Learn the Facts About Serpentinite Before It's Removed as California's State Rock
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He is fascinated by the dynamic processes that shape our planet and the science of reconstructing ancient landscapes preserved in the geologic record. Brian came to the Bay Area in 2003 and completed a Ph.D. in geology at Stanford University in 2008. He lives in Berkeley with his wife, a high school science teacher, and is currently working as a research scientist in the energy industry. Follow him on \u003ca href=\"http://www.twitter.com/clasticdetritus\">Twitter\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Brian Romans | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/brian-romans"},"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_7234":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7234","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7234","score":null,"sort":[1281978021000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"home-sweet-serpentine","title":"Home Sweet Serpentine","publishDate":1281978021,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Serpentine soil is a tough environment, but some unique plants and animals call it home.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832292,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":594},"headData":{"title":"Home Sweet Serpentine | KQED","description":"Serpentine soil is a tough environment, but some unique plants and animals call it home.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"7234 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=7234","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/","disqusTitle":"Home Sweet Serpentine","path":"/quest/7234/home-sweet-serpentine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7234/home-sweet-serpentine","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_13193","quest_337","quest_417","quest_921","quest_982","quest_13198","quest_2220","quest_2447","quest_2589","quest_2590","quest_2692","quest_2782"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6714":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6714","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6714","score":null,"sort":[1281023720000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock","title":"Learn the Facts About Serpentinite Before It's Removed as California's State Rock","publishDate":1281023720,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/serpentinite300.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> Serpentinite from the Klamath Mountains, California (sample courtesy of Hannah Scherer; photo from Brian Romans)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/us/14rock.html\">bill introduced by California State Senator Gloria Romero\u003c/a> in February 2009, the language of which was completely gutted and then amended in April of this year, would “remove \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinite\">serpentine\u003c/a> as the state rock and lithologic emblem and would leave the state rock unspecified.” Why introduce a bill to the state assembly devoted to removing the state rock? The primary reason, as stated in the bill, is because “serpentine contains the deadly mineral chyrsotile asbestos, a known carcinogen, exposure to which increases the risk of cancer mesothelioma.” Supporters of the bill include cancer awareness groups and other groups representing those dealing with mesothelioma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we are all entitled to our own opinions, we are not entitled to our own facts. In that spirit, I think some basic geologic facts are in order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Firstly, “serpentine” refers to a group of minerals, not a rock. The term “serpentinite” is the proper term for the rock that is mostly made up of one or more of the serpentine group minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite is a metamorphosed version of rocks that make up oceanic crust after they are incorporated into subduction zones (plate boundaries where oceanic plates are thrust under continental plates). The recognition and study of serpentinite in California contributed to the understanding of modern plate tectonic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite has a unique association with California for many reasons including: its association with gold deposits and the resulting California Gold Rush history, many plants unique to California grow on serpentinite-rich soils, the fact that serpentinite is thought to promote slow (and less hazardous) ‘creep’ along faults, and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• There is no such mineral as “chrysotile asbestos”; there is a mineral “chrysotile” that crystallizes into a fibrous material referred to as asbestos but not all varieties of serpentinite contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The term “asbestos” does not have a unique mineralogical association; it is derived from the term that describes the fibrous nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Varieties of asbestos from a completely separate group of minerals, called the amphibole group, are considered to be the most dangerous form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The health danger of asbestos is when people breathe the powdered form into their lungs — and not just once or twice, but chronically over many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bottom line: walking on, being near, handling, or even eating a piece of serpentinite rock is NOT harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one blogger put it, the only way a piece of serpentinite might be harmful is if someone hurled a piece at you. To reiterate, one must inhale the powdered version into their lungs for it to be harmful. The wording of the bill is such that it’s not surprising there is some confusion and misunderstanding. Some of the mainstream reporting about this bill has failed to communicate that exposure to the rock serpentinite is distinct from exposure to the powdered form of a component mineral that might be in the rock. This is an important distinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of this bill argue that having a rock with an association with harmful derivative materials is inappropriate for a state symbol. One of the more interesting bits of history I’ve learned following this story is that the original 1965 proclamation of serpentinite as the state rock was motivated by a desire to highlight its economic and commercial importance as a source of mined asbestos. However, the connection between the mining process and harmful effects were discovered thereafter and asbestos mining was banned in California in the 1970s. So, why is the issue coming up now? It’s unclear to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final point I’ll make about this issue, which is something many other geologists have made as well, is that what’s most important here isn’t to maintain serpentinite as the state rock at all costs. What’s important is that the proposal deserves a fair and open debate. If the state assembly feels that spending the time and resources to do that isn’t in California’s best interests at this time, then simply table the bill and deal with it at a later date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0601-0650/sb_624_bill_20100519_amended_asm_v97.pdf\">PDF of Senate Bill No. 624\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the information presented in this post comes from the educating and advocacy about this issue by geoscience educator Garry Hayes at his blog \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/\">\u003cem>Geotripper\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Bay Area science writer Andrew Alden at geology.about.com, and environmental historian Jon Christensen from the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\">Bill Lane Center for the American West\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why introduce a bill to the state assembly devoted to removing the state rock?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443831701,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":803},"headData":{"title":"Learn the Facts About Serpentinite Before It's Removed as California's State Rock | KQED","description":"Why introduce a bill to the state assembly devoted to removing the state rock?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6714 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6714","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/","disqusTitle":"Learn the Facts About Serpentinite Before It's Removed as California's State Rock","WpOldSlug":"learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-it%e2%80%99s-removed-as-california%e2%80%99s-state-rock","path":"/quest/6714/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/serpentinite300.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> Serpentinite from the Klamath Mountains, California (sample courtesy of Hannah Scherer; photo from Brian Romans)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/us/14rock.html\">bill introduced by California State Senator Gloria Romero\u003c/a> in February 2009, the language of which was completely gutted and then amended in April of this year, would “remove \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinite\">serpentine\u003c/a> as the state rock and lithologic emblem and would leave the state rock unspecified.” Why introduce a bill to the state assembly devoted to removing the state rock? The primary reason, as stated in the bill, is because “serpentine contains the deadly mineral chyrsotile asbestos, a known carcinogen, exposure to which increases the risk of cancer mesothelioma.” Supporters of the bill include cancer awareness groups and other groups representing those dealing with mesothelioma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we are all entitled to our own opinions, we are not entitled to our own facts. In that spirit, I think some basic geologic facts are in order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Firstly, “serpentine” refers to a group of minerals, not a rock. The term “serpentinite” is the proper term for the rock that is mostly made up of one or more of the serpentine group minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite is a metamorphosed version of rocks that make up oceanic crust after they are incorporated into subduction zones (plate boundaries where oceanic plates are thrust under continental plates). The recognition and study of serpentinite in California contributed to the understanding of modern plate tectonic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite has a unique association with California for many reasons including: its association with gold deposits and the resulting California Gold Rush history, many plants unique to California grow on serpentinite-rich soils, the fact that serpentinite is thought to promote slow (and less hazardous) ‘creep’ along faults, and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• There is no such mineral as “chrysotile asbestos”; there is a mineral “chrysotile” that crystallizes into a fibrous material referred to as asbestos but not all varieties of serpentinite contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The term “asbestos” does not have a unique mineralogical association; it is derived from the term that describes the fibrous nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Varieties of asbestos from a completely separate group of minerals, called the amphibole group, are considered to be the most dangerous form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The health danger of asbestos is when people breathe the powdered form into their lungs — and not just once or twice, but chronically over many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bottom line: walking on, being near, handling, or even eating a piece of serpentinite rock is NOT harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one blogger put it, the only way a piece of serpentinite might be harmful is if someone hurled a piece at you. To reiterate, one must inhale the powdered version into their lungs for it to be harmful. The wording of the bill is such that it’s not surprising there is some confusion and misunderstanding. Some of the mainstream reporting about this bill has failed to communicate that exposure to the rock serpentinite is distinct from exposure to the powdered form of a component mineral that might be in the rock. This is an important distinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of this bill argue that having a rock with an association with harmful derivative materials is inappropriate for a state symbol. One of the more interesting bits of history I’ve learned following this story is that the original 1965 proclamation of serpentinite as the state rock was motivated by a desire to highlight its economic and commercial importance as a source of mined asbestos. However, the connection between the mining process and harmful effects were discovered thereafter and asbestos mining was banned in California in the 1970s. So, why is the issue coming up now? It’s unclear to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final point I’ll make about this issue, which is something many other geologists have made as well, is that what’s most important here isn’t to maintain serpentinite as the state rock at all costs. What’s important is that the proposal deserves a fair and open debate. If the state assembly feels that spending the time and resources to do that isn’t in California’s best interests at this time, then simply table the bill and deal with it at a later date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0601-0650/sb_624_bill_20100519_amended_asm_v97.pdf\">PDF of Senate Bill No. 624\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the information presented in this post comes from the educating and advocacy about this issue by geoscience educator Garry Hayes at his blog \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/\">\u003cem>Geotripper\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Bay Area science writer Andrew Alden at geology.about.com, and environmental historian Jon Christensen from the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\">Bill Lane Center for the American West\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6714/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_600","quest_2589","quest_2590","quest_2782"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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