Stunning Solar Visualizations: The Sun's Van Gogh-like Artistry
Photographing the Sun: Let Me Count The Ways
The Once and Future Earth
The Sun Shows A Flare for the Dramatic
Summer Solstice, Shifting Spring
Serving Up Delicious Scoops of Sun Daily
Show Me Science
Sponsored
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She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | 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Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_51979":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51979","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51979","score":null,"sort":[1365174011000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come","title":"Solar Maximum: Fizzle, or Finale Yet to Come?","publishDate":1365174011,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51981\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/05/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51981\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Sun through a Sunspotter telescope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of sun through a Sunspotter Telescope\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thinking back through my life, I recall four times when I took notice of sunspots one way or another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 1980 when I was in the 12th grade, I remember seeing them in solar images I projected from my 4-inch Astroscan telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1991, when I worked in an aircraft hangar at NASA/Ames Research Center, I remember walking by a disk of light on the floor and realizing that it was an image of the sun projected from a hole in the hangar roof—making the entire hangar a giant pinhole camera. The disk was several inches across, and in it I saw sunspots once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, around the time that I started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, I made a regular activity of sharing the spotty sun with visitors, teachers, and summer camp kids alike, using Sunspotter Telescopes, pinhole projectors, and filtered telescopes. Again, the spotty sun was raised in my awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now in 2013, we have spots once again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern was always there for me to notice: 1980, 1991, 2002, 2013. \u003ca title=\"Solar Cycle\" href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/scycle.html\" target=\"_blank\">See it?\u003c/a> I didn't, until in recent years, because noticing the regular pattern of the appearance of sunspots over time requires that you notice the times when the sun isn't so spotty. During those times, the sun simply fell from my attention because there wasn't much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've been following the sun lately, you're aware that we're somewhere in the midst of Solar Maximum: that season in the solar cycle of greatest magnetic activity when sunspots and other related magnetic events like solar flares and coronal mass ejections are frequent and pronounced. On average, Solar Maximum comes every 11 years, reaching a singular high in magnetic activity and then relaxing toward Solar Minimum. By the original predictions, Solar Maximum was expected to peak around May of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, except for a sharp spike in activity in late 2011, all of 2012 fell below par, appearing on graphs as if Solar Maximum climaxed a year early and is now on the way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it fizzle, ending unexpectedly early -- and after a performance that fell short of the anticipated mark?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or perhaps...with a light drum roll...is the drop in activity we've observed lately only a brief calm before a spectacular resurgence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some have suggested that we have experienced a tepid Solar Maximum that simply didn't meet market expectations, \u003ca title=\"Solar Maximum Double Peak\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/01mar_twinpeaks/\" target=\"_blank\">another explanation is afoot\u003c/a>: the sun is getting ready to deal out a \"double peak\" Solarmax, with the second peak getting ready to ramp up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is the case, Solarmax has yet to give us its finale fireworks display, which we could expect later this year and perhaps crackling on into 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A double-peak Solar Maximum isn't a novelty, as it turns out. In fact, the last two of them (back in 2001/2002, and before that in 1990/1991) exhibited similar behavior. Why? We're still working on the answer to that, but the double-tap maximum may be a result of the sun's two hemispheres, north and south, reaching Solar Maximum at slightly different times. Currently, it appears that the sun's southern hemisphere is lagging behind the north in activity—and maybe getting ready to make up for lost time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're wondering what all this magnetic activity on the sun actually looks like, come up to Chabot Space & Science Center and see for yourself. Our new exhibition, \u003ca title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Touch the Sun\"\u003c/a> features fully interactive movies of solar activity on a 90-inch color television.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Has the sun's predicted Solar Maximum in magnetic activity ended early and after a disappointing performance--or is it getting ready to delivery a spectacular finale and a double-peak Solarmax?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366389104,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":616},"headData":{"title":"Solar Maximum: Fizzle, or Finale Yet to Come? | KQED","description":"Has the sun's predicted Solar Maximum in magnetic activity ended early and after a disappointing performance--or is it getting ready to delivery a spectacular finale and a double-peak Solarmax?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51979 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51979","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/05/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come/","disqusTitle":"Solar Maximum: Fizzle, or Finale Yet to Come?","path":"/quest/51979/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51981\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/05/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51981\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Sun through a Sunspotter telescope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of sun through a Sunspotter Telescope\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thinking back through my life, I recall four times when I took notice of sunspots one way or another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 1980 when I was in the 12th grade, I remember seeing them in solar images I projected from my 4-inch Astroscan telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1991, when I worked in an aircraft hangar at NASA/Ames Research Center, I remember walking by a disk of light on the floor and realizing that it was an image of the sun projected from a hole in the hangar roof—making the entire hangar a giant pinhole camera. The disk was several inches across, and in it I saw sunspots once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, around the time that I started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, I made a regular activity of sharing the spotty sun with visitors, teachers, and summer camp kids alike, using Sunspotter Telescopes, pinhole projectors, and filtered telescopes. Again, the spotty sun was raised in my awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now in 2013, we have spots once again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern was always there for me to notice: 1980, 1991, 2002, 2013. \u003ca title=\"Solar Cycle\" href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/scycle.html\" target=\"_blank\">See it?\u003c/a> I didn't, until in recent years, because noticing the regular pattern of the appearance of sunspots over time requires that you notice the times when the sun isn't so spotty. During those times, the sun simply fell from my attention because there wasn't much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've been following the sun lately, you're aware that we're somewhere in the midst of Solar Maximum: that season in the solar cycle of greatest magnetic activity when sunspots and other related magnetic events like solar flares and coronal mass ejections are frequent and pronounced. On average, Solar Maximum comes every 11 years, reaching a singular high in magnetic activity and then relaxing toward Solar Minimum. By the original predictions, Solar Maximum was expected to peak around May of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, except for a sharp spike in activity in late 2011, all of 2012 fell below par, appearing on graphs as if Solar Maximum climaxed a year early and is now on the way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it fizzle, ending unexpectedly early -- and after a performance that fell short of the anticipated mark?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or perhaps...with a light drum roll...is the drop in activity we've observed lately only a brief calm before a spectacular resurgence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some have suggested that we have experienced a tepid Solar Maximum that simply didn't meet market expectations, \u003ca title=\"Solar Maximum Double Peak\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/01mar_twinpeaks/\" target=\"_blank\">another explanation is afoot\u003c/a>: the sun is getting ready to deal out a \"double peak\" Solarmax, with the second peak getting ready to ramp up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is the case, Solarmax has yet to give us its finale fireworks display, which we could expect later this year and perhaps crackling on into 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A double-peak Solar Maximum isn't a novelty, as it turns out. In fact, the last two of them (back in 2001/2002, and before that in 1990/1991) exhibited similar behavior. Why? We're still working on the answer to that, but the double-tap maximum may be a result of the sun's two hemispheres, north and south, reaching Solar Maximum at slightly different times. Currently, it appears that the sun's southern hemisphere is lagging behind the north in activity—and maybe getting ready to make up for lost time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're wondering what all this magnetic activity on the sun actually looks like, come up to Chabot Space & Science Center and see for yourself. Our new exhibition, \u003ca title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Touch the Sun\"\u003c/a> features fully interactive movies of solar activity on a 90-inch color television.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51979/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_11518","quest_2705","quest_2827","quest_11878"],"featImg":"quest_51981","label":"quest"},"quest_47924":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47924","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47924","score":null,"sort":[1355500826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center","title":"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center ","publishDate":1355500826,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47925\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47925\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" title=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47925\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultraviolet image of the Sun, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, when the sun reaches a crescendo in its 11-year cycle of magnetic activity and all the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other magnetic mayhem that comes with it, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\" will open on December 22nd—because we figure since the world is NOT ending on December 21st, might as well celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which you will have heard me ramble on about if you're a regular reader of these blogs, is one of the latest and most advanced space-borne solar observatories and has been revealing the wonders of the sun since 2010 as we've never seen them before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/solarmin-max.html\" title=\"Solar Maximum versus Solar Minimum\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Maximum\u003c/a> is in progress as I type and is expected to reach a peak sometime in early 2013. But, as with weather, we won't know exactly when the peak will occur until after it's passed and solar activity begins to relax again, sloping off toward Solar Minimum in the years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Cycle\" target=\"_blank\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a> has been known of for a few hundred years now, practically since the time when observers first were able to make routine counts of sunspots using telescopes. Galileo is attributed with being one of the first to make regular observations of sunspots, recording their positions, sizes, shapes, and numbers regularly. After decades of observations by different astronomers a pattern in the rise and fall of sunspot numbers was detected: a fairly regular peak-and-trough pattern over time, with the peak sunspot numbers separated by about 11 years on average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not known at first what \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/images/sunspots_earth_size_big_jpg_image.html\" title=\"Sunspot\" target=\"_blank\">sunspots\u003c/a> are, but they were eventually identified as effects caused by the presence of strong magnetic fields at the sun's visible surface. Once we began sending scientific instruments into space, outside of Earth's light-obscuring atmosphere, we learned that there is a lot more going on than merely dark spots making cyclical appearances. Observations of the sun's ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays showed us the sun's intensely hot atmosphere and regions of magnetic activity surging up from within the sun -- marking its surface with sunspots on its way out and looping and arcing far outward into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun is mostly a giant sphere of hydrogen and helium plasma (ionized gas) with an enormous thermonuclear reactor at its core, where pressure and temperature are great enough to cause nuclear fusion, hydrogen nuclei are fused together to form helium nuclei, then release energy in the process -- the same process that powers hydrogen bombs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy liberated at the sun's core makes its way outward, eventually, through various layers of the sun's interior. (One of my opening questions that I put to kids visiting Chabot is, \"Why is the sun like an ogre?\" Answer: \"It has layers.\" Don't get it? The kids do -- at least, those who have seen the movie Shrek.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final sprint upward to the sun's visible surface, solar plasma rises in enormous, high-speed updrafts called convection cells, with a typical cell being close to the size of a state like California. The motion of all that plasma -- which is essentially electrified gas -- generates magnetic fields, much as the circulating electric current in an electromagnet's coil does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where sunspots, \u003ca href=\"http://planetsave.com/2012/12/01/super-solar-flares-20-times-more-powerful-than-any-known-in-modern-times-are-possible-on-the-sun-research-finds/\" title=\"Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">solar flares\u003c/a>, space weather storms and the solar cycle itself come in: they are all effects of the dynamic, ever-lively dance of magnetism generated by the swirling, twisting motions of solar plasma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings me back to the soon-to-open \u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em> exhibition at Chabot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've enjoyed your favorite movie or TV show or a Superbowl game on a nice big high-def plasma TV, you ain't seen nothin' yet. Come experience the biggest and most awesomely stunning plasma display around: the sun. You'll not only get to play with the sun's ogre-like layers, you'll get to play with the stuff of the sun itself: with a 20-inch plasma globe you can pull your own filaments of plasma like electric pizza dough and with a 3-foot \"Ferro-fluid\" dish you can sculpt your own sunspots with a magnet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So (punchline alert), come to Chabot on (or after) December 22nd and touch the sun. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998180,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":768},"headData":{"title":"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center | KQED","description":"Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47924 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47924","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/","disqusTitle":"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center ","path":"/quest/47924/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47925\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47925\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" title=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47925\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultraviolet image of the Sun, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, when the sun reaches a crescendo in its 11-year cycle of magnetic activity and all the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other magnetic mayhem that comes with it, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\" will open on December 22nd—because we figure since the world is NOT ending on December 21st, might as well celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which you will have heard me ramble on about if you're a regular reader of these blogs, is one of the latest and most advanced space-borne solar observatories and has been revealing the wonders of the sun since 2010 as we've never seen them before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/solarmin-max.html\" title=\"Solar Maximum versus Solar Minimum\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Maximum\u003c/a> is in progress as I type and is expected to reach a peak sometime in early 2013. But, as with weather, we won't know exactly when the peak will occur until after it's passed and solar activity begins to relax again, sloping off toward Solar Minimum in the years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Cycle\" target=\"_blank\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a> has been known of for a few hundred years now, practically since the time when observers first were able to make routine counts of sunspots using telescopes. Galileo is attributed with being one of the first to make regular observations of sunspots, recording their positions, sizes, shapes, and numbers regularly. After decades of observations by different astronomers a pattern in the rise and fall of sunspot numbers was detected: a fairly regular peak-and-trough pattern over time, with the peak sunspot numbers separated by about 11 years on average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not known at first what \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/images/sunspots_earth_size_big_jpg_image.html\" title=\"Sunspot\" target=\"_blank\">sunspots\u003c/a> are, but they were eventually identified as effects caused by the presence of strong magnetic fields at the sun's visible surface. Once we began sending scientific instruments into space, outside of Earth's light-obscuring atmosphere, we learned that there is a lot more going on than merely dark spots making cyclical appearances. Observations of the sun's ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays showed us the sun's intensely hot atmosphere and regions of magnetic activity surging up from within the sun -- marking its surface with sunspots on its way out and looping and arcing far outward into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun is mostly a giant sphere of hydrogen and helium plasma (ionized gas) with an enormous thermonuclear reactor at its core, where pressure and temperature are great enough to cause nuclear fusion, hydrogen nuclei are fused together to form helium nuclei, then release energy in the process -- the same process that powers hydrogen bombs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy liberated at the sun's core makes its way outward, eventually, through various layers of the sun's interior. (One of my opening questions that I put to kids visiting Chabot is, \"Why is the sun like an ogre?\" Answer: \"It has layers.\" Don't get it? The kids do -- at least, those who have seen the movie Shrek.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final sprint upward to the sun's visible surface, solar plasma rises in enormous, high-speed updrafts called convection cells, with a typical cell being close to the size of a state like California. The motion of all that plasma -- which is essentially electrified gas -- generates magnetic fields, much as the circulating electric current in an electromagnet's coil does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where sunspots, \u003ca href=\"http://planetsave.com/2012/12/01/super-solar-flares-20-times-more-powerful-than-any-known-in-modern-times-are-possible-on-the-sun-research-finds/\" title=\"Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">solar flares\u003c/a>, space weather storms and the solar cycle itself come in: they are all effects of the dynamic, ever-lively dance of magnetism generated by the swirling, twisting motions of solar plasma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings me back to the soon-to-open \u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em> exhibition at Chabot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've enjoyed your favorite movie or TV show or a Superbowl game on a nice big high-def plasma TV, you ain't seen nothin' yet. Come experience the biggest and most awesomely stunning plasma display around: the sun. You'll not only get to play with the sun's ogre-like layers, you'll get to play with the stuff of the sun itself: with a 20-inch plasma globe you can pull your own filaments of plasma like electric pizza dough and with a 3-foot \"Ferro-fluid\" dish you can sculpt your own sunspots with a magnet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So (punchline alert), come to Chabot on (or after) December 22nd and touch the sun. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47924/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_545","quest_13202","quest_2827"],"featImg":"quest_47925","label":"quest"},"quest_42312":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42312","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42312","score":null,"sort":[1344370609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry","title":"Stunning Solar Visualizations: The Sun's Van Gogh-like Artistry","publishDate":1344370609,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42313\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/669170main_20100619-map2-670/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42313\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the sun and visualization of temperature changes in the same area\" title=\"669170main_20100619-map2-670\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42313\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Colorized image captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Credit: NASA/SDO. Right: Visualization, based on the image on the left, using specific colors to describe which areas on the sun cooled or heated over a 12-hour period. Credit: NASA/Viall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While nearly all eyes are focused on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/nasas-mars-lander-the-exploration-begins/\" title=\"KQED QUEST - Mars Lander\">Mars\u003c/a>, two astophysicists at NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html\" title=\"Goddard Space Flight Center\">Goddard Space Flight Center\u003c/a> have been quietly staring at the sun instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, NASA debuted the Living With a Star program with the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/about.php\" title=\"Solar Dynamics Observatory\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, or SDO, a \"sun-pointing semi-autonomous spacecraft.\" SDO sends data back to earth at a continuous 130 megabits per second, seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. Scientists Nicholeen Viall and James Klimchuk have used some of this mass of information to create solar images worthy of an art gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/time_lag_maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42314\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/time_lag_maps-293x360.png\" alt=\"Solar visualizations, Figure 5A from Viall and Klimchuk 2012\" title=\"time_lag_maps\" width=\"293\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-42314\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar visualizations; Figure 5a from {link url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf}Viall and Klimchuck 2012{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These beautiful pictures, which NASA writer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/colorful-science.html\" title=\"NASA - Colorful Science\">Karen C. Fox\u003c/a> calls \"reminiscent of van Gogh,\" are not only fit to hang on your living room wall, but represent a critical step toward solving a major puzzle of \u003cem>heliophysics\u003c/em> (that's my new favorite word, by the way): \u003cstrong>Why is the sun's corona so hot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may remember from childhood sing-a-longs, \u003cem>The sun is a mass of incandescent gas / a gigantic nuclear furnace / where hydrogen is built into helium / at temperatures of millions of degrees\u003c/em>. (Fun fact: though most of my contemporaries know that song from the They Might Be Giants cover, I know it from the original 1959 album \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Songs\" title=\"Wikipedia - Space Songs\">\"Space Songs\"\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the surface of the sun is actually only 6000 degrees Kelvin, while the corona (the sun's outer atmosphere) climbs well above a million. What's the deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have begun to approach this question with painstaking studies of very small bits of the corona called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop\" title=\"Wikipedia - Coronal loops\">coronal loops\u003c/a>. They've found that these loops carry plasma that has been heated very quickly by nanoflare storms. The loops then cool gradually over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/240px-traceimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42335\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg\" alt=\"coronal loops\" title=\"240px-Traceimage\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coronal loops. Credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is this method of quick heating and slow cooling unique to loops, or does it apply to the corona as a whole? It has been difficult for scientists to study larger areas of the corona in this context, because of the sheer volume of data that must be parsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall's technique has the brilliance of all good science visualization: condensing a large amount of information into a straightforward image without having to discard anything. A computer program simply follows one pixel at a time through a series of SDO images, calculating the change in temperature over time and then assigning the pixel a representative color. Reds and yellows mean that an area cooled down, while blues and greens indicate that it heated up. (See \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=148694021\" title=\"NASA - Van Gogh Sun\">NASA's video\u003c/a> for a visualization of the visualization.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall and Klimchuk found that most of the large area they studied started out super-hot--up to 7 million K, half the temperature of the center of sun--and cooled over the course of a day to under 1 million K. This is what you'd expect from heating via the nanoflare storms characteristic of coronal loops, so it appears that nanoflares \u003cem>may\u003c/em> be able to answer the whole question of coronal heating. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their paper is available for free on the \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf\" title=\"arXiv - Viall and Klimchuk\">arXiv\u003c/a> and for money in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/753/1/35\" title=\"Viall and Klimchuk - Astrophysical Journal\">The Astrophysical Journal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My next question is, where can I order one of these heliophysical van Goghs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/news_articles/visualizing_science_and_what_it_can_show_us_about_solar_heating-92267\" title=\"Science 2.0 - Solar Heating\">Science2.0\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While nearly all eyes are focused on Mars, two astophysicists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center have been quietly staring at the sun instead.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346782136,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":593},"headData":{"title":"Stunning Solar Visualizations: The Sun's Van Gogh-like Artistry | KQED","description":"While nearly all eyes are focused on Mars, two astophysicists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center have been quietly staring at the sun instead.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42312 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42312","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/","disqusTitle":"Stunning Solar Visualizations: The Sun's Van Gogh-like Artistry","path":"/quest/42312/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42313\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/669170main_20100619-map2-670/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42313\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the sun and visualization of temperature changes in the same area\" title=\"669170main_20100619-map2-670\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42313\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Colorized image captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Credit: NASA/SDO. Right: Visualization, based on the image on the left, using specific colors to describe which areas on the sun cooled or heated over a 12-hour period. Credit: NASA/Viall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While nearly all eyes are focused on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/nasas-mars-lander-the-exploration-begins/\" title=\"KQED QUEST - Mars Lander\">Mars\u003c/a>, two astophysicists at NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html\" title=\"Goddard Space Flight Center\">Goddard Space Flight Center\u003c/a> have been quietly staring at the sun instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, NASA debuted the Living With a Star program with the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/about.php\" title=\"Solar Dynamics Observatory\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, or SDO, a \"sun-pointing semi-autonomous spacecraft.\" SDO sends data back to earth at a continuous 130 megabits per second, seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. Scientists Nicholeen Viall and James Klimchuk have used some of this mass of information to create solar images worthy of an art gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/time_lag_maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42314\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/time_lag_maps-293x360.png\" alt=\"Solar visualizations, Figure 5A from Viall and Klimchuk 2012\" title=\"time_lag_maps\" width=\"293\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-42314\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar visualizations; Figure 5a from {link url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf}Viall and Klimchuck 2012{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These beautiful pictures, which NASA writer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/colorful-science.html\" title=\"NASA - Colorful Science\">Karen C. Fox\u003c/a> calls \"reminiscent of van Gogh,\" are not only fit to hang on your living room wall, but represent a critical step toward solving a major puzzle of \u003cem>heliophysics\u003c/em> (that's my new favorite word, by the way): \u003cstrong>Why is the sun's corona so hot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may remember from childhood sing-a-longs, \u003cem>The sun is a mass of incandescent gas / a gigantic nuclear furnace / where hydrogen is built into helium / at temperatures of millions of degrees\u003c/em>. (Fun fact: though most of my contemporaries know that song from the They Might Be Giants cover, I know it from the original 1959 album \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Songs\" title=\"Wikipedia - Space Songs\">\"Space Songs\"\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the surface of the sun is actually only 6000 degrees Kelvin, while the corona (the sun's outer atmosphere) climbs well above a million. What's the deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have begun to approach this question with painstaking studies of very small bits of the corona called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop\" title=\"Wikipedia - Coronal loops\">coronal loops\u003c/a>. They've found that these loops carry plasma that has been heated very quickly by nanoflare storms. The loops then cool gradually over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/240px-traceimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42335\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg\" alt=\"coronal loops\" title=\"240px-Traceimage\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coronal loops. Credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is this method of quick heating and slow cooling unique to loops, or does it apply to the corona as a whole? It has been difficult for scientists to study larger areas of the corona in this context, because of the sheer volume of data that must be parsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall's technique has the brilliance of all good science visualization: condensing a large amount of information into a straightforward image without having to discard anything. A computer program simply follows one pixel at a time through a series of SDO images, calculating the change in temperature over time and then assigning the pixel a representative color. Reds and yellows mean that an area cooled down, while blues and greens indicate that it heated up. (See \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=148694021\" title=\"NASA - Van Gogh Sun\">NASA's video\u003c/a> for a visualization of the visualization.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall and Klimchuk found that most of the large area they studied started out super-hot--up to 7 million K, half the temperature of the center of sun--and cooled over the course of a day to under 1 million K. This is what you'd expect from heating via the nanoflare storms characteristic of coronal loops, so it appears that nanoflares \u003cem>may\u003c/em> be able to answer the whole question of coronal heating. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their paper is available for free on the \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf\" title=\"arXiv - Viall and Klimchuk\">arXiv\u003c/a> and for money in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/753/1/35\" title=\"Viall and Klimchuk - Astrophysical Journal\">The Astrophysical Journal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My next question is, where can I order one of these heliophysical van Goghs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/news_articles/visualizing_science_and_what_it_can_show_us_about_solar_heating-92267\" title=\"Science 2.0 - Solar Heating\">Science2.0\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42312/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_703","quest_11338","quest_11340","quest_11339","quest_11336","quest_3351","quest_1918","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_11337","quest_2827"],"featImg":"quest_42313","label":"quest"},"quest_38558":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38558","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38558","score":null,"sort":[1337723571000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways","title":"Photographing the Sun: Let Me Count The Ways","publishDate":1337723571,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Know how you can start a fire with just a magnifying glass and the sun? And if you stare at the sun, the lens of your eye is the magnifying glass, and the burning happens on your retina? Well, cameras have the same problem. So how do you take a picture of the sun--which you might want to do during, say, a solar eclipse?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out there are as many ways to photograph an eclipse as there are to watch it. With a bit of preparation and the generosity of strangers, I got to experience five of them during \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/05/17/when-where-and-how-to-watch-sundays-solar-eclipse-bay-area-northern-californi/\" title=\"KQED annular eclipse\">Sunday's annular eclipse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband and I drove from the Bay Area up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/stnf/recarea/?recid=6453\" title=\"Hirz Mountain Lookout\">Mt. Hirz\u003c/a> near Lake Shasta which was smack in the middle of the optimal eclipse viewing path. About a mile from the top, we ran into an amateur astronomer named Ben who'd scoped the whole mountain the previous day and decided this was the best spot. He had a telescope, so we stayed with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit of cloud cover when the eclipse started had us all chewing our fingernails, but then it cleared up--and what a view!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I am an admirer of photography, I am not the most skilled practitioner. Flickr, however, is a treasure trove of beautiful images. All the pictures in this post are from photographers kind enough to \u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/\" title=\"Creative Commons\">share their work\u003c/a> openly, for the enjoyment of the masses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a hokey pinhole camera like I did, cut a square out of a piece of cardbord, tape aluminum foil over the empty square, and poke a hole in the foil with a pin. Stand with your back to the sun and hold the cardboard so the sun shines directly through the pinhole onto a piece of white paper. (This photographer made three holes, one of which was obviously best.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/pinhole-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38575\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/pinhole1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through pinhole\" title=\"pinhole\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38575\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better technique is to replace the pinhole with a pair of binoculars like my husband did. You keep your back to the sun and hold the binoculars in the same position as the pinhole camera and you get a larger, clearer view of the sun on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/binoculars/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/binoculars-336x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through binoculars\" title=\"binoculars\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38566\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Ben's wife had a pair of eclipse viewing glasses that were the best way to see color--the \"ring of fire\" when the moon is totally inside the sun. You can put these glasses--or a really thick filter, which is the same thing (but see comments)--in front of a camera as well as in front of your eyes. But the sun looks really small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/filter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/filter-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through filter\" title=\"filter\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38580\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best of all is an actual telescope. Then you can see sunspots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/telescope/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38585\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/telescope-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through telescope\" title=\"telescope\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38585\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth, final, and possibly my favorite way to see/photograph the eclipse requires no equipment at all--just some trees. When the sun is a crescent, it shines through the leaves to create hundreds of little crescents on the ground or wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/leaves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38590\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/leaves-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through leaves\" title=\"leaves\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38590\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographing the sun is one thing. But the full mood of an eclipse, with its cool air and dusky light, is difficult to capture. Here's one picture (not from the path of full annularity) that really pulled it off:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/sunset_eclipse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"sunset eclipse\" title=\"sunset_eclipse\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Turns out there are as many as ways to photograph as eclipse as there are to watch it. With a bit of preparation and the generosity of strangers, I got to experience five of them during Sunday's annular eclipse.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306902,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":525},"headData":{"title":"Photographing the Sun: Let Me Count The Ways | KQED","description":"Turns out there are as many as ways to photograph as eclipse as there are to watch it. With a bit of preparation and the generosity of strangers, I got to experience five of them during Sunday's annular eclipse.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"38558 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38558","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/","disqusTitle":"Photographing the Sun: Let Me Count The Ways","path":"/quest/38558/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Know how you can start a fire with just a magnifying glass and the sun? And if you stare at the sun, the lens of your eye is the magnifying glass, and the burning happens on your retina? Well, cameras have the same problem. So how do you take a picture of the sun--which you might want to do during, say, a solar eclipse?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out there are as many ways to photograph an eclipse as there are to watch it. With a bit of preparation and the generosity of strangers, I got to experience five of them during \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/05/17/when-where-and-how-to-watch-sundays-solar-eclipse-bay-area-northern-californi/\" title=\"KQED annular eclipse\">Sunday's annular eclipse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband and I drove from the Bay Area up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/stnf/recarea/?recid=6453\" title=\"Hirz Mountain Lookout\">Mt. Hirz\u003c/a> near Lake Shasta which was smack in the middle of the optimal eclipse viewing path. About a mile from the top, we ran into an amateur astronomer named Ben who'd scoped the whole mountain the previous day and decided this was the best spot. He had a telescope, so we stayed with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit of cloud cover when the eclipse started had us all chewing our fingernails, but then it cleared up--and what a view!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I am an admirer of photography, I am not the most skilled practitioner. Flickr, however, is a treasure trove of beautiful images. All the pictures in this post are from photographers kind enough to \u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/\" title=\"Creative Commons\">share their work\u003c/a> openly, for the enjoyment of the masses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a hokey pinhole camera like I did, cut a square out of a piece of cardbord, tape aluminum foil over the empty square, and poke a hole in the foil with a pin. Stand with your back to the sun and hold the cardboard so the sun shines directly through the pinhole onto a piece of white paper. (This photographer made three holes, one of which was obviously best.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/pinhole-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38575\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/pinhole1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through pinhole\" title=\"pinhole\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38575\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better technique is to replace the pinhole with a pair of binoculars like my husband did. You keep your back to the sun and hold the binoculars in the same position as the pinhole camera and you get a larger, clearer view of the sun on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/binoculars/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/binoculars-336x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through binoculars\" title=\"binoculars\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38566\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Ben's wife had a pair of eclipse viewing glasses that were the best way to see color--the \"ring of fire\" when the moon is totally inside the sun. You can put these glasses--or a really thick filter, which is the same thing (but see comments)--in front of a camera as well as in front of your eyes. But the sun looks really small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/filter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/filter-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through filter\" title=\"filter\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38580\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best of all is an actual telescope. Then you can see sunspots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/telescope/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38585\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/telescope-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through telescope\" title=\"telescope\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38585\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth, final, and possibly my favorite way to see/photograph the eclipse requires no equipment at all--just some trees. When the sun is a crescent, it shines through the leaves to create hundreds of little crescents on the ground or wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/leaves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38590\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/leaves-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through leaves\" title=\"leaves\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38590\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographing the sun is one thing. But the full mood of an eclipse, with its cool air and dusky light, is difficult to capture. Here's one picture (not from the path of full annularity) that really pulled it off:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/sunset_eclipse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"sunset eclipse\" title=\"sunset_eclipse\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38558/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_10948","quest_11135","quest_3351","quest_1870","quest_2187","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2699","quest_2827"],"featImg":"quest_38595","label":"quest"},"quest_37533":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37533","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37533","score":null,"sort":[1337353208000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-once-and-future-earth","title":"The Once and Future Earth ","publishDate":1337353208,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/the-once-and-future-earth/browndwarf-2-bryant-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37539\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" title=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every now and then, when seeing fresh examples of the world's problems, local or global, I take a deep breath, sigh, and think, \"In a million years, what difference will it all make?\" It may sound fatalistic, and of course current events do matter to our short-timer existences on Earth, but the thought gives me an odd sense of peace and gets me to thinking about the future—the far distant future—of the Earth. It's hard to imagine what the future will bring in ten, a hundred, or even a thousand million years. Where will evolution take life on Earth—including us? How far will human civilization stretch, and what turns will it take? What exciting twists and cliffhangers are in store for the climate? What will be on television?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some things are a bit easier to predict: what the Sun will do and how the Earth and the Earth-Moon relationship will change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ran across a web version of the H.G. Wells novel \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/timemachine/\" title=\"The Time Machine\" target=\"_blank\">The Time Machine\u003c/a>\" a couple of weeks ago, and re-reading Chapter 11 I was reminded how insightful the story is with regard to visualizing future possibilities. In this chapter, the Time Traveler probes forward in time, going millions of years into the future and arriving in a tidally-locked Earth under a bloated, reddened Sun, with no Moon in the sky. The ocean was calm and cold, sporting only gentle, lazy swells, and the air was considerably less stocked with oxygen than today. Snow peppered the land and ice fringed the sea, and the only ubiquitous sign that life still existed was a green slime that coated the rocks of the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"All the sounds of man, the bleating of sheep, the cries of birds, the hum of insects, the stir that makes the background of our lives - all that was over.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alien, cold, and pessimistic view of the future? Well—it can hardly be classified as pessimistic; pessimism is an emotion based on the seeming unchangeability of things we can in fact change. But the Earth's future is commanded by forces scarcely within our power to affect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the Earth's rotation is slowing down. It used to spin much faster—maybe three times as much—but tidal effects of the Moon and Sun have been slowing it down for four and a half billion years. Imagine an eight-hour day, with the Sun crossing from horizon to horizon in about four. Wake up, it's only a couple of hours until lunchtime, and another two ‘til dinner. I got a whole three hours of sleep last night! Ahh!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where is Earth's spin going? Shakespeare had the answer: \u003cem>\"The Moon's an arrant thief….\"\u003c/em> The momentum of Earth's spin is being slowly siphoned off by the Moon through tidal interaction, which is simultaneously causing the Moon to move farther from the Earth. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies/\" title=\"Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies\" target=\"_blank\">Once much closer to Earth\u003c/a>, even today the Moon continues to inch away into space--quite literally, at less than two inches per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the very distant future, we can project that the Moon will have moved much farther from the Earth, and the Earth's rotation will have slowed down even more. At some point the Earth's rotation would match the Moon's orbital period and the Earth will become tidally locked with the Moon, always keeping the same face to it, just as the Moon is currently tidal-locked to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In H.G. Wells' vision, the far distant future Earth is tidally locked to the Sun, and the Moon is apparently gone. Would this happen? Will there ever be an Earth with an unending day and unending moonless night (depending on your address)? That could happen, but the Moon would have to leave the picture first, perhaps wandering far enough out that a chance gravitational disturbance by another planet would knock it off the edge of its orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun is changing too—has changed, and will continue to change—as the dynamics of its nuclear fuel supply mix shifts. As atomic fusion converts hydrogen into helium, helium to carbon, and so forth, the availability of easily released energy will diminish, causing the core to shrink and heat up, in turn causing the outer layers to inflate, becoming more expansive but also cooler and redder. In the very long run, the outer layers will expand beyond Earth's present orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/earth_timeline/future_earth\" title=\"BBC-Earth's distant fate\" target=\"_blank\">future out there\u003c/a> that we can be more certain of than the future shaped by human affairs. It's further out in time than the decades or centuries ahead—and frankly further out than H. G. Wells penned in at 30 million years (little will have changed with the length of a day and the mile markers to the Moon in that time, and I believe the Sun won't make much of a fuss for at least a billion, or more). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it's captivating to think what the scenery may be like around the place I stand today, a million or a billion years hence.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How will the sun, moon, and Earth change in the far distant future? It may not make a big difference to us, but exploring the possible fate of our home and birthplace is a mind-bending journey. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998733,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":887},"headData":{"title":"The Once and Future Earth | KQED","description":"How will the sun, moon, and Earth change in the far distant future? It may not make a big difference to us, but exploring the possible fate of our home and birthplace is a mind-bending journey. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37533 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=37533","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/the-once-and-future-earth/","disqusTitle":"The Once and Future Earth ","path":"/quest/37533/the-once-and-future-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/the-once-and-future-earth/browndwarf-2-bryant-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37539\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" title=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every now and then, when seeing fresh examples of the world's problems, local or global, I take a deep breath, sigh, and think, \"In a million years, what difference will it all make?\" It may sound fatalistic, and of course current events do matter to our short-timer existences on Earth, but the thought gives me an odd sense of peace and gets me to thinking about the future—the far distant future—of the Earth. It's hard to imagine what the future will bring in ten, a hundred, or even a thousand million years. Where will evolution take life on Earth—including us? How far will human civilization stretch, and what turns will it take? What exciting twists and cliffhangers are in store for the climate? What will be on television?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some things are a bit easier to predict: what the Sun will do and how the Earth and the Earth-Moon relationship will change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ran across a web version of the H.G. Wells novel \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/timemachine/\" title=\"The Time Machine\" target=\"_blank\">The Time Machine\u003c/a>\" a couple of weeks ago, and re-reading Chapter 11 I was reminded how insightful the story is with regard to visualizing future possibilities. In this chapter, the Time Traveler probes forward in time, going millions of years into the future and arriving in a tidally-locked Earth under a bloated, reddened Sun, with no Moon in the sky. The ocean was calm and cold, sporting only gentle, lazy swells, and the air was considerably less stocked with oxygen than today. Snow peppered the land and ice fringed the sea, and the only ubiquitous sign that life still existed was a green slime that coated the rocks of the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"All the sounds of man, the bleating of sheep, the cries of birds, the hum of insects, the stir that makes the background of our lives - all that was over.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alien, cold, and pessimistic view of the future? Well—it can hardly be classified as pessimistic; pessimism is an emotion based on the seeming unchangeability of things we can in fact change. But the Earth's future is commanded by forces scarcely within our power to affect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the Earth's rotation is slowing down. It used to spin much faster—maybe three times as much—but tidal effects of the Moon and Sun have been slowing it down for four and a half billion years. Imagine an eight-hour day, with the Sun crossing from horizon to horizon in about four. Wake up, it's only a couple of hours until lunchtime, and another two ‘til dinner. I got a whole three hours of sleep last night! Ahh!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where is Earth's spin going? Shakespeare had the answer: \u003cem>\"The Moon's an arrant thief….\"\u003c/em> The momentum of Earth's spin is being slowly siphoned off by the Moon through tidal interaction, which is simultaneously causing the Moon to move farther from the Earth. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies/\" title=\"Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies\" target=\"_blank\">Once much closer to Earth\u003c/a>, even today the Moon continues to inch away into space--quite literally, at less than two inches per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the very distant future, we can project that the Moon will have moved much farther from the Earth, and the Earth's rotation will have slowed down even more. At some point the Earth's rotation would match the Moon's orbital period and the Earth will become tidally locked with the Moon, always keeping the same face to it, just as the Moon is currently tidal-locked to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In H.G. Wells' vision, the far distant future Earth is tidally locked to the Sun, and the Moon is apparently gone. Would this happen? Will there ever be an Earth with an unending day and unending moonless night (depending on your address)? That could happen, but the Moon would have to leave the picture first, perhaps wandering far enough out that a chance gravitational disturbance by another planet would knock it off the edge of its orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun is changing too—has changed, and will continue to change—as the dynamics of its nuclear fuel supply mix shifts. As atomic fusion converts hydrogen into helium, helium to carbon, and so forth, the availability of easily released energy will diminish, causing the core to shrink and heat up, in turn causing the outer layers to inflate, becoming more expansive but also cooler and redder. In the very long run, the outer layers will expand beyond Earth's present orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/earth_timeline/future_earth\" title=\"BBC-Earth's distant fate\" target=\"_blank\">future out there\u003c/a> that we can be more certain of than the future shaped by human affairs. It's further out in time than the decades or centuries ahead—and frankly further out than H. G. Wells penned in at 30 million years (little will have changed with the length of a day and the mile markers to the Moon in that time, and I believe the Sun won't make much of a fuss for at least a billion, or more). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it's captivating to think what the scenery may be like around the place I stand today, a million or a billion years hence.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37533/the-once-and-future-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_902","quest_1157","quest_11089","quest_1870","quest_13202","quest_2827","quest_11088"],"featImg":"quest_37534","label":"quest"},"quest_29784":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29784","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29784","score":null,"sort":[1327680020000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-sun-shows-a-flare-for-the-dramatic","title":"The Sun Shows A Flare for the Dramatic ","publishDate":1327680020,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29788\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/27/the-sun-shows-a-flare-for-the-dramatic/sdo-m9flare-012312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29788\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SDO-m9flare-012312.gif\" alt=\"M9 Solar Flare of January 23 2012; credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory\" title=\"M9 Solar Flare of January 23 2012; credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29788\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">M9 Solar Flare of January 23 2012; credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let's see, what's the weather like right now (sticks finger into the air). Speed, 1.2 million miles per hour, density 1.1 protons per cubic centimeter, temperature 200,000 degrees Celsius. Sound a bit extreme? Surely climate change hasn't made things THAT batty. As a matter of fact, conditions have calmed down in the last several hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I'm not talking Earth weather—if I were, we'd all be dead, fast. I'm talking space weather, and a subsidence in its condition following a powerful solar flare whose ejecta struck Earth on Tuesday, causing a strong \u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/#GeomagneticStorms\" target=\"_blank\">geomagnetic storm\u003c/a>, and some pretty \u003ca href=\"http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=25&month=01&year=2012\" target=\"_blank\">Northern and Southern Lights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flare in question, associated with the big sunspot numbered 1402, erupted on January 23rd, launching a coronal mass ejection--a \"cantaloupe\" of plasma that makes Earth look like a grape. Rated as an M9-class flare, it packed umph just shy of what's necessary for adult \"X-class\" flaredom, the most power kind. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it reached us the megablob of plasma struck Earth's magnetic field, causing the geomagnetic storm and a minor list of annoyances (communications interference, for the most part, and some reported concern to an electrical grid operator). On the showier side of solar activity, the storm generated spectacular auroras in high latitudes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun's magnetic activity—the source of disturbances like flares and oft-associated coronal mass ejections—has been on the rise for the last couple of years, heading for a forecasted peak in activity (\"Solar Maximum\") in 2013. We're in \"storm season,\" with respect to the Sun's 11-year magnetic activity cycle, so we can expect more, and stronger, flares and geomagnetic storms in the next year or two to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back when I was growing up (1960's) I learned that space is a vacuum, void of the gases we find in Earth's atmosphere. It was a stark picture of emptiness, at least as this child comprehended the data. Sure, sunlight and starlight streams through that vacuum, but other than that, Dr. Science explained, if I took one space-step outside of my personal Mercury space capsule without protection, I'd suffocate and my blood would boil and freeze at the same time—not to mention that I'd get cooked by the dangerous ultraviolet and X-ray radiation shining from the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, close the Time-Life science series book entitled \"Space\" and open an astrophysics textbook of my 1960's youth era, and I would have learned that there's more to the vacuum of space than nothing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Our Sun\u003c/a>, a gargantuan fusion bomb that consumes a mass of hydrogen comparable to that of the entire human race each second, continually spews more than just sunlight into the space around it. Hot, electrically charged gas (plasma), mostly hydrogen nuclei and electrons, blended with an accompaniment of magnetic fields, blow outward from the Sun's surface and atmosphere all the time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the solar wind, and its conditions, whether normal or stormy, is what makes space weather. So when you're curious about the weather conditions in the space surrounding Earth and its protective magnetic field, poke your finger skyward and extend your arm—oh—about 50,000 miles…or just go to a space weather website like \u003ca href=\"http://spaceweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Spaceweather.com\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A solar flare, associated with the big sunspot numbered 1402, erupted on January 23rd, launching a coronal mass ejection--a \"cantaloupe\" of plasma that makes Earth look like a grape. Rated as an M9-class flare, it packed umph just shy of what's necessary for adult \"X-class\" flaredom, the most powerful kind. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370999257,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":576},"headData":{"title":"The Sun Shows A Flare for the Dramatic | KQED","description":"A solar flare, associated with the big sunspot numbered 1402, erupted on January 23rd, launching a coronal mass ejection--a "cantaloupe" of plasma that makes Earth look like a grape. Rated as an M9-class flare, it packed umph just shy of what's necessary for adult "X-class" flaredom, the most powerful kind. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"29784 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=29784","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/27/the-sun-shows-a-flare-for-the-dramatic/","disqusTitle":"The Sun Shows A Flare for the Dramatic ","path":"/quest/29784/the-sun-shows-a-flare-for-the-dramatic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29788\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/27/the-sun-shows-a-flare-for-the-dramatic/sdo-m9flare-012312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29788\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SDO-m9flare-012312.gif\" alt=\"M9 Solar Flare of January 23 2012; credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory\" title=\"M9 Solar Flare of January 23 2012; credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29788\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">M9 Solar Flare of January 23 2012; credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let's see, what's the weather like right now (sticks finger into the air). Speed, 1.2 million miles per hour, density 1.1 protons per cubic centimeter, temperature 200,000 degrees Celsius. Sound a bit extreme? Surely climate change hasn't made things THAT batty. As a matter of fact, conditions have calmed down in the last several hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I'm not talking Earth weather—if I were, we'd all be dead, fast. I'm talking space weather, and a subsidence in its condition following a powerful solar flare whose ejecta struck Earth on Tuesday, causing a strong \u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/#GeomagneticStorms\" target=\"_blank\">geomagnetic storm\u003c/a>, and some pretty \u003ca href=\"http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=25&month=01&year=2012\" target=\"_blank\">Northern and Southern Lights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flare in question, associated with the big sunspot numbered 1402, erupted on January 23rd, launching a coronal mass ejection--a \"cantaloupe\" of plasma that makes Earth look like a grape. Rated as an M9-class flare, it packed umph just shy of what's necessary for adult \"X-class\" flaredom, the most power kind. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it reached us the megablob of plasma struck Earth's magnetic field, causing the geomagnetic storm and a minor list of annoyances (communications interference, for the most part, and some reported concern to an electrical grid operator). On the showier side of solar activity, the storm generated spectacular auroras in high latitudes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun's magnetic activity—the source of disturbances like flares and oft-associated coronal mass ejections—has been on the rise for the last couple of years, heading for a forecasted peak in activity (\"Solar Maximum\") in 2013. We're in \"storm season,\" with respect to the Sun's 11-year magnetic activity cycle, so we can expect more, and stronger, flares and geomagnetic storms in the next year or two to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back when I was growing up (1960's) I learned that space is a vacuum, void of the gases we find in Earth's atmosphere. It was a stark picture of emptiness, at least as this child comprehended the data. Sure, sunlight and starlight streams through that vacuum, but other than that, Dr. Science explained, if I took one space-step outside of my personal Mercury space capsule without protection, I'd suffocate and my blood would boil and freeze at the same time—not to mention that I'd get cooked by the dangerous ultraviolet and X-ray radiation shining from the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, close the Time-Life science series book entitled \"Space\" and open an astrophysics textbook of my 1960's youth era, and I would have learned that there's more to the vacuum of space than nothing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Our Sun\u003c/a>, a gargantuan fusion bomb that consumes a mass of hydrogen comparable to that of the entire human race each second, continually spews more than just sunlight into the space around it. Hot, electrically charged gas (plasma), mostly hydrogen nuclei and electrons, blended with an accompaniment of magnetic fields, blow outward from the Sun's surface and atmosphere all the time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the solar wind, and its conditions, whether normal or stormy, is what makes space weather. So when you're curious about the weather conditions in the space surrounding Earth and its protective magnetic field, poke your finger skyward and extend your arm—oh—about 50,000 miles…or just go to a space weather website like \u003ca href=\"http://spaceweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Spaceweather.com\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29784/the-sun-shows-a-flare-for-the-dramatic","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_3533","quest_10645","quest_13202","quest_2693","quest_2694","quest_2704","quest_2718","quest_2741","quest_2827","quest_10644"],"featImg":"quest_29788","label":"quest"},"quest_15343":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15343","score":null,"sort":[1308599092000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"summer-solstice-shifting-spring","title":"Summer Solstice, Shifting Spring","publishDate":1308599092,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/baycheckerspot2.jpg\">\u003cem>The life history cycles of the bay checkerspot butterfly and its host plant, Plantago, don’t match up anymore. When the butterfly eggs hatch, the plant is no longer edible. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/447852484/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomorrow is our summer \u003ca href=\"http://scijinks.nasa.gov/solstice\">solstice\u003c/a>—the longest day of the year here in the Northern Hemisphere. For folks in the Southern Hemisphere, tomorrow is the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year. The solstices occur thanks to the tilt of the earth. Humans have been recognizing and celebrating the solstices throughout history; \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge\">Stonehenge\u003c/a> is just one example. But we humans are not the only creatures that pay attention to day length. The life cycles of myriad plants and animals are controlled by the length of the day.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many plants and animals are sensitive to the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism\">photoperiod\u003c/a>, or day length. As day length grows longer throughout the springtime, many species of plants begin to flower. Other plants are triggered to reproduce when the day length becomes shorter. In these plants, a protein is actually responding to the number of hours of darkness, not to the hours of light. Many animals respond to day length, too. For many bird species, a critical day length initiates their reproductive maturation and is their cue to begin migrating. Decreasing day length also prompts hibernation in many animals. In all of these examples, photoperiod is controlling organisms’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/about/phenology\">phenology\u003c/a>—the timing of life events, like plant flowering and bird egg laying. Phenology is often tied to the seasons, because of organisms’ responses to day length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phenology can also be controlled by other factors, like temperature and the amount of rainfall. As the days grow warmer because of climate change, the timing of organisms’ life cycles is shifting. Spring happens earlier than it used to, and many springtime life events are happening earlier too. In major 2003 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6918/full/nature01286.html\">study\u003c/a> of nearly 700 species, including birds, insects, frogs, flowering plants, and trees, 62% of species’ life cycles had shifted over an average of 45 years. Birds and frogs bred earlier, migrating birds and butterflies arrived sooner, and plants flowered and buds burst earlier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely leading to a widespread phenological mismatch; while some organisms are responding to earlier springtime temperatures, other organisms are still tracking day length. This means that insects emerge ready to feed on particular plants, but the plants are not yet edible. The insects don’t get their food, and the plants don’t get pollinated. Or migrating birds arrive hungry, and their food source has not yet ripened. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is difficult to know to what extent phonological mismatches are taking place. A proper study of phenology requires a lot of data—many widespread observations of when a particular plant is flowering, or when and where a particular migratory bird is present. This is where you come in. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/\">National Phenology Network\u003c/a> has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/participate\">citizen science program\u003c/a> that allows people across the country to record their observations of plants and animals. This crowd-sourced data will be used to determine the extent and effects of shifts in the timing of organisms’ life cycles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Tomorrow is our summer solstice—the longest day of the year here in the Northern Hemisphere.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1308599092,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":527},"headData":{"title":"Summer Solstice, Shifting Spring | KQED","description":"Tomorrow is our summer solstice—the longest day of the year here in the Northern Hemisphere.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15343 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/20/summer-solstice-shifting-spring/","disqusTitle":"Summer Solstice, Shifting Spring","path":"/quest/15343/summer-solstice-shifting-spring","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/baycheckerspot2.jpg\">\u003cem>The life history cycles of the bay checkerspot butterfly and its host plant, Plantago, don’t match up anymore. When the butterfly eggs hatch, the plant is no longer edible. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/447852484/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomorrow is our summer \u003ca href=\"http://scijinks.nasa.gov/solstice\">solstice\u003c/a>—the longest day of the year here in the Northern Hemisphere. For folks in the Southern Hemisphere, tomorrow is the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year. The solstices occur thanks to the tilt of the earth. Humans have been recognizing and celebrating the solstices throughout history; \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge\">Stonehenge\u003c/a> is just one example. But we humans are not the only creatures that pay attention to day length. The life cycles of myriad plants and animals are controlled by the length of the day.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many plants and animals are sensitive to the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism\">photoperiod\u003c/a>, or day length. As day length grows longer throughout the springtime, many species of plants begin to flower. Other plants are triggered to reproduce when the day length becomes shorter. In these plants, a protein is actually responding to the number of hours of darkness, not to the hours of light. Many animals respond to day length, too. For many bird species, a critical day length initiates their reproductive maturation and is their cue to begin migrating. Decreasing day length also prompts hibernation in many animals. In all of these examples, photoperiod is controlling organisms’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/about/phenology\">phenology\u003c/a>—the timing of life events, like plant flowering and bird egg laying. Phenology is often tied to the seasons, because of organisms’ responses to day length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phenology can also be controlled by other factors, like temperature and the amount of rainfall. As the days grow warmer because of climate change, the timing of organisms’ life cycles is shifting. Spring happens earlier than it used to, and many springtime life events are happening earlier too. In major 2003 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6918/full/nature01286.html\">study\u003c/a> of nearly 700 species, including birds, insects, frogs, flowering plants, and trees, 62% of species’ life cycles had shifted over an average of 45 years. Birds and frogs bred earlier, migrating birds and butterflies arrived sooner, and plants flowered and buds burst earlier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely leading to a widespread phenological mismatch; while some organisms are responding to earlier springtime temperatures, other organisms are still tracking day length. This means that insects emerge ready to feed on particular plants, but the plants are not yet edible. The insects don’t get their food, and the plants don’t get pollinated. Or migrating birds arrive hungry, and their food source has not yet ripened. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is difficult to know to what extent phonological mismatches are taking place. A proper study of phenology requires a lot of data—many widespread observations of when a particular plant is flowering, or when and where a particular migratory bird is present. This is where you come in. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/\">National Phenology Network\u003c/a> has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/participate\">citizen science program\u003c/a> that allows people across the country to record their observations of plants and animals. This crowd-sourced data will be used to determine the extent and effects of shifts in the timing of organisms’ life cycles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15343/summer-solstice-shifting-spring","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_417","quest_609","quest_13195","quest_621","quest_3636","quest_3701","quest_2725","quest_2827"],"featImg":"quest_15344","label":"quest"},"quest_13965":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13965","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13965","score":null,"sort":[1303491622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"serving-up-delicious-scoops-of-sun-daily","title":"Serving Up Delicious Scoops of Sun Daily","publishDate":1303491622,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/f_304_211_171_1024s.jpg\">\u003cem>Extreme ultraviolet composite solar image from NASA's SDO. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA/SDO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If that was a scoop of ice cream, what kind would it be?\" I asked the 7-year-old girl visiting our 20-inch telescope's dome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pensive look crosses her face, as if she were standing at the counter of an ice cream parlor looking at the list of flavors. \"Mint chocolate chip,\" she decides. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl was looking at a new video display recently installed in the observatory at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>, which shows up-to-the hour, time-compressed movies made from the spectacular solar imagery coming out of NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory \u003c/a>(SDO). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it really does resemble a big, luminous, writhing ball of colorful ice cream (though what \"writhing ice cream\" is, I'm not certain; use your imagination).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kept up-to-date by an Internet feed from Lockheed's \u003ca href=\"http://www.lmsal.com/\">Solar and Astrophysics Lab \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, the display at Chabot is showing visitors visions of our Sun unlike anything that has preceded it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was launched last year, and since then has been capturing high resolution, multi-wavelength visible and extreme-ultraviolet imagery at very frequent intervals. Its array of extreme-ultraviolet imaging telescopes (the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/aiahmi/browse.php\">\"AIA\" instrument\u003c/a>) captures the energetic UV emissions from the Sun's hot atmosphere, revealing in extraordinary detail the Sun's busy and complicated magnetic activity: hot active regions, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, magnetic loops and arcs, and prominences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The various images taken at the different wavelengths are \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/assets/img/latest/f_304_211_171_1024.jpg\">blended together \u003c/a>into an exquisitely colorful, nuanced, and delicious movie of a day of the life of the Sun (and with about 24 hours of images compressed into a few seconds, you really can see a day of its life!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was built to give us a much more detailed picture of what makes the Sun tick as we enter the 24th Solar Cycle, which started in the last few years. A \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\">Solar Cycle \u003c/a>is the period over which solar magnetic activity rises, climaxes, and falls again. Solar Cycle 1 started around the year 1755, and in the intervening centuries we've been through 23 cycles, which have averaged pretty reliably at about 11 years long each. (Solar Cycle 1, by the way, wasn't the first; that's just when they started numbering them, shortly after their discovery.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few years, the Sun has been pretty quiet; our solar telescopes at Chabot have seen few sunspots (markers of regions of magnetic activity), and even the Sun's energetic atmosphere has been more or less quiescent, with only the occasional prominence or filament (\"clouds\" of cooler gases confined by solar magnetic fields) visible through special \"Hydrogen-Alpha\" filters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's all changing now. Through our visible light telescopes, beautiful groups of sunspots have started making regular appearances, crossing the Sun's face as the Sun slowly rotates in space. Sunspots appear darker than the surrounding visible surface of the Sun, being a couple of thousand degrees cooler—but they are still quite bright; if we blocked off all of the Sun's light except that shining from an average sized sunspot (average meaning Earth-sized), it would appear as bright as the Full Moon on a clear night. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our Hydrogen-Alpha telescopes, prominences and filaments are becoming far more numerous, and more amazingly huge than over the past few years of minimal solar activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the SDO movie display is revealing to us a great deal of activity—hot spots of magnetic mayhem spouting from within the Sun and surging into the atmosphere. With the peak of solar activity of Solar Cycle 24 expected to occur sometime in 2013, we're in for at least a couple of years of ever-increasing fireworks on the Sun, with all the related space weather storms, auroral light shows, and cell phone interference that comes with it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What flavors of Sun are we serving then? Well, we have vanilla of course, served up by our little Sunspotter visible light telescopes—vanilla is my favorite ice cream…. And the Hydrogen-Alpha scopes scoop burgundy cherry and bubblegum in nice spoon-sized portions (bubblegum not your taste? Try some of ours…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery from the old and reliable \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/\">SOHO \u003c/a>satellite solar observatory offer blueberry, key lime, butter brickle, and strawberry. And the new SDO movies provide our newest menu items: mint chocolate chip, pistachio and black cherry, rainbow sherbet, and blueberry walnut banana supreme…or whatever unusual and mindboggling combination that comes to your mind when you look at them!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come on up to Chabot for a taste! Napkins not provided….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Solar Dynamics Observatory was launched last year, and since then has been capturing high resolution, multi-wavelength visible and extreme-ultraviolet imagery at very frequent intervals.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1303491622,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":787},"headData":{"title":"Serving Up Delicious Scoops of Sun Daily | KQED","description":"The Solar Dynamics Observatory was launched last year, and since then has been capturing high resolution, multi-wavelength visible and extreme-ultraviolet imagery at very frequent intervals.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"13965 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13965","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/22/serving-up-delicious-scoops-of-sun-daily/","disqusTitle":"Serving Up Delicious Scoops of Sun Daily","path":"/quest/13965/serving-up-delicious-scoops-of-sun-daily","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/f_304_211_171_1024s.jpg\">\u003cem>Extreme ultraviolet composite solar image from NASA's SDO. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA/SDO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If that was a scoop of ice cream, what kind would it be?\" I asked the 7-year-old girl visiting our 20-inch telescope's dome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pensive look crosses her face, as if she were standing at the counter of an ice cream parlor looking at the list of flavors. \"Mint chocolate chip,\" she decides. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl was looking at a new video display recently installed in the observatory at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>, which shows up-to-the hour, time-compressed movies made from the spectacular solar imagery coming out of NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory \u003c/a>(SDO). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it really does resemble a big, luminous, writhing ball of colorful ice cream (though what \"writhing ice cream\" is, I'm not certain; use your imagination).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kept up-to-date by an Internet feed from Lockheed's \u003ca href=\"http://www.lmsal.com/\">Solar and Astrophysics Lab \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, the display at Chabot is showing visitors visions of our Sun unlike anything that has preceded it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was launched last year, and since then has been capturing high resolution, multi-wavelength visible and extreme-ultraviolet imagery at very frequent intervals. Its array of extreme-ultraviolet imaging telescopes (the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/aiahmi/browse.php\">\"AIA\" instrument\u003c/a>) captures the energetic UV emissions from the Sun's hot atmosphere, revealing in extraordinary detail the Sun's busy and complicated magnetic activity: hot active regions, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, magnetic loops and arcs, and prominences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The various images taken at the different wavelengths are \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/assets/img/latest/f_304_211_171_1024.jpg\">blended together \u003c/a>into an exquisitely colorful, nuanced, and delicious movie of a day of the life of the Sun (and with about 24 hours of images compressed into a few seconds, you really can see a day of its life!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was built to give us a much more detailed picture of what makes the Sun tick as we enter the 24th Solar Cycle, which started in the last few years. A \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\">Solar Cycle \u003c/a>is the period over which solar magnetic activity rises, climaxes, and falls again. Solar Cycle 1 started around the year 1755, and in the intervening centuries we've been through 23 cycles, which have averaged pretty reliably at about 11 years long each. (Solar Cycle 1, by the way, wasn't the first; that's just when they started numbering them, shortly after their discovery.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few years, the Sun has been pretty quiet; our solar telescopes at Chabot have seen few sunspots (markers of regions of magnetic activity), and even the Sun's energetic atmosphere has been more or less quiescent, with only the occasional prominence or filament (\"clouds\" of cooler gases confined by solar magnetic fields) visible through special \"Hydrogen-Alpha\" filters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's all changing now. Through our visible light telescopes, beautiful groups of sunspots have started making regular appearances, crossing the Sun's face as the Sun slowly rotates in space. Sunspots appear darker than the surrounding visible surface of the Sun, being a couple of thousand degrees cooler—but they are still quite bright; if we blocked off all of the Sun's light except that shining from an average sized sunspot (average meaning Earth-sized), it would appear as bright as the Full Moon on a clear night. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our Hydrogen-Alpha telescopes, prominences and filaments are becoming far more numerous, and more amazingly huge than over the past few years of minimal solar activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the SDO movie display is revealing to us a great deal of activity—hot spots of magnetic mayhem spouting from within the Sun and surging into the atmosphere. With the peak of solar activity of Solar Cycle 24 expected to occur sometime in 2013, we're in for at least a couple of years of ever-increasing fireworks on the Sun, with all the related space weather storms, auroral light shows, and cell phone interference that comes with it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What flavors of Sun are we serving then? Well, we have vanilla of course, served up by our little Sunspotter visible light telescopes—vanilla is my favorite ice cream…. And the Hydrogen-Alpha scopes scoop burgundy cherry and bubblegum in nice spoon-sized portions (bubblegum not your taste? Try some of ours…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery from the old and reliable \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/\">SOHO \u003c/a>satellite solar observatory offer blueberry, key lime, butter brickle, and strawberry. And the new SDO movies provide our newest menu items: mint chocolate chip, pistachio and black cherry, rainbow sherbet, and blueberry walnut banana supreme…or whatever unusual and mindboggling combination that comes to your mind when you look at them!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come on up to Chabot for a taste! Napkins not provided….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13965/serving-up-delicious-scoops-of-sun-daily","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13210","quest_2693","quest_3771","quest_2827"],"featImg":"quest_13971","label":"quest"},"quest_6496":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6496","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6496","score":null,"sort":[1279302802000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"show-me-science","title":"Show Me Science","publishDate":1279302802,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Sun-on-horizon.jpg\">\u003cem>The Sun in the act of crossing the horizon.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I received an email from a man who wanted to know if there was any truth to the claim that, in the last few years, the tilt of Earth's axis had shifted by three degrees, and that there was a great cover-up to hide the fact from the populace. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inquirer wanted a scientific response—that he was a history major, and was having some difficulty trying to debunk the rumor with someone he knew. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that, no, I knew of no evidence to support the claim. To the contrary, \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/seasons.html\">Earth's North Pole \u003c/a>was still pointing less than a degree away from the trusty North Star, Polaris, as it had been, more or less, for hundreds of years, still serving as the same constant marker of north today as it had been for seafaring navigators long ago. Had Earth's axis shifted by three degrees—in any direction—Polaris would consequently have moved far enough of the mark of the Celestial Pole for all to see—those who cared to look closely, at any rate. Certainly not something that a cover-up could keep secret. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ossfoundation.us/projects/environment/global-warming/milankovitch-cycles\">Seasonal conditions, too, would be affected, for all to experience.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was thanked, and told that the explanation might be enough to assuage the concerns of the writer's acquaintance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day I got an email from the acquaintance—actually, brother—a man in Missouri. I was told firmly—though politely—that I must be wrong, for he had seen the evidence with his own eyes: after a lifetime of knowing the Sun rises precisely in the east, one morning not long ago, he suddenly observed the Sun to rise quite a distance to the north of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the time to ask for a more detailed description of what the man had observed, and continued my explanation by talking about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/EducationResource/Universe/framed_e/lecture/ch03/ch03.html\">seasonal change\u003c/a> of the Sun's rising position caused by its annual trek northward and southward in the sky along the tilted plane of its path, the ecliptic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next email I got had a MapQuest map attached, with markers added. This man was certainly doing his homework. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The red star marker is my driveway; the white hand symbol is the nearby mountain where I saw the Sun rise. This is simply not possible unless there has been a major change in the Earth's position.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out my protractor and slapped it to my computer screen, then wrote back, \"Looks like you observed the Sun to rise about 30 degrees to the north of east—which is about where it should rise around summer solstice, from your latitude,\" (just shy of 37 degrees north). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went on to say that next September 22nd—autumnal equinox—he should observe the Sun to rise exactly at the east point on the horizon, and on December 21st—winter solstice—it should rise a full 30 degrees to the south of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple more emails, my inquisitor's tack had come about somewhat, and he seemed as close as a native Missourian can be to admitting he might have been mistaken without actually seeing the crucial evidence for himself, yet (my father is a native Missourian, so I have some insight here; that's probably where I get it, too). He did say that he would check out where the Sun would rise in September, and decide then who was right--but he conceded that my explanation might turn out to be right. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What impressed me was the man's willingness to keep an open mind despite his apparent concrete convictions, and the earnest effort he made to test the explanation I had provided. I've been there, too: absolutely convinced that this or that was most certainly thus, having seen it for myself, only to find out that it wasn't my observation that was the problem, but my interpretation of what I observed, and perhaps the context I had placed it in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if science is nothing else, I feel, it is the frame of mind to question one's own interpretations of reality, and to poke and prod the perception to test what may be fact, and what may be misinterpretation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If science is nothing else, I feel, it is the frame of mind to question one's own interpretations of reality, and to poke and prod the perception to test what may be fact, and what may be misinterpretation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076766,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":735},"headData":{"title":"Show Me Science | KQED","description":"If science is nothing else, I feel, it is the frame of mind to question one's own interpretations of reality, and to poke and prod the perception to test what may be fact, and what may be misinterpretation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6496 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6496","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/16/show-me-science/","disqusTitle":"Show Me Science","path":"/quest/6496/show-me-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Sun-on-horizon.jpg\">\u003cem>The Sun in the act of crossing the horizon.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I received an email from a man who wanted to know if there was any truth to the claim that, in the last few years, the tilt of Earth's axis had shifted by three degrees, and that there was a great cover-up to hide the fact from the populace. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inquirer wanted a scientific response—that he was a history major, and was having some difficulty trying to debunk the rumor with someone he knew. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that, no, I knew of no evidence to support the claim. To the contrary, \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/seasons.html\">Earth's North Pole \u003c/a>was still pointing less than a degree away from the trusty North Star, Polaris, as it had been, more or less, for hundreds of years, still serving as the same constant marker of north today as it had been for seafaring navigators long ago. Had Earth's axis shifted by three degrees—in any direction—Polaris would consequently have moved far enough of the mark of the Celestial Pole for all to see—those who cared to look closely, at any rate. Certainly not something that a cover-up could keep secret. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ossfoundation.us/projects/environment/global-warming/milankovitch-cycles\">Seasonal conditions, too, would be affected, for all to experience.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was thanked, and told that the explanation might be enough to assuage the concerns of the writer's acquaintance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day I got an email from the acquaintance—actually, brother—a man in Missouri. I was told firmly—though politely—that I must be wrong, for he had seen the evidence with his own eyes: after a lifetime of knowing the Sun rises precisely in the east, one morning not long ago, he suddenly observed the Sun to rise quite a distance to the north of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the time to ask for a more detailed description of what the man had observed, and continued my explanation by talking about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/EducationResource/Universe/framed_e/lecture/ch03/ch03.html\">seasonal change\u003c/a> of the Sun's rising position caused by its annual trek northward and southward in the sky along the tilted plane of its path, the ecliptic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next email I got had a MapQuest map attached, with markers added. This man was certainly doing his homework. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The red star marker is my driveway; the white hand symbol is the nearby mountain where I saw the Sun rise. This is simply not possible unless there has been a major change in the Earth's position.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out my protractor and slapped it to my computer screen, then wrote back, \"Looks like you observed the Sun to rise about 30 degrees to the north of east—which is about where it should rise around summer solstice, from your latitude,\" (just shy of 37 degrees north). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went on to say that next September 22nd—autumnal equinox—he should observe the Sun to rise exactly at the east point on the horizon, and on December 21st—winter solstice—it should rise a full 30 degrees to the south of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple more emails, my inquisitor's tack had come about somewhat, and he seemed as close as a native Missourian can be to admitting he might have been mistaken without actually seeing the crucial evidence for himself, yet (my father is a native Missourian, so I have some insight here; that's probably where I get it, too). He did say that he would check out where the Sun would rise in September, and decide then who was right--but he conceded that my explanation might turn out to be right. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What impressed me was the man's willingness to keep an open mind despite his apparent concrete convictions, and the earnest effort he made to test the explanation I had provided. I've been there, too: absolutely convinced that this or that was most certainly thus, having seen it for myself, only to find out that it wasn't my observation that was the problem, but my interpretation of what I observed, and perhaps the context I had placed it in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if science is nothing else, I feel, it is the frame of mind to question one's own interpretations of reality, and to poke and prod the perception to test what may be fact, and what may be misinterpretation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6496/show-me-science","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1016","quest_2572","quest_2725","quest_2827","quest_2830"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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