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https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds another ocean for us to worry about -- this time on Saturn's moon, Titan. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998565,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":662},"headData":{"title":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan | KQED","description":"Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds another ocean for us to worry about -- this time on Saturn's moon, Titan. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","datePublished":"2012-07-13T15:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:56:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40851 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40851","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/","disqusTitle":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","path":"/quest/40851/deep-dark-waters-of-titan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40852\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/titansocean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40852\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40852\" title=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg\" alt=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40851/deep-dark-waters-of-titan","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_505","quest_544","quest_1027","quest_1164","quest_1492","quest_1918","quest_2034","quest_13202","quest_2513","quest_2936","quest_2937","quest_2947","quest_11240"],"featImg":"quest_40852","label":"quest"},"quest_36829":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36829","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36829","score":null,"sort":[1336143649000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","title":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","publishDate":1336143649,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Phoebe, a quirky outlying moon of Saturn, was once thought to be a captured comet, but now is believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured planetesimal. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998774,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":651},"headData":{"title":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon | KQED","description":"Phoebe, a quirky outlying moon of Saturn, was once thought to be a captured comet, but now is believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured planetesimal. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","datePublished":"2012-05-04T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:59:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"36829 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36829","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/","disqusTitle":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","path":"/quest/36829/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36829/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_544","quest_658","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_11057","quest_3975","quest_13202","quest_2511","quest_2513","quest_2712"],"featImg":"quest_36831","label":"quest"},"quest_34022":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34022","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34022","score":null,"sort":[1333267230000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jupiter-promoted-to-executive-planet","title":"ISAAC Promotes Jupiter to Executive Planet","publishDate":1333267230,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king.jpg\" alt=\"Newly Appointed Executive Jupiter\" title=\"Newly Appointed Executive Jupiter\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-34027\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a> In a solar system shakeup, Jupiter has been promoted to Executive Planet. The International Solar Assembly Advisory Council has also endorsed Jupiter's choice of Saturn to be its Deputy Executive Planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their new roles, Jupiter will oversee intersolar relations and treaties, and Saturn will oversee domestic and budgetary affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The management change was foreseen by many observers as a natural outgrowth of the coup that removed Pluto from the Planetary Congress in Earth Year 2006. Prior to the ouster, Pluto frequently voted with the once formidable inner circle of rock planets, which has backed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/30/operation-vesta-plutos-devious-plan-to-regain-status/\">efforts to restore Pluto's planetary status\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary Congress' inner circle was initially shaken by Pluto's abrupt departure, briefly deadlocked between the four gas giants and four remaining rock planets, but Venus' swing vote has since tended more gaseous, giving the giants a clear majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the event of a 4-4 vote, the sun, which normally presides over the Planetary Congress in a nonvoting role, is allowed to cast a tie breaking vote. While technically plasma, the sun still leaned gaseous in 75% of prior cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Jupiter's most controversial campaign promises included demoting Mercury to a \"toy planet,\" a new category of not-quite-planet to be created specifically for objects of approximately Mercury's size and obstinate disposition. This move would leave room in the nine-seat Congress for gas-sympathizers Ganymede and Titan. The Advisory Council has been silent on whether or not such a move would be permissible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter has promised to lengthen the years of every planet, but particularly those of the gas giants. In Earth Year 1997, Mars, along with Mercury, Earth, and then-planet Pluto, famously questioned where the funding for these time increases will come from; Jupiter has maintained that the additional time provided per annum will leave ample opportunity for funding strategies to be developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Earth's jobs as Minority Whip and Prime Minister of the Inner Circle High Council remain unthreatened, it could find its political influence eclipsed by the rising gas giants' power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa has, as expected, refrained from comment, consistent with its change in border status in Earth Year 2001.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a solar system shakeup, Jupiter has been promoted to Executive Planet. The International Solar Assembly Advisory Council has also endorsed Jupiter's choice of Saturn to be its Deputy Executive Planet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1334274647,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":365},"headData":{"title":"ISAAC Promotes Jupiter to Executive Planet | KQED","description":"In a solar system shakeup, Jupiter has been promoted to Executive Planet. The International Solar Assembly Advisory Council has also endorsed Jupiter's choice of Saturn to be its Deputy Executive Planet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"ISAAC Promotes Jupiter to Executive Planet","datePublished":"2012-04-01T08:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2012-04-12T23:50:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34022 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=34022","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/01/jupiter-promoted-to-executive-planet/","disqusTitle":"ISAAC Promotes Jupiter to Executive Planet","path":"/quest/34022/jupiter-promoted-to-executive-planet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king.jpg\" alt=\"Newly Appointed Executive Jupiter\" title=\"Newly Appointed Executive Jupiter\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-34027\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/jupiter-king-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a> In a solar system shakeup, Jupiter has been promoted to Executive Planet. The International Solar Assembly Advisory Council has also endorsed Jupiter's choice of Saturn to be its Deputy Executive Planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their new roles, Jupiter will oversee intersolar relations and treaties, and Saturn will oversee domestic and budgetary affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The management change was foreseen by many observers as a natural outgrowth of the coup that removed Pluto from the Planetary Congress in Earth Year 2006. Prior to the ouster, Pluto frequently voted with the once formidable inner circle of rock planets, which has backed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/30/operation-vesta-plutos-devious-plan-to-regain-status/\">efforts to restore Pluto's planetary status\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary Congress' inner circle was initially shaken by Pluto's abrupt departure, briefly deadlocked between the four gas giants and four remaining rock planets, but Venus' swing vote has since tended more gaseous, giving the giants a clear majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the event of a 4-4 vote, the sun, which normally presides over the Planetary Congress in a nonvoting role, is allowed to cast a tie breaking vote. While technically plasma, the sun still leaned gaseous in 75% of prior cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Jupiter's most controversial campaign promises included demoting Mercury to a \"toy planet,\" a new category of not-quite-planet to be created specifically for objects of approximately Mercury's size and obstinate disposition. This move would leave room in the nine-seat Congress for gas-sympathizers Ganymede and Titan. The Advisory Council has been silent on whether or not such a move would be permissible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter has promised to lengthen the years of every planet, but particularly those of the gas giants. In Earth Year 1997, Mars, along with Mercury, Earth, and then-planet Pluto, famously questioned where the funding for these time increases will come from; Jupiter has maintained that the additional time provided per annum will leave ample opportunity for funding strategies to be developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Earth's jobs as Minority Whip and Prime Minister of the Inner Circle High Council remain unthreatened, it could find its political influence eclipsed by the rising gas giants' power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa has, as expected, refrained from comment, consistent with its change in border status in Earth Year 2001.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34022/jupiter-promoted-to-executive-planet","authors":["6"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_10918","quest_1551","quest_10919","quest_10917","quest_2237","quest_13202","quest_2513"],"featImg":"quest_34027","label":"quest"},"quest_4715":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4715","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4715","score":null,"sort":[1262363414000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere","title":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere!","publishDate":1262363414,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/titan-cassini-flash.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this image of sunlight\u003cbr>\nreflecting off of a lake on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a literal flash of insight—well, \"infrared sight,\" really--\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. That's really big news for scientists, and for those like me who absolutely love to envision the sweep of the landscape on alien worlds, be they science fiction or, as in this case, fact….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the existence of lakes on Titan has been building since 2004, when the Cassini spacecraft, and its Titan-landing probe Huygens, arrived in the Saturn system and began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First it was imagery from the Huygens camera as it descended through Titan's thick, hazy atmosphere: what looked like dark, flat, featureless regions defining apparent coastlines along solid terrain, as well as dentritic patterns like river channels draining into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was imagery from Cassini's smog-penetrating infrared cameras showing numerous systems that looked for all the moon like giant lakes—on the order of size of Earth's Great Lakes. Cassini radar bouncing off the surfaces suggested that they were exceptionally flat, as one expects a watery surface to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=liquid-lake-on-titan\">confirmation of surface liquid \u003c/a>in Titan's Southern Hemisphere—but not in the north, where the lake-like shapes were by far more numerous…an apparent land o' lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/18dec_titanglint.htm\">what scientists hoped to see appeared\u003c/a>, in a flash: sunlight, reflecting off of a Titanian lake called Kraken Mare, came shining through the moon's haze and was captured by Cassini's infrared camera. It's the same kind of reflection you see when sunlight blazes off the surface of the ocean before sunset. Astronauts see the same thing from Earth orbit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200802Extra/iss_view.jpg\">looking down at the ocean-lined limb of the Earth\u003c/a> when the Sun is at the right position over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It required the right conditions; the Sun had to be in just the right position relative to the lake for the reflection to be seen. Ever seen the light of the setting Sun reflecting off the window of a distant house, though only for a moment when the geometry is just right? And only recently did the Sun rise over Kraken Mare's extreme northern latitude, after the 15-year dark of a Titanian arctic winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is the only Solar System object known to have surface liquid, other than Earth. Jupiter's moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>is thought to harbor a vast ocean of liquid water, but under its outer crust of ice. Another of Saturn's moon's, Enceladus, also appears to hold liquid water inside, but its surface is as dry as the Earth's Moon. And yes, the Moon was recently confirmed to have surface water—but it's all frozen and mixed in with the lunar soil in a sort of dry cryo-mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference with Titan, however, is that its surface liquid is not water at all, but methane. It's too cold on Titan's surface for liquid water to exist there—but Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature are right for methane to exist in its liquid state. So while on Earth we know methane as a greenhouse gas emitted by decomposing plants and the guts of cows—to name a couple of sources—on Titan it is the stuff of cloud, of rain, of river, and of lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a wild world!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a literal flash of insight, NASA's Cassini spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077636,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":607},"headData":{"title":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere! | KQED","description":"In a literal flash of insight, NASA's Cassini spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere!","datePublished":"2010-01-01T16:30:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:53:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"4715 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4715","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/01/flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere/","disqusTitle":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere!","path":"/quest/4715/flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/titan-cassini-flash.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this image of sunlight\u003cbr>\nreflecting off of a lake on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a literal flash of insight—well, \"infrared sight,\" really--\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. That's really big news for scientists, and for those like me who absolutely love to envision the sweep of the landscape on alien worlds, be they science fiction or, as in this case, fact….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the existence of lakes on Titan has been building since 2004, when the Cassini spacecraft, and its Titan-landing probe Huygens, arrived in the Saturn system and began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First it was imagery from the Huygens camera as it descended through Titan's thick, hazy atmosphere: what looked like dark, flat, featureless regions defining apparent coastlines along solid terrain, as well as dentritic patterns like river channels draining into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was imagery from Cassini's smog-penetrating infrared cameras showing numerous systems that looked for all the moon like giant lakes—on the order of size of Earth's Great Lakes. Cassini radar bouncing off the surfaces suggested that they were exceptionally flat, as one expects a watery surface to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=liquid-lake-on-titan\">confirmation of surface liquid \u003c/a>in Titan's Southern Hemisphere—but not in the north, where the lake-like shapes were by far more numerous…an apparent land o' lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/18dec_titanglint.htm\">what scientists hoped to see appeared\u003c/a>, in a flash: sunlight, reflecting off of a Titanian lake called Kraken Mare, came shining through the moon's haze and was captured by Cassini's infrared camera. It's the same kind of reflection you see when sunlight blazes off the surface of the ocean before sunset. Astronauts see the same thing from Earth orbit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200802Extra/iss_view.jpg\">looking down at the ocean-lined limb of the Earth\u003c/a> when the Sun is at the right position over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It required the right conditions; the Sun had to be in just the right position relative to the lake for the reflection to be seen. Ever seen the light of the setting Sun reflecting off the window of a distant house, though only for a moment when the geometry is just right? And only recently did the Sun rise over Kraken Mare's extreme northern latitude, after the 15-year dark of a Titanian arctic winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is the only Solar System object known to have surface liquid, other than Earth. Jupiter's moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>is thought to harbor a vast ocean of liquid water, but under its outer crust of ice. Another of Saturn's moon's, Enceladus, also appears to hold liquid water inside, but its surface is as dry as the Earth's Moon. And yes, the Moon was recently confirmed to have surface water—but it's all frozen and mixed in with the lunar soil in a sort of dry cryo-mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference with Titan, however, is that its surface liquid is not water at all, but methane. It's too cold on Titan's surface for liquid water to exist there—but Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature are right for methane to exist in its liquid state. So while on Earth we know methane as a greenhouse gas emitted by decomposing plants and the guts of cows—to name a couple of sources—on Titan it is the stuff of cloud, of rain, of river, and of lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a wild world!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4715/flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_505","quest_1603","quest_1670","quest_1801","quest_1918","quest_2513","quest_2947"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3787":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3787","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3787","score":null,"sort":[1255133633000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples","title":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples","publishDate":1255133633,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/cassini-saturn-ring-bump-sh.jpg\">\u003cem>Bumps and ripples in the otherwise flat ring system of Saturn cast long shadows at equinox. Image credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Imagine a vast, flat plain spreading out before you for tens of thousands of miles in all directions, with no Earthly curvature to give the horizon its slightly finite look. Instead, it stretches seemingly to the infinite blackness of space in one direction, and slices straight into the streaky, wind-smoothed clouds of Saturn in the other...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard to imagine what it would be like to float just above the rings of Saturn, but what a sight it must be! As a kid, one of my favorite astronomical pass-times was imagining the view from other places in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine a towering bulge of frosty mist rising up out of this super-flat plane of ice chunks, literally the size of a mountain. Such is what was beheld by \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft last month--albeit, from a distance--when it turned its cameras to Saturn's vast rings during the few days surrounding Saturn's equinox (August 29, 2009), giving us a view never before seen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equinox on Earth, when the Sun is positioned directly over our equator, happens twice a year. Due to Earth's tilted rotational axis, as we orbit the Sun the latitude over which the Sun shines directly cycles north and south between the latitudes of the Tropics. On its way north to warm our (Northern Hemisphere) summers or south to leave us in the chill, the Sun crosses the equator on the equinoxes (Fall and Spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens on Saturn, with two differences. First, Saturn takes nearly 30 years to orbit the Sun, so equinox comes only about every 14 years. Second, Saturn has its system of rings that encircle the planet directly above its equator, serving as a visible extension of the equator. At \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3683\">Saturn's equinox\u003c/a>, the Sun is not only directly over the equator, but sunlight strikes the rings edge-on, like a flashlight shining on a flat piece of paper from the edge, the light just grazing over the surfaces on either side. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, any deviations from the flatness of the ring system—bumps and ripples--\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3674\">cast long shadows across the rings\u003c/a>, making the features much easier to see. The same thing is seen on that piece of paper with shadows from creases and bumps leaping across the page. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seen from Earth, equinox on Saturn means the rings appear to vanish as we look at them edge-on. This behavior puzzled astronomers long ago before they understood the rings for what they are. During the August 2009 Saturn equinox, however, for the first time in history we had a bird's-eye view of the rings during equinox, from Cassini. Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn for five years now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3672\">Cassini spotted a number of prominent shadows\u003c/a> trailing bright spots and ridges—bumps and ripples of different sorts rising above the ring plane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the bumps--icy ring material kicked up by the gravitational disturbance of a small moonlet inside the rings--were measured at over two miles high, the height of the Rocky Mountains. Other rippling features, such as long ridges running along the direction the rings encircle Saturn, are waves created by the gravity of moons orbiting outside the ring system. Still other types of disturbances observed are possibly caused by the impact of meteoroids or chunks of ice with the rings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's rings are tens of thousands of miles across, but are extremely thin—perhaps no thicker than the height of a four-story building! So a bump or ripple as high as a mountain is a big deal! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, to be on Saturn, now that equinox is here... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Equinox on Saturn reveals ring ripples.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077960,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":641},"headData":{"title":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples | KQED","description":"Equinox on Saturn reveals ring ripples.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples","datePublished":"2009-10-10T00:13:53.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:59:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3787 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3787","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/09/equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples/","disqusTitle":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples","path":"/quest/3787/equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/cassini-saturn-ring-bump-sh.jpg\">\u003cem>Bumps and ripples in the otherwise flat ring system of Saturn cast long shadows at equinox. Image credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Imagine a vast, flat plain spreading out before you for tens of thousands of miles in all directions, with no Earthly curvature to give the horizon its slightly finite look. Instead, it stretches seemingly to the infinite blackness of space in one direction, and slices straight into the streaky, wind-smoothed clouds of Saturn in the other...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard to imagine what it would be like to float just above the rings of Saturn, but what a sight it must be! As a kid, one of my favorite astronomical pass-times was imagining the view from other places in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine a towering bulge of frosty mist rising up out of this super-flat plane of ice chunks, literally the size of a mountain. Such is what was beheld by \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft last month--albeit, from a distance--when it turned its cameras to Saturn's vast rings during the few days surrounding Saturn's equinox (August 29, 2009), giving us a view never before seen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equinox on Earth, when the Sun is positioned directly over our equator, happens twice a year. Due to Earth's tilted rotational axis, as we orbit the Sun the latitude over which the Sun shines directly cycles north and south between the latitudes of the Tropics. On its way north to warm our (Northern Hemisphere) summers or south to leave us in the chill, the Sun crosses the equator on the equinoxes (Fall and Spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens on Saturn, with two differences. First, Saturn takes nearly 30 years to orbit the Sun, so equinox comes only about every 14 years. Second, Saturn has its system of rings that encircle the planet directly above its equator, serving as a visible extension of the equator. At \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3683\">Saturn's equinox\u003c/a>, the Sun is not only directly over the equator, but sunlight strikes the rings edge-on, like a flashlight shining on a flat piece of paper from the edge, the light just grazing over the surfaces on either side. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, any deviations from the flatness of the ring system—bumps and ripples--\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3674\">cast long shadows across the rings\u003c/a>, making the features much easier to see. The same thing is seen on that piece of paper with shadows from creases and bumps leaping across the page. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seen from Earth, equinox on Saturn means the rings appear to vanish as we look at them edge-on. This behavior puzzled astronomers long ago before they understood the rings for what they are. During the August 2009 Saturn equinox, however, for the first time in history we had a bird's-eye view of the rings during equinox, from Cassini. Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn for five years now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3672\">Cassini spotted a number of prominent shadows\u003c/a> trailing bright spots and ridges—bumps and ripples of different sorts rising above the ring plane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the bumps--icy ring material kicked up by the gravitational disturbance of a small moonlet inside the rings--were measured at over two miles high, the height of the Rocky Mountains. Other rippling features, such as long ridges running along the direction the rings encircle Saturn, are waves created by the gravity of moons orbiting outside the ring system. Still other types of disturbances observed are possibly caused by the impact of meteoroids or chunks of ice with the rings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's rings are tens of thousands of miles across, but are extremely thin—perhaps no thicker than the height of a four-story building! So a bump or ripple as high as a mountain is a big deal! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, to be on Saturn, now that equinox is here... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3787/equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_1016","quest_1918","quest_2434","quest_2513"],"label":"quest"},"quest_678":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_678","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"678","score":null,"sort":[1215188428000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"planetary-robotic-roundup","title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","publishDate":1215188428,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080189,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":619},"headData":{"title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup | KQED","description":"NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept. Photo by: NASA I've been waiting for the "whole story" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","datePublished":"2008-07-04T16:20:28.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:36:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"678 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=678","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/04/planetary-robotic-roundup/","disqusTitle":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","path":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_254","quest_505","quest_897","quest_1287","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1752","quest_1754","quest_1756","quest_1760","quest_1791","quest_1918","quest_2141","quest_2182","quest_2216","quest_2237","quest_2349","quest_2441","quest_2461","quest_2513","quest_2712","quest_2742"],"label":"quest"},"quest_656":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_656","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"656","score":null,"sort":[1213987143000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"come-together-bright-planets-over-me","title":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me....","publishDate":1213987143,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/fivestars1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of a major alignment of\u003cbr>\nthe five visible planets in 1059 BCE.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo By Ben Burress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some pretty good \"lineups\" coming soon to skies above you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, \"lineups,\" or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily notice, if at all. With that said, this summer holds some significant alignments of some of the brightest objects in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my hit list is the upcoming Saturn-Mars \"near-miss\". Though these two planets are not coming \u003cem>physically\u003c/em> close to each other (the closest actual distance they come to each other is about 750 million miles), they will align so closely along the same line of sight that on July 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> they will appear only ¾ of a degree apart-that's not much greater than the width of a Full Moon. The best time to see this pairing is after sunset on the evenings of July 10, 11, and 12, over the western horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big ticket alignment is \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">on August 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>\u003c/a>, when the Moon and the Sun occupy the same spot in the sky-the event we call a \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>. As it happens, we won't be able to see this eclipse directly from the United States, as it will only be visible in Asia. However, NASA will be broadcasting live coverage of the eclipse from Northern China. We'll be showing NASA's broadcast in our planetarium at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>, in case you'd care to come up and enjoy the spectacle. Don't let the fact that the live event goes on around 4:00 AM keep you away...it's worth getting up for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit further out on the calendar is the September alignment of three planets: Venus, Mars, and Mercury. In the dusky twilight of mid-September evenings the three will be gathering. The closest grouping of the trio is on September 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, when they will be within about three degrees of each other-close enough that you can just about cover all three with your thumb. Mercury and Mars won't be very bright in the twilight-but Venus, bright enough to spot easily, can help guide your eye to the other two. Using a pair of binoculars will help a lot-but make sure you don't point them that way until after the Sun sets....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In ancient times (and in some cases not so ancient times), different cultures around the world have viewed alignments like these in different ways. Eclipses-both solar and lunar-were regarded by many cultures as bad omens, or bad occurrences (such as the Sun being devoured by a celestial animal-dragon, dog or other-in the case of a solar eclipse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/planet_conjunction_000504.html\" target=\"_blank\">Planetary alignments\u003c/a> were also given special consideration, sometimes being regarded as auspicious (for good or bad-usually the latter). One major alignment of the five visible planets (February 26, 1953 BCE) was believed to have \"mandated\" the creation of the Hsia Dynasty in China-the first great Chinese Dynasty. (Then, four centuries later, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn apparently conspired to bring down that same dynasty-at least, their alignment on December 20, 1576 BCE was interpreted as an indicator of the dynasty's corruption, and it was overthrown by a revolt of believers...).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However you regard the lining up of celestial bodies (astronomically, astrologically, or aesthetically), these alignments are pleasing to watch, and times to reflect upon the constant and cyclic movement among the heavens. Enjoy....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080113,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":604},"headData":{"title":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me.... | KQED","description":"Depiction of a major alignment of the five visible planets in 1059 BCE. Photo By Ben Burress There are some pretty good "lineups" coming soon to skies above you. First of all, "lineups," or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me....","datePublished":"2008-06-20T18:39:03.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:35:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"656 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=656","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/20/come-together-bright-planets-over-me/","disqusTitle":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me....","path":"/quest/656/come-together-bright-planets-over-me","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/fivestars1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of a major alignment of\u003cbr>\nthe five visible planets in 1059 BCE.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo By Ben Burress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some pretty good \"lineups\" coming soon to skies above you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, \"lineups,\" or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily notice, if at all. With that said, this summer holds some significant alignments of some of the brightest objects in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my hit list is the upcoming Saturn-Mars \"near-miss\". Though these two planets are not coming \u003cem>physically\u003c/em> close to each other (the closest actual distance they come to each other is about 750 million miles), they will align so closely along the same line of sight that on July 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> they will appear only ¾ of a degree apart-that's not much greater than the width of a Full Moon. The best time to see this pairing is after sunset on the evenings of July 10, 11, and 12, over the western horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big ticket alignment is \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">on August 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>\u003c/a>, when the Moon and the Sun occupy the same spot in the sky-the event we call a \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>. As it happens, we won't be able to see this eclipse directly from the United States, as it will only be visible in Asia. However, NASA will be broadcasting live coverage of the eclipse from Northern China. We'll be showing NASA's broadcast in our planetarium at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>, in case you'd care to come up and enjoy the spectacle. Don't let the fact that the live event goes on around 4:00 AM keep you away...it's worth getting up for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit further out on the calendar is the September alignment of three planets: Venus, Mars, and Mercury. In the dusky twilight of mid-September evenings the three will be gathering. The closest grouping of the trio is on September 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, when they will be within about three degrees of each other-close enough that you can just about cover all three with your thumb. Mercury and Mars won't be very bright in the twilight-but Venus, bright enough to spot easily, can help guide your eye to the other two. Using a pair of binoculars will help a lot-but make sure you don't point them that way until after the Sun sets....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In ancient times (and in some cases not so ancient times), different cultures around the world have viewed alignments like these in different ways. Eclipses-both solar and lunar-were regarded by many cultures as bad omens, or bad occurrences (such as the Sun being devoured by a celestial animal-dragon, dog or other-in the case of a solar eclipse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/planet_conjunction_000504.html\" target=\"_blank\">Planetary alignments\u003c/a> were also given special consideration, sometimes being regarded as auspicious (for good or bad-usually the latter). One major alignment of the five visible planets (February 26, 1953 BCE) was believed to have \"mandated\" the creation of the Hsia Dynasty in China-the first great Chinese Dynasty. (Then, four centuries later, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn apparently conspired to bring down that same dynasty-at least, their alignment on December 20, 1576 BCE was interpreted as an indicator of the dynasty's corruption, and it was overthrown by a revolt of believers...).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However you regard the lining up of celestial bodies (astronomically, astrologically, or aesthetically), these alignments are pleasing to watch, and times to reflect upon the constant and cyclic movement among the heavens. Enjoy....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/656/come-together-bright-planets-over-me","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_239","quest_13192","quest_543","quest_545","quest_916","quest_1338","quest_1401","quest_1700","quest_1702","quest_1751","quest_1791","quest_1870","quest_2216","quest_2217","quest_2513","quest_2651","quest_2693","quest_2699","quest_2827","quest_2962","quest_3064"],"label":"quest"},"quest_551":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"551","score":null,"sort":[1209146735000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","publishDate":1209146735,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080549,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":648},"headData":{"title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well | KQED","description":"Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus. Credit: David Seal.Back when I was young...okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, "…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…" But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","datePublished":"2008-04-25T18:05:35.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:42:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"551 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusTitle":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","path":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_546","quest_975","quest_3351","quest_2513","quest_2514","quest_2530","quest_2947"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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