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At a cost of nearly five billion dollars, the program will seismically upgrade and replace aging infrastructure that brings water from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/featurecontent/yose/anniversary/yosemite125th.com/index.html\">Hetchy Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, 167 miles away, to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal of the voter-approved program, which is scheduled to run through 2018, is to make sure that the taps can keep flowing within 24 hours of a major earthquake for the system’s 2.6 million customers who live in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\" alt=\"Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have the Calaveras fault, the Hayward fault in the East Bay, and then of course the San Andreas fault on the Peninsula,” said Dan Wade, Director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program. “And our water system crosses all three of those major faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/ucerf/\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, there is a greater than 60 percent chance of a major earthquake taking place in the Bay Area in the next 20 years. The Hetch Hetchy water system has been operating for more than 80 years, and much of its infrastructure – including pipes, local reservoirs and a 90-year-old rock and earth-filled dam – is in need of a makeover to shield it from earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the construction projects are also intended to provide redundancy and a back-up to structures that are critical to transporting water from the Sierra Nevada watershed to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015, transports millions of gallons of water each day alongside the original Irvington Tunnel in Sunol Valley, a few miles east of Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older Irvington Tunnel, which has not been taken out of service since 1966, when it was last inspected, lies between the Calaveras and San Andreas faults. The new tunnel, however, is steel-lined and encased with concrete to help it withstand a magnitude 7.1 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both tunnels carry water not only from Hetch Hetchy but also from the nearby San Antonio and Calaveras reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\" alt=\"The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir, which is the largest of the system’s five local reservoirs, is also in need of a seismic makeover. Its 90-year-old earth and rock-filled dam, which forms the reservoir, is located on the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, and is located only 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault. Since 2001, state dam regulators have only allowed the reservoir to be filled to 40 percent of its capacity because the dam is prone to liquefaction, which happens when waterlogged loose soil behaves like a liquid during the violent shaking generated by a big earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, construction crews are building a new, 220-foot-tall seismically safe dam a few hundred yards downstream from the original dam in the hills southeast of Fremont. At a cost of $720 million, replacing the Calaveras Dam is the biggest, most expensive and last remaining major project under the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it will also be made of earth and rock – roughly 10 million cubic yards’ worth – cement grouting is being sprayed between spaces within the rock to create a more water-tight foundation. The reservoir will then be able to fill to capacity – 100,000 acre-feet or 31 billion gallons – when construction on the new dam finishes in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\" alt=\"Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dan Wade, filling Calaveras reservoir to full capacity will not only boost water storage but help the regional water system cope with multi-year droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the third year of a major drought,” he said. “We need this reservoir for drought carryover storage.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work to replace and upgrade aging infrastructure and reservoirs that make up the 80-year-old Hetch Hetchy water system. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448917515,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":744},"headData":{"title":"A New Earthquake-Proof Calaveras Dam | KQED","description":"The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work to replace and upgrade aging infrastructure and reservoirs that make up the 80-year-old Hetch Hetchy water system. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74353 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=74353","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/26/a-new-earthquake-proof-calaveras-dam/","disqusTitle":"A New Earthquake-Proof Calaveras Dam","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/WHbAHUTQX9I","path":"/quest/74353/a-new-earthquake-proof-calaveras-dam","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since July 2010, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work on one of the biggest engineering projects in the nation, the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. At a cost of nearly five billion dollars, the program will seismically upgrade and replace aging infrastructure that brings water from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/featurecontent/yose/anniversary/yosemite125th.com/index.html\">Hetchy Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, 167 miles away, to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal of the voter-approved program, which is scheduled to run through 2018, is to make sure that the taps can keep flowing within 24 hours of a major earthquake for the system’s 2.6 million customers who live in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\" alt=\"Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have the Calaveras fault, the Hayward fault in the East Bay, and then of course the San Andreas fault on the Peninsula,” said Dan Wade, Director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program. “And our water system crosses all three of those major faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/ucerf/\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, there is a greater than 60 percent chance of a major earthquake taking place in the Bay Area in the next 20 years. The Hetch Hetchy water system has been operating for more than 80 years, and much of its infrastructure – including pipes, local reservoirs and a 90-year-old rock and earth-filled dam – is in need of a makeover to shield it from earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the construction projects are also intended to provide redundancy and a back-up to structures that are critical to transporting water from the Sierra Nevada watershed to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015, transports millions of gallons of water each day alongside the original Irvington Tunnel in Sunol Valley, a few miles east of Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older Irvington Tunnel, which has not been taken out of service since 1966, when it was last inspected, lies between the Calaveras and San Andreas faults. The new tunnel, however, is steel-lined and encased with concrete to help it withstand a magnitude 7.1 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both tunnels carry water not only from Hetch Hetchy but also from the nearby San Antonio and Calaveras reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\" alt=\"The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir, which is the largest of the system’s five local reservoirs, is also in need of a seismic makeover. Its 90-year-old earth and rock-filled dam, which forms the reservoir, is located on the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, and is located only 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault. Since 2001, state dam regulators have only allowed the reservoir to be filled to 40 percent of its capacity because the dam is prone to liquefaction, which happens when waterlogged loose soil behaves like a liquid during the violent shaking generated by a big earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, construction crews are building a new, 220-foot-tall seismically safe dam a few hundred yards downstream from the original dam in the hills southeast of Fremont. At a cost of $720 million, replacing the Calaveras Dam is the biggest, most expensive and last remaining major project under the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it will also be made of earth and rock – roughly 10 million cubic yards’ worth – cement grouting is being sprayed between spaces within the rock to create a more water-tight foundation. The reservoir will then be able to fill to capacity – 100,000 acre-feet or 31 billion gallons – when construction on the new dam finishes in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\" alt=\"Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dan Wade, filling Calaveras reservoir to full capacity will not only boost water storage but help the regional water system cope with multi-year droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the third year of a major drought,” he said. “We need this reservoir for drought carryover storage.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74353/a-new-earthquake-proof-calaveras-dam","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_1325","quest_3608","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_10708"],"featImg":"quest_81278","label":"quest"},"quest_74344":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74344","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74344","score":null,"sort":[1448373620000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals-updated","title":"Into the Deep with Elephant Seals (updated)","publishDate":1448373620,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you’re a resident of the Bay Area, chances are you’ve walked or biked across the Golden Gate Bridge, attended a San Francisco Giants game, marveled at the towering redwoods in Muir Woods, or savored a glass of Pinot Noir from the legendary vineyards of Napa or Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another riveting attraction – coming up soon – that’s also a unique part of our Bay Area bucket list: the return every year of thousands of massive northern elephant seals to the beaches of Año Nuevo State Reserve, a jagged stretch of coastline 60 miles south of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74347\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74347\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\" alt=\"Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo State Reserve on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fifty thousand tourists from around the world flock to this state park every winter to see these one-of-a-kind marine mammals during their breeding season, which lasts from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals are the largest seals in the world. Males can weigh up to 4,500 pounds – more than a mid-size car – and measure 16 feet from snout to tail flipper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State parks docents take visitors on a two-and-a-half-hour, three-and-a-half-mile-long hike along sandy dunes and coastal brush to view the seals mate, give birth to jet-black pups and catch the occasional bloody fight between massive males competing for breeding territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the action, reservations ahead of time are a must, and can be had by purchasing tickets through the \u003ca href=\"http://anonuevo.reserveamerica.com/\">California State Parks\u003c/a> web site. The fee is $7 per adult for the guided walks, which take place until March 20. Children ages three and under get in for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine biologists also descend on Año Nuevo year after year to study the returning elephant seals, making it a critical site for the study of this remarkable, resilient animal that was nearly hunted to extinction for its oily blubber a hundred years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elephant seals are really animal Olympians,” said \u003ca href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/research/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a>, a professor of biology at UC Santa Cruz. “They’re diving routinely between 1,500 and 2,000 feet of water, and occasionally, they’ll dive for almost two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\" alt=\"A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Costa has spent four decades studying elephant seals. He and his students have placed high-tech satellite tags and other instruments on more than 500 elephant seals at Año Nuevo to track the location and foraging strategies of the animals, which spend most of their lives at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandy laboratory of Año Nuevo continues to offer new discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caroline Casey is a biology graduate student at UC Santa Cruz who studies the dominance hierarchy of male elephant seals at Año Nuevo. Recently, she found that the bellowing calls made by male seals are unique and differ in acoustic features such as frequency, tempo and duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each call distinguishes one male from another male, like an acoustic fingerprint,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using professional-grade microphones, Casey recorded thousands of interactions between male seals at Año Nuevo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She then placed a speaker near a male elephant seal lying on the beach and played back a recording of another male seal. If the male on the beach had previously fought with the male and won, it moved toward the speaker, ready for another fight. If it had lost the previous encounter, it scampered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re trying to defend females from other males, which is energetically demanding, so they have this system of calling to each other to avoid conflict most of the time,” Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, when they do fight, the encounters can be bloody, and serve as a visible reminder of just how wild much of the California coastline still is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. The original video can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals/\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Thousands of northern elephant seals, some weighing up to 4,500 pounds, make a migration to breed each winter at Año Nuevo State Reserve, on the San Mateo County coast. They draw not only tourists but also scientists who use satellite tags to track these animals out at sea. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450221713,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"Into the Deep with Elephant Seals (updated) | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74344 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=74344&post_type=videos&preview_id=74344","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/24/into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals-updated/","disqusTitle":"Into the Deep with Elephant Seals (updated)","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/0vQWzUwEbKA","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/74344/into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals-updated","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re a resident of the Bay Area, chances are you’ve walked or biked across the Golden Gate Bridge, attended a San Francisco Giants game, marveled at the towering redwoods in Muir Woods, or savored a glass of Pinot Noir from the legendary vineyards of Napa or Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another riveting attraction – coming up soon – that’s also a unique part of our Bay Area bucket list: the return every year of thousands of massive northern elephant seals to the beaches of Año Nuevo State Reserve, a jagged stretch of coastline 60 miles south of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74347\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74347\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\" alt=\"Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo State Reserve on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fifty thousand tourists from around the world flock to this state park every winter to see these one-of-a-kind marine mammals during their breeding season, which lasts from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals are the largest seals in the world. Males can weigh up to 4,500 pounds – more than a mid-size car – and measure 16 feet from snout to tail flipper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State parks docents take visitors on a two-and-a-half-hour, three-and-a-half-mile-long hike along sandy dunes and coastal brush to view the seals mate, give birth to jet-black pups and catch the occasional bloody fight between massive males competing for breeding territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the action, reservations ahead of time are a must, and can be had by purchasing tickets through the \u003ca href=\"http://anonuevo.reserveamerica.com/\">California State Parks\u003c/a> web site. The fee is $7 per adult for the guided walks, which take place until March 20. Children ages three and under get in for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine biologists also descend on Año Nuevo year after year to study the returning elephant seals, making it a critical site for the study of this remarkable, resilient animal that was nearly hunted to extinction for its oily blubber a hundred years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elephant seals are really animal Olympians,” said \u003ca href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/research/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a>, a professor of biology at UC Santa Cruz. “They’re diving routinely between 1,500 and 2,000 feet of water, and occasionally, they’ll dive for almost two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\" alt=\"A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Costa has spent four decades studying elephant seals. He and his students have placed high-tech satellite tags and other instruments on more than 500 elephant seals at Año Nuevo to track the location and foraging strategies of the animals, which spend most of their lives at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandy laboratory of Año Nuevo continues to offer new discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caroline Casey is a biology graduate student at UC Santa Cruz who studies the dominance hierarchy of male elephant seals at Año Nuevo. Recently, she found that the bellowing calls made by male seals are unique and differ in acoustic features such as frequency, tempo and duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each call distinguishes one male from another male, like an acoustic fingerprint,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using professional-grade microphones, Casey recorded thousands of interactions between male seals at Año Nuevo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She then placed a speaker near a male elephant seal lying on the beach and played back a recording of another male seal. If the male on the beach had previously fought with the male and won, it moved toward the speaker, ready for another fight. If it had lost the previous encounter, it scampered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re trying to defend females from other males, which is energetically demanding, so they have this system of calling to each other to avoid conflict most of the time,” Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, when they do fight, the encounters can be bloody, and serve as a visible reminder of just how wild much of the California coastline still is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. The original video can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals/\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74344/into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals-updated","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_175","quest_758","quest_3641","quest_2349","quest_11353","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81282","label":"source_quest_74344"},"quest_17560":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17560","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17560","score":null,"sort":[1447250400000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","title":"Life by the Tide (excerpt)","publishDate":1447250400,"format":"video","headTitle":"Your Videos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3300,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1447108765,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":40},"headData":{"title":"Life by the Tide (excerpt) | KQED","description":"In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17560 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/11/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/","disqusTitle":"Life by the Tide (excerpt)","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/YUT8XUjXtmY","path":"/quest/17560/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17560/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","authors":["6219"],"series":["quest_3300"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_1104","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2893","quest_10720","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_29755","label":"quest_3300"},"quest_17506":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17506","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17506","score":null,"sort":[1446732000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","title":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","publishDate":1446732000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's a hidden danger that has been lurking in the San Francisco Bay since the days of Gold Rush mining: mercury. In 2008, the regional Water Board launched a multi-billion-dollar plan to clean up this potent neurotoxin, but mercury levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444410507,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1250},"headData":{"title":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17506 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/05/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/cpwQ5OFIZRQ","source":"Environment","path":"/quest/17506/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17506/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_1103","quest_1233","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_9890","quest_2257","quest_13393","quest_2487","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_81704","label":"source_quest_17506"},"quest_74336":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74336","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74336","score":null,"sort":[1446645656000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sidelined-sports-concussions-2","title":"Sidelined: Sports Concussions","publishDate":1446645656,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s football season, but this fall there won’t be as many hard-hitting practices in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law, signed last year by Gov. Jerry Brown, took effect, limiting full-contact practice for middle and high-school students to twice per week, and requiring any student who suffered a concussion to wait at least a week before returning to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law is in part a reflection of the increasing concern over concussions, brain injuries caused by a blow to the head or a rapid acceleration and deceleration to the head which could occur during a car accident, collision during a sporting event, or other traumatic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, two million people in the U.S. suffer a concussion, according to the Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74376\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\" alt=\"Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The brain hits these bony structures inside of the skull, and that causes damage to occur,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com/about-us/\">Eric Freitag\u003c/a>, a neuropsychologist based in Walnut Creek who administers cognitive testing to high school students who play contact sports such as football and soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms of concussions include fatigue, headache, nausea, blurriness of vision, memory loss and occasionally, loss of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most people recover from concussions within a week to 10 days, a significant number of patients may have difficulty returning to work or school weeks or months after their head injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a subset of these individuals, at least 15 percent, that go on to have persistent problems,” said\u003ca href=\"http://neurosurgery.ucsf.edu/index.php/about_us_faculty_manley.html\"> Dr. Geoffrey Manley\u003c/a>, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital. “These aren’t simply having your bell rung, these are life-changing events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors often grade traumatic brain injuries according to whether they are considered “mild,” “moderate” or “severe.” Manley believes more precision is needed to better define, diagnose and treat these injuries, which can vary widely from patient to patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, he received funding from the National Institutes of Health to launch a pilot study that recruited 600 concussion patients from several national trauma centers, and tracked their progress for up to six months following their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the patients had a CT scan, an imaging technique that Manley calls “the gold standard” of evaluating brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients also had an MRI scan which detected the presence of micro-bleeds and bruising in the brain for nearly 30 percent of patients who otherwise had normal CT scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\" alt=\"An MRI scan reveals a micro-bleed in the brain of a concussion patient. Image courtesy of Blake McHugh for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>An MRI scan with an arrow indicating a micro-bleed in the brain of a patient who suffered a concussion. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These patients with these abnormalities on their MRI scan took much longer to recover and did worse at three months,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he received additional NIH funding to expand \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainandspinalinjury.org/research.php?id=189\">the study \u003c/a>by recruiting 3,000 concussion patients across the United States. In addition to traditional MRI scans, the research team is also using an advanced MRI imaging technique that helps visualize structural damage to white matter fiber tracts that provide long-range communication between different parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and his colleagues at UC San Francisco are looking for genetic differences in dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, which may make some people particularly susceptible to longer recovery times following concussions. The research team has also identified a blood-based protein that appears to be released from the brain following a traumatic brain injury. The research may one day yield a blood test that could help diagnose a concussion if imaging techniques aren’t readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This way, we can develop a more personalized approach to the treatment, because there’s no one-size-fits-all for something as complicated as a brain injury,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A special thanks to Dr. Alexander Leemans for the kind use of his 3D tractography brain imagery and animations. This video story was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dr. Geoffrey Manley, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital, is exploring new ways to better diagnose and treat concussions, a brain injury suffered by two million people each year in the U.S. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1446761875,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":708},"headData":{"title":"Sidelined: Sports Concussions | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74336 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=74336&post_type=videos&preview_id=74336","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/04/sidelined-sports-concussions-2/","disqusTitle":"Sidelined: Sports Concussions","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/TvMEazAEeWI","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/74336/sidelined-sports-concussions-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s football season, but this fall there won’t be as many hard-hitting practices in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law, signed last year by Gov. Jerry Brown, took effect, limiting full-contact practice for middle and high-school students to twice per week, and requiring any student who suffered a concussion to wait at least a week before returning to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law is in part a reflection of the increasing concern over concussions, brain injuries caused by a blow to the head or a rapid acceleration and deceleration to the head which could occur during a car accident, collision during a sporting event, or other traumatic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, two million people in the U.S. suffer a concussion, according to the Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74376\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\" alt=\"Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The brain hits these bony structures inside of the skull, and that causes damage to occur,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com/about-us/\">Eric Freitag\u003c/a>, a neuropsychologist based in Walnut Creek who administers cognitive testing to high school students who play contact sports such as football and soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms of concussions include fatigue, headache, nausea, blurriness of vision, memory loss and occasionally, loss of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most people recover from concussions within a week to 10 days, a significant number of patients may have difficulty returning to work or school weeks or months after their head injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a subset of these individuals, at least 15 percent, that go on to have persistent problems,” said\u003ca href=\"http://neurosurgery.ucsf.edu/index.php/about_us_faculty_manley.html\"> Dr. Geoffrey Manley\u003c/a>, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital. “These aren’t simply having your bell rung, these are life-changing events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors often grade traumatic brain injuries according to whether they are considered “mild,” “moderate” or “severe.” Manley believes more precision is needed to better define, diagnose and treat these injuries, which can vary widely from patient to patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, he received funding from the National Institutes of Health to launch a pilot study that recruited 600 concussion patients from several national trauma centers, and tracked their progress for up to six months following their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the patients had a CT scan, an imaging technique that Manley calls “the gold standard” of evaluating brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients also had an MRI scan which detected the presence of micro-bleeds and bruising in the brain for nearly 30 percent of patients who otherwise had normal CT scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\" alt=\"An MRI scan reveals a micro-bleed in the brain of a concussion patient. Image courtesy of Blake McHugh for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>An MRI scan with an arrow indicating a micro-bleed in the brain of a patient who suffered a concussion. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These patients with these abnormalities on their MRI scan took much longer to recover and did worse at three months,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he received additional NIH funding to expand \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainandspinalinjury.org/research.php?id=189\">the study \u003c/a>by recruiting 3,000 concussion patients across the United States. In addition to traditional MRI scans, the research team is also using an advanced MRI imaging technique that helps visualize structural damage to white matter fiber tracts that provide long-range communication between different parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and his colleagues at UC San Francisco are looking for genetic differences in dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, which may make some people particularly susceptible to longer recovery times following concussions. The research team has also identified a blood-based protein that appears to be released from the brain following a traumatic brain injury. The research may one day yield a blood test that could help diagnose a concussion if imaging techniques aren’t readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This way, we can develop a more personalized approach to the treatment, because there’s no one-size-fits-all for something as complicated as a brain injury,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A special thanks to Dr. Alexander Leemans for the kind use of his 3D tractography brain imagery and animations. This video story was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74336/sidelined-sports-concussions-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_3527","quest_3578","quest_3593","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2893","quest_2988"],"featImg":"quest_81286","label":"source_quest_74336"},"quest_74361":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74361","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74361","score":null,"sort":[1445950806000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"self-driving-cars-the-road-ahead","title":"Self-Driving Cars: The Road Ahead","publishDate":1445950806,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Traffic congestion along busy stretches of roads and highways can make commutes a dreaded daily routine for most California motorists. In fact, after Washington, D.C., Los Angeles and San Francisco are the nation’s second and third most gridlocked cities according to \u003ca href=\"http://mobility.tamu.edu/ums/report/\">a new report\u003c/a> by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California is also home to Silicon Valley, where major car companies, including Ford, Mercedes and Audi, as well as tech titans such as Google, are engineering a new generation of vehicles: self-driving cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say vehicles that drive themselves would not only ease congestion, but also boost safety and allow motorists to work or play as their cars take control of the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If self-driving cars are really safe, then crashes, which are a huge source of unexpected congestion, can be eliminated,” said Nidhi Kalra, a robotics scientist who \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-1.html\">co-authored a paper on self-driving cars\u003c/a> for the RAND Corporation in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of the more than 32,000 motor vehicle deaths in the United States each year are due to human error, such as drunk driving or texting behind the wheel, automating some or all of the driving tasks should substantially reduce fatalities, proponents of self-driving vehicles argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74364\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343.jpg\" alt=\"Audi's self-driving prototype is capable of changing lanes on its own when driving on the highway. Image by Blake McHugh, KQED Science \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Audi's self-driving prototype is capable of changing lanes on its own when driving on the highway. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the cars are further along than many people realize. In January, \u003ca href=\"http://www.audiusa.com/newsroom/news/press-releases/2015/01/550-mile-piloted-drive-from-silicon-valley-to-las-vegas\">an Audi A7 drove 550 miles from Silicon Valley to Las Vegas\u003c/a> with company officials and journalists on board, with the car driving itself at speeds of up to 70 mph. In April, an Audi Q5 modified by Delphi,\u003ca href=\"http://www.delphi.com/delphi-drive\"> drove from San Francisco to New York over nine days in autonomous mode 99 percent of the time.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it may be a decade or more before fully self-driving, or autonomous, vehicles are for sale to consumers, given the many technological hurdles that have to be overcome before they can handle the numerous complex driving situations and environments human motorists encounter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How well can the vehicle perceive all of the hazards and the objects in the environment that are not dangerous?” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.path.berkeley.edu/people/staff-directory/steven-shladover\">Steven Shladover\u003c/a>, a transportation engineer at the University of California Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the example of a paper bag or a newspaper, he pointed out that the sophisticated sensors on a self-driving car may detect these obstacles but fail to detect potentially dangerous obstacles such as a pothole, which he said is “really hard to see by almost any sensor technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although challenges still remain, Silicon Valley is fast-becoming a 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>-century Detroit. And it may not even be a traditional auto maker that is the first to cross the finish line with a consumer-ready self-driving vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcworld.com/article/2940895/googles-self-driving-car-is-now-driving-itself-around-the-city-of-mountain-view.html\">Google began rolling out its latest self-driving prototype,\u003c/a> which tops out at 25 mph, on the streets of Mountain View near its headquarters. The company has logged roughly a million miles since it began testing its prototypes in 2009, and its co-founder, Sergey Brin, has said the cars could be available to the public as soon as 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Google, there are eight other companies in California that currently hold permits issued by the state to test dozens of autonomous vehicle prototypes on public roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74365\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74365\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585.jpg\" alt=\"Prototypes of self-driving cars are equipped with an array of sensors, including cameras. Image by Blake McHugh, KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Prototypes of self-driving cars are equipped with an array of sensors, including cameras, and can measure the distance to objects such as pedestrians or other cars. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts say that cars will continue to evolve, first from features that have been common for years like cruise control, through technologies available in new cars, like self-parking, to new models in the coming years that will change lanes by themselves, and may eventually be driverless, a trend that could change everything from the taxi industry to the way cities and suburbs are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, concerns around the technology and liability have to be overcome. Lawyers and lawmakers, for example, are working out who would be at fault if a self-driving car crashes and injures someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, even conventional cars are becoming computers on wheels, with WiFi and Bluetooth-enabled communication and infotainment features that can make them vulnerable to being hacked. In July, \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/24/us-fiat-chrysler-recall-idUSKCN0PY1U920150724\">Fiat Chrysler recalled more than a million of its cars\u003c/a> after two experts demonstrated a security flaw they exploited to wirelessly hack into a Jeep Cherokee as it drove down a freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myles Kitchen, an automotive engineer in Santa Cruz who works as a consultant for auto companies and start-ups, said hackers can control a car’s engine, throttle and braking if they can gain access to a car’s Controller Area Network bus. The device functions like a conductor to relay data messages between the many electronic modules in a car that control everything from power steering to low fuel alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as critical as the computer centers are for the operation of a car, they are vulnerable to being hacked because they lack firewall protection commonly found in home computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the CAN bus was developed, there were no computer hackers,” Kitchen said. “If you study this data, it’s very easy to reverse engineer what the exact commands are to do various things in a vehicle, like put on the brakes, or disable the brakes,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if self-driving vehicles aren’t right around the corner, Silicon Valley’s tech talent and expertise in machine learning, coupled with advancements in laser and radar sensors, are driving the innovations needed to make autonomous vehicles a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74370\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74370\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248.jpg\" alt=\"Nine companies in California, including Audi, have permits to test their prototype self-driving cars on public roads. Image by Owen Bissell\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nine companies in California, including Audi, have permits to test their prototype self-driving cars on public roads. Image by Owen Bissell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford University engineering professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/j-gerdes\">J. Christian Gerdes\u003c/a>, who has been working on autonomous vehicle technology since 1992, concedes that significant challenges remain, from programming ethical decision-making to reduce crashes, to improving the performance of sensors in heavy rain or snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he thinks the automated driving revolution is well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the most exciting time I’ve ever seen with automated vehicles,” he said. “It’s no longer a question of can we make these cars, but a question of when will they impact our daily lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story is featured in the QUEST television documentary, “Self-Driving Cars: The Road Ahead.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Self-driving cars are no longer the stuff of science fiction. Google, Tesla, Audi and other companies are taking dozens of prototype vehicles onto the road in California and other states. But before they can take off with consumers, big hurdles need to be overcome. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475458,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1101},"headData":{"title":"Self-Driving Cars: The Road Ahead | KQED","description":"Self-driving cars are no longer the stuff of science fiction. Google, Tesla, Audi and other companies are taking dozens of prototype vehicles onto the road in California and other states. But before they can take off with consumers, big hurdles need to be overcome. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74361 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=74361","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/27/self-driving-cars-the-road-ahead/","disqusTitle":"Self-Driving Cars: The Road Ahead","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/zkM6xOk-Drs","source":"Engineering","path":"/quest/74361/self-driving-cars-the-road-ahead","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Traffic congestion along busy stretches of roads and highways can make commutes a dreaded daily routine for most California motorists. In fact, after Washington, D.C., Los Angeles and San Francisco are the nation’s second and third most gridlocked cities according to \u003ca href=\"http://mobility.tamu.edu/ums/report/\">a new report\u003c/a> by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California is also home to Silicon Valley, where major car companies, including Ford, Mercedes and Audi, as well as tech titans such as Google, are engineering a new generation of vehicles: self-driving cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say vehicles that drive themselves would not only ease congestion, but also boost safety and allow motorists to work or play as their cars take control of the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If self-driving cars are really safe, then crashes, which are a huge source of unexpected congestion, can be eliminated,” said Nidhi Kalra, a robotics scientist who \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-1.html\">co-authored a paper on self-driving cars\u003c/a> for the RAND Corporation in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of the more than 32,000 motor vehicle deaths in the United States each year are due to human error, such as drunk driving or texting behind the wheel, automating some or all of the driving tasks should substantially reduce fatalities, proponents of self-driving vehicles argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74364\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343.jpg\" alt=\"Audi's self-driving prototype is capable of changing lanes on its own when driving on the highway. Image by Blake McHugh, KQED Science \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_SteeringWheel-e1441246298343-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Audi's self-driving prototype is capable of changing lanes on its own when driving on the highway. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the cars are further along than many people realize. In January, \u003ca href=\"http://www.audiusa.com/newsroom/news/press-releases/2015/01/550-mile-piloted-drive-from-silicon-valley-to-las-vegas\">an Audi A7 drove 550 miles from Silicon Valley to Las Vegas\u003c/a> with company officials and journalists on board, with the car driving itself at speeds of up to 70 mph. In April, an Audi Q5 modified by Delphi,\u003ca href=\"http://www.delphi.com/delphi-drive\"> drove from San Francisco to New York over nine days in autonomous mode 99 percent of the time.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it may be a decade or more before fully self-driving, or autonomous, vehicles are for sale to consumers, given the many technological hurdles that have to be overcome before they can handle the numerous complex driving situations and environments human motorists encounter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How well can the vehicle perceive all of the hazards and the objects in the environment that are not dangerous?” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.path.berkeley.edu/people/staff-directory/steven-shladover\">Steven Shladover\u003c/a>, a transportation engineer at the University of California Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the example of a paper bag or a newspaper, he pointed out that the sophisticated sensors on a self-driving car may detect these obstacles but fail to detect potentially dangerous obstacles such as a pothole, which he said is “really hard to see by almost any sensor technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although challenges still remain, Silicon Valley is fast-becoming a 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>-century Detroit. And it may not even be a traditional auto maker that is the first to cross the finish line with a consumer-ready self-driving vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcworld.com/article/2940895/googles-self-driving-car-is-now-driving-itself-around-the-city-of-mountain-view.html\">Google began rolling out its latest self-driving prototype,\u003c/a> which tops out at 25 mph, on the streets of Mountain View near its headquarters. The company has logged roughly a million miles since it began testing its prototypes in 2009, and its co-founder, Sergey Brin, has said the cars could be available to the public as soon as 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Google, there are eight other companies in California that currently hold permits issued by the state to test dozens of autonomous vehicle prototypes on public roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74365\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74365\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585.jpg\" alt=\"Prototypes of self-driving cars are equipped with an array of sensors, including cameras. Image by Blake McHugh, KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_Framegrab_Camera_sensor-e1441246576585-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Prototypes of self-driving cars are equipped with an array of sensors, including cameras, and can measure the distance to objects such as pedestrians or other cars. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts say that cars will continue to evolve, first from features that have been common for years like cruise control, through technologies available in new cars, like self-parking, to new models in the coming years that will change lanes by themselves, and may eventually be driverless, a trend that could change everything from the taxi industry to the way cities and suburbs are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, concerns around the technology and liability have to be overcome. Lawyers and lawmakers, for example, are working out who would be at fault if a self-driving car crashes and injures someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, even conventional cars are becoming computers on wheels, with WiFi and Bluetooth-enabled communication and infotainment features that can make them vulnerable to being hacked. In July, \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/24/us-fiat-chrysler-recall-idUSKCN0PY1U920150724\">Fiat Chrysler recalled more than a million of its cars\u003c/a> after two experts demonstrated a security flaw they exploited to wirelessly hack into a Jeep Cherokee as it drove down a freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myles Kitchen, an automotive engineer in Santa Cruz who works as a consultant for auto companies and start-ups, said hackers can control a car’s engine, throttle and braking if they can gain access to a car’s Controller Area Network bus. The device functions like a conductor to relay data messages between the many electronic modules in a car that control everything from power steering to low fuel alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as critical as the computer centers are for the operation of a car, they are vulnerable to being hacked because they lack firewall protection commonly found in home computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the CAN bus was developed, there were no computer hackers,” Kitchen said. “If you study this data, it’s very easy to reverse engineer what the exact commands are to do various things in a vehicle, like put on the brakes, or disable the brakes,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if self-driving vehicles aren’t right around the corner, Silicon Valley’s tech talent and expertise in machine learning, coupled with advancements in laser and radar sensors, are driving the innovations needed to make autonomous vehicles a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74370\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74370\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248.jpg\" alt=\"Nine companies in California, including Audi, have permits to test their prototype self-driving cars on public roads. Image by Owen Bissell\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/901_FrameGrab_Audi_car1-e1441301738248-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nine companies in California, including Audi, have permits to test their prototype self-driving cars on public roads. Image by Owen Bissell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford University engineering professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/j-gerdes\">J. Christian Gerdes\u003c/a>, who has been working on autonomous vehicle technology since 1992, concedes that significant challenges remain, from programming ethical decision-making to reduce crashes, to improving the performance of sensors in heavy rain or snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he thinks the automated driving revolution is well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the most exciting time I’ve ever seen with automated vehicles,” he said. “It’s no longer a question of can we make these cars, but a question of when will they impact our daily lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story is featured in the QUEST television documentary, “Self-Driving Cars: The Road Ahead.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74361/self-driving-cars-the-road-ahead","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11438","quest_1240","quest_2349","quest_2774","quest_2893","quest_3021","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81304","label":"source_quest_74361"},"quest_17385":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17385","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17385","score":null,"sort":[1420556400000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"napa-wineries-face-global-warming","title":"Napa Wineries Face Global Warming","publishDate":1420556400,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As revelers uncorked wine bottles to celebrate the holidays and ring in the New Year, more of them were celebrating with a glass of California-grown Pinot Noir than a decade ago. But the growing market for this complex, subtle wine could soon run up against climate conditions that make it increasingly difficult to grow top-quality wines in the state, especially ones that do best in cool climates, like Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It just goes to show, scientists say, that which wines become popular has more to do with personal taste and marketing than with warming temperatures and water availability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, a professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. “The public wants it, and so we’re making it, even if it’s not that great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 260,000 tons of Pinot Noir grapes were crushed in California in 2013. That’s four times the 58,000 tons crushed in 2003, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Pinot Noir has been extensively planted in coastal Sonoma County, where the grapes produce top-quality wines. But the grape has also spread to warmer parts of California. In 2013, some 23,000 tons of Pinot Noir were crushed in the hot Central Valley, in the area between Madera and Kern counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinot Noir is a particularly finicky grape, said David Graves, the co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley’s Carneros region, which produces renowned Pinot Noir wines. The marine fog that enters San Francisco Bay blankets Carneros and makes it an ideal place to grow good Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t flourish in a lot of climates. It’s not a very forgiving grape,” said Graves. “It tends to like cooler spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford, Purdue, Utah State University and two other research institutes estimate that by 2040 global warming is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/2/024024/fulltext/\">cut in half the area in Napa and Sonoma valleys\u003c/a> where temperatures are suitable to grow top-quality wine grapes. To come up with their calculations, researchers estimated that global temperature would climb one degree Celsius (about two degrees Fahrenheit), which is on the lower end of global warming estimates, said Stanford’s Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, for long periods of time, can hurt wine quality. To produce good wines, grapes need heat, but it has to be followed by a cooling-off period. Heat produces the sugars that will become alcohol, while cooling slows this process long enough for the compounds that produce the flavors in wine to develop. Temperatures above 95 degrees, without subsequent cooling, degrade compounds called anthocyanins, which give red wines their deep color and contribute to their complex flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The boom in Pinot Noir is part of the consolidation of a handful of well-known, popular wines in the state – Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel. Scientists say that more effort should be put into testing wine varieties new to California that might do well as temperatures climb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a warming climate we need more diversity,” said Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest wine and beer companies, Constellation Brands, is collaborating with UC Davis on research into warm-climate varieties. They’re testing grapes like Petite Sirah and Petit Verdot, which are somewhat known in California already, and some more obscure varieties like white wine grapes Fiano and Petit Manseng, said UC Davis’ Matthew Fidelibus, in charge of the trials at the university’s Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, in Parlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether or not wines made from these grapes catch on depends not just on whether researchers can produce good-quality grapes and abundant yields. Marketing and economics are key, said Walker. And for now, wines like Pinot Noir, which are fetching a good price for growers and are popular at the store, reign supreme, climate predictions aside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video, originally posted on July 31, 2007, was updated on Jan. 6, 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More from QUEST:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California’s Napa Valley has a microclimate that produces world-famous wines, but what happens as the climate warms up? Vintners are using advanced technology to conserve water, while scientists are testing varieties that could replace the cool-climate Pinot Noirs of today.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442621447,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":872},"headData":{"title":"Napa Wineries Face Global Warming | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17385 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/napa-wineries-face-global-warming/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/01/06/napa-wineries-face-global-warming/","disqusTitle":"Napa Wineries Face Global Warming","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_ARdxOdTS0?feature=player_detailpage","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/17385/napa-wineries-face-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As revelers uncorked wine bottles to celebrate the holidays and ring in the New Year, more of them were celebrating with a glass of California-grown Pinot Noir than a decade ago. But the growing market for this complex, subtle wine could soon run up against climate conditions that make it increasingly difficult to grow top-quality wines in the state, especially ones that do best in cool climates, like Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It just goes to show, scientists say, that which wines become popular has more to do with personal taste and marketing than with warming temperatures and water availability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, a professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. “The public wants it, and so we’re making it, even if it’s not that great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 260,000 tons of Pinot Noir grapes were crushed in California in 2013. That’s four times the 58,000 tons crushed in 2003, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Pinot Noir has been extensively planted in coastal Sonoma County, where the grapes produce top-quality wines. But the grape has also spread to warmer parts of California. In 2013, some 23,000 tons of Pinot Noir were crushed in the hot Central Valley, in the area between Madera and Kern counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinot Noir is a particularly finicky grape, said David Graves, the co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley’s Carneros region, which produces renowned Pinot Noir wines. The marine fog that enters San Francisco Bay blankets Carneros and makes it an ideal place to grow good Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t flourish in a lot of climates. It’s not a very forgiving grape,” said Graves. “It tends to like cooler spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford, Purdue, Utah State University and two other research institutes estimate that by 2040 global warming is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/2/024024/fulltext/\">cut in half the area in Napa and Sonoma valleys\u003c/a> where temperatures are suitable to grow top-quality wine grapes. To come up with their calculations, researchers estimated that global temperature would climb one degree Celsius (about two degrees Fahrenheit), which is on the lower end of global warming estimates, said Stanford’s Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, for long periods of time, can hurt wine quality. To produce good wines, grapes need heat, but it has to be followed by a cooling-off period. Heat produces the sugars that will become alcohol, while cooling slows this process long enough for the compounds that produce the flavors in wine to develop. Temperatures above 95 degrees, without subsequent cooling, degrade compounds called anthocyanins, which give red wines their deep color and contribute to their complex flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The boom in Pinot Noir is part of the consolidation of a handful of well-known, popular wines in the state – Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel. Scientists say that more effort should be put into testing wine varieties new to California that might do well as temperatures climb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a warming climate we need more diversity,” said Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest wine and beer companies, Constellation Brands, is collaborating with UC Davis on research into warm-climate varieties. They’re testing grapes like Petite Sirah and Petit Verdot, which are somewhat known in California already, and some more obscure varieties like white wine grapes Fiano and Petit Manseng, said UC Davis’ Matthew Fidelibus, in charge of the trials at the university’s Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, in Parlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether or not wines made from these grapes catch on depends not just on whether researchers can produce good-quality grapes and abundant yields. Marketing and economics are key, said Walker. And for now, wines like Pinot Noir, which are fetching a good price for growers and are popular at the store, reign supreme, climate predictions aside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video, originally posted on July 31, 2007, was updated on Jan. 6, 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More from QUEST:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17385/napa-wineries-face-global-warming","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_12269","quest_1224","quest_10663","quest_9991","quest_13","quest_13112","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3171","quest_13113"],"featImg":"quest_73664","label":"source_quest_17385"},"quest_26897":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26897","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26897","score":null,"sort":[1419951657000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot","title":"Why I Do Science: Kandis Elliot","publishDate":1419951657,"format":"video","headTitle":"Why I do Science | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27612\" title=\"Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Modifications poster by Kandis Elliot. Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kandis Elliot didn’t think she’d make art her profession. “When I was in high school and thinking of a career, we were told back then that you can't make a living as an artist and if you're smart enough you go into the sciences,” said Elliot. She was smart enough- and interested enough- in the sciences to graduate from the University of Wisconsin with a BA in biology and Masters in zoology. “In all these courses I drew like crazy without letting too many people see these drawings,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But art drew her back and after her advanced degree Elliot returned to school, this time in a technical college program in commercial art. Shortly after that, the perfect opportunity came knocking. “I was out about a month when four people, four or five people called me up the same day and said, ‘The botany artist is leaving, go apply for a position,’\" Elliot says. The position was as staff artist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.botany.wisc.edu/\">University of Wisconsin’s Botany department\u003c/a>, one of the best in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliot was strong on science and gifted in art, but she also had another card up her sleeve, “I knew back in 1988 there was this new thing called Apple Computer where you could draw a perfect square. You didn't need a right angle. You could draw a perfect circle, you didn't need a compass. And I said, ‘Surely you want to do this kind of work on a computer.’ And they said, ‘Alright, let's try it.’\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27621\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27621\" title=\"Elliot_fungi_poster10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101-238x360.jpg\" alt=\"fungi poster\" width=\"238\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kandis Elliot's poster \"Introduction to Fungi\". Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea of using computers appealed to the scientists, but Elliot had never actually used one. So she went to the campus computer center, held up a hundred dollar bill, offering it to anyone who could teach her how to use an Apple. That investment paid off in a position she held for over two decades. As the botany artist, she created charts and graphs for countless scientific publications and perfected the art of digital painting. Starting with less-than-perfect images taken by scientists in the field, or dried, pressed plant samples, Elliot’s job was to transform them into striking, painterly objects that could hold a student’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes your eye dwell on the picture a little bit longer,” says Elliot, “I guess the only way I can describe it is that the paintings say, ‘Look at me.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years spent shining the spotlight on nature’s botanical beauty, Kandis Elliot retired from the University of Wisconsin in 2011. But not before receiving one of the highest honors in her profession. A poster titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/news/images/Elliot_fungi_poster10.jpg\">“Introduction to Fungi”\u003c/a> won the 2010 prize for information graphics in the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/scivis/winners_2010.jsp\">International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge\u003c/a>. Mushrooms capped a brilliant career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was updated from the original by producer Eleanor Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Kandis Elliot is on the Botany Department staff at the University of Wisconsin, but she's not a scientist or professor. Elliot is an artist and transforms mere photographs of plants into lush, painterly artworks that educate as well as captivate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442622600,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":534},"headData":{"title":"Why I Do Science: Kandis Elliot | KQED","description":"Kandis Elliot is on the Botany Department staff at the University of Wisconsin, but she's not a scientist or professor. Elliot is an artist and transforms mere photographs of plants into lush, painterly artworks that educate as well as captivate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26897 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26897","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/30/why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot/","disqusTitle":"Why I Do Science: Kandis Elliot","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEb0GuEXsPo?feature=player_profilepage","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/26897/why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27612\" title=\"Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Modifications poster by Kandis Elliot. Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kandis Elliot didn’t think she’d make art her profession. “When I was in high school and thinking of a career, we were told back then that you can't make a living as an artist and if you're smart enough you go into the sciences,” said Elliot. She was smart enough- and interested enough- in the sciences to graduate from the University of Wisconsin with a BA in biology and Masters in zoology. “In all these courses I drew like crazy without letting too many people see these drawings,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But art drew her back and after her advanced degree Elliot returned to school, this time in a technical college program in commercial art. Shortly after that, the perfect opportunity came knocking. “I was out about a month when four people, four or five people called me up the same day and said, ‘The botany artist is leaving, go apply for a position,’\" Elliot says. The position was as staff artist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.botany.wisc.edu/\">University of Wisconsin’s Botany department\u003c/a>, one of the best in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliot was strong on science and gifted in art, but she also had another card up her sleeve, “I knew back in 1988 there was this new thing called Apple Computer where you could draw a perfect square. You didn't need a right angle. You could draw a perfect circle, you didn't need a compass. And I said, ‘Surely you want to do this kind of work on a computer.’ And they said, ‘Alright, let's try it.’\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27621\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27621\" title=\"Elliot_fungi_poster10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101-238x360.jpg\" alt=\"fungi poster\" width=\"238\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kandis Elliot's poster \"Introduction to Fungi\". Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea of using computers appealed to the scientists, but Elliot had never actually used one. So she went to the campus computer center, held up a hundred dollar bill, offering it to anyone who could teach her how to use an Apple. That investment paid off in a position she held for over two decades. As the botany artist, she created charts and graphs for countless scientific publications and perfected the art of digital painting. Starting with less-than-perfect images taken by scientists in the field, or dried, pressed plant samples, Elliot’s job was to transform them into striking, painterly objects that could hold a student’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes your eye dwell on the picture a little bit longer,” says Elliot, “I guess the only way I can describe it is that the paintings say, ‘Look at me.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years spent shining the spotlight on nature’s botanical beauty, Kandis Elliot retired from the University of Wisconsin in 2011. But not before receiving one of the highest honors in her profession. A poster titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/news/images/Elliot_fungi_poster10.jpg\">“Introduction to Fungi”\u003c/a> won the 2010 prize for information graphics in the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/scivis/winners_2010.jsp\">International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge\u003c/a>. Mushrooms capped a brilliant career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was updated from the original by producer Eleanor Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26897/why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot","authors":["10275"],"series":["quest_3298"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_369","quest_1116","quest_12269","quest_10412","quest_10413","quest_3351","quest_10415","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3292","quest_12355","quest_2893","quest_10414","quest_3071","quest_10339"],"featImg":"quest_27627","label":"source_quest_26897"},"quest_72520":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72520","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72520","score":null,"sort":[1419606049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scary-tsunamis-2","title":"Scary Tsunamis","publishDate":1419606049,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. At the end of July 2014, 10 of the 39 DART buoy stations were “non-operational due to some sort of failure,” according to Michael Angove, the NOAA / National Weather Service Tsunami Program Manager. Maintenance work to fix the malfunctioning buoys would not begin until spring 2015, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tsunamis do occur along the (California) coast here, in San Francisco, we’ve had them in the bay. So yes, they are a real threat,” said Evans. “Nature is very powerful. And we have to respect it,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video story, learn how coastal communities in California are vulnerable to massive, potentially deadly tsunamis. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442622759,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":615},"headData":{"title":"Scary Tsunamis | KQED","description":"In this video story, learn how coastal communities in California are vulnerable to massive, potentially deadly tsunamis. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72520 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72520","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/26/scary-tsunamis-2/","disqusTitle":"Scary Tsunamis","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCZhx6YvnI?feature=player_profilepage","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/72520/scary-tsunamis-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. At the end of July 2014, 10 of the 39 DART buoy stations were “non-operational due to some sort of failure,” according to Michael Angove, the NOAA / National Weather Service Tsunami Program Manager. Maintenance work to fix the malfunctioning buoys would not begin until spring 2015, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tsunamis do occur along the (California) coast here, in San Francisco, we’ve had them in the bay. So yes, they are a real threat,” said Evans. “Nature is very powerful. And we have to respect it,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72520/scary-tsunamis-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13026","quest_13025","quest_13024","quest_13027","quest_12269","quest_2001","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3003","quest_3321","quest_13028","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72522","label":"source_quest_72520"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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