Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot
The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster
Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries
Symphony of Science: Q&A with John Boswell, A.K.A. melodysheep
Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains
Restoring Oyster Reefs
Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can
To Drink, or Not To Drink
Sponsored
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And there are amazing women right here in the Bay Area making great advancements in science. So in honor of Women’s History Month and International Women’s Day we’d like to recognize a few Bay Area women in STEM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Earle\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nShe's spent much of the last five decades exploring and protecting the world's oceans. Find out why legendary marine biologist Sylvia Earle thinks that we may only have a few years left to save what she calls \"the blue heart of the planet.\"\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeGV9rVRCj4&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Millie Hughes-Fulford\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe first woman to travel into space as a working scientist, Hughes-Fulford is a molecular scientist that has sent numerous experiments into space. Find out about some of her space experiments.\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um5ie3Gfn38&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melanie Harrison\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA water quality specialist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Marine Fisheries Division, Harrison helps protect and restore threatened and endangered fish by evaluating development projects.\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqFDXNkrsTo&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tejal Desai\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA bioengineering professor at UC San Francisco, Desai is investigating new treatments for diabetes. Using nanotechnology, she is developing a tiny capsule that contains pancreatic cells that produce insulin.\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmG2OxwOags&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Elisa Quintana\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWorking at NASA Ames Research Center, Elisa Quintana is a physicist who searches for Earth-like planets around distant stars. She's really interested in planets that might have liquid water, which she describes as \"a pre-requisite for life as we know it.\"\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaHIr5xAHn8&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a small sampling of some of the incredible scientists in the Bay Area. For more scientist profiles check out our \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT3NFZ6AaRFKz4RkXrndiCjAneQN2NJ2P\">Career Spotlight playlist\u003c/a> on YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meet five amazing Bay Area women in STEM","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1467224783,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":382},"headData":{"title":"Celebrating Bay Area Women in STEM | KQED","description":"Meet five amazing Bay Area women in STEM","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"129452 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=129452","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/08/celebrating-bay-area-women-in-stem/","disqusTitle":"Celebrating Bay Area Women in STEM","path":"/quest/129452/celebrating-bay-area-women-in-stem","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From Dorothy Hodgkins, who made advances in X-ray crystallography and discovered many biochemical structures including penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin, to Maria Goeppert Mayer’s work that led to the the first advanced model of the atomic nucleus, women have made major contributions to many scientific fields. And there are amazing women right here in the Bay Area making great advancements in science. So in honor of Women’s History Month and International Women’s Day we’d like to recognize a few Bay Area women in STEM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Earle\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nShe's spent much of the last five decades exploring and protecting the world's oceans. Find out why legendary marine biologist Sylvia Earle thinks that we may only have a few years left to save what she calls \"the blue heart of the planet.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XeGV9rVRCj4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XeGV9rVRCj4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Millie Hughes-Fulford\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe first woman to travel into space as a working scientist, Hughes-Fulford is a molecular scientist that has sent numerous experiments into space. Find out about some of her space experiments.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Um5ie3Gfn38'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Um5ie3Gfn38'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melanie Harrison\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA water quality specialist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Marine Fisheries Division, Harrison helps protect and restore threatened and endangered fish by evaluating development projects.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/jqFDXNkrsTo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/jqFDXNkrsTo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tejal Desai\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA bioengineering professor at UC San Francisco, Desai is investigating new treatments for diabetes. Using nanotechnology, she is developing a tiny capsule that contains pancreatic cells that produce insulin.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nmG2OxwOags'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nmG2OxwOags'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Elisa Quintana\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWorking at NASA Ames Research Center, Elisa Quintana is a physicist who searches for Earth-like planets around distant stars. She's really interested in planets that might have liquid water, which she describes as \"a pre-requisite for life as we know it.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/iaHIr5xAHn8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/iaHIr5xAHn8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a small sampling of some of the incredible scientists in the Bay Area. For more scientist profiles check out our \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT3NFZ6AaRFKz4RkXrndiCjAneQN2NJ2P\">Career Spotlight playlist\u003c/a> on YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/129452/celebrating-bay-area-women-in-stem","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_3372","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_13130","quest_2530","quest_3071","quest_13447","quest_13448"],"featImg":"quest_129598","label":"quest"},"quest_87280":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_87280","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"87280","score":null,"sort":[1445299962000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","publishDate":1445299962,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13394,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of \"tensegrity\"--the combination of \"tension\" and \"integrity.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475540,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot | KQED","description":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of "tensegrity"--the combination of "tension" and "integrity."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"87280 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=87280","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awILwlCkd9Y","path":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","authors":["10626"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_11295","quest_12787","quest_847","quest_13197","quest_1040","quest_13402","quest_11365","quest_13404","quest_13400","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_1920","quest_2530","quest_13142","quest_2739","quest_11296","quest_13403","quest_13401","quest_3021","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_87396","label":"quest_13394"},"quest_17441":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17441","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17441","score":null,"sort":[1444827600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","publishDate":1444827600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475551,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1139},"headData":{"title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster | KQED","description":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17441 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusTitle":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/GhFMtCmHc9c","path":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_13386","quest_13200","quest_1325","quest_13387","quest_2530","quest_3048","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81281","label":"quest"},"quest_70498":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70498","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70498","score":null,"sort":[1404914450000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","title":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries","publishDate":1404914450,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s not your fault, gardeners. Strawberries are not very well suited to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-north-carolina-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php\" target=\"_blank\">hot, dry climate\u003c/a>. That’s why your garden-variety strawberries probably don’t look -- or taste -- much like the plump varieties found at farm stands or grocery stores. But help is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, the North Carolina climate is hostile to the so-called “love fruit.” These delicate seed receptacles are more suited to temperate climates, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">like coastal California\u003c/a>, where cool, moist nights help the plant thrive. But strawberries \u003cstrong>can\u003c/strong> flourish in more extreme climates, thanks to science and “North Carolina is able to grow strawberries because of all the science and technology that is devoted to the crop,” said Debby Wechsler, executive secretary of the North Carolina Strawberry Association. “It’s really what is known as intense management. It takes a lot of care. It’s not like you just throw them out and let them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of that intense management can be seen on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wallerfamilyfarm.com/Site/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Waller Family Farm\u003c/a> in Durham, NC. Mark Waller farms 40 acres of strawberries on what used to be a tobacco farm. Customers can pick their own strawberries or visit the market he runs during the strawberry season, which lasts anywhere from April through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we see about eight to ten blooms per plant, we really pick up the intensity around the farm,” said Waller. “Not only are we fertilizing but we are also really watching for frost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where North Carolina State University Professor Emeritus Barclay Poling’s research comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s real humid, with ‘lots of moisture in the air’ type of night, we can get frost or ice crystals on the bloom and we’ve killed blossoms as high as 31 degrees, which is really interesting,” explained Poling. “If it’s a dry night, with a low dew point, in those conditions the flowers can super cool to as low as 27, so that’s quite a range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcV_jYeHGQ0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this video to learn how farmers and scientists use digital thermometers to help strawberries thrive in North Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poling has found the average critical temperature for strawberry blooms in the state is 28 degrees. If the blooms get much colder than that, they will either stay dormant and wait for warmer weather or possibly die if the cold persists. Because the blooms are the most vulnerable tissue for the strawberry plant, and the most critical to a successful harvest, Poling compiles a wealth of weather information into an alert system to warn farmers of significant weather events during the all-important spring growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a key tool in this “nurture versus nature” battle is a new type of handheld digital thermometer, which Poling helped develop. Electrodes at one end of a wire are inserted into the strawberry blossoms while the other end of the wire is connected to a digital thermometer. The device reads the temperature of the strawberry blossom. Farmers use those readings together with the weather forecast to decide whether to cover the crops or irrigate them to protect from frost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just protection from the cold: the handheld thermometer is also helpful as the weather gets warm. If the strawberry blossom temperature gets too high, the farmer needs to increase irrigation to cool the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_8109_640x360\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The United States is the world's leading strawberry producer, accounting for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\">over 25 percent of global production\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The reality is that for all of the help science has provided to strawberry farmers, Mother Nature is still full of surprises and challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of like going out on a hike and seeing a sign that says ‘unmarked trail,’” said Poling as he smiled and plucked a berry from a plant to examine it. “For all we can monitor and plan for, every strawberry season is an unmarked trail, and so you go out and anticipate what might be happening, but you are never sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave you, the intrepid gardener, trying to grow strawberries in this hostile North Carolina environment? Well, you can either invest in one of Poling’s $1,000 thermometers, or you can head to your closest \u003ca href=\"http://www.pickyourown.org/NC.htm\" target=\"_blank\">“U-pick” farm\u003c/a>, walk the rows, and pick your own perfectly plump strawberries for under $2 a pound.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch how scientists and farmers work together to grow strawberries in hostile climates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442643788,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":767},"headData":{"title":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries | KQED","description":"Watch how scientists and farmers work together to grow strawberries in hostile climates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70498 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70498","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/07/09/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries/","disqusTitle":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/70498/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not your fault, gardeners. Strawberries are not very well suited to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-north-carolina-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php\" target=\"_blank\">hot, dry climate\u003c/a>. That’s why your garden-variety strawberries probably don’t look -- or taste -- much like the plump varieties found at farm stands or grocery stores. But help is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, the North Carolina climate is hostile to the so-called “love fruit.” These delicate seed receptacles are more suited to temperate climates, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">like coastal California\u003c/a>, where cool, moist nights help the plant thrive. But strawberries \u003cstrong>can\u003c/strong> flourish in more extreme climates, thanks to science and “North Carolina is able to grow strawberries because of all the science and technology that is devoted to the crop,” said Debby Wechsler, executive secretary of the North Carolina Strawberry Association. “It’s really what is known as intense management. It takes a lot of care. It’s not like you just throw them out and let them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of that intense management can be seen on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wallerfamilyfarm.com/Site/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Waller Family Farm\u003c/a> in Durham, NC. Mark Waller farms 40 acres of strawberries on what used to be a tobacco farm. Customers can pick their own strawberries or visit the market he runs during the strawberry season, which lasts anywhere from April through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we see about eight to ten blooms per plant, we really pick up the intensity around the farm,” said Waller. “Not only are we fertilizing but we are also really watching for frost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where North Carolina State University Professor Emeritus Barclay Poling’s research comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s real humid, with ‘lots of moisture in the air’ type of night, we can get frost or ice crystals on the bloom and we’ve killed blossoms as high as 31 degrees, which is really interesting,” explained Poling. “If it’s a dry night, with a low dew point, in those conditions the flowers can super cool to as low as 27, so that’s quite a range.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BcV_jYeHGQ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BcV_jYeHGQ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this video to learn how farmers and scientists use digital thermometers to help strawberries thrive in North Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poling has found the average critical temperature for strawberry blooms in the state is 28 degrees. If the blooms get much colder than that, they will either stay dormant and wait for warmer weather or possibly die if the cold persists. Because the blooms are the most vulnerable tissue for the strawberry plant, and the most critical to a successful harvest, Poling compiles a wealth of weather information into an alert system to warn farmers of significant weather events during the all-important spring growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a key tool in this “nurture versus nature” battle is a new type of handheld digital thermometer, which Poling helped develop. Electrodes at one end of a wire are inserted into the strawberry blossoms while the other end of the wire is connected to a digital thermometer. The device reads the temperature of the strawberry blossom. Farmers use those readings together with the weather forecast to decide whether to cover the crops or irrigate them to protect from frost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just protection from the cold: the handheld thermometer is also helpful as the weather gets warm. If the strawberry blossom temperature gets too high, the farmer needs to increase irrigation to cool the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_8109_640x360\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The United States is the world's leading strawberry producer, accounting for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\">over 25 percent of global production\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The reality is that for all of the help science has provided to strawberry farmers, Mother Nature is still full of surprises and challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of like going out on a hike and seeing a sign that says ‘unmarked trail,’” said Poling as he smiled and plucked a berry from a plant to examine it. “For all we can monitor and plan for, every strawberry season is an unmarked trail, and so you go out and anticipate what might be happening, but you are never sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave you, the intrepid gardener, trying to grow strawberries in this hostile North Carolina environment? Well, you can either invest in one of Poling’s $1,000 thermometers, or you can head to your closest \u003ca href=\"http://www.pickyourown.org/NC.htm\" target=\"_blank\">“U-pick” farm\u003c/a>, walk the rows, and pick your own perfectly plump strawberries for under $2 a pound.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70498/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","authors":["10457"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2530","quest_12908","quest_2809","quest_13364","quest_10363","quest_10303"],"featImg":"quest_71003","label":"source_quest_70498"},"quest_60466":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60466","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60466","score":null,"sort":[1387897221000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"symphony-of-science-qa-with-john-boswell-a-k-a-melodysheep","title":"Symphony of Science: Q&A with John Boswell, A.K.A. melodysheep","publishDate":1387897221,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cem>John Boswell of Bellingham, WA, also known as “melodysheep,” creates musical remixes of science lectures and documentaries to create the popular \u003ca href=\"http://symphonyofscience.com/videos.html\">\u003cstrong>Symphony of Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> videos. Using Auto-Tune technology, he samples clips from Carl Sagan, Bill Nye, and other familiar PBS names to craft songs with science-based messages that have gone viral, reaching millions of online viewers. Proving that scientists can also be rockstars, in 2013 melodysheep released a single featuring Steven Hawking and Carl Sagan, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSgiXGELjbc\">\u003cstrong>A Glorious Dawn\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, on Jack White's record label.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Northwest coordinating producer Katie Jennings spoke with Boswell about his inspiration for making these musical mash-ups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How did you decide to start doing these kinds of videos?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 2009 and I was just out of college and I saw these videos called \u003cstrong>Auto-Tune the News\u003c/strong>. They take the technique and apply it to newscasters in online videos. I was just blown away with what they were doing. I started off doing some goofy stuff, but I fell in love with Carl Sagan when I was in college when I saw \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7e5-0t0pTF0\">\u003cstrong>Cosmos\u003c/strong> \u003c/a>for the first time and I said, well, I’ll just try it on him. I put [the first video] online not knowing if anyone would like it. It blew up on the first week and it was a total shock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62877\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62877 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507.jpg\" alt=\"JohnBoswell_2\" width=\"260\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507.jpg 1032w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507-400x580.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507-800x1160.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507-960x1392.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Boswell remixes science lectures and documentaries to create Symphony of Science videos.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Why have you focused so much on science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>There are so many incredible revelations and insights that scientists give you that are really mind-blowing. I’m really interested in taking those ideas to the public in any way I can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How do you make choices about what you include in your videos?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I learn something every time I go through these things. I watch a lot of documentaries to learn about what’s going on, and I try and summarize everything I learned in the videos without cutting out important pieces of information or [putting in] things that would mislead people. I try to stay true to the original point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Why did you choose the subject of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since I started the project climate change has been on my mind. It’s part science, part call to action, raising awareness about the issue. I think it was important to do and I’m glad I did it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How do you make someone’s voice go up and down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear someone talk, in a way, they’re singing. Their pitch is going up and down, it’s rhythmic, and it’s got its own flow to it. You tweak the rhythm of the speech first, and once you have something rhythmical and catchy out [of] the original speech, you can go change the pitches of each word they say. You can format to a melody you have in your mind or create a new one of your own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What’s important about songs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think music reaches out to people on a deeper level than words. When I hear a great piece of music, it reaches down to my core. Not many people have [made popular songs] with science before, which is why I’m in the game.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"John Boswell of Bellingham, WA -- also known as “melodysheep”-- speaks with QUEST Northwest producer Katie Jennings about his musical remixes of science lectures and documentaries known as the \"Symphony of Science.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823218,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":559},"headData":{"title":"Symphony of Science: Q&A with John Boswell, A.K.A. melodysheep | KQED","description":"John Boswell of Bellingham, WA -- also known as “melodysheep”-- speaks with QUEST Northwest producer Katie Jennings about his musical remixes of science lectures and documentaries known as the "Symphony of Science."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60466 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60466","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/24/symphony-of-science-qa-with-john-boswell-a-k-a-melodysheep/","disqusTitle":"Symphony of Science: Q&A with John Boswell, A.K.A. melodysheep","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHP9Rh-ooh0?feature=oembed","path":"/quest/60466/symphony-of-science-qa-with-john-boswell-a-k-a-melodysheep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cem>John Boswell of Bellingham, WA, also known as “melodysheep,” creates musical remixes of science lectures and documentaries to create the popular \u003ca href=\"http://symphonyofscience.com/videos.html\">\u003cstrong>Symphony of Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> videos. Using Auto-Tune technology, he samples clips from Carl Sagan, Bill Nye, and other familiar PBS names to craft songs with science-based messages that have gone viral, reaching millions of online viewers. Proving that scientists can also be rockstars, in 2013 melodysheep released a single featuring Steven Hawking and Carl Sagan, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSgiXGELjbc\">\u003cstrong>A Glorious Dawn\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, on Jack White's record label.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Northwest coordinating producer Katie Jennings spoke with Boswell about his inspiration for making these musical mash-ups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How did you decide to start doing these kinds of videos?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 2009 and I was just out of college and I saw these videos called \u003cstrong>Auto-Tune the News\u003c/strong>. They take the technique and apply it to newscasters in online videos. I was just blown away with what they were doing. I started off doing some goofy stuff, but I fell in love with Carl Sagan when I was in college when I saw \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7e5-0t0pTF0\">\u003cstrong>Cosmos\u003c/strong> \u003c/a>for the first time and I said, well, I’ll just try it on him. I put [the first video] online not knowing if anyone would like it. It blew up on the first week and it was a total shock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62877\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62877 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507.jpg\" alt=\"JohnBoswell_2\" width=\"260\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507.jpg 1032w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507-400x580.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507-800x1160.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/JohnBoswell_2-e1386971562507-960x1392.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Boswell remixes science lectures and documentaries to create Symphony of Science videos.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Why have you focused so much on science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>There are so many incredible revelations and insights that scientists give you that are really mind-blowing. I’m really interested in taking those ideas to the public in any way I can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How do you make choices about what you include in your videos?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I learn something every time I go through these things. I watch a lot of documentaries to learn about what’s going on, and I try and summarize everything I learned in the videos without cutting out important pieces of information or [putting in] things that would mislead people. I try to stay true to the original point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Why did you choose the subject of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since I started the project climate change has been on my mind. It’s part science, part call to action, raising awareness about the issue. I think it was important to do and I’m glad I did it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How do you make someone’s voice go up and down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear someone talk, in a way, they’re singing. Their pitch is going up and down, it’s rhythmic, and it’s got its own flow to it. You tweak the rhythm of the speech first, and once you have something rhythmical and catchy out [of] the original speech, you can go change the pitches of each word they say. You can format to a melody you have in your mind or create a new one of your own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What’s important about songs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think music reaches out to people on a deeper level than words. When I hear a great piece of music, it reaches down to my core. Not many people have [made popular songs] with science before, which is why I’m in the game.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60466/symphony-of-science-qa-with-john-boswell-a-k-a-melodysheep","authors":["10425"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_11940","quest_12269","quest_12498","quest_12493","quest_12494","quest_1898","quest_12495","quest_12146","quest_12496","quest_2530","quest_13365"],"featImg":"quest_64928","label":"quest"},"quest_57938":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57938","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57938","score":null,"sort":[1384182035000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains","title":"Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains","publishDate":1384182035,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists and researchers are turning to new and innovative online funding methods to pay for their projects. And the public is buying in.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1394136995,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":914},"headData":{"title":"Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains | KQED","description":"Scientists and researchers are turning to new and innovative online funding methods to pay for their projects. And the public is buying in.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"57938 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57938","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/11/kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains/","disqusTitle":"Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains","path":"/quest/57938/kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57938/kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_582","quest_621","quest_638","quest_12391","quest_10220","quest_12389","quest_828","quest_12500","quest_12502","quest_12269","quest_1273","quest_13201","quest_12390","quest_12501","quest_12388","quest_3288","quest_2530","quest_13365","quest_2975"],"featImg":"quest_63157","label":"quest"},"quest_60340":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60340","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60340","score":null,"sort":[1382450404000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"restoring-oyster-reefs","title":"Restoring Oyster Reefs","publishDate":1382450404,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“He was a brave man that first ate an oyster.” \u003c/strong>- satirist Jonathan Swift (1667–1745)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows who that brave soul was who first shucked an oyster, but we do know that by the late 1800s millions of pounds of salty, slimy oyster meat were being harvested from places like North Carolina’s Outer Banks and shipped across the country. The secret was out: raw, steamed, grilled, or fried, oysters were on the menu from coast to coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62171\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62171 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. This archive photo was provided by NC State University.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. Archive photo provided by NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the demand for oysters increased, fishermen began using more sophisticated tools -- like mechanical dredge boats -- to boost their catch. And boy, were they successful! Marine scientists generally place the current oyster population at around 50 percent of what it was a century ago. And some estimates claim areas like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nccoast.org/Content.aspx?key=0dec568b-85f4-4e84-86d1-8a449db4055f&title=Oyster+Habitat\">North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound\u003c/a> are at 10 percent of the levels that existed in the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons that populations have been so decimated and haven’t been able to come back has to do with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch/coastwatch-articles?task=showArticle&id=750\">habitat needs of the oyster\u003c/a>. Baby oysters, or spat, literally grow on the backs of their ancestors. Spat swim in the water column until they can latch on to a suitable surface. More often than not, that surface is an established oyster reef made up of generations of older oysters. As wild oyster harvesting increased, the reefs diminished and baby oysters had no place to anchor. The oyster population plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t just another “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch?task=showArticle&view=listarticles&id=750\">species of special concern\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that oysters are indispensable to the marine ecosystem. Aside from their role as a viable fishery, oyster reefs provide three main ecosystem services. They stabilize shorelines by breaking up wave energy, they provide habitat for hundreds of marine organisms such as crabs and barnacles and, perhaps most importantly, they help filter the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Islo0nEmJU8]\u003cbr>\nA\u003cem>dult\u003c/em> o\u003cem>ysters can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day. In this one hour timelapse video, you can see a decrease in the levels of turbidity, or murk, in the water.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filter-feeding oysters transfer nutrients (including nitrogen) from the water to the bottom. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.nature.org/science/2013/09/10/restoring-oyster-reefs/\">That’s a good thing, not only for the marine ecosystem but also for humans\u003c/a>. Studies estimate that oyster-reef sediments remove 25 percent more nitrogen than areas without oysters. An excess of nitrogen in the water promotes algal blooms that shade underwater vegetation and can lower the dissolved oxygen levels. Loss of underwater vegetation and low oxygen are increasingly common in coastal ecosystems. They can result in undesirable impacts ranging from reduced water clarity to fewer fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3-450x229.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"450\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In North Carolina, and around the country, initiatives to restore oyster reefs can become a political, cultural, environmental, and economic quagmire. There are many competing interests at stake, from the livelihood of fishermen to government oversight to downstream water-quality issues. Scientists have long studied the many ecosystem services provided by oysters and are now stepping into the fray armed with data to prove where, why, and how to restore oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the brave ones aren’t those eating the oysters. Rather, they are the men and women charged with keeping oysters in our waters and on our plates, now and into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video, scientists wade through marshes along North Carolina’s coast on a mission to restore oyster reefs, which are critical to the health of our marine ecosystems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565217,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":604},"headData":{"title":"Restoring Oyster Reefs | KQED","description":"In this video, scientists wade through marshes along North Carolina’s coast on a mission to restore oyster reefs, which are critical to the health of our marine ecosystems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60340 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60340","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/22/restoring-oyster-reefs/","disqusTitle":"Restoring Oyster Reefs","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSjkQsH-QsQ","path":"/quest/60340/restoring-oyster-reefs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“He was a brave man that first ate an oyster.” \u003c/strong>- satirist Jonathan Swift (1667–1745)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows who that brave soul was who first shucked an oyster, but we do know that by the late 1800s millions of pounds of salty, slimy oyster meat were being harvested from places like North Carolina’s Outer Banks and shipped across the country. The secret was out: raw, steamed, grilled, or fried, oysters were on the menu from coast to coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62171\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62171 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. This archive photo was provided by NC State University.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. Archive photo provided by NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the demand for oysters increased, fishermen began using more sophisticated tools -- like mechanical dredge boats -- to boost their catch. And boy, were they successful! Marine scientists generally place the current oyster population at around 50 percent of what it was a century ago. And some estimates claim areas like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nccoast.org/Content.aspx?key=0dec568b-85f4-4e84-86d1-8a449db4055f&title=Oyster+Habitat\">North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound\u003c/a> are at 10 percent of the levels that existed in the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons that populations have been so decimated and haven’t been able to come back has to do with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch/coastwatch-articles?task=showArticle&id=750\">habitat needs of the oyster\u003c/a>. Baby oysters, or spat, literally grow on the backs of their ancestors. Spat swim in the water column until they can latch on to a suitable surface. More often than not, that surface is an established oyster reef made up of generations of older oysters. As wild oyster harvesting increased, the reefs diminished and baby oysters had no place to anchor. The oyster population plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t just another “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch?task=showArticle&view=listarticles&id=750\">species of special concern\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that oysters are indispensable to the marine ecosystem. Aside from their role as a viable fishery, oyster reefs provide three main ecosystem services. They stabilize shorelines by breaking up wave energy, they provide habitat for hundreds of marine organisms such as crabs and barnacles and, perhaps most importantly, they help filter the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Islo0nEmJU8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Islo0nEmJU8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nA\u003cem>dult\u003c/em> o\u003cem>ysters can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day. In this one hour timelapse video, you can see a decrease in the levels of turbidity, or murk, in the water.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filter-feeding oysters transfer nutrients (including nitrogen) from the water to the bottom. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.nature.org/science/2013/09/10/restoring-oyster-reefs/\">That’s a good thing, not only for the marine ecosystem but also for humans\u003c/a>. Studies estimate that oyster-reef sediments remove 25 percent more nitrogen than areas without oysters. An excess of nitrogen in the water promotes algal blooms that shade underwater vegetation and can lower the dissolved oxygen levels. Loss of underwater vegetation and low oxygen are increasingly common in coastal ecosystems. They can result in undesirable impacts ranging from reduced water clarity to fewer fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3-450x229.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"450\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In North Carolina, and around the country, initiatives to restore oyster reefs can become a political, cultural, environmental, and economic quagmire. There are many competing interests at stake, from the livelihood of fishermen to government oversight to downstream water-quality issues. Scientists have long studied the many ecosystem services provided by oysters and are now stepping into the fray armed with data to prove where, why, and how to restore oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the brave ones aren’t those eating the oysters. Rather, they are the men and women charged with keeping oysters in our waters and on our plates, now and into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60340/restoring-oyster-reefs","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_1099","quest_12269","quest_10388","quest_2034","quest_12347","quest_11489","quest_2141","quest_12186","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_12346","quest_2423","quest_2530","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_12348","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_62164","label":"quest"},"quest_55622":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55622","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55622","score":null,"sort":[1379340019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","title":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","publishDate":1379340019,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How an alert Boy Scout, hard working biologists, and continued vigilance have helped one Great Plains state remain free of invasive zebra mussels -- for now. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1379541208,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":825},"headData":{"title":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can | KQED","description":"How an alert Boy Scout, hard working biologists, and continued vigilance have helped one Great Plains state remain free of invasive zebra mussels -- for now. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55622 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55622","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/16/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can/","disqusTitle":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","path":"/quest/55622/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","link":"file","ids":"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55622/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_12242","quest_326","quest_12248","quest_12243","quest_684","quest_13196","quest_1103","quest_12269","quest_12246","quest_1489","quest_3930","quest_9933","quest_12245","quest_3289","quest_12244","quest_2530","quest_12060","quest_10511","quest_12247","quest_12241"],"featImg":"quest_60368","label":"quest"},"quest_55063":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55063","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55063","score":null,"sort":[1375797658000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"to-drink-or-not-drinking-water-test-kit","title":"To Drink, or Not To Drink","publishDate":1375797658,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57893 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hupdiggs\">@hupdiggs\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Dan Lane, UNC Chapel Hill\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are reading this article, you are probably one of the fortunate ones. Chances are you can trust that the glass of water in front of you is safe to drink. Sadly, that’s not the case for about a quarter of the world’s population. Nearly two \u003cstrong>billion \u003c/strong>people around the world get sick every year from untreated water. Of those affected, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\">two million die, including 750,000 children\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simply put, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html\">contaminated water leads to more deaths than HIV/AIDS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silent assassins are bacteria like E. coli, which find their way from fecal waste into the local water supply. You can’t see it, smell it, or taste it, but it can kill you. Water may be a source of life, but it is also a vessel of disease and death. Ideally, everyone would have access to safe, treated water. But building that kind of infrastructure -- especially in remote areas -- takes time and money, something many governments and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) lack. In the meantime, the best strategy for reducing the risk of contracting water-borne illnesses is to determine where the bacterial bad guys are lurking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 208px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58406 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"More people die every year from contaminated water than HIV/AIDS. Photo courtesy, Dr. Mark Sobsey.\" width=\"208\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fecal bacteria, like E. coli, infect nearly 2 billion people per year. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is that most detection methods are prohibitively expensive and technical, and getting the results takes a long time. Many tests require taking specialized gear -- test tubes, pipettes, and sterilizing equipment -- to the water source. Another option is to ship water samples from the field to commercial labs around the world. Both methods require trained technicians and can push the price up to $100 per test. Such high costs have severely limited the number of water-quality tests being conducted in at-risk regions -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Enter Dr. Mark Sobsey, a professor of public health at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Sobsey developed a cheap and simple test to determine how many \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> bacteria live in a given water sample. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquagenx.com/index.html\">Compartment Bag Test\u003c/a> (CBT), which looks like a plastic reclosable bag with five internal compartments, doesn’t require fancy lab equipment or trained technicians. It’s designed to be used by anyone anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-contained kit reveals within a day if a water source is safe to drink. Here’s how it works:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Fill a vial with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Add some bacterial medium (bacteria food made up of carbon compounds, digested proteins, and salts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Pour the water sample into the CBT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Let the bag sit overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57892 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit-282x253.jpg\" alt=\"CBT Kit\" width=\"229\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CBT costs less than $10, compared to $100 for alternative testing kits. Photo by @hupdiggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Compartments containing at least one E. coli cell turn bluish green. Depending on which compartments change color, you can determine the level of contamination in the water sample. For example, if only the smallest compartment turns green, the water has about one \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> cell in every 100 milliliters. That’s “probably safe” to drink according to Sobsey. If all five compartments turn green, your water is “unsafe,” which means you definitely don’t want to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58405 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801-218x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000000776-IMG_3801\" width=\"218\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">No technician required: the CBT allows end users to determine if their water is safe to drink. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a cost of less than $10, Sobsey’s user-friendly kit is poised to revolutionize the breadth and scope of water-quality testing. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf\">a 2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> concluded it was\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>not possible to measure water quality worldwide, in part because of money. Instead of measuring quality, the UN set its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/\">standards based on whether water is “improved.\u003c/a>” However, “improved” water includes any water run through a pipe. Channeling muddy puddle water through a lead pipe could be considered “improved” by the UN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Sobsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheaper tests allow NGOs to expand their water-quality testing. Through his company, Aquagenx, which he calls his “socially responsible LLC,” Sobsey has sold 20,000 CBTs to aid organizations around the world, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/water-and-sanitation\">USAID\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be responsible to bring testing capacity to the people that need it,” says Sobsey. “Everybody deserves to know if their water is safe.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cins cite=\"mailto:David%20Huppert\" datetime=\"2013-07-11T16:41\"> \u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new bacteria testing kit has the potential to save millions of lives, one glass of water at a time.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1375808339,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":770},"headData":{"title":"To Drink, or Not To Drink | KQED","description":"A new bacteria testing kit has the potential to save millions of lives, one glass of water at a time.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55063 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55063","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/06/to-drink-or-not-drinking-water-test-kit/","disqusTitle":"To Drink, or Not To Drink","path":"/quest/55063/to-drink-or-not-drinking-water-test-kit","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57893 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hupdiggs\">@hupdiggs\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Dan Lane, UNC Chapel Hill\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are reading this article, you are probably one of the fortunate ones. Chances are you can trust that the glass of water in front of you is safe to drink. Sadly, that’s not the case for about a quarter of the world’s population. Nearly two \u003cstrong>billion \u003c/strong>people around the world get sick every year from untreated water. Of those affected, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\">two million die, including 750,000 children\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simply put, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html\">contaminated water leads to more deaths than HIV/AIDS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silent assassins are bacteria like E. coli, which find their way from fecal waste into the local water supply. You can’t see it, smell it, or taste it, but it can kill you. Water may be a source of life, but it is also a vessel of disease and death. Ideally, everyone would have access to safe, treated water. But building that kind of infrastructure -- especially in remote areas -- takes time and money, something many governments and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) lack. In the meantime, the best strategy for reducing the risk of contracting water-borne illnesses is to determine where the bacterial bad guys are lurking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 208px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58406 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"More people die every year from contaminated water than HIV/AIDS. Photo courtesy, Dr. Mark Sobsey.\" width=\"208\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fecal bacteria, like E. coli, infect nearly 2 billion people per year. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is that most detection methods are prohibitively expensive and technical, and getting the results takes a long time. Many tests require taking specialized gear -- test tubes, pipettes, and sterilizing equipment -- to the water source. Another option is to ship water samples from the field to commercial labs around the world. Both methods require trained technicians and can push the price up to $100 per test. Such high costs have severely limited the number of water-quality tests being conducted in at-risk regions -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Enter Dr. Mark Sobsey, a professor of public health at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Sobsey developed a cheap and simple test to determine how many \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> bacteria live in a given water sample. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquagenx.com/index.html\">Compartment Bag Test\u003c/a> (CBT), which looks like a plastic reclosable bag with five internal compartments, doesn’t require fancy lab equipment or trained technicians. It’s designed to be used by anyone anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-contained kit reveals within a day if a water source is safe to drink. Here’s how it works:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Fill a vial with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Add some bacterial medium (bacteria food made up of carbon compounds, digested proteins, and salts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Pour the water sample into the CBT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Let the bag sit overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57892 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit-282x253.jpg\" alt=\"CBT Kit\" width=\"229\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CBT costs less than $10, compared to $100 for alternative testing kits. Photo by @hupdiggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Compartments containing at least one E. coli cell turn bluish green. Depending on which compartments change color, you can determine the level of contamination in the water sample. For example, if only the smallest compartment turns green, the water has about one \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> cell in every 100 milliliters. That’s “probably safe” to drink according to Sobsey. If all five compartments turn green, your water is “unsafe,” which means you definitely don’t want to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58405 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801-218x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000000776-IMG_3801\" width=\"218\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">No technician required: the CBT allows end users to determine if their water is safe to drink. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a cost of less than $10, Sobsey’s user-friendly kit is poised to revolutionize the breadth and scope of water-quality testing. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf\">a 2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> concluded it was\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>not possible to measure water quality worldwide, in part because of money. Instead of measuring quality, the UN set its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/\">standards based on whether water is “improved.\u003c/a>” However, “improved” water includes any water run through a pipe. Channeling muddy puddle water through a lead pipe could be considered “improved” by the UN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Sobsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheaper tests allow NGOs to expand their water-quality testing. Through his company, Aquagenx, which he calls his “socially responsible LLC,” Sobsey has sold 20,000 CBTs to aid organizations around the world, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/water-and-sanitation\">USAID\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be responsible to bring testing capacity to the people that need it,” says Sobsey. “Everybody deserves to know if their water is safe.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cins cite=\"mailto:David%20Huppert\" datetime=\"2013-07-11T16:41\"> \u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55063/to-drink-or-not-drinking-water-test-kit","authors":["10478"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12187","quest_12185","quest_13201","quest_2141","quest_12186","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_2474","quest_2530","quest_13365","quest_2906","quest_10571","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12018","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_57893","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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