragile nature of nature itself. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have life. We need to know where our water comes from,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Water Source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg is convinced that most people give little thought to the source of their water. It’s just pervasive, at the tip of our fingertips. Need water? Turn on a faucet. Where does it come from? Who knows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg explained, “In Nebraska we get our water from the snowpack in the Rockies as snow melt. We get it from the Ogallala Aquifer as groundwater. And we also get water from our weather and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most places across the country the answer would be similar: water originates in a watershed or water basin. These are geographical features of all landscapes nationwide. A terrain’s basin acts like a funnel, draining all surface water from its highest elevation to its lowest point. In Nebraska, the Platte River Basin is enormous. It takes up most of Nebraska and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69936 \" title=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" width=\"337\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At select locations throughout the Platte River Basin, automated timelapse cameras record the daily ebb and flow of the watershed. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Depicting the vast watershed at work in pictures is a challenge. Forsberg knows it couldn’t be done with a single camera. But what if there were many? And not just any camera. Forsberg partnered with NET Television colleague Mike Farrell and technology expert Jeff Dale of \u003ca title=\"TRLcam\" href=\"http://www.trlcam.com\" target=\"_blank\">TRLcam\u003c/a>, to custom design a series of weatherproof automated time-lapse cameras. “We thought, what if we took a watershed and put time-lapse cameras throughout the entire water basin? And then followed that water hundreds of miles until it came to the mouth of where it empties into the Missouri River,” stated Forsberg. And so, \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a>(PBT) was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69933\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69933 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project.\" width=\"289\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PBT team then selected 45 locations, from the headwaters at Lake Agnes, Colorado, throughout the Platte River, and ending at the convergence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers. At each location a time-lapse camera is programmed to take one photo every hour, every day, year-round. They’ve now recorded an unprecedented three-year visual database of the watershed. By summer, there will be over a million photos!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the PBT team began, they hoped to record the ebb and flow of the watershed through time, including normal water cycles, flooding, and drought. Unexpectedly, they hit the jackpot right away. In 2011, parts of the Great Plains experienced double the average snow melt and runoff from the Rocky Mountains, heavy rains, and massive flooding. A year later, in 2012, a historic drought created bone-dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month the PBT team posts time-lapse sequences on the Platte Basin Timelapse \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">website \u003c/a>for the public to view and learn the water cycles and how a watershed functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg believes that the PBT Project will act as a template that can be applied to watersheds around the world. “I want people to understand a little bit more about the world in which they live and the natural processes that they rely on to care for the landscape we call home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EDUCATORS\u003c/strong>: Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST digital learning objects\u003c/a> on \u003ca title=\"Surface Water\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\" target=\"_blank\">watersheds \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"Water Flows\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\" target=\"_blank\">aquifers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore unexpected imagery of the Great Plains and see how photographer Michael Forsberg is using timelapse cameras to reveal unprecedented views of how watersheds work.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457561025,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1468},"headData":{"title":"Beyond Plain Sight | KQED","description":"Explore unexpected imagery of the Great Plains and see how photographer Michael Forsberg is using timelapse cameras to reveal unprecedented views of how watersheds work.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"69546 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69546","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/29/michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight/","disqusTitle":"Beyond Plain Sight","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pC70-5wrY8","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69546/michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Think the Great Plains is no more than a flat, endless landscape, often called “flyover country”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69919 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Forsberg\" width=\"231\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think again. Through the lens of native Nebraskan photographer and author \u003ca title=\"Michael Forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/projects/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/a>, the Great Plains is far from “plain.” For 20 years, Forsberg has been documenting the habitats of his home turf. For him, the Great Plains is an extraordinary, immense, and unanticipated wonderland of species and habitats, including an essential flyway for millions of migratory birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depicting the true nature and meaning of the plains has become a personal mission. Forsberg has a degree in geography, and he uses photography to generate a discussion about the world. “Geography is a perspective that emphasizes space and place and ecology -- and how everything connects with everything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69913 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\" alt=\"Great Plains map and landscape\" width=\"658\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-400x144.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-1180x424.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-960x345.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The 12 states that make up the Great Plains account for an astonishing one-quarter of the U.S., covering one million square miles that are anything but flat. If it was its own country, the Great Plains would be the tenth largest in the world by area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">But only 30 percent of the Great Plains would be considered flat. For example, Nebraska topography is like an inclined tabletop. If you took off from Omaha (elevation 1,090 feet) and flew west across the undulating terrain at a steady elevation of 2,000 feet, you would crash into the ground 450 miles away at Scottsbluff, Nebraska (elevation 3,891 ft).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\" alt=\"Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas\" width=\"182\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 182px) 100vw, 182px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This land is a place where grass rules over trees,” said Forsberg. “It’s a place so immense you feel very small. It’s not the mountains. It’s not the Grand Canyon. But it’s every bit as remarkable -- a really diverse landscape. It’s a place where the more you linger, the more beauty you’ll see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected natural beauty that Forsberg captures on film fills a book he authored, \u003ca href=\"http://shop.michaelforsberg.com/collections/great-plains-americas-lingering-wild\">\u003cstrong>Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and many of these images appear in an NET Television documentary by the same name broadcast on PBS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\" alt=\"Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana\" width=\"228\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They include a lone bison roaming the sun-swept prairie, a dazzling rainbow framing colorful milkweed in a prairie meadow, a solitary cougar prowling the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota at night, majestic cliffs rising over a river in Montana, a burrowing owl with outstretched wings and a laser-piercing stare, and a frolicking Sandhill crane leaping for joy in a courtship dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 904px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69884 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Cranes\" width=\"904\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During breeding season, Sandhill Cranes display elaborate dancing rituals to attract a mate. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg cautions that this bounty of natural wonder is a gift that needs to be protected, now and for the future. A century ago much of the Great Plains was wide-open territory, a broad expanse of natural prairie, wetlands, and rivers. But today only a patchwork of these environments remains because of widespread development. Forsberg refers to these pockets of refuge as “America’s lingering wild,” where species and habitats are literally hanging on for survival. And some of his most striking images, seen from the air, point to a vast ecosystem at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69986 \" title=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" width=\"263\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg 1560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1440x930.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1180x762.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-960x620.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a territory where half of our nation’s ducks breed annually, only the remains of tiny green patches of irregular wetlands are seen from the air in North Dakota, dwarfed by crop fields of wheat and canola. In the past 50 years, nesting waterfowl have declined dramatically as areas cultivated for high commodity crops, including corn for ethanol production, have overrun these duck-nesting habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69885 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming\" width=\"270\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the once rugged and wild Wyoming landscape is scarred and dissected by networks of roads for oil and natural gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arid, fragile plains of Texas contain whitish, ghostly rings of former shallow, circular wetlands called playas, now replaced by dried fields cultivated by center-pivot irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69991 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\" alt=\"Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland).\" width=\"266\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg 1541w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland). Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forsberg laments that the Great Plains, like most temperate grasslands of the world, includes the most endangered habitats on the planet because they’ve been drastically altered from their natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all been plowed up for agriculture,” said Forsberg. “The Great Plains is the world’s breadbasket. It’s increasingly being asked to be our energy pump. And it sits on the Holy Grail of the High Plains: the Ogallala Aquifer.” This aquifer is the largest underground system of water-saturated sediments in the country, what Forsberg refers to as “the Saudi Arabia of water.” The Ogallala Aquifer sits beneath the expansive prairie that runs from the Dakotas to Texas. It is the ecological underpinning of all life in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is little wonder that water figures prominently in Forsberg’s imagery. Geography is at the core of his work, and water is central to the Plains. And with a changing climate and reoccurring drought, Forsberg realizes that his imagery is becoming even more important to showcase the fragile nature of nature itself. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have life. We need to know where our water comes from,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Water Source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg is convinced that most people give little thought to the source of their water. It’s just pervasive, at the tip of our fingertips. Need water? Turn on a faucet. Where does it come from? Who knows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg explained, “In Nebraska we get our water from the snowpack in the Rockies as snow melt. We get it from the Ogallala Aquifer as groundwater. And we also get water from our weather and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most places across the country the answer would be similar: water originates in a watershed or water basin. These are geographical features of all landscapes nationwide. A terrain’s basin acts like a funnel, draining all surface water from its highest elevation to its lowest point. In Nebraska, the Platte River Basin is enormous. It takes up most of Nebraska and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69936 \" title=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" width=\"337\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At select locations throughout the Platte River Basin, automated timelapse cameras record the daily ebb and flow of the watershed. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Depicting the vast watershed at work in pictures is a challenge. Forsberg knows it couldn’t be done with a single camera. But what if there were many? And not just any camera. Forsberg partnered with NET Television colleague Mike Farrell and technology expert Jeff Dale of \u003ca title=\"TRLcam\" href=\"http://www.trlcam.com\" target=\"_blank\">TRLcam\u003c/a>, to custom design a series of weatherproof automated time-lapse cameras. “We thought, what if we took a watershed and put time-lapse cameras throughout the entire water basin? And then followed that water hundreds of miles until it came to the mouth of where it empties into the Missouri River,” stated Forsberg. And so, \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a>(PBT) was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69933\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69933 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project.\" width=\"289\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PBT team then selected 45 locations, from the headwaters at Lake Agnes, Colorado, throughout the Platte River, and ending at the convergence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers. At each location a time-lapse camera is programmed to take one photo every hour, every day, year-round. They’ve now recorded an unprecedented three-year visual database of the watershed. By summer, there will be over a million photos!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the PBT team began, they hoped to record the ebb and flow of the watershed through time, including normal water cycles, flooding, and drought. Unexpectedly, they hit the jackpot right away. In 2011, parts of the Great Plains experienced double the average snow melt and runoff from the Rocky Mountains, heavy rains, and massive flooding. A year later, in 2012, a historic drought created bone-dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month the PBT team posts time-lapse sequences on the Platte Basin Timelapse \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">website \u003c/a>for the public to view and learn the water cycles and how a watershed functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg believes that the PBT Project will act as a template that can be applied to watersheds around the world. “I want people to understand a little bit more about the world in which they live and the natural processes that they rely on to care for the landscape we call home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EDUCATORS\u003c/strong>: Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST digital learning objects\u003c/a> on \u003ca title=\"Surface Water\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\" target=\"_blank\">watersheds \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"Water Flows\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\" target=\"_blank\">aquifers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69546/michael-forsberg-beyond-plain-sight","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_326","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_12847","quest_12845","quest_2186","quest_12782","quest_12354","quest_2893","quest_12348","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"featImg":"quest_69894","label":"source_quest_69546"},"quest_69039":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69039","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69039","score":null,"sort":[1397066417000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-system-of-surface-water","title":"The System of Surface Water","publishDate":1397066417,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The physical channels of interconnected headwaters, streams, and rivers on earth support and are supported by a complex web of life, active above and below the water line. Working together, the river basin systems are able to trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, remove pollution, feed downstream waters, and provide abundant niches for fish and wildlife. Rivers and their watershed systems are the only “corporations” on earth that manufacture clean water every day, and for free. This infographic is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water/\">Water \u003c/a>series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Introductory Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does your drinking water come from: surface water, private well, public well, or rainwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many rivers in the U.S. do you think are in good health?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do streams and rivers wiggle around so much? Watch the three-minute video \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/10/02/2009/recipe-for-a-river.html\">Recipe for a River\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em> to find out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Rivers.pdf\">Click for a pdf\u003c/a> of the map of rivers and explore the pattern of waterways in the U.S. Can you draw watershed boundaries of the major watersheds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Locate your county on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/drinkingwatermap.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Drinking Water Map\u003c/a>. Approximately how many people in your county get their drinking water from streams?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If one in three people in the U.S. obtains drinking water from stream water, from where do the other two out of three people get their drinking water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What makes freshwater unsafe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is your drinking water treated? If so, where and how is it treated?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who pays to keep freshwater safe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Investigate the costs and benefits of drinking only bottled water at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket09.sci.ess.water.wshed/what-is-a-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\">What is a Watershed?\u003c/a>, Kentucky Educational Television (available through PBS LearningMedia)\u003cbr>\nA two-minute video illustrating the watershed concept\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm\">Surf Your Watershed\u003c/a>, EPA\u003cbr>\nA portal to links about every watershed in the U.S, including environmental information, USGS data, citizen monitoring groups, and assessments of the watershed's health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/education/nytrek2007/video.shtm\" target=\"_blank\">Mountaintop to Tap\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center\u003cbr>\nWatch twelve lively teenagers hike, camp, explore, take photographs, learn, and dance their way along the path of New York City’s water supply system -- from mountaintop to tap -- in this 37-minute video.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. \u003cstrong>HS-ESS2-5\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. \u003cstrong>ESS2.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the ribbons of rivers that crisscross the U.S. and deliver drinking water to more than 117 million people every day. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444786950,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":436},"headData":{"title":"The System of Surface Water | KQED","description":"Explore the ribbons of rivers that crisscross the U.S. and deliver drinking water to more than 117 million people every day. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"69039 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69039","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/09/the-system-of-surface-water/","disqusTitle":"The System of Surface Water","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69039/the-system-of-surface-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The physical channels of interconnected headwaters, streams, and rivers on earth support and are supported by a complex web of life, active above and below the water line. Working together, the river basin systems are able to trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, remove pollution, feed downstream waters, and provide abundant niches for fish and wildlife. Rivers and their watershed systems are the only “corporations” on earth that manufacture clean water every day, and for free. This infographic is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water/\">Water \u003c/a>series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Introductory Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does your drinking water come from: surface water, private well, public well, or rainwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many rivers in the U.S. do you think are in good health?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do streams and rivers wiggle around so much? Watch the three-minute video \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/10/02/2009/recipe-for-a-river.html\">Recipe for a River\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em> to find out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Rivers.pdf\">Click for a pdf\u003c/a> of the map of rivers and explore the pattern of waterways in the U.S. Can you draw watershed boundaries of the major watersheds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Locate your county on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/drinkingwatermap.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Drinking Water Map\u003c/a>. Approximately how many people in your county get their drinking water from streams?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If one in three people in the U.S. obtains drinking water from stream water, from where do the other two out of three people get their drinking water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What makes freshwater unsafe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is your drinking water treated? If so, where and how is it treated?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who pays to keep freshwater safe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Investigate the costs and benefits of drinking only bottled water at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket09.sci.ess.water.wshed/what-is-a-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\">What is a Watershed?\u003c/a>, Kentucky Educational Television (available through PBS LearningMedia)\u003cbr>\nA two-minute video illustrating the watershed concept\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm\">Surf Your Watershed\u003c/a>, EPA\u003cbr>\nA portal to links about every watershed in the U.S, including environmental information, USGS data, citizen monitoring groups, and assessments of the watershed's health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/education/nytrek2007/video.shtm\" target=\"_blank\">Mountaintop to Tap\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center\u003cbr>\nWatch twelve lively teenagers hike, camp, explore, take photographs, learn, and dance their way along the path of New York City’s water supply system -- from mountaintop to tap -- in this 37-minute video.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. \u003cstrong>HS-ESS2-5\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. \u003cstrong>ESS2.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69039/the-system-of-surface-water","authors":["10443"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13193","quest_13196","quest_12779","quest_12780","quest_10427","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_69279","label":"source_quest_69039"},"quest_65956":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65956","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65956","score":null,"sort":[1394719211000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-measuring-snow","title":"The Science of Measuring Snow","publishDate":1394719211,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the water that flows through the West originates high up in the mountains. Each winter, as snow accumulates there, hydrologists calculate how much of the water that melts from it will end up downstream. That information is critical to towns, power plants, and irrigators who depend on the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the summit of Interstate 80 in southeastern Wyoming, Matt Hoobler trudges through a scrubby open field on snowshoes, carrying a long hollow metal pipe. Reaching a marked spot near the trees, he carefully holds the metal tube perpendicular to the ground, then lets it drop through the snow, twists it, and pulls it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68013 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/mattwalk-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hoobler, a snow surveyor with the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office, is taking a core sample of the snowpack. The specially calibrated cylinder measures snow depth, weight, and density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water content at this site is 5.5 inches. That means if this snow was to melt instantaneously, there’d be 5.5 inches of water sitting in this meadow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoobler collects snowpack information at sites throughout Wyoming, like his colleagues in 12 other Western states, including California, Washington and Alaska. Because these sites are often remote, they can travel up to 70 miles a day by snowshoe, skis, and snowmobiles on surveys, carrying survival equipment to protect them in the event of severe weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason we’re up here for snow survey is for river forecasting. In other words, once it all turns to water, how much water is going to exist in our rivers and our reservoirs,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/pole-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snow survey program started in the 1930s. Each year surveyors add new data to the collection, validating the record and improving accuracy. Hoobler said understanding the relationship between snowpack and water supply is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society depends on water -- whether it’s growing the crops we’re going to eat or producing hydroelectric power. Fifty to eighty percent of flows of North Platte River depend on this white stuff -- snow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred miles southwest, in the South Platte River basin, Mage Hultstrand skis through deep snow just off the highway to get to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site on the top of Cameron Pass in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68015 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/agnes-bit_10_11-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. These sites collect and transmit snowpack and climate data from all over the western U.S. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SNOTEL stands for “snowpack telemetry,” or remote data transmission. Hultstrand is a hydrologist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s snow survey program in Denver. Every year more than 700 remote stations like this one track snowpack and climate data, including snow depth and temperature, across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure the water content of the snow here,” Hultstrand said, pointing out markers that border the snow pillow, an envelope filled with antifreeze that acts like a scale, weighing the snow and converting it to a measurement of total water content. SNOTEL data are combined with manual snow survey data, collected by people like Hoobler, and compiled into water supply forecasts. Hultstrand said those projections help water providers prepare for the season ahead, determining if they’ll have to apply restrictions in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water providers and agricultural users start paying attention early in the season to what’s going on. This is the headwater state, so this is where all of your water is coming from, with the exception of whatever precipitation is received in spring and summer,” Hultstrand said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68016 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/maggie-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. \" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downstream, Nebraska irrigators also rely on groundwater, which is affected by snowfall. But it takes time for that melted snow to travel through the underground aquifer and back to streams and reservoirs, which impacts central Nebraska irrigators. Tom Schwarz farms about 750 certified organic acres near Bertrand, Nebraska. In addition to row crops, he grows vegetables to supply supermarkets in Lincoln and Omaha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarz uses groundwater on most of his fields, but also depends on Platte River water stored in Lake McConaughy. Schwarz said he keeps an eye on snowpack but knows there’s a delay in what he and other central Nebraska irrigators will actually receive from the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the snow falls this year, it fills up the reservoirs in the mountains. Irrigators in the Panhandle use that water and, in turn, that water goes down into the aquifer and, hopefully, into the river and down to Lake McConaughy for use the following year,” Schwarz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is controlled by the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. Spokesman Jeff Buettner said they take that delay into account and watch snowpack and river forecasts and levels at Wyoming reservoirs when planning their water supply. But inflows to Lake McConaughy have been declining for the last decade, partly due to groundwater development and conservation measures upstream. Buettner said 2014 will be the seventh time in the last 10 years that Central Irrigation’s customers will receive less than a full supply of water. This year’s allocation will only be half of what they could expect historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Buettner said water conservation and efficiency is key. Some big snowpack years would help, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Wyoming, Matt Hoobler reads the results of his snow survey report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/data/water/wcs/earth/snotelwithlabels.kmz&sll=45.467836,-108.446045&sspn=5.369953,8.712158&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=4\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68017 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SnotelMAP-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. The full interactive map is produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. Click on the image to see the full interactive map produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Last year at this time, we had 17 inches of snow; we have 31 this year. Last year we had 2.7 water content inches; we have 5.5 this year. And our 30-year average is 5.4, so we’re just a hair above average. Any time you can have average, that’s a great day,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, most of the Platte River Basin snowpack reports are above average. But since it’s still midwinter, most water providers will wait to see what the April report brings before getting too excited.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Much of the water flowing through the West starts as snowpack high up in the mountains. A complex system of remote and manual data collection helps water managers calculate how much water they'll have for the season ahead. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823017,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1082},"headData":{"title":"The Science of Measuring Snow | KQED","description":"Much of the water flowing through the West starts as snowpack high up in the mountains. A complex system of remote and manual data collection helps water managers calculate how much water they'll have for the season ahead. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"65956 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65956","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/13/the-science-of-measuring-snow/","disqusTitle":"The Science of Measuring Snow","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/65956/the-science-of-measuring-snow","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the water that flows through the West originates high up in the mountains. Each winter, as snow accumulates there, hydrologists calculate how much of the water that melts from it will end up downstream. That information is critical to towns, power plants, and irrigators who depend on the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the summit of Interstate 80 in southeastern Wyoming, Matt Hoobler trudges through a scrubby open field on snowshoes, carrying a long hollow metal pipe. Reaching a marked spot near the trees, he carefully holds the metal tube perpendicular to the ground, then lets it drop through the snow, twists it, and pulls it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68013 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/mattwalk-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hoobler, a snow surveyor with the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office, is taking a core sample of the snowpack. The specially calibrated cylinder measures snow depth, weight, and density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water content at this site is 5.5 inches. That means if this snow was to melt instantaneously, there’d be 5.5 inches of water sitting in this meadow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoobler collects snowpack information at sites throughout Wyoming, like his colleagues in 12 other Western states, including California, Washington and Alaska. Because these sites are often remote, they can travel up to 70 miles a day by snowshoe, skis, and snowmobiles on surveys, carrying survival equipment to protect them in the event of severe weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason we’re up here for snow survey is for river forecasting. In other words, once it all turns to water, how much water is going to exist in our rivers and our reservoirs,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/pole-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snow survey program started in the 1930s. Each year surveyors add new data to the collection, validating the record and improving accuracy. Hoobler said understanding the relationship between snowpack and water supply is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society depends on water -- whether it’s growing the crops we’re going to eat or producing hydroelectric power. Fifty to eighty percent of flows of North Platte River depend on this white stuff -- snow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred miles southwest, in the South Platte River basin, Mage Hultstrand skis through deep snow just off the highway to get to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site on the top of Cameron Pass in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68015 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/agnes-bit_10_11-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. These sites collect and transmit snowpack and climate data from all over the western U.S. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SNOTEL stands for “snowpack telemetry,” or remote data transmission. Hultstrand is a hydrologist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s snow survey program in Denver. Every year more than 700 remote stations like this one track snowpack and climate data, including snow depth and temperature, across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure the water content of the snow here,” Hultstrand said, pointing out markers that border the snow pillow, an envelope filled with antifreeze that acts like a scale, weighing the snow and converting it to a measurement of total water content. SNOTEL data are combined with manual snow survey data, collected by people like Hoobler, and compiled into water supply forecasts. Hultstrand said those projections help water providers prepare for the season ahead, determining if they’ll have to apply restrictions in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water providers and agricultural users start paying attention early in the season to what’s going on. This is the headwater state, so this is where all of your water is coming from, with the exception of whatever precipitation is received in spring and summer,” Hultstrand said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68016 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/maggie-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. \" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downstream, Nebraska irrigators also rely on groundwater, which is affected by snowfall. But it takes time for that melted snow to travel through the underground aquifer and back to streams and reservoirs, which impacts central Nebraska irrigators. Tom Schwarz farms about 750 certified organic acres near Bertrand, Nebraska. In addition to row crops, he grows vegetables to supply supermarkets in Lincoln and Omaha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarz uses groundwater on most of his fields, but also depends on Platte River water stored in Lake McConaughy. Schwarz said he keeps an eye on snowpack but knows there’s a delay in what he and other central Nebraska irrigators will actually receive from the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the snow falls this year, it fills up the reservoirs in the mountains. Irrigators in the Panhandle use that water and, in turn, that water goes down into the aquifer and, hopefully, into the river and down to Lake McConaughy for use the following year,” Schwarz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is controlled by the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. Spokesman Jeff Buettner said they take that delay into account and watch snowpack and river forecasts and levels at Wyoming reservoirs when planning their water supply. But inflows to Lake McConaughy have been declining for the last decade, partly due to groundwater development and conservation measures upstream. Buettner said 2014 will be the seventh time in the last 10 years that Central Irrigation’s customers will receive less than a full supply of water. This year’s allocation will only be half of what they could expect historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Buettner said water conservation and efficiency is key. Some big snowpack years would help, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Wyoming, Matt Hoobler reads the results of his snow survey report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/data/water/wcs/earth/snotelwithlabels.kmz&sll=45.467836,-108.446045&sspn=5.369953,8.712158&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=4\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68017 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SnotelMAP-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. The full interactive map is produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. Click on the image to see the full interactive map produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Last year at this time, we had 17 inches of snow; we have 31 this year. Last year we had 2.7 water content inches; we have 5.5 this year. And our 30-year average is 5.4, so we’re just a hair above average. Any time you can have average, that’s a great day,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, most of the Platte River Basin snowpack reports are above average. But since it’s still midwinter, most water providers will wait to see what the April report brings before getting too excited.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65956/the-science-of-measuring-snow","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12669","quest_12269","quest_1503","quest_12520","quest_12673","quest_12671","quest_12354","quest_11128","quest_12668","quest_12672","quest_2682","quest_12674","quest_12667","quest_3108","quest_12670"],"featImg":"quest_68020","label":"source_quest_65956"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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