Scientists Want to Know How Much Fish You Ate Last Night
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QUEST TV: Restoring America's Waters
The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat
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The Good and Not-So-Good News About California Salmon
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"Whiskey’s for Drinking, Water’s for Fighting About"
Sponsored
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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"quest":{"type":"authors","id":"10216","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10216","found":true},"name":"QUEST Staff","firstName":"QUEST","lastName":"Staff","slug":"quest","email":"quest@kqed.orgx","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"katiejennings":{"type":"authors","id":"10425","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10425","found":true},"name":"Katie Jennings","firstName":"Katie","lastName":"Jennings","slug":"katiejennings","email":"kjennings@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Katie Jennings returns to KCTS as QUEST Northwest Coordinating Producer. A public television veteran, she has produced numerous award-winning national documentaries and series including Fire on the Rim and Teachings of the Tree People. Katie served as Head of Educational Media at the outdoor learning center IslandWood on Bainbridge Island near Seattle, where she developed and produced educational projects for National Geographic and the National Science Foundation. She recently completed a Master's degree in Media Psychology and Social Change.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["manage_categories","leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katie Jennings | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katiejennings"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"},"sanbornsarahn":{"type":"authors","id":"10471","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10471","found":true},"name":"Sarah Sanborn","firstName":"Sarah","lastName":"Sanborn","slug":"sanbornsarahn","email":"SSanborn@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sarah Sanborn joins QUEST Northwest from the University of Washington’s Program on the Environment. She has worked with the Environmental Protection Agency and a variety of citizen science projects in the Pacific Northwest. In the spring of 2013, Sarah was awarded the UW Environmental Leadership Scholarship given to those who represent leadership, integrative thought and action, and vision of how they hope to make a positive difference in the world.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Sanborn | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sanbornsarahn"},"rmcclure":{"type":"authors","id":"10505","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10505","found":true},"name":"Robert McClure","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"McClure","slug":"rmcclure","email":"rmcclure@invw.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Robert McClure is executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>, a nonprofit newsroom in Seattle specializing in the environment, public health and government accountability for the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia. A veteran newspaper reporter with a quarter of a century on the environment beat, he is a winner of the John B. Oakes Award for Distinguished Environmental Journalism and serves on the board of the Society of Environmental Journalists. Robert was named in 2013 as one of Seattle Magazine’s “most influential” people in Seattle.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d854ab5ac9cf1e8e2da364a59642dd31?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Robert McClure | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d854ab5ac9cf1e8e2da364a59642dd31?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d854ab5ac9cf1e8e2da364a59642dd31?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rmcclure"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_63142":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63142","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63142","score":null,"sort":[1392908422000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline","title":"Landowners Make Way for More Shoreline","publishDate":1392908422,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On Bainbridge Island, Washington, a transformation is occurring: 7.5 acres of shoreline previously starved of natural vegetation and organisms has begun to recover. Salt marsh vegetation is returning, juvenile salmon can safely swim along the banks, and the shore is reshaping itself into a gentle slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This environmental success story hung on one family’s decision to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel family has cared for this land for nearly five decades. In 1993, they signed a conservation easement with the \u003ca href=\"http://bi-landtrust.org/\">Bainbridge Island Land Trust\u003c/a> (BILT) for the land to be conserved regardless of the land owner. So when the family noticed their crumbling shoreline walls, they turned to BILT for an answer. After a careful study, the property was determined to be at a low risk for erosion and the family was encouraged to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"67102,66547,66552,66551,66550,66540,66539,66544,66543,66542,66541,66546,66545,66549,66548\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for the first time in nearly 60 years, the Powel property has marine and terrestrial environments converging again. This project offers hope for the survival of intertidal coastline habitat being lost in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/species/salmon.html\">Puget Sound\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/whats_damaging_marshes_on_us_coast_and_why_it_matters/2604/\">around the nation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is critical that this is happening now,” says Jim Brennan, a marine biologist from Bainbridge Island who has worked on the Powel Project for three years. “This is very important habitat for salmon and many other fishes and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the walls will \u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2004409777_growth_shorelines15m1.html\">greatly expand shallow water and salt marsh areas\u003c/a>, creating refuge and migration corridors. When walls are replaced with gently sloped native vegetation, more of the insects important to juvenile Chinook salmon will become readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67148 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Feature image 02\" width=\"363\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Brennan holds up images of shoreline walls around the Powel property on Bainbridge Island. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plants create shade for the intertidal habitat,” says Brennan, “They help stabilize beaches and banks, moderate erosion, sedimentation, and contaminants. They produce insects that we now know juvenile salmon, particularly Chinook, eat. So vegetation is an important function for recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists and volunteers have replanted along the Powel property with pickelweed and salt grass that are adapted to the extreme conditions of a salt marsh ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel project aligns with Washington State’s salmon and shoreline restoration goals, overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.psp.wa.gov/\">Puget Sound Partnership\u003c/a>, and was partially supported by grant funds through the state’s Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund. Martha Kongsgaard, chair of the Partnership, believes the Powel Project sets the gold standard for shoreline recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of a model shows what can happen when people listen to each other, get out of their desks, and come on site,” says Kongsgaard. “My hope is this project is one of a string of great stories that we can cobble together around the Puget Sound that’s going to add up to a full recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67188 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\" alt=\"Brenda giving tour\" width=\"335\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg 1146w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-400x373.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-800x746.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-960x895.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brenda Padgham gives a tour of the Powel Project. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, some private land owners raise concerns about the erosion of beaches and how removal of their shoreline walls would impact their property. Brenda Padgham, stewardship director for BILT and project manager for the Powel Project, wants these land owners to know that they have options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A restored shoreline could be a more resilient shoreline,” says Padgham. “Restored shorelines may not need to be maintained with heavy construction equipment and big checks written by landowners every 10 to 20 years. This project helps private land owners know that there are more options out there than the traditional ways of ‘protecting’ their property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/2013/07/18/the-best-protection-against-storms-nature-herself/\">a shoreline wall may not be necessary for all\u003c/a> land owners, and the removal of shoreline walls could save them money in the future while improving habitat conditions. Padgham and Brennan hope the Powel family’s decision can be an inspiration to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can take incremental steps, neighbor by neighbor, then I think people will start to feel more open to a dialogue [about restoration] without feeling a loss to their property rights,” says Padgham. This is an example for others to look to on how people can live along their shoreline in a way that can contribute to the overall goal of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How one family’s decision to remove their waterfront wall has sparked the recovery of coastal ecosystems on a popular Washington island.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442702176,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":737},"headData":{"title":"Landowners Make Way for More Shoreline | KQED","description":"How one family’s decision to remove their waterfront wall has sparked the recovery of coastal ecosystems on a popular Washington island.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"63142 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63142","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/20/landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline/","disqusTitle":"Landowners Make Way for More Shoreline","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWnr6XaRCho","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63142/landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Bainbridge Island, Washington, a transformation is occurring: 7.5 acres of shoreline previously starved of natural vegetation and organisms has begun to recover. Salt marsh vegetation is returning, juvenile salmon can safely swim along the banks, and the shore is reshaping itself into a gentle slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This environmental success story hung on one family’s decision to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel family has cared for this land for nearly five decades. In 1993, they signed a conservation easement with the \u003ca href=\"http://bi-landtrust.org/\">Bainbridge Island Land Trust\u003c/a> (BILT) for the land to be conserved regardless of the land owner. So when the family noticed their crumbling shoreline walls, they turned to BILT for an answer. After a careful study, the property was determined to be at a low risk for erosion and the family was encouraged to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","link":"file","ids":"67102,66547,66552,66551,66550,66540,66539,66544,66543,66542,66541,66546,66545,66549,66548","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for the first time in nearly 60 years, the Powel property has marine and terrestrial environments converging again. This project offers hope for the survival of intertidal coastline habitat being lost in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/species/salmon.html\">Puget Sound\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/whats_damaging_marshes_on_us_coast_and_why_it_matters/2604/\">around the nation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is critical that this is happening now,” says Jim Brennan, a marine biologist from Bainbridge Island who has worked on the Powel Project for three years. “This is very important habitat for salmon and many other fishes and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the walls will \u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2004409777_growth_shorelines15m1.html\">greatly expand shallow water and salt marsh areas\u003c/a>, creating refuge and migration corridors. When walls are replaced with gently sloped native vegetation, more of the insects important to juvenile Chinook salmon will become readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67148 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Feature image 02\" width=\"363\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Brennan holds up images of shoreline walls around the Powel property on Bainbridge Island. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plants create shade for the intertidal habitat,” says Brennan, “They help stabilize beaches and banks, moderate erosion, sedimentation, and contaminants. They produce insects that we now know juvenile salmon, particularly Chinook, eat. So vegetation is an important function for recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists and volunteers have replanted along the Powel property with pickelweed and salt grass that are adapted to the extreme conditions of a salt marsh ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel project aligns with Washington State’s salmon and shoreline restoration goals, overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.psp.wa.gov/\">Puget Sound Partnership\u003c/a>, and was partially supported by grant funds through the state’s Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund. Martha Kongsgaard, chair of the Partnership, believes the Powel Project sets the gold standard for shoreline recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of a model shows what can happen when people listen to each other, get out of their desks, and come on site,” says Kongsgaard. “My hope is this project is one of a string of great stories that we can cobble together around the Puget Sound that’s going to add up to a full recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67188 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\" alt=\"Brenda giving tour\" width=\"335\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg 1146w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-400x373.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-800x746.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-960x895.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brenda Padgham gives a tour of the Powel Project. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, some private land owners raise concerns about the erosion of beaches and how removal of their shoreline walls would impact their property. Brenda Padgham, stewardship director for BILT and project manager for the Powel Project, wants these land owners to know that they have options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A restored shoreline could be a more resilient shoreline,” says Padgham. “Restored shorelines may not need to be maintained with heavy construction equipment and big checks written by landowners every 10 to 20 years. This project helps private land owners know that there are more options out there than the traditional ways of ‘protecting’ their property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/2013/07/18/the-best-protection-against-storms-nature-herself/\">a shoreline wall may not be necessary for all\u003c/a> land owners, and the removal of shoreline walls could save them money in the future while improving habitat conditions. Padgham and Brennan hope the Powel family’s decision can be an inspiration to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can take incremental steps, neighbor by neighbor, then I think people will start to feel more open to a dialogue [about restoration] without feeling a loss to their property rights,” says Padgham. This is an example for others to look to on how people can live along their shoreline in a way that can contribute to the overall goal of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63142/landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_12556","quest_12619","quest_326","quest_12617","quest_621","quest_12621","quest_11940","quest_12505","quest_11003","quest_12269","quest_1293","quest_12618","quest_12620","quest_12146","quest_2477","quest_2623","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_67148","label":"source_quest_63142"},"quest_62422":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62422","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62422","score":null,"sort":[1384873249000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-want-to-know-how-much-fish-you-ate-last-night","title":"Scientists Want to Know How Much Fish You Ate Last Night","publishDate":1384873249,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Marquee Image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How much is safe to eat? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/heatherjoan/4942166380/\">Heather Joan\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reported by Robert McClure, \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of setting water-pollution limits for factories, sewage plants, and other facilities that dump into waterways can be tricky, especially when people catch fish for dinner from those waters. It’s a big health dilemma for some subsets of the American population who eat a lot of seafood, including sport fishers, people on low incomes, Asian immigrants, and members of coastal Indian tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FishConsumptionGraphic.png\" alt=\"FishConsumptionGraphic\" width=\"378\" height=\"440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The current estimate of how much fish people eat, a key criterion for setting water quality standards, is in some states less than one-twentieth the figure used by Oregon.* Image courtesy of Jason Alcorn and InvestigateWest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act is supposed to protect the rivers, lakes, and bays where we glean our fish and other seafood, but that isn’t always the case. Fish living in polluted waters can contain toxic chemicals that, if eaten, lead to cancer and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to learn that the way the \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/health/methodology/upload/hhfaqs.pdf\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has told\u003c/a> states to set the pollution limits is to first find out how much fish people are eating, and then set stricter pollution restrictions if people are eating lots of fish and less strict ones if they’re eating less fish. To do this, the state determines a “fish-consumption rate,” a figure that gets cranked into a complicated health-based formula that is supposed to protect the well-being of people who eat fish and other kinds of seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seafood is a staple of a lot of people here in the Pacific Northwest, as well as freshwater fish, and it’s supposed to be a healthy alternative to other food sources,” says Shawn Yanity, chair of the Stillaguamish tribe in Washington State. “But how healthy is it when you’re only allowed to consume so much before you start taking on a risk of cancer and other sicknesses?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYnrU5OJPBo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Groups that want a lower fish-consumption rate in Washington State have started a campaign on YouTube, including videos of people who eat more than the state average of fish.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that limiting and cleaning up water pollution can have big financial consequences for industry and others regulated under the Clean Water Act. Another problem is that seafood-consumption data are not always accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some states, this crucial variable has recently been shown to fall far short of what people are actually eating. Part of the problem is that many states set their fish consumption rate years ago, when Americans ate less seafood. The American Heart Association recommends eating fish twice a week, which would greatly exceed most states’ estimates of how much people eat if all that fish came out of local lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/wa-and-or-fish-rate-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-62798\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62798 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png\" alt=\"WA and OR fish rate comparison\" width=\"428\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png 680w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison-400x472.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington State.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example, the state of Washington bases its water-quality standards on an estimate of just 6.5 grams per day, not even enough salmon to cover a big cracker. Where did that number come from? It turns out that it traces back to three-day food diaries filled out in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington environmentalists and Indian tribes are battling to boost the fish-eating estimate, citing studies of fish-consumption rates among tribal members and others dating to the mid-1990s. But business interests are pushing back. They want additional studies to clarify just how much of the fish people eat is actually coming from the waterways that are being polluted. After all, the current law stipulates that if people eat less seafood, more pollution can be allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September 2013, under orders from the EPA, Idaho officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/27/2783951/do-you-eat-idaho-fish-state-officials.html\">assigned a contractor to survey state residents\u003c/a> about the amount of fish they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes may be afoot in other states, too, as awareness of the low fish-consumption estimates garner more attention and more scientists want to know how much fish you ate last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>* Fish-consumption estimates in selected states around the country\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/tmdl/2012IntReport/IR2012_SectionE.pdf\">Ohio\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf\">California\u003c/a>: Varies depending on the pollutant and other factors. For mercury, historically 16.5 grams per day (but 32 grams per day in the San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta regions); EPA promulgated a 6.5 grams per day estimate for polychlorinated biphenyls.\u003cbr>\nNebraska: 32 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/standards/docs/toxics/devfishconrate.pdf\">Wisconsin\u003c/a>: 20 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/pHsxy\">North Carolina\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The amount of fish that Americans eat is a crucial variable in determining water-pollution limits, limits that may be based on outdated data in some states.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823369,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":795},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Want to Know How Much Fish You Ate Last Night | KQED","description":"The amount of fish that Americans eat is a crucial variable in determining water-pollution limits, limits that may be based on outdated data in some states.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"62422 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62422","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/19/scientists-want-to-know-how-much-fish-you-ate-last-night/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Want to Know How Much Fish You Ate Last Night","path":"/quest/62422/scientists-want-to-know-how-much-fish-you-ate-last-night","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Marquee Image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How much is safe to eat? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/heatherjoan/4942166380/\">Heather Joan\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reported by Robert McClure, \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of setting water-pollution limits for factories, sewage plants, and other facilities that dump into waterways can be tricky, especially when people catch fish for dinner from those waters. It’s a big health dilemma for some subsets of the American population who eat a lot of seafood, including sport fishers, people on low incomes, Asian immigrants, and members of coastal Indian tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FishConsumptionGraphic.png\" alt=\"FishConsumptionGraphic\" width=\"378\" height=\"440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The current estimate of how much fish people eat, a key criterion for setting water quality standards, is in some states less than one-twentieth the figure used by Oregon.* Image courtesy of Jason Alcorn and InvestigateWest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act is supposed to protect the rivers, lakes, and bays where we glean our fish and other seafood, but that isn’t always the case. Fish living in polluted waters can contain toxic chemicals that, if eaten, lead to cancer and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to learn that the way the \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/health/methodology/upload/hhfaqs.pdf\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has told\u003c/a> states to set the pollution limits is to first find out how much fish people are eating, and then set stricter pollution restrictions if people are eating lots of fish and less strict ones if they’re eating less fish. To do this, the state determines a “fish-consumption rate,” a figure that gets cranked into a complicated health-based formula that is supposed to protect the well-being of people who eat fish and other kinds of seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seafood is a staple of a lot of people here in the Pacific Northwest, as well as freshwater fish, and it’s supposed to be a healthy alternative to other food sources,” says Shawn Yanity, chair of the Stillaguamish tribe in Washington State. “But how healthy is it when you’re only allowed to consume so much before you start taking on a risk of cancer and other sicknesses?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYnrU5OJPBo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Groups that want a lower fish-consumption rate in Washington State have started a campaign on YouTube, including videos of people who eat more than the state average of fish.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that limiting and cleaning up water pollution can have big financial consequences for industry and others regulated under the Clean Water Act. Another problem is that seafood-consumption data are not always accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some states, this crucial variable has recently been shown to fall far short of what people are actually eating. Part of the problem is that many states set their fish consumption rate years ago, when Americans ate less seafood. The American Heart Association recommends eating fish twice a week, which would greatly exceed most states’ estimates of how much people eat if all that fish came out of local lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/wa-and-or-fish-rate-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-62798\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62798 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png\" alt=\"WA and OR fish rate comparison\" width=\"428\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png 680w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison-400x472.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington State.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example, the state of Washington bases its water-quality standards on an estimate of just 6.5 grams per day, not even enough salmon to cover a big cracker. Where did that number come from? It turns out that it traces back to three-day food diaries filled out in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington environmentalists and Indian tribes are battling to boost the fish-eating estimate, citing studies of fish-consumption rates among tribal members and others dating to the mid-1990s. But business interests are pushing back. They want additional studies to clarify just how much of the fish people eat is actually coming from the waterways that are being polluted. After all, the current law stipulates that if people eat less seafood, more pollution can be allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September 2013, under orders from the EPA, Idaho officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/27/2783951/do-you-eat-idaho-fish-state-officials.html\">assigned a contractor to survey state residents\u003c/a> about the amount of fish they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes may be afoot in other states, too, as awareness of the low fish-consumption estimates garner more attention and more scientists want to know how much fish you ate last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>* Fish-consumption estimates in selected states around the country\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/tmdl/2012IntReport/IR2012_SectionE.pdf\">Ohio\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf\">California\u003c/a>: Varies depending on the pollutant and other factors. For mercury, historically 16.5 grams per day (but 32 grams per day in the San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta regions); EPA promulgated a 6.5 grams per day estimate for polychlorinated biphenyls.\u003cbr>\nNebraska: 32 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/standards/docs/toxics/devfishconrate.pdf\">Wisconsin\u003c/a>: 20 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/pHsxy\">North Carolina\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62422/scientists-want-to-know-how-much-fish-you-ate-last-night","authors":["10505"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12185","quest_12385","quest_12269","quest_13201","quest_12498","quest_12386","quest_2253","quest_12146","quest_2477","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_12497"],"featImg":"quest_63475","label":"quest"},"quest_61358":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61358","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61358","score":null,"sort":[1382536859000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-river-returns","title":"A River Returns","publishDate":1382536859,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565342,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":777},"headData":{"title":"A River Returns | KQED","description":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"61358 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61358","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/23/a-river-returns/","disqusTitle":"A River Returns","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TfjRG9RxL8","path":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","authors":["10446","10425"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_326","quest_12007","quest_12125","quest_924","quest_11940","quest_11176","quest_1022","quest_12269","quest_12326","quest_12249","quest_2001","quest_12517","quest_12327","quest_12325","quest_12146","quest_3736","quest_2423","quest_2477","quest_2576","quest_12328","quest_2786","quest_2893","quest_3048","quest_3071","quest_10210"],"featImg":"quest_62677","label":"quest"},"quest_61749":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61749","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61749","score":null,"sort":[1382034894000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-television-restoring-americas-waters","title":"QUEST TV: Restoring America's Waters","publishDate":1382034894,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Explore some of the amazing efforts to restore the health of America’s waterways. Follow scientists and fishermen as they team up to rebuild North Carolina’s deteriorating oyster reefs. Battle algae blooms with Lake Erie researchers and discover how the largest dam removal project in U.S. history is providing hope for Washington state’s salmon. Plus, discover an Ohio artist who turns coal mine run-off into works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoring-oyster-reefs/\">Restoring Oyster Reefs\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/a-river-returns/\" target=\"_blank\">A River Returns\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints (article only)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore efforts to rebuild oyster reefs, battle algae blooms, and restore salmon to a dammed river in this television episode.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565148,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":128},"headData":{"title":"QUEST TV: Restoring America's Waters | KQED","description":"Explore efforts to rebuild oyster reefs, battle algae blooms, and restore salmon to a dammed river in this television episode.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"61749 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61749","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/17/quest-television-restoring-americas-waters/","disqusTitle":"QUEST TV: Restoring America's Waters","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAd2tEWzd10","path":"/quest/61749/quest-television-restoring-americas-waters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Explore some of the amazing efforts to restore the health of America’s waterways. Follow scientists and fishermen as they team up to rebuild North Carolina’s deteriorating oyster reefs. Battle algae blooms with Lake Erie researchers and discover how the largest dam removal project in U.S. history is providing hope for Washington state’s salmon. Plus, discover an Ohio artist who turns coal mine run-off into works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoring-oyster-reefs/\">Restoring Oyster Reefs\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/a-river-returns/\" target=\"_blank\">A River Returns\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints (article only)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61749/quest-television-restoring-americas-waters","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_3449","quest_12125","quest_12362","quest_12374","quest_1291","quest_12098","quest_11489","quest_2141","quest_2257","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_12146","quest_10429","quest_12361","quest_10179","quest_2477","quest_2893","quest_2966","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_12360"],"featImg":"quest_62630","label":"quest"},"quest_57639":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57639","score":null,"sort":[1379692842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","title":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat","publishDate":1379692842,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Seattle’s urban waterfront -- a noisy highway viaduct and failing seawall -- is being transformed to create a welcoming environment for salmon and people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823647,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":541},"headData":{"title":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat | KQED","description":"Seattle’s urban waterfront -- a noisy highway viaduct and failing seawall -- is being transformed to create a welcoming environment for salmon and people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"57639 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57639","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/20/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat/","disqusTitle":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat","path":"/quest/57639/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57639/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12505","quest_12147","quest_13197","quest_12269","quest_1293","quest_12506","quest_12238","quest_12239","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_3736","quest_2477","quest_12148","quest_9872","quest_12240"],"featImg":"quest_60196","label":"quest"},"quest_43267":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43267","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43267","score":null,"sort":[1346358126000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system","title":"Outdoor Labs: The UC Natural Reserve System","publishDate":1346358126,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-deer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43269\" title=\"angelo-deer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-deer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young buck, unafraid of visitors, munches under old apple trees at the Angelo Reserve. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I pulled in at the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/reserves/angelo/angelo.htm\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> nearly five hours' drive to Mendocino County, I knew I was deep in the woods, but what I saw there told me something more about the place—the outside world is really shut out. A family of deer was feasting from old apple trees as two visiting children and their camera-wielding parents looked on at close range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hills and woods and meadows and streams of Angelo aren't quite like your average piece of back country: the Coast Range hills are drilled with wells and probes, the Douglas-fir and oak-madrone woods are wirelessly networked, the river-terrace meadows are dotted with flags and sensors, and the South Fork Eel River holds experimental nets and cages as well as aquatic life. The Angelo Reserve is a stage for 21st-century research that turns the very outdoors into a scientific laboratory. And it's just one of 38 such stages in the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/\">UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> that sample nearly all of California's biomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at Angelo with a group of science writers to hear about some of the research projects going on. While the University of California runs it, the Reserve System serves many institutions. At Angelo, for instance, the U.S. Geological Survey has a stream-gauge station on Elder Creek, \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=ELCR-CA\">a National Natural Landmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-usgs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43268\" title=\"angelo-usgs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart of the reserve is the South Fork Eel River, part of the large Eel River watershed. The river not only provides salmon habitat, but also is California's largest sediment provider to the Pacific after the Bay Area. Biologists can tinker with all the ecological variables they can handle, from the members of the food web to the nutrients in the water. They can erect shades to restrict sunlight or screens to keep out predators, and they can add and subtract sediments from the streambed. And the untouched riverbanks minimize pollution and other distortions from human activities. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/power/mary_power_history.html\">Mary Power\u003c/a> described some of the intricate trials her group has been carrying out in the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-eelriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43270\" title=\"angelo-eelriver\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I found it charming in a nerdy way to see the river populated with dozens of little experiments as I hiked along the streambed. Of course, I was mostly noticing the rocks. There's underground research at Angelo, too, like the wirelessly networked watershed my group saw during our visit. The power comes from solar panels in the treetops, and the data is beamed live to Berkeley. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://eps.berkeley.edu/development/view_person.php?uid=1164&page=76\">Bill Dietrich\u003c/a> showed us around the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43273\" title=\"angelo-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensive focus on this little watershed promises to pay off on the scale of whole rivers. What intrigued me is that it's shedding light on the zone of undisturbed but decayed rock—saprolite—between sound bedrock and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-subsoil/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43272\" title=\"angelo-subsoil\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This zone is turning out to be important in ways that the trees have always known about, but not us. Some trees seem to rely on the saprolite while others, even in the same biome, ignore it. Saprolite is a new variable that belongs in global climate models, and the data from Angelo is giving us the first outlines of its meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-graph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43271\" title=\"angelo-graph\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg 599w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/by_name.htm\">The other 37 sites in the UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> have their own stories, and having now seen two of them (the other is the White Mountain Research Center, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/22/testing-a-new-drug-for-mountain-sickness/\">where I tested drugs for science\u003c/a>) my appetite is roused to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The University of California runs a unique set of 38 pristine properties around the state for scientific research.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366749650,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":596},"headData":{"title":"Outdoor Labs: The UC Natural Reserve System | KQED","description":"The University of California runs a unique set of 38 pristine properties around the state for scientific research.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"43267 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43267","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/","disqusTitle":"Outdoor Labs: The UC Natural Reserve System","path":"/quest/43267/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-deer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43269\" title=\"angelo-deer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-deer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young buck, unafraid of visitors, munches under old apple trees at the Angelo Reserve. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I pulled in at the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/reserves/angelo/angelo.htm\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> nearly five hours' drive to Mendocino County, I knew I was deep in the woods, but what I saw there told me something more about the place—the outside world is really shut out. A family of deer was feasting from old apple trees as two visiting children and their camera-wielding parents looked on at close range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hills and woods and meadows and streams of Angelo aren't quite like your average piece of back country: the Coast Range hills are drilled with wells and probes, the Douglas-fir and oak-madrone woods are wirelessly networked, the river-terrace meadows are dotted with flags and sensors, and the South Fork Eel River holds experimental nets and cages as well as aquatic life. The Angelo Reserve is a stage for 21st-century research that turns the very outdoors into a scientific laboratory. And it's just one of 38 such stages in the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/\">UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> that sample nearly all of California's biomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at Angelo with a group of science writers to hear about some of the research projects going on. While the University of California runs it, the Reserve System serves many institutions. At Angelo, for instance, the U.S. Geological Survey has a stream-gauge station on Elder Creek, \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=ELCR-CA\">a National Natural Landmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-usgs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43268\" title=\"angelo-usgs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart of the reserve is the South Fork Eel River, part of the large Eel River watershed. The river not only provides salmon habitat, but also is California's largest sediment provider to the Pacific after the Bay Area. Biologists can tinker with all the ecological variables they can handle, from the members of the food web to the nutrients in the water. They can erect shades to restrict sunlight or screens to keep out predators, and they can add and subtract sediments from the streambed. And the untouched riverbanks minimize pollution and other distortions from human activities. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/power/mary_power_history.html\">Mary Power\u003c/a> described some of the intricate trials her group has been carrying out in the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-eelriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43270\" title=\"angelo-eelriver\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I found it charming in a nerdy way to see the river populated with dozens of little experiments as I hiked along the streambed. Of course, I was mostly noticing the rocks. There's underground research at Angelo, too, like the wirelessly networked watershed my group saw during our visit. The power comes from solar panels in the treetops, and the data is beamed live to Berkeley. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://eps.berkeley.edu/development/view_person.php?uid=1164&page=76\">Bill Dietrich\u003c/a> showed us around the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43273\" title=\"angelo-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensive focus on this little watershed promises to pay off on the scale of whole rivers. What intrigued me is that it's shedding light on the zone of undisturbed but decayed rock—saprolite—between sound bedrock and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-subsoil/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43272\" title=\"angelo-subsoil\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This zone is turning out to be important in ways that the trees have always known about, but not us. Some trees seem to rely on the saprolite while others, even in the same biome, ignore it. Saprolite is a new variable that belongs in global climate models, and the data from Angelo is giving us the first outlines of its meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-graph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43271\" title=\"angelo-graph\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg 599w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/by_name.htm\">The other 37 sites in the UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> have their own stories, and having now seen two of them (the other is the White Mountain Research Center, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/22/testing-a-new-drug-for-mountain-sickness/\">where I tested drugs for science\u003c/a>) my appetite is roused to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43267/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_639","quest_921","quest_934","quest_1594","quest_1789","quest_13202","quest_11410","quest_2477","quest_11409","quest_3021"],"featImg":"quest_43273","label":"quest"},"quest_37649":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37649","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37649","score":null,"sort":[1336755623000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon","title":"The Good and Not-So-Good News About California Salmon","publishDate":1336755623,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37679\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37679\" title=\"Chinook salmon\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg\" alt=\"Chinook salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon, Feather River Hatchery, Oroville. Credit: Dan Brekke\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After years of dire tidings, the news this year about California's chinook salmon all sounds good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal fisheries biologists have predicted big numbers of Sacramento River fall run chinook--the state's biggest, most commercially important salmon fishery--and the biggest population of Klamath River fall-run fish in memory. The California Salmon Council, a commercial fishermen's group, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2012/05/california-salmon-start-their-comeback.html\">forecasts a harvest\u003c/a> of 3 million pounds this year. That's triple last year's take and represents a comeback from the Great Salmon Crash of '08-'09, when the sudden collapse of the Sacramento fall run forced state and federal officials to shut down salmon fishing two years in a row. Salmon fishermen who barely hung on through the crash, along with those who sell them gear and supplies and process and market their catch, can look forward to something like a prosperous season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for the rest of us, the civilian salmon lovers? Victor Gonella, who heads the Golden Gate Salmon Association, \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/2012/03/08/ggsa-announcement-welcome-2012-salmon-season/\">promised in March\u003c/a> that \"consumers can look forward to some of the best food on earth--wild salmon, coming to a dinner plate near them soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that all sounds good. But here's the rest of the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37714\" title=\"Salmon2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Salmon21-287x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A declining catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start with that commercial harvest number. We won't really know until later this year how the season turns out, but that 3 million-pound catch is only impressive next to the recent string of disastrous salmon years. The forecast for this year is nearly one-third lower than the average yearly harvest for the decade before the crash. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> data shows the catch has been slowly dwindling since 1950, with a more rapid decline starting in the late 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nothing prepared fishing communities, scientists, or interested onlookers for the population crash that took place in 2008. Everyone would still like to know why it happened. Scientists have studied factors from water pollution to a big bridge project in the Carquinez Strait--did construction noise harm out-migrating juvenile salmon?--without identifying a single factor. The consensus is that circumstances ranging from poor ocean feeding conditions to water diversions from the Delta played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is a mystery with an answer hiding in plain sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From abundance to scarcity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, salmon returned by the millions each year to the Bay, the Delta, and the rivers and streams in the Central Valley. Napa Valley pioneer George C. Yount recalled the region between San Pablo Bay and Sutter's Fort (in present-day Sacramento) as one where \"the Rivers were literally crouded [sic] with salmon.\" And there's plenty of pioneer testimony that echoes that description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What changed? Just everything, starting with the Gold Rush, which brought forth fabulous wealth and wrought unimaginable environmental destruction to salmon streams. And then dams, cities, farms, and industry. In a word: Us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37728\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37728\" title=\"SALMON3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even some efforts to preserve commercial chinook salmon populations may be hurting rather than helping the fish. When the Sacramento River fall-run chinook population collapsed a few years ago, it happened despite a long and aggressive effort to use hatcheries to replace spawning streams destroyed by dams, logging, and development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heroic effort to improve on nature—even trucking baby hatchery fish downriver so they can avoid predators, polluted water, and Delta pumps—could be exacting a toll on the long-term fate of the run. Some biologists believe that the combination of habitat loss and hatchery production has essentially wiped out the last truly wild Sacramento Valley fall-run chinook. Worse, the surviving hatchery stock lacks the genetic variety of wild fish and could be more vulnerable to changes in ocean conditions or disease--and thus more prone to collapses like the crash of '08-'09.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The outlook\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there anything hopeful about the salmon's story in California? There is. Over the past twenty years, government and resource managers have taken the first steps to restoring both water and habitat for chinook salmon. One of the most publicized actions—a limit on pumping from the Delta at certain times of year to protect threatened salmon and other species. That action was prompted by an environmental lawsuit, and it prompted a wave of lawsuits from farm and city water users south of the Delta. Outside of court, both the state and federal governments are working on plans that are supposed to restore the Delta and its species while delivering the water that farms and cities expect. Doing that will take a lot of money and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chinook can't help with the cash, but they may provide a lesson about persistence. As a species, they are the product of millions of years of evolution. The few wild fish still out there have been doing what they do, sometimes climbing thousands of vertical feet out of the Central Valley to their home streams, for a very long time. They are engineered to deal with disasters on their home streams and famine at sea. Given half a chance, they not only survive, but thrive. Fortunately or unfortunately for them, they now depend on us for that chance.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Given half a chance, salmon can not only survive, but thrive. Fortunately or unfortunately for them, they now depend on us for that chance.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366749180,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":881},"headData":{"title":"The Good and Not-So-Good News About California Salmon | KQED","description":"Given half a chance, salmon can not only survive, but thrive. Fortunately or unfortunately for them, they now depend on us for that chance.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37649 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=37649","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/","disqusTitle":"The Good and Not-So-Good News About California Salmon","path":"/quest/37649/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37679\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37679\" title=\"Chinook salmon\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg\" alt=\"Chinook salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon, Feather River Hatchery, Oroville. Credit: Dan Brekke\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After years of dire tidings, the news this year about California's chinook salmon all sounds good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal fisheries biologists have predicted big numbers of Sacramento River fall run chinook--the state's biggest, most commercially important salmon fishery--and the biggest population of Klamath River fall-run fish in memory. The California Salmon Council, a commercial fishermen's group, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2012/05/california-salmon-start-their-comeback.html\">forecasts a harvest\u003c/a> of 3 million pounds this year. That's triple last year's take and represents a comeback from the Great Salmon Crash of '08-'09, when the sudden collapse of the Sacramento fall run forced state and federal officials to shut down salmon fishing two years in a row. Salmon fishermen who barely hung on through the crash, along with those who sell them gear and supplies and process and market their catch, can look forward to something like a prosperous season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for the rest of us, the civilian salmon lovers? Victor Gonella, who heads the Golden Gate Salmon Association, \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/2012/03/08/ggsa-announcement-welcome-2012-salmon-season/\">promised in March\u003c/a> that \"consumers can look forward to some of the best food on earth--wild salmon, coming to a dinner plate near them soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that all sounds good. But here's the rest of the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37714\" title=\"Salmon2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Salmon21-287x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A declining catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start with that commercial harvest number. We won't really know until later this year how the season turns out, but that 3 million-pound catch is only impressive next to the recent string of disastrous salmon years. The forecast for this year is nearly one-third lower than the average yearly harvest for the decade before the crash. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> data shows the catch has been slowly dwindling since 1950, with a more rapid decline starting in the late 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nothing prepared fishing communities, scientists, or interested onlookers for the population crash that took place in 2008. Everyone would still like to know why it happened. Scientists have studied factors from water pollution to a big bridge project in the Carquinez Strait--did construction noise harm out-migrating juvenile salmon?--without identifying a single factor. The consensus is that circumstances ranging from poor ocean feeding conditions to water diversions from the Delta played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is a mystery with an answer hiding in plain sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From abundance to scarcity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, salmon returned by the millions each year to the Bay, the Delta, and the rivers and streams in the Central Valley. Napa Valley pioneer George C. Yount recalled the region between San Pablo Bay and Sutter's Fort (in present-day Sacramento) as one where \"the Rivers were literally crouded [sic] with salmon.\" And there's plenty of pioneer testimony that echoes that description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What changed? Just everything, starting with the Gold Rush, which brought forth fabulous wealth and wrought unimaginable environmental destruction to salmon streams. And then dams, cities, farms, and industry. In a word: Us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37728\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37728\" title=\"SALMON3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even some efforts to preserve commercial chinook salmon populations may be hurting rather than helping the fish. When the Sacramento River fall-run chinook population collapsed a few years ago, it happened despite a long and aggressive effort to use hatcheries to replace spawning streams destroyed by dams, logging, and development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heroic effort to improve on nature—even trucking baby hatchery fish downriver so they can avoid predators, polluted water, and Delta pumps—could be exacting a toll on the long-term fate of the run. Some biologists believe that the combination of habitat loss and hatchery production has essentially wiped out the last truly wild Sacramento Valley fall-run chinook. Worse, the surviving hatchery stock lacks the genetic variety of wild fish and could be more vulnerable to changes in ocean conditions or disease--and thus more prone to collapses like the crash of '08-'09.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The outlook\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there anything hopeful about the salmon's story in California? There is. Over the past twenty years, government and resource managers have taken the first steps to restoring both water and habitat for chinook salmon. One of the most publicized actions—a limit on pumping from the Delta at certain times of year to protect threatened salmon and other species. That action was prompted by an environmental lawsuit, and it prompted a wave of lawsuits from farm and city water users south of the Delta. Outside of court, both the state and federal governments are working on plans that are supposed to restore the Delta and its species while delivering the water that farms and cities expect. Doing that will take a lot of money and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chinook can't help with the cash, but they may provide a lesson about persistence. As a species, they are the product of millions of years of evolution. The few wild fish still out there have been doing what they do, sometimes climbing thousands of vertical feet out of the Central Valley to their home streams, for a very long time. They are engineered to deal with disasters on their home streams and famine at sea. Given half a chance, they not only survive, but thrive. Fortunately or unfortunately for them, they now depend on us for that chance.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37649/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon","authors":["10212"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_9757","quest_797","quest_13202","quest_2473","quest_2477","quest_11090","quest_13364"],"collections":["quest_3358"],"featImg":"quest_37679","label":"quest_11058"},"quest_36893":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36893","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36893","score":null,"sort":[1336176046000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd","title":"Different Deltas: Q&A with Jason Peltier of Westlands Water District","publishDate":1336176046,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Jason Peltier\u003c/strong>, the Deputy General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. The Westlands Water District is a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley. It’s part of the 3 million acres of farmland that’s served by water that’s moved from the Delta. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Q&A with Barry Nelson\u003c/a> of the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37003\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37003\" title=\"Jason-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does the water for Westlands agriculture come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our history, California has accomplished great engineering feats with a system of dams and reservoirs. Those dams, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/shasta/\">Shasta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom\u003c/a>, allow us to store water and move it through time. In other words, from wet season to dry season. And the aqueducts allow us to move the water from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has the allocation of water changed over the years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, our farmers have seen dramatic swings in their water supply, mostly on the downside. We’ve experienced 40%, 60%, up to 90% reductions in deliveries out of the Delta. In some cases there were dry years, but mostly it’s driven by environmental laws, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/Fisheries/CAMP-Program/CVPIA/fisheries_camp-program_cvpia.htm\">Central Valley Project Improvement Act\u003c/a>. They’ve had a rough couple of decades dealing with uncertainty, unpredictability. You can’t get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don’t have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, people were astonished by it. Now they are learning how to cope with it to some extent. The district has purchased 100,000 acres of farmland and taken it out of irrigated agriculture. Our farmers have shifted their crops to higher value, permanent crops, so they can afford to buy water on the market when the projects can’t deliver water. 80% of the district is on drip irrigation today. We’ve seen our water rates go up tremendously -- our cheapest water is $100 an acre foot. Sometimes on the market, farmers are paying $400 an acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do those fluctuations come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Part of these 20 years of water supply uncertainty has been driven primarily by environmental laws and restrictions. The restrictions that emanate out of the Endangered Species Act in the form of the biological opinions issued by the federal agencies have been kind of an added wrinkle of complexity for us. We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see. It’s very frustrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Westlands has sued over--\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, yes, there’s been a lot of litigation and I’m sure there will be going forth because the stakes are so high. We’re quite happy to use the third branch of government to help to decide some of these huge differences we have with the administration. You know, we lose more than we win. But you know, it helps, even losing creates some certainty that, in the big picture, is of great value to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now, there’s a new planning effort underway to create more certainty, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the stakeholders kind of came together and said you know, what we’re living, this status quo is unacceptable for all of our interests. So we’ve got to try and find a new approach, a new way to address and resolve the conflicts between water project operations and our fisheries and our ecosystem. And that’s what gave rise to the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/AboutTheBDCP.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Planning\u003c/a> effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That plan, the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, calls for a large tunnel or canal to take water around the Delta, instead of through it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been recognized for decades that the location of the export pumps in the southern end of the Delta is a real problem for water quality issues, for vulnerability to earthquakes, for fish on some levels. So, we’re kind of trying to figure out how can we relocate those intakes up to the Sacramento River? We would be able to positively screen for fish, because we’d have a river flowing by. So there’s the alternative conveyance, probably cost $12 billion. And we think, you know, it is expensive. But it’s not because we have such a huge population base to spread our costs over. There’s a huge part of the economy of California that is at-risk today. And we shouldn’t accept that. We shouldn’t live with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plan also calls for a lot of habitat restoration. Who should pay for that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current planning target for recreation of intertidal habitat is about 60,000 acres. It’s to be determined how that’s going to be paid for. But in our minds, most of that is a public investment. That land was at one time fully in contact with water. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/Manual/73man/id286_m.htm\">Swamp and Overflow Act\u003c/a> in the mid-1800s, islands were created, levees were built, and that water-land contact was lost. We can’t go back and find the people that built the levees in the 1800s, but we can recognize that there’s a broad public value for increasing intertidal habitat and trying to recreate some of the food conditions. Creating better habitat creates more food for the lower-end of the food chain, which then hopefully will work its way up to help the native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fish recovery is good for everybody, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is not dying - it’s a healthy and vibrant place. But there are those that think that the system is over-subscribed. We hear, “we don’t have enough water in California; we’ve got too many people, too many demands.” Some years, that’s the case. But there are also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of water to meet the needs of both water users and the species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the beneficial uses. The average through the years is at about 80% of the water that flows into the Delta goes out to the ocean. And after a new conveyance is built, we’ll still be at about 80%. If somebody could tell me specifically where additional water is needed, when it’s needed and what good it’s going to do, we could have a conversation. As it is, it’s kind of a bumper sticker kind of a debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right, fish vs. farms.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and fishermen have a heck of a lot more in common than they have dividing them. One of the saddest things for me right now is that we can’t work together more constructively: they want healthy fishery to sustain their fishing, and we want a healthy fishery to sustain our ability to export water. And we have an identity of interest. It’s just how we come at the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"QUEST Radio Reporter Lauren Sommer interviews Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District, a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366750133,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1364},"headData":{"title":"Different Deltas: Q&A with Jason Peltier of Westlands Water District | KQED","description":"QUEST Radio Reporter Lauren Sommer interviews Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District, a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"36893 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36893","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/","disqusTitle":"Different Deltas: Q&A with Jason Peltier of Westlands Water District","path":"/quest/36893/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Jason Peltier\u003c/strong>, the Deputy General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. The Westlands Water District is a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley. It’s part of the 3 million acres of farmland that’s served by water that’s moved from the Delta. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Q&A with Barry Nelson\u003c/a> of the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37003\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37003\" title=\"Jason-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does the water for Westlands agriculture come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our history, California has accomplished great engineering feats with a system of dams and reservoirs. Those dams, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/shasta/\">Shasta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom\u003c/a>, allow us to store water and move it through time. In other words, from wet season to dry season. And the aqueducts allow us to move the water from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has the allocation of water changed over the years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, our farmers have seen dramatic swings in their water supply, mostly on the downside. We’ve experienced 40%, 60%, up to 90% reductions in deliveries out of the Delta. In some cases there were dry years, but mostly it’s driven by environmental laws, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/Fisheries/CAMP-Program/CVPIA/fisheries_camp-program_cvpia.htm\">Central Valley Project Improvement Act\u003c/a>. They’ve had a rough couple of decades dealing with uncertainty, unpredictability. You can’t get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don’t have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, people were astonished by it. Now they are learning how to cope with it to some extent. The district has purchased 100,000 acres of farmland and taken it out of irrigated agriculture. Our farmers have shifted their crops to higher value, permanent crops, so they can afford to buy water on the market when the projects can’t deliver water. 80% of the district is on drip irrigation today. We’ve seen our water rates go up tremendously -- our cheapest water is $100 an acre foot. Sometimes on the market, farmers are paying $400 an acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do those fluctuations come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Part of these 20 years of water supply uncertainty has been driven primarily by environmental laws and restrictions. The restrictions that emanate out of the Endangered Species Act in the form of the biological opinions issued by the federal agencies have been kind of an added wrinkle of complexity for us. We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see. It’s very frustrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Westlands has sued over--\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, yes, there’s been a lot of litigation and I’m sure there will be going forth because the stakes are so high. We’re quite happy to use the third branch of government to help to decide some of these huge differences we have with the administration. You know, we lose more than we win. But you know, it helps, even losing creates some certainty that, in the big picture, is of great value to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now, there’s a new planning effort underway to create more certainty, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the stakeholders kind of came together and said you know, what we’re living, this status quo is unacceptable for all of our interests. So we’ve got to try and find a new approach, a new way to address and resolve the conflicts between water project operations and our fisheries and our ecosystem. And that’s what gave rise to the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/AboutTheBDCP.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Planning\u003c/a> effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That plan, the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, calls for a large tunnel or canal to take water around the Delta, instead of through it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been recognized for decades that the location of the export pumps in the southern end of the Delta is a real problem for water quality issues, for vulnerability to earthquakes, for fish on some levels. So, we’re kind of trying to figure out how can we relocate those intakes up to the Sacramento River? We would be able to positively screen for fish, because we’d have a river flowing by. So there’s the alternative conveyance, probably cost $12 billion. And we think, you know, it is expensive. But it’s not because we have such a huge population base to spread our costs over. There’s a huge part of the economy of California that is at-risk today. And we shouldn’t accept that. We shouldn’t live with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plan also calls for a lot of habitat restoration. Who should pay for that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current planning target for recreation of intertidal habitat is about 60,000 acres. It’s to be determined how that’s going to be paid for. But in our minds, most of that is a public investment. That land was at one time fully in contact with water. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/Manual/73man/id286_m.htm\">Swamp and Overflow Act\u003c/a> in the mid-1800s, islands were created, levees were built, and that water-land contact was lost. We can’t go back and find the people that built the levees in the 1800s, but we can recognize that there’s a broad public value for increasing intertidal habitat and trying to recreate some of the food conditions. Creating better habitat creates more food for the lower-end of the food chain, which then hopefully will work its way up to help the native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fish recovery is good for everybody, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is not dying - it’s a healthy and vibrant place. But there are those that think that the system is over-subscribed. We hear, “we don’t have enough water in California; we’ve got too many people, too many demands.” Some years, that’s the case. But there are also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of water to meet the needs of both water users and the species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the beneficial uses. The average through the years is at about 80% of the water that flows into the Delta goes out to the ocean. And after a new conveyance is built, we’ll still be at about 80%. If somebody could tell me specifically where additional water is needed, when it’s needed and what good it’s going to do, we could have a conversation. As it is, it’s kind of a bumper sticker kind of a debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right, fish vs. farms.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and fishermen have a heck of a lot more in common than they have dividing them. One of the saddest things for me right now is that we can’t work together more constructively: they want healthy fishery to sustain their fishing, and we want a healthy fishery to sustain our ability to export water. And we have an identity of interest. It’s just how we come at the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36893/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11059","quest_11063","quest_797","quest_21","quest_11062","quest_1103","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2477","quest_11060","quest_11061","quest_3108","quest_11064"],"featImg":"quest_36935","label":"quest_11058"},"quest_37019":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37019","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37019","score":null,"sort":[1336176042000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whiskey%e2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%e2%80%99s-for-fighting-about","title":"\"Whiskey’s for Drinking, Water’s for Fighting About\"","publishDate":1336176042,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>“Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for fighting about,” the quote famously attributed to Mark Twain, aptly characterizes the tumultuous history of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Little understood, but hotly contested, the roughly 1,000-square mile inland estuary on the western edge of the Central Valley has vexed California’s for more than 150 years; first as a barrier to settlement and later as a serious plumbing problem. The Delta was formed roughly 18,000 years ago, when melting glaciers carved out the San Francisco Bay and northern rivers dragged debris and sediment from the Sierra toward the ocean. About half of California’s watersheds flow into it – mainly through the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Spanish explorers first viewed the Delta from the top of Mt. Diablo in the late 1700’s, they thought they had discovered an inland sea. A vast low-lying, partly submerged marshland of wetland plants (tules) and winding tidal channels, the Delta teemed with birds and game animals, including elk, antelope, and grizzly bears. It’s only human inhabitants – small settlements of Miwok Indians – fished and hunted there during the drier months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Delta, dotted with levees and constructed islands, bears little resemblance to its native state; much has been reclaimed for agricultural use. But it wasn’t until the mid-Nineteenth Century, just over 150 years ago, that its momentous physical transformation began. It’s been a Herculean effort to meet the steep demands of California’s increasingly crowded and insatiably thirsty population, nearly two-thirds of who rely on the Delta as a primary water source. A stark symbol of our quest to bend nature to our will, the Delta also remains the epicenter of an epic drama of seemingly insurmountable political battles and power struggles, pitting north against south; farmer against environmentalist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a quick paddle through the key events in the slideshow above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A stark symbol of our quest to bend nature to our will, the Delta remains the epicenter of an epic drama of seemingly insurmountable political battles and power struggles, pitting north against south; farmer against environmentalist.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366750117,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":340},"headData":{"title":"\"Whiskey’s for Drinking, Water’s for Fighting About\" | KQED","description":"A stark symbol of our quest to bend nature to our will, the Delta remains the epicenter of an epic drama of seemingly insurmountable political battles and power struggles, pitting north against south; farmer against environmentalist.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37019 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=slideshows&p=37019","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/whiskey%e2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%e2%80%99s-for-fighting-about/","disqusTitle":"\"Whiskey’s for Drinking, Water’s for Fighting About\"","path":"/quest/37019/whiskey%e2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%e2%80%99s-for-fighting-about","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for fighting about,” the quote famously attributed to Mark Twain, aptly characterizes the tumultuous history of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Little understood, but hotly contested, the roughly 1,000-square mile inland estuary on the western edge of the Central Valley has vexed California’s for more than 150 years; first as a barrier to settlement and later as a serious plumbing problem. The Delta was formed roughly 18,000 years ago, when melting glaciers carved out the San Francisco Bay and northern rivers dragged debris and sediment from the Sierra toward the ocean. About half of California’s watersheds flow into it – mainly through the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Spanish explorers first viewed the Delta from the top of Mt. Diablo in the late 1700’s, they thought they had discovered an inland sea. A vast low-lying, partly submerged marshland of wetland plants (tules) and winding tidal channels, the Delta teemed with birds and game animals, including elk, antelope, and grizzly bears. It’s only human inhabitants – small settlements of Miwok Indians – fished and hunted there during the drier months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Delta, dotted with levees and constructed islands, bears little resemblance to its native state; much has been reclaimed for agricultural use. But it wasn’t until the mid-Nineteenth Century, just over 150 years ago, that its momentous physical transformation began. It’s been a Herculean effort to meet the steep demands of California’s increasingly crowded and insatiably thirsty population, nearly two-thirds of who rely on the Delta as a primary water source. A stark symbol of our quest to bend nature to our will, the Delta also remains the epicenter of an epic drama of seemingly insurmountable political battles and power struggles, pitting north against south; farmer against environmentalist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a quick paddle through the key events in the slideshow above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37019/whiskey%e2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%e2%80%99s-for-fighting-about","authors":["1263"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11059","quest_11063","quest_797","quest_21","quest_11062","quest_1103","quest_1233","quest_11067","quest_3351","quest_11068","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2477","quest_11060","quest_2658","quest_11061","quest_3108","quest_11064"],"featImg":"quest_37115","label":"quest_11058"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/ME_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/OOW_Tile_Final.png","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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