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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_40161":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40161","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40161","score":null,"sort":[1340982010000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier","title":"Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier?","publishDate":1340982010,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40163\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/voyagersandheliopause/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40163\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg\" alt=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" title=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a mere 20 years after the launch of Sputnik marked the beginning of the Space Age, the twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched, bound for tours of the gas giant planets of the outer Solar System. And though it's been over two decades since either Voyager made its final planetary fly-by, to this day both vehicles are in good health, still sending their pioneering data back to us via the worldwide \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a> of radio dishes and still making important scientific discoveries and history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though launched 4-5 years after the first spacecraft to cross the Asteroid Belt, encounter gas giants and achieve escape velocity from our Solar System (Pioneers 10 and 11), the Voyagers have since outdistanced the Pioneers to become the most distant human-made craft in space. We also lost contact with the Pioneers, in 1995 and 2003—but the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Voyager 1 and 2\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers are still on line!\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At nearly three times the mass and power generation of the Pioneers, the Voyagers continue to blaze trails. As of right now, Voyager 2 is nearly 15 billion kilometers from the Sun and Voyager 1 leads the race at over 18 billion kilometers: quadruple the distance to Neptune! Every second carries Voyager 1, the speedier of the pair, 17 kilometers farther into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though it will be at least 40,000 years before Voyager 1 gets anywhere near another star, recent data from the probe indicates that it may have reached a milestone in its journey anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Voyagers were launched, even though their primary missions were to observe the gas giants of the outer Solar System, NASA hoped that the spacecraft would stay active and healthy long enough to make measurements until their inevitable passage through the edge of the Solar System: the boundary layer between the influences of our Sun and the environment of interstellar space beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun not only radiates light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but also plasma (electrically charged gas, mostly hydrogen) and accompanying magnetic fields: \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Wind\" target=\"_blank\">the solar wind\u003c/a>. The material expands outward into space and eventually encounters the influences of the interstellar environment. The collision of the two realms forms a \"bubble\". The material inside the bubble--the heliosphere, essentially the Sun's extended atmosphere--encompasses a volume of space extending far beyond the planets. The tenuous boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium is called the heliopause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like the difference in water current and wave action between the waters of a protected cove and the open ocean. I remember a trip to Angel Island with my friend Bob back in the 1970's. We rowed a small inflatable raft out into the harbor, sculling around the calm, nearly still waters within the projected arc of the cove. Then we rowed out beyond the confines of the cove, suddenly finding ourselves in an environment of high, choppy waves and a powerful current that threatened to carry us away from the island and out toward the Golden Gate Bridge. Ten minutes of furious rowing were required to get us back inside the peaceful bubble of the cove, and safety—and I'll never forget it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, Voyager scientists have noticed an increase in the amount of electrically charged particles detected by Voyager 1 -- particles not of the solar wind, but high velocity interstellar ions probably formed in supernova explosions in our neighborhood in the past: \"galactic cosmic rays.\" The cosmic ray count rose 25% in the past three years and since May of this year, there has been an additional 9% increase. If this is an indication that Voyager 1 is encountering the heliopause, maybe it's analogous to Bob and I suddenly encountering larger and more waves in our inflatable raft at the boundary of the cove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator that Voyager 1 may be breaking on through to the other side will be a change in the direction of the magnetic fields around it, as the magnetic field put out by our Sun bends to the will of the Milky Way Galaxy at large. NASA is currently analyzing Voyager's data to determine if this shift is taking place. I guess it could be likened to the sudden change of current that almost swept Bob and I off to the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will become of these veteran robots that are destined to become humanity's first interstellar envoys, carrying with them their various audio recordings and images of our species? Will they drift off into obscurity, becoming lost in space? Will they become objects for target practice by some trigger happy extraterrestrial spacefarer? Will they one day arrive at an alien world with our messages, prompting a response? Only time--probably lots of it--will tell....\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Thirty-five years after beginning a remarkable journey that started with encounters of Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 may once again be making a historic scientific encounter: the boundary between our Solar System and interstellar space!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":812},"headData":{"title":"Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier? | KQED","description":"Thirty-five years after beginning a remarkable journey that started with encounters of Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 may once again be making a historic scientific encounter: the boundary between our Solar System and interstellar space!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40161 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40161","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/","disqusTitle":"Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier?","path":"/quest/40161/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40163\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/voyagersandheliopause/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40163\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg\" alt=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" title=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a mere 20 years after the launch of Sputnik marked the beginning of the Space Age, the twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched, bound for tours of the gas giant planets of the outer Solar System. And though it's been over two decades since either Voyager made its final planetary fly-by, to this day both vehicles are in good health, still sending their pioneering data back to us via the worldwide \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a> of radio dishes and still making important scientific discoveries and history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though launched 4-5 years after the first spacecraft to cross the Asteroid Belt, encounter gas giants and achieve escape velocity from our Solar System (Pioneers 10 and 11), the Voyagers have since outdistanced the Pioneers to become the most distant human-made craft in space. We also lost contact with the Pioneers, in 1995 and 2003—but the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Voyager 1 and 2\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers are still on line!\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At nearly three times the mass and power generation of the Pioneers, the Voyagers continue to blaze trails. As of right now, Voyager 2 is nearly 15 billion kilometers from the Sun and Voyager 1 leads the race at over 18 billion kilometers: quadruple the distance to Neptune! Every second carries Voyager 1, the speedier of the pair, 17 kilometers farther into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though it will be at least 40,000 years before Voyager 1 gets anywhere near another star, recent data from the probe indicates that it may have reached a milestone in its journey anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Voyagers were launched, even though their primary missions were to observe the gas giants of the outer Solar System, NASA hoped that the spacecraft would stay active and healthy long enough to make measurements until their inevitable passage through the edge of the Solar System: the boundary layer between the influences of our Sun and the environment of interstellar space beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun not only radiates light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but also plasma (electrically charged gas, mostly hydrogen) and accompanying magnetic fields: \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Wind\" target=\"_blank\">the solar wind\u003c/a>. The material expands outward into space and eventually encounters the influences of the interstellar environment. The collision of the two realms forms a \"bubble\". The material inside the bubble--the heliosphere, essentially the Sun's extended atmosphere--encompasses a volume of space extending far beyond the planets. The tenuous boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium is called the heliopause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like the difference in water current and wave action between the waters of a protected cove and the open ocean. I remember a trip to Angel Island with my friend Bob back in the 1970's. We rowed a small inflatable raft out into the harbor, sculling around the calm, nearly still waters within the projected arc of the cove. Then we rowed out beyond the confines of the cove, suddenly finding ourselves in an environment of high, choppy waves and a powerful current that threatened to carry us away from the island and out toward the Golden Gate Bridge. Ten minutes of furious rowing were required to get us back inside the peaceful bubble of the cove, and safety—and I'll never forget it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, Voyager scientists have noticed an increase in the amount of electrically charged particles detected by Voyager 1 -- particles not of the solar wind, but high velocity interstellar ions probably formed in supernova explosions in our neighborhood in the past: \"galactic cosmic rays.\" The cosmic ray count rose 25% in the past three years and since May of this year, there has been an additional 9% increase. If this is an indication that Voyager 1 is encountering the heliopause, maybe it's analogous to Bob and I suddenly encountering larger and more waves in our inflatable raft at the boundary of the cove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator that Voyager 1 may be breaking on through to the other side will be a change in the direction of the magnetic fields around it, as the magnetic field put out by our Sun bends to the will of the Milky Way Galaxy at large. NASA is currently analyzing Voyager's data to determine if this shift is taking place. I guess it could be likened to the sudden change of current that almost swept Bob and I off to the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will become of these veteran robots that are destined to become humanity's first interstellar envoys, carrying with them their various audio recordings and images of our species? Will they drift off into obscurity, becoming lost in space? Will they become objects for target practice by some trigger happy extraterrestrial spacefarer? Will they one day arrive at an alien world with our messages, prompting a response? Only time--probably lots of it--will tell....\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40161/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_836","quest_1040","quest_1918","quest_2216","quest_13202","quest_2739","quest_2742","quest_11240"],"featImg":"quest_40163","label":"quest"},"quest_8727":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_8727","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"8727","score":null,"sort":[1285716053000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"aviation-authorities-prepare-for-space-tourism","title":"Aviation Authorities Prepare for Space Tourism","publishDate":1285716053,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-and-son-Cooper-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Space travel will take off in the U.S. in the near future. Meanwhile, at least one part of the experience – weightlessness – can be achieved on an airplane flight by a company called Zero-G. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space tourism – once the stuff of sci-fi novels and the Jetsons – is nearly here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several private companies are planning to offer the public rides into space starting in the next two to five years. The accommodations won’t be as lavish as in the movies or on television, but the \u003ca href=\"http://www.faa.gov/\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> has already started to prepare for a future in which airplanes and spaceships will share the air, and private companies will play a bigger role in space transportation of all kinds.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the FAA created a think tank to bring together industry, government and seven universities – among them Stanford – to conduct research and propose regulations for commercial space travel. The \u003ca href=\"http://engr.nmsu.edu/news_items/2010_news/news_10_08_faa.shtml\">Center of Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation\u003c/a> will be located at New Mexico State University, in Las Cruces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of private space travel may sound like fun, but the potential challenges it brings are deadly serious, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them: How can rockets and airplanes safely share the air? What kind of floating junk might spacecraft run into? How fit do private citizens need to be to go into space? And just how good of a business is space tourism?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you start to have launches once a day rather than once a month, and they occur in the middle of the nation rather than at the coasts, this could change how you manage your air traffic,” said Scott Hubbard, a Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics and former director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, only 20 to 30 spacecraft are launched in the United States each year, said Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics Juan Alonso, who will be conducting research for the FAA along with Hubbard. They leave from launching pads on the coasts – at \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base\u003c/a>, in Santa Barbara County, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/\">Kennedy Space Center\u003c/a>, near Orlando, Florida – to minimize the impact of any accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-Launch-Pad-Atlas-402-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Communication satellites are regularly launched by private companies on rockets like this one at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so limited, we don’t have to come up with a particular system to not collide or disturb the traffic,” Alonso said. The FAA simply creates a temporary flight restriction along the spacecraft’s path so that airplanes won’t fly into the area during the few minutes it takes for the rocket to lift off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the next 15 years, as the number of space flights grows and more of them depart from specialized space travel airports located inland, in places like New Mexico, managing air traffic control will become a more complex job. And today’s tools could fall dangerously short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air traffic management is based on principles that were developed 50 years ago,” said Stanford’s Alonso. “Air traffic controllers get a plan and they direct the flights. In general, only the controllers know where all the airplanes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because the system is based on radar, a technology by which dishes on the ground emit signals that bounce off of moving objects and send back information about their location and speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some areas of the world aren’t covered by radar,” said Alonso. “And if there’s a mountain between the dish and the object, it doesn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAA is already planning to replace its radar-based air traffic control system with one that uses satellite information, said FAA spokesperson Laura Brown. A satellite-based system will enable aircraft to share information on their positions and provide a much more precise picture of where everything is. It also would make it possible to create tools that could simulate the likely trajectories of airplanes and spaceships, said Alonso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risky business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest difference in regulating space flight and air flight is that the FAA currently ensures the safety of airplanes and passengers by requiring things like regular repairs and safety equipment. That won’t be the case with space flight, which will be treated more like an adventure sport. When the first paying customers go up to space, they’ll have to sign an informed consent form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very similar to skiing,” said John Gedmark, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/\">Commercial Spaceflight Federation\u003c/a>, in Washington, D.C., which represents some 30 companies. “Whenever anyone goes skiing, they have to sign a waiver that shows that they understand the risks that they’re about to take.” He said that his group is developing a form that would be used on the first space flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in safety requirements between air flights and space flights is meant as a way to allow the new industry room to develop, said FAA spokesperson Brown. It’s also a reflection of space flight’s risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-in-LEO-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Multi-day space trips, like the ones that this Boeing spacecraft might one day perform, will carry more risk than short flights. (Artist rendering credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flying on a commercial space vehicle won’t be considered as safe as flying in a commercial airplane when operations first start,” said Brown. “But just as in the early days of aviation, some people are willing to take those risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even after thousands of space flights, whizzing away on a rocket is likely to never be as safe as flying in a plane, said the industry’s Gedmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of a plane suffering an accident is one in a million, said Stanford’s Scott Hubbard, while manned space launches have been about 95 to 96 percent successful since they first started 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that means you had a 5 percent chance of something very wrong happening,” said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the companies leading the commercial space business are Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Both have been putting satellites into orbit since the 1960s and helped build the space shuttle for NASA. Now they and about a dozen newer, smaller companies are poised to play a bigger role in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies will take over transportation of crew and cargo to the International Space Station after NASA launches the space shuttle for the last time in 2011. Among them are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, a company in Hawthorne, California, owned by entrepreneur Elon Musk, also the founder of the Palo Alto-based electric car company Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in April, President Obama announced a new space policy that increases the role of private industry in space transportation and calls for spending $5.8 billion over five years to support commercial space travel. The Senate approved a NASA budget that allots this amount, but negotiations are underway with the House, which is less supportive of private efforts. [UPDATE: On Sept. 30, the House approved a bill that authorizes $1.4 billion for commercial space transportation over three years. The final amount will be determined by legislation that still needs to be approved, said NASA spokesperson Bob Jacobs.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other private companies are focusing on building spacecraft to carry tourists on short flights in which they would achieve weightlessness, but not orbit the Earth. And some like \u003ca href=\"http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space_exploration\">Boeing\u003c/a> are combining transportation to the space station with tourism. The company hopes to sell tickets on its planned flights to the space station, just as the Russians have done on eight of their missions to raise funds for their space program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shorter, but safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of space flight will vary depending on how far into space passengers venture. And that will depend on how much they can afford, though more money might actually increase the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting at $200,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a> is offering space tourists tickets for a two-hour trip that will take them 60 miles up to the edge of space. They’ll float around surrounded by darkness – stars don’t twinkle in space – and they’ll be able to snap photos of the Earth. These flights are called suborbital because the spacecraft doesn’t go into orbit around the Earth the way that a flight to the International Space Station would. Virgin Galactic has collected $45 million in deposits from 330 people, and intends to fly its first space tourists sometime in 2012, the AFP news agency reported this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/vms-eve-and-vss-eve-cc03_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Virgin Galactic tested its SpaceShipTwo spacecraft in July above the Mojave Desert. The spaceship is in the middle, carried by a vehicle with two fuselages. (Credit: Mark Greenberg)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weightless experience would last only a few minutes, said Stanford’s Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That type of short flight will be far less risky than longer space trips because the rocket won’t need as much energy to launch and won’t be coming back through the atmosphere as fast, said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short flights also won’t be likely to cause the health problems that longer space trips can trigger, said Millie Hughes-Fulford, former space shuttle astronaut and University of California-San Francisco professor of biochemistry and biophysics. On trips lasting from nine days to 6 months, humans and animals have been found to suffer a whole host of physical effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Loss of bone has been verified, loss of immune function, loss of muscle strength,” she said. “And humans don’t regain bone that they lose in orbit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Million-dollar diaper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Boeing is betting that a few people will want to make the longer trip. Those with several million dollars to spare have so far only had the opportunity to fly to the International Space Station on board a Russian spacecraft. They soon might be able to board a U.S. vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing’s seven-person spacecraft, called the CST-100, will be cozy, with three people sitting above four others inside the capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stood up, your head would be about to hit the ceiling,” said Keith Reiley, Boeing’s commercial crew development program manager. But once you were floating around, he said, it would feel “more roomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-CAD-300v2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Boeing's spacecraft would seat seven. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take eight hours to get to the space station, which is in orbit about 260 miles from Earth. Diapers would be provided for “number one,” said Reiley. As for “number two,” the facilities would be located behind a privacy curtain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing isn’t ready to say how much tickets will be. It depends on the market the company finds, Reiley said. But judging by the almost $40 million the Russian space agency charged Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté to travel to the space station in 2009, those could be some very expensive diapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing is designing the spacecraft in Houston and Hawthorne, California, with $18 million in stimulus funds. If NASA decides to move forward with the vehicle, Boeing would deliver it in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since NASA only needs four of the seats, the company has partnered with the Virginia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceadventures.com/\">Space Adventures\u003c/a> to market the rest of the seats to private individuals, companies, non-governmental organizations and federal agencies besides NASA. Space Adventures already markets the trips on board the Russian spacecraft. Boeing’s idea in following the Russian model is to bring down the cost of missions for NASA, Reiley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Floating on the cheap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who have $5,000 of expendable income, the experience of weightlessness is already available. Space Adventures, through its Virginia-based company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.gozerog.com/\">Zero-G\u003c/a>, provides short airplane trips that create weightlessness without the need to travel to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley-based venture capitalist Dan Miller took his first Zero-G trip four years ago, flying out of San José, and liked weightlessness so much that he returned with his 12-year-old son, on a trip leaving from Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Dan Miller experiences weightlessness on board a Zero-G flight. Astronauts train on similar flights. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was peaceful, calm,” he said. “It felt like a very natural state to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weightlessness, as it turns out, isn’t the result of escaping the gravitational pull of the Earth. In fact, the Earth’s pull is so strong that it keeps the Moon orbiting around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero-G’s modified Boeing 727 jets climb about 6 miles up into the air, then pitch the nose. As passengers fall with the plane, nothing resists their mass the way that the Earth offers resistance when our feet are planted on it. That’s why they’re able to float around an area of the plane where the seats have been removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the exact same weightlessness that astronauts experience,” said Miller, who wanted to be an astronaut as a child. On Zero-G’s planes, the experience lasts 30 seconds, repeated 12 to 15 times, as the plane climbs and falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s next for Miller?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would prefer to go orbital because you’re living weightless for a few days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the view isn’t shabby either, said former astronaut Hughes-Fulford, who spent nine days on board the space shuttle Columbia in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take your camera,” she said encouragingly. “You get one life, you should use it how you want to – with your family’s agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003cbr>\nIn this artist rendering of Boeing's planned flight, the CST-100 spacecraft docks to a private space station built by Las Vegas company \u003ca href=\"http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>More video:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch our QUEST story about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a>, a NASA mission that could pave the way for a moonbase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.424106 -122.1660756\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Several private companies are planning to offer the public rides into space starting in the next two to five years. Aviation authorities are preparing for a future in which airplanes and spaceships will share the air.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833740,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":64,"wordCount":2364},"headData":{"title":"Aviation Authorities Prepare for Space Tourism | KQED","description":"Several private companies are planning to offer the public rides into space starting in the next two to five years. Aviation authorities are preparing for a future in which airplanes and spaceships will share the air.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"8727 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/09/28/aviation-authorities-prepare-for-space-tourism/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/28/aviation-authorities-prepare-for-space-tourism/","disqusTitle":"Aviation Authorities Prepare for Space Tourism","path":"/quest/8727/aviation-authorities-prepare-for-space-tourism","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-and-son-Cooper-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Space travel will take off in the U.S. in the near future. Meanwhile, at least one part of the experience – weightlessness – can be achieved on an airplane flight by a company called Zero-G. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space tourism – once the stuff of sci-fi novels and the Jetsons – is nearly here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several private companies are planning to offer the public rides into space starting in the next two to five years. The accommodations won’t be as lavish as in the movies or on television, but the \u003ca href=\"http://www.faa.gov/\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> has already started to prepare for a future in which airplanes and spaceships will share the air, and private companies will play a bigger role in space transportation of all kinds.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the FAA created a think tank to bring together industry, government and seven universities – among them Stanford – to conduct research and propose regulations for commercial space travel. The \u003ca href=\"http://engr.nmsu.edu/news_items/2010_news/news_10_08_faa.shtml\">Center of Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation\u003c/a> will be located at New Mexico State University, in Las Cruces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of private space travel may sound like fun, but the potential challenges it brings are deadly serious, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them: How can rockets and airplanes safely share the air? What kind of floating junk might spacecraft run into? How fit do private citizens need to be to go into space? And just how good of a business is space tourism?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you start to have launches once a day rather than once a month, and they occur in the middle of the nation rather than at the coasts, this could change how you manage your air traffic,” said Scott Hubbard, a Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics and former director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, only 20 to 30 spacecraft are launched in the United States each year, said Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics Juan Alonso, who will be conducting research for the FAA along with Hubbard. They leave from launching pads on the coasts – at \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base\u003c/a>, in Santa Barbara County, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/\">Kennedy Space Center\u003c/a>, near Orlando, Florida – to minimize the impact of any accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-Launch-Pad-Atlas-402-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Communication satellites are regularly launched by private companies on rockets like this one at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so limited, we don’t have to come up with a particular system to not collide or disturb the traffic,” Alonso said. The FAA simply creates a temporary flight restriction along the spacecraft’s path so that airplanes won’t fly into the area during the few minutes it takes for the rocket to lift off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the next 15 years, as the number of space flights grows and more of them depart from specialized space travel airports located inland, in places like New Mexico, managing air traffic control will become a more complex job. And today’s tools could fall dangerously short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air traffic management is based on principles that were developed 50 years ago,” said Stanford’s Alonso. “Air traffic controllers get a plan and they direct the flights. In general, only the controllers know where all the airplanes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because the system is based on radar, a technology by which dishes on the ground emit signals that bounce off of moving objects and send back information about their location and speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some areas of the world aren’t covered by radar,” said Alonso. “And if there’s a mountain between the dish and the object, it doesn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAA is already planning to replace its radar-based air traffic control system with one that uses satellite information, said FAA spokesperson Laura Brown. A satellite-based system will enable aircraft to share information on their positions and provide a much more precise picture of where everything is. It also would make it possible to create tools that could simulate the likely trajectories of airplanes and spaceships, said Alonso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risky business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest difference in regulating space flight and air flight is that the FAA currently ensures the safety of airplanes and passengers by requiring things like regular repairs and safety equipment. That won’t be the case with space flight, which will be treated more like an adventure sport. When the first paying customers go up to space, they’ll have to sign an informed consent form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very similar to skiing,” said John Gedmark, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/\">Commercial Spaceflight Federation\u003c/a>, in Washington, D.C., which represents some 30 companies. “Whenever anyone goes skiing, they have to sign a waiver that shows that they understand the risks that they’re about to take.” He said that his group is developing a form that would be used on the first space flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in safety requirements between air flights and space flights is meant as a way to allow the new industry room to develop, said FAA spokesperson Brown. It’s also a reflection of space flight’s risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-in-LEO-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Multi-day space trips, like the ones that this Boeing spacecraft might one day perform, will carry more risk than short flights. (Artist rendering credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flying on a commercial space vehicle won’t be considered as safe as flying in a commercial airplane when operations first start,” said Brown. “But just as in the early days of aviation, some people are willing to take those risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even after thousands of space flights, whizzing away on a rocket is likely to never be as safe as flying in a plane, said the industry’s Gedmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of a plane suffering an accident is one in a million, said Stanford’s Scott Hubbard, while manned space launches have been about 95 to 96 percent successful since they first started 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that means you had a 5 percent chance of something very wrong happening,” said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the companies leading the commercial space business are Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Both have been putting satellites into orbit since the 1960s and helped build the space shuttle for NASA. Now they and about a dozen newer, smaller companies are poised to play a bigger role in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies will take over transportation of crew and cargo to the International Space Station after NASA launches the space shuttle for the last time in 2011. Among them are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, a company in Hawthorne, California, owned by entrepreneur Elon Musk, also the founder of the Palo Alto-based electric car company Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in April, President Obama announced a new space policy that increases the role of private industry in space transportation and calls for spending $5.8 billion over five years to support commercial space travel. The Senate approved a NASA budget that allots this amount, but negotiations are underway with the House, which is less supportive of private efforts. [UPDATE: On Sept. 30, the House approved a bill that authorizes $1.4 billion for commercial space transportation over three years. The final amount will be determined by legislation that still needs to be approved, said NASA spokesperson Bob Jacobs.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other private companies are focusing on building spacecraft to carry tourists on short flights in which they would achieve weightlessness, but not orbit the Earth. And some like \u003ca href=\"http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space_exploration\">Boeing\u003c/a> are combining transportation to the space station with tourism. The company hopes to sell tickets on its planned flights to the space station, just as the Russians have done on eight of their missions to raise funds for their space program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shorter, but safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of space flight will vary depending on how far into space passengers venture. And that will depend on how much they can afford, though more money might actually increase the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting at $200,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a> is offering space tourists tickets for a two-hour trip that will take them 60 miles up to the edge of space. They’ll float around surrounded by darkness – stars don’t twinkle in space – and they’ll be able to snap photos of the Earth. These flights are called suborbital because the spacecraft doesn’t go into orbit around the Earth the way that a flight to the International Space Station would. Virgin Galactic has collected $45 million in deposits from 330 people, and intends to fly its first space tourists sometime in 2012, the AFP news agency reported this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/vms-eve-and-vss-eve-cc03_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Virgin Galactic tested its SpaceShipTwo spacecraft in July above the Mojave Desert. The spaceship is in the middle, carried by a vehicle with two fuselages. (Credit: Mark Greenberg)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weightless experience would last only a few minutes, said Stanford’s Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That type of short flight will be far less risky than longer space trips because the rocket won’t need as much energy to launch and won’t be coming back through the atmosphere as fast, said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short flights also won’t be likely to cause the health problems that longer space trips can trigger, said Millie Hughes-Fulford, former space shuttle astronaut and University of California-San Francisco professor of biochemistry and biophysics. On trips lasting from nine days to 6 months, humans and animals have been found to suffer a whole host of physical effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Loss of bone has been verified, loss of immune function, loss of muscle strength,” she said. “And humans don’t regain bone that they lose in orbit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Million-dollar diaper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Boeing is betting that a few people will want to make the longer trip. Those with several million dollars to spare have so far only had the opportunity to fly to the International Space Station on board a Russian spacecraft. They soon might be able to board a U.S. vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing’s seven-person spacecraft, called the CST-100, will be cozy, with three people sitting above four others inside the capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stood up, your head would be about to hit the ceiling,” said Keith Reiley, Boeing’s commercial crew development program manager. But once you were floating around, he said, it would feel “more roomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-CAD-300v2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Boeing's spacecraft would seat seven. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take eight hours to get to the space station, which is in orbit about 260 miles from Earth. Diapers would be provided for “number one,” said Reiley. As for “number two,” the facilities would be located behind a privacy curtain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing isn’t ready to say how much tickets will be. It depends on the market the company finds, Reiley said. But judging by the almost $40 million the Russian space agency charged Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté to travel to the space station in 2009, those could be some very expensive diapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing is designing the spacecraft in Houston and Hawthorne, California, with $18 million in stimulus funds. If NASA decides to move forward with the vehicle, Boeing would deliver it in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since NASA only needs four of the seats, the company has partnered with the Virginia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceadventures.com/\">Space Adventures\u003c/a> to market the rest of the seats to private individuals, companies, non-governmental organizations and federal agencies besides NASA. Space Adventures already markets the trips on board the Russian spacecraft. Boeing’s idea in following the Russian model is to bring down the cost of missions for NASA, Reiley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Floating on the cheap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who have $5,000 of expendable income, the experience of weightlessness is already available. Space Adventures, through its Virginia-based company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.gozerog.com/\">Zero-G\u003c/a>, provides short airplane trips that create weightlessness without the need to travel to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley-based venture capitalist Dan Miller took his first Zero-G trip four years ago, flying out of San José, and liked weightlessness so much that he returned with his 12-year-old son, on a trip leaving from Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Dan Miller experiences weightlessness on board a Zero-G flight. Astronauts train on similar flights. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was peaceful, calm,” he said. “It felt like a very natural state to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weightlessness, as it turns out, isn’t the result of escaping the gravitational pull of the Earth. In fact, the Earth’s pull is so strong that it keeps the Moon orbiting around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero-G’s modified Boeing 727 jets climb about 6 miles up into the air, then pitch the nose. As passengers fall with the plane, nothing resists their mass the way that the Earth offers resistance when our feet are planted on it. That’s why they’re able to float around an area of the plane where the seats have been removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the exact same weightlessness that astronauts experience,” said Miller, who wanted to be an astronaut as a child. On Zero-G’s planes, the experience lasts 30 seconds, repeated 12 to 15 times, as the plane climbs and falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s next for Miller?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would prefer to go orbital because you’re living weightless for a few days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the view isn’t shabby either, said former astronaut Hughes-Fulford, who spent nine days on board the space shuttle Columbia in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take your camera,” she said encouragingly. “You get one life, you should use it how you want to – with your family’s agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003cbr>\nIn this artist rendering of Boeing's planned flight, the CST-100 spacecraft docks to a private space station built by Las Vegas company \u003ca href=\"http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>More video:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch our QUEST story about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a>, a NASA mission that could pave the way for a moonbase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.424106 -122.1660756\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/8727/aviation-authorities-prepare-for-space-tourism","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13203","quest_2742"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2479":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2479","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2479","score":null,"sort":[1242434609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-do-it-yourself-mini-satellites","title":"Reporter's Notes: Do-It-Yourself Mini-Satellites","publishDate":1242434609,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/doityourself-minisatellites\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-32_minisats300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Cal Poly's CP-4 mini-satellite in orbit. Credit: The Aerospace\u003cbr>\nCorporation.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a classic engineering story - a garage inventor spends years working in isolation, only to produce something that gets the attention of the world. Ok, the CubeSat story may not be quite as romantic, but it does have a lot of the same ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors at Stanford University and Cal Poly created \u003ca href=\"http://cubesat.calpoly.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">CubeSats\u003c/a> - 10 by 10 by 10 centimeter mini-satellites - as enginneering projects to give their students hands-on experience. Compared to standard satellite missions, which can run hundreds of millions of dollars and take years to complete, CubeSat missions are mean to be done cheaply and quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSat is also a standard - a basic blueprint that any university program can use. CubeSats are actually known as \"FedEx satellites,\" since universities can mail them to Cal Poly to arrange a ride into space. They've created launching devices called P-Pods (a box that fits the CubeSats perfectly) so they can piggyback on larger rocket launches. Once the main cargo is deployed, the P-Pod releases the CubeSats into orbit. Depending how high they are, CubeSats can orbit for more than a decade before they burn up in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What started at universities has spread - NASA, Boeing and other aerospace companies all have mini-satellite programs. Despite the small size, CubeSats are actually \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat\" target=\"_blank\">able to do valuable research\u003c/a>. They can space test new technology, submitting it to all the rigors of space travel like solar radiation and launch stress. Recreating those conditions on the ground can be very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats can also gather scientific data. On Tuesday, NASA will be launching \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/pharmasat/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pharmasat\u003c/a>, which they hope will be their second nano-satellite in orbit. It will carry yeast samples, and once in orbit will hit them with an anti-fungal to see if their resistance is increased in space. NASA has previously observed that some bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics in space, something that could be dangerous for future human space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/webcast/\" target=\"_blank\">tune in on Tuesday evening\u003c/a> for the Pharmasat launch. \u003ca href=\"http://cubesat.atl.calpoly.edu/pages/missions/upcoming-launches/tacsat-3.php\" target=\"_blank\">Three other CubeSats\u003c/a> from Cal Poly and other organizations will also be getting a lift into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/doityourself-minisatellites\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/doityourself-minisatellites\">Do-It-Yourself Mini-Satellites\u003c/a> radio report online, and see our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-minisatellites-slideshow\">Web Extra: Mini-Satellites Slideshow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.42444 -122.16714\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's a classic engineering story - a garage inventor spends years working in isolation, only to produce something that gets the attention of the world. Ok, the CubeSat story may not be quite as romantic, but it does have a lot of the same ingredients.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078484,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":391},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Do-It-Yourself Mini-Satellites | KQED","description":"It's a classic engineering story - a garage inventor spends years working in isolation, only to produce something that gets the attention of the world. Ok, the CubeSat story may not be quite as romantic, but it does have a lot of the same ingredients.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2479 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2479","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/15/reporters-notes-do-it-yourself-mini-satellites/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Do-It-Yourself Mini-Satellites","path":"/quest/2479/reporters-notes-do-it-yourself-mini-satellites","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/doityourself-minisatellites\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-32_minisats300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Cal Poly's CP-4 mini-satellite in orbit. Credit: The Aerospace\u003cbr>\nCorporation.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a classic engineering story - a garage inventor spends years working in isolation, only to produce something that gets the attention of the world. Ok, the CubeSat story may not be quite as romantic, but it does have a lot of the same ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors at Stanford University and Cal Poly created \u003ca href=\"http://cubesat.calpoly.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">CubeSats\u003c/a> - 10 by 10 by 10 centimeter mini-satellites - as enginneering projects to give their students hands-on experience. Compared to standard satellite missions, which can run hundreds of millions of dollars and take years to complete, CubeSat missions are mean to be done cheaply and quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSat is also a standard - a basic blueprint that any university program can use. CubeSats are actually known as \"FedEx satellites,\" since universities can mail them to Cal Poly to arrange a ride into space. They've created launching devices called P-Pods (a box that fits the CubeSats perfectly) so they can piggyback on larger rocket launches. Once the main cargo is deployed, the P-Pod releases the CubeSats into orbit. Depending how high they are, CubeSats can orbit for more than a decade before they burn up in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What started at universities has spread - NASA, Boeing and other aerospace companies all have mini-satellite programs. Despite the small size, CubeSats are actually \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat\" target=\"_blank\">able to do valuable research\u003c/a>. They can space test new technology, submitting it to all the rigors of space travel like solar radiation and launch stress. Recreating those conditions on the ground can be very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats can also gather scientific data. On Tuesday, NASA will be launching \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/pharmasat/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pharmasat\u003c/a>, which they hope will be their second nano-satellite in orbit. It will carry yeast samples, and once in orbit will hit them with an anti-fungal to see if their resistance is increased in space. NASA has previously observed that some bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics in space, something that could be dangerous for future human space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/webcast/\" target=\"_blank\">tune in on Tuesday evening\u003c/a> for the Pharmasat launch. \u003ca href=\"http://cubesat.atl.calpoly.edu/pages/missions/upcoming-launches/tacsat-3.php\" target=\"_blank\">Three other CubeSats\u003c/a> from Cal Poly and other organizations will also be getting a lift into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/doityourself-minisatellites\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/doityourself-minisatellites\">Do-It-Yourself Mini-Satellites\u003c/a> radio report online, and see our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-minisatellites-slideshow\">Web Extra: Mini-Satellites Slideshow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.42444 -122.16714\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2479/reporters-notes-do-it-yourself-mini-satellites","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_252","quest_13197","quest_3351","quest_1918","quest_13206","quest_2511","quest_2740","quest_2742"],"label":"quest"},"quest_847":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_847","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"847","score":null,"sort":[1222448448000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"expressly-venus","title":"Expressly Venus","publishDate":1222448448,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lightening.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of lightning on Venus. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4335628.stm\">Venus\u003c/a> has reentered our sky in its part-time job as the Evening Star, appearing as a uniquely brilliant white beacon over the western horizon after sunset. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the attention that the exploration of certain other planets has received lately, I feel that Venus exploration has fallen off our radar a bit, and that it is high time for an update. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no lack of exploration of Venus today: NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/multimedia/venus_flyby.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> spacecraft, bound for Mercury, flew by Venus twice (2006, 2007), making observations on the fly; Japan is currently planning to send a climate orbiter mission (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/planet_c/index_e.html\">\"Planet C\"\u003c/a>) there in 2010; and the European \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30\">BepiColombo\u003c/a> will perform a couple of Venus flybys of its own, in 2013, on its way to Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Venus_Express/\">Venus Express\u003c/a> orbiter is in the middle of a two-year mission of exploration, and has revealed new and fascinating things about Venus--a planet whose cloud-shrouded surface kept us mostly ignorant about it until recent decades. (Before the 1960's it was even speculated that Venus might be a steamy swamp or rain forest world!) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a quick recap of some of the highlights of Venus Express's findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hurricanes\" at the poles: Venus Express's VIRTIS instrument, which is able to probe several different layers of the atmosphere, has put together a detailed picture of wind behavior at different latitudes and different altitudes. What was discovered from these observations is that Venus has giant, hurricane-like vortexes capping its poles. Winds within these systems all flow in generally the same direction, as you'd expect with hurricanes, circling mostly windless \"eyes\" at their centers at the poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighting: Evidence of lightning on Venus was detected by earlier orbiter and lander missions, and Venus Express has confirmed it--maybe more lightning activity than on Earth. What makes Venus's lightning unique among the planets with lightning (Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, as far as we know) is that it's the only case where lightning is formed by something other than clouds of water droplets--in Venus's case, sulfuric acid droplets do the trick. Lightning can be an important factor in that it breaks up atmospheric molecules and allows them to recombine in different forms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active volcano search: It has long been suggested that there may be active volcanoes on Venus today, though no direct evidence (like images of erupting volcanoes, for example) have yet been obtained. Venus Express has measured large variations over time in the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Venus's atmosphere--a compound that on Earth comes from volcanic eruptions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot more to say about Venus, as it is a world as varied and fascinating as the Earth (minus the life forms, as far as we know). Though it may not be the hottest vacation spot in the solar system, with its pressure cooker of a toxic, acid-laced atmosphere, it is one of those great mysteries that we actually get to watch unfold before us as exploration of it moves forward. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With all the attention that the exploration of certain other planets has received lately, I feel that Venus exploration has fallen off our radar a bit, and that it is high time for an update.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079672,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":524},"headData":{"title":"Expressly Venus | KQED","description":"With all the attention that the exploration of certain other planets has received lately, I feel that Venus exploration has fallen off our radar a bit, and that it is high time for an update.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"847 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=847","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/26/expressly-venus/","disqusTitle":"Expressly Venus","path":"/quest/847/expressly-venus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lightening.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of lightning on Venus. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4335628.stm\">Venus\u003c/a> has reentered our sky in its part-time job as the Evening Star, appearing as a uniquely brilliant white beacon over the western horizon after sunset. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the attention that the exploration of certain other planets has received lately, I feel that Venus exploration has fallen off our radar a bit, and that it is high time for an update. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no lack of exploration of Venus today: NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/multimedia/venus_flyby.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> spacecraft, bound for Mercury, flew by Venus twice (2006, 2007), making observations on the fly; Japan is currently planning to send a climate orbiter mission (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/planet_c/index_e.html\">\"Planet C\"\u003c/a>) there in 2010; and the European \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30\">BepiColombo\u003c/a> will perform a couple of Venus flybys of its own, in 2013, on its way to Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Venus_Express/\">Venus Express\u003c/a> orbiter is in the middle of a two-year mission of exploration, and has revealed new and fascinating things about Venus--a planet whose cloud-shrouded surface kept us mostly ignorant about it until recent decades. (Before the 1960's it was even speculated that Venus might be a steamy swamp or rain forest world!) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a quick recap of some of the highlights of Venus Express's findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hurricanes\" at the poles: Venus Express's VIRTIS instrument, which is able to probe several different layers of the atmosphere, has put together a detailed picture of wind behavior at different latitudes and different altitudes. What was discovered from these observations is that Venus has giant, hurricane-like vortexes capping its poles. Winds within these systems all flow in generally the same direction, as you'd expect with hurricanes, circling mostly windless \"eyes\" at their centers at the poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighting: Evidence of lightning on Venus was detected by earlier orbiter and lander missions, and Venus Express has confirmed it--maybe more lightning activity than on Earth. What makes Venus's lightning unique among the planets with lightning (Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, as far as we know) is that it's the only case where lightning is formed by something other than clouds of water droplets--in Venus's case, sulfuric acid droplets do the trick. Lightning can be an important factor in that it breaks up atmospheric molecules and allows them to recombine in different forms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active volcano search: It has long been suggested that there may be active volcanoes on Venus today, though no direct evidence (like images of erupting volcanoes, for example) have yet been obtained. Venus Express has measured large variations over time in the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Venus's atmosphere--a compound that on Earth comes from volcanic eruptions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot more to say about Venus, as it is a world as varied and fascinating as the Earth (minus the life forms, as far as we know). Though it may not be the hottest vacation spot in the solar system, with its pressure cooker of a toxic, acid-laced atmosphere, it is one of those great mysteries that we actually get to watch unfold before us as exploration of it moves forward. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/847/expressly-venus","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_545","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2739","quest_2742","quest_3064"],"label":"quest"},"quest_678":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_678","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"678","score":null,"sort":[1215188428000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"planetary-robotic-roundup","title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","publishDate":1215188428,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080189,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":619},"headData":{"title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup | KQED","description":"NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept. Photo by: NASA I've been waiting for the "whole story" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"678 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=678","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/04/planetary-robotic-roundup/","disqusTitle":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","path":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_254","quest_505","quest_897","quest_1287","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1752","quest_1754","quest_1756","quest_1760","quest_1791","quest_1918","quest_2141","quest_2182","quest_2216","quest_2237","quest_2349","quest_2441","quest_2461","quest_2513","quest_2712","quest_2742"],"label":"quest"},"quest_639":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"639","score":null,"sort":[1213036689000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"phoenix-on-ice","title":"Phoenix on Ice?","publishDate":1213036689,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457836103,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":561},"headData":{"title":"Phoenix on Ice? | KQED","description":"The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"639 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=639","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/09/phoenix-on-ice/","disqusTitle":"Phoenix on Ice?","path":"/quest/639/phoenix-on-ice","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/639/phoenix-on-ice","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_3228"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_546","quest_1438","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_2011","quest_2181","quest_2349","quest_2442","quest_2446","quest_2739","quest_2742","quest_2811","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_640","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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