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Mary holds a BA in Film from California State University, Long Beach and an MA in Public Media from Ohio University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6986a92e4816fc55d42f730b7672e7cc?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Mary Fecteau | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6986a92e4816fc55d42f730b7672e7cc?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6986a92e4816fc55d42f730b7672e7cc?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/maryfecteau"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_71995":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71995","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71995","score":null,"sort":[1416236456000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"secrets-of-the-spider-web","title":"Secrets of the Spider Web","publishDate":1416236456,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Todd Blackledge admits that he sometimes gets called Spider-Man, but he’s not scaling any walls or slinging webs at bad guys. An evolutionary biologist at the University of Akron, Blackledge studies spiders and their webs, a topic that he finds endlessly fascinating. According to Blackledge, spiders get a bad rap. “In the United States, I think we’re kind of taught as children that we’re supposed to be afraid of them,” he says. “But they’re just an incredibly diverse group of animals that play incredibly important roles in our ecosystems as predators of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72180 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\" alt=\"blackledge_walk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge walks through the Bath Nature Preserve in Akron, OH, where he conducts field research. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spiders are some of the most diverse animals on the planet -- there are nearly 44,000 known species, all spinning a variety of different types of webs. For Blackledge, these webs are the key to his research. “They leave a record in their web of many different behavioral decisions about how to catch food, how to protect themselves from predators -- all in this web that can be photographed, measured, and even manipulated for experiments,” Blackledge explains. Although his research focuses mainly on how different spiders use their silk to survive in the wild, it also aids the effort to make biomimetic materials. A hot topic in materials science, biomimicry is a discipline that draws inspiration from nature’s best ideas to produce innovative, new materials -- and the silk spiders spin is certainly worth imitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72181 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"microscope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge uses a microscope to visualize a spider and its silk. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are spiders that spin more than eight different kinds of silks, and some of those silks are stronger than steel, ounce for ounce, while others are stretchy as a rubber band”, Blackledge says. “Some of them are even adhesive like glues, so this means that they have a tool kit of different types of biological materials that could be used in many different ways for human technology.” \u003ca href=\"http://www.dw.de/dutch-artist-creates-bulletproof-skin-with-spider-silk/a-15330421-1\">Sensational\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/The-Amazing-Spider-Man-160279395.html\">headlines\u003c/a> about how humans might harness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/8686-itsy-bitsy-spider-web-10-times-stronger-kevlar.html\">strength\u003c/a> of spider silk have been floating around for years, but the most popular potential product -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/6-spider-silk-superpowers#slide-2\">a bulletproof vest made from spider silk\u003c/a> – is unlikely, says Blackledge. “Yes, the silk is tough enough to be woven into a shirt to stop a bullet, but it does so by also being very stretchy,” he says. “This means it would stop the bullet after the shirt already stretched through a body. Not a very useful way to stop a bullet, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackledge is focused solely on research, but his work is at the foundation of creating new materials that could help us heal better and faster, and may even save lives. He has high hopes for synthesized spider silk being used in the medical industry because the silk is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699289/\">bio-compatible with human tissue\u003c/a>. “That means you can make devices like sutures or replacement tendons that could be put inside humans to repair damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch a biologist extract silk from a live spider, as he works to uncover the secrets of this surprisingly versatile material.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632617,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":535},"headData":{"title":"Secrets of the Spider Web | KQED","description":"Watch a biologist extract silk from a live spider, as he works to uncover the secrets of this surprisingly versatile material.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71995 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71995","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/17/secrets-of-the-spider-web/","disqusTitle":"Secrets of the Spider Web","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1DfcS92WQM?feature=player_embedded","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/71995/secrets-of-the-spider-web","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Todd Blackledge admits that he sometimes gets called Spider-Man, but he’s not scaling any walls or slinging webs at bad guys. An evolutionary biologist at the University of Akron, Blackledge studies spiders and their webs, a topic that he finds endlessly fascinating. According to Blackledge, spiders get a bad rap. “In the United States, I think we’re kind of taught as children that we’re supposed to be afraid of them,” he says. “But they’re just an incredibly diverse group of animals that play incredibly important roles in our ecosystems as predators of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72180 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\" alt=\"blackledge_walk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge walks through the Bath Nature Preserve in Akron, OH, where he conducts field research. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spiders are some of the most diverse animals on the planet -- there are nearly 44,000 known species, all spinning a variety of different types of webs. For Blackledge, these webs are the key to his research. “They leave a record in their web of many different behavioral decisions about how to catch food, how to protect themselves from predators -- all in this web that can be photographed, measured, and even manipulated for experiments,” Blackledge explains. Although his research focuses mainly on how different spiders use their silk to survive in the wild, it also aids the effort to make biomimetic materials. A hot topic in materials science, biomimicry is a discipline that draws inspiration from nature’s best ideas to produce innovative, new materials -- and the silk spiders spin is certainly worth imitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72181 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"microscope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge uses a microscope to visualize a spider and its silk. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are spiders that spin more than eight different kinds of silks, and some of those silks are stronger than steel, ounce for ounce, while others are stretchy as a rubber band”, Blackledge says. “Some of them are even adhesive like glues, so this means that they have a tool kit of different types of biological materials that could be used in many different ways for human technology.” \u003ca href=\"http://www.dw.de/dutch-artist-creates-bulletproof-skin-with-spider-silk/a-15330421-1\">Sensational\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/The-Amazing-Spider-Man-160279395.html\">headlines\u003c/a> about how humans might harness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/8686-itsy-bitsy-spider-web-10-times-stronger-kevlar.html\">strength\u003c/a> of spider silk have been floating around for years, but the most popular potential product -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/6-spider-silk-superpowers#slide-2\">a bulletproof vest made from spider silk\u003c/a> – is unlikely, says Blackledge. “Yes, the silk is tough enough to be woven into a shirt to stop a bullet, but it does so by also being very stretchy,” he says. “This means it would stop the bullet after the shirt already stretched through a body. Not a very useful way to stop a bullet, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackledge is focused solely on research, but his work is at the foundation of creating new materials that could help us heal better and faster, and may even save lives. He has high hopes for synthesized spider silk being used in the medical industry because the silk is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699289/\">bio-compatible with human tissue\u003c/a>. “That means you can make devices like sutures or replacement tendons that could be put inside humans to repair damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71995/secrets-of-the-spider-web","authors":["10426"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_332","quest_12269","quest_10429","quest_2756","quest_12988","quest_12991","quest_12989","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_12990"],"featImg":"quest_72297","label":"source_quest_71995"},"quest_71590":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71590","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71590","score":null,"sort":[1408456853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets","title":"Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets","publishDate":1408456853,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Insect protein is all the buzz lately, and for good reason -- it doesn’t require many resources to produce. Now one urban farmer in Ohio wants to cash in on that trend.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450495253,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":786},"headData":{"title":"Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets | KQED","description":"Insect protein is all the buzz lately, and for good reason -- it doesn’t require many resources to produce. Now one urban farmer in Ohio wants to cash in on that trend.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71590 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71590","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/19/local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets/","disqusTitle":"Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/food/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Crickets/bugsquestmp3.mp3","path":"/quest/71590/local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71590/local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12962","quest_12964","quest_10606","quest_10603","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_12963","quest_12961","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_3042","quest_12212","quest_12295","quest_12960"],"featImg":"quest_71830","label":"source_quest_71590"},"quest_55731":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55731","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55731","score":null,"sort":[1407852024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar","title":"From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar","publishDate":1407852024,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lots of people are experimenting with ways to deal with urban blight. In this new video from QUEST Ohio, watch how one man is turning an abandoned house into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.” ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457553858,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":597},"headData":{"title":"From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar | KQED","description":"Lots of people are experimenting with ways to deal with urban blight. In this new video from QUEST Ohio, watch how one man is turning an abandoned house into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.” ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55731 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55731","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/12/from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar/","disqusTitle":"From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRqX-yLrhtk","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/55731/from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55731/from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_12955","quest_12021","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_12956","quest_12959","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_13364","quest_3042","quest_12957","quest_12958","quest_3071","quest_12295"],"featImg":"quest_71823","label":"source_quest_55731"},"quest_70493":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70493","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70493","score":null,"sort":[1403013629000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-skin-of-a-building-and-why-it-matters","title":"The Skin of a Building and Why it Matters","publishDate":1403013629,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Cleveland, like many cities, has a fleet of old, drafty buildings. These buildings are energy hogs and account for close to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/06/02/working-toward-the-very-low-energy-consumption-building-of-the-future/\">half\u003c/a> of the nation’s overall greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama highlighted the building sector recently, announcing \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-6GW6ccLK0\">$2 billion\u003c/a> in energy upgrades to federal buildings, and many in the environmental community say we should be focusing on improving building performance across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71065\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of how and why one might want to retrofit an older building, I climbed inside a local company’s test chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited \u003ca href=\"http://www.tremcoinc.com/\">Tremco’s\u003c/a> Sustainable Building Solutions Test Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, it was drizzling outside, but inside there was a full-on rainstorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Tremco they focus on improving the\u003cstrong> skin\u003c/strong> of a building -- that is, its walls, windows, glazing, and basically everything that protects a building from, say, a rainstorm. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole,\" said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With a couple keystrokes, Tremco Manager Tim Mattox started simulating a heavy storm in their test chamber. The see-through chamber is skinny but tall, stretching up nearly to the ceiling of the warehouse. I can see sprinklers inside the chamber shooting water from every direction. Getting pummeled by this rainstorm is a test wall. They’re testing the ability of one of their silicone sheet products to provide a \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt-osfns.org/nycdsf/forms/custodians/Chapters/7_Caulking.pdf\">watertight seal\u003c/a> on a typical building gap, like one you might see around the edges of a window frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 188px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649-188x253.jpg\" alt=\"Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\" width=\"188\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buildings actually have a surprisingly large number of gaps, small stuff usually, but it really adds up. “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole in the inside of the house just because when you take the collective openings that are available to seal on any given home out there, that’s about what you’re getting -- a 15-foot hole,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t seal off building gaps, moisture can get in, cause mold growth, and rot your walls. A silicone sheet like the one getting drenched in the test chamber also prevents air from leaking out. Stopping air leaks is key to reducing a building’s overall energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattox eventually cuts the jets and prepares to simulate windy conditions and measure the movement of air through this silicone-sealed building gap. Bright-orange tubing feeds into the chamber like a scene out of \u003cstrong>The Matrix\u003c/strong>. “It’s running right now, so he’s pulling a vacuum, so you can sort of see the silicone sheet start to pull in,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital monitors show this gap is well sealed. The sheet’s doing its job and keeping air and water out of the simulated building gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tremco works mainly with commercial properties, but homeowners can benefit from a gap inspection as well, whether you do it yourself or call in a professional. Gaps can be found anywhere in a building, especially at joints where one material or part meets another. Mattox’s advice is to start with the low-hanging fruit: your doors and windows. Swap out old weather stripping, apply an exterior sealant around your windows, maybe stuff some “flex foam” in there, too. Basically find any crack or crevice and seal it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a party trick, said Mattox, keep an eye out for spider webs. “Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing this will go a long way toward greater energy efficiency and could save you a wad of cash. “Any time it rolls through a duct, you’re investing money into that air, and if you’re not containing that or controlling that airflow, you are throwing money literally out the window,” said Mattox. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue,\" said Kerr.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Laurie Kerr is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityenergyproject.org/about/\">City Energy Project,\u003c/a> an initiative of the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Institute for Market Transformation. She says we don’t hear a lot about buildings, but in fact, nationally they’re responsible for about 40 percent of our carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue. So if something happened, a big storm and it knocked out the electricity for the area, a building that has really good insulation and isn’t leaking is going to maintain its habitability a lot longer than one that doesn’t have a good building envelope, which is the wrapping of the building,” said Kerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerr says old buildings need checkups, just as people do when they’re under the weather. Calling in some house doctors -- a professional energy audit -- can be a good way to think through your options, such as sealants, roof insulation, lighting changes, and window and HVAC upgrades. An audit will give you a sense of what options would deliver the best return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like people, each older building is unique, and most could benefit from a performance boost.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Retrofitting the “skin” of an older building can save energy and money. Climb inside one company’s test chamber with QUEST Ohio to find out more. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450497918,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":945},"headData":{"title":"The Skin of a Building and Why it Matters | KQED","description":"Retrofitting the “skin” of an older building can save energy and money. Climb inside one company’s test chamber with QUEST Ohio to find out more. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70493 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70493","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/17/the-skin-of-a-building-and-why-it-matters/","disqusTitle":"The Skin of a Building and Why it Matters","source":"Energy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/energy/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Buildings/Stream/buildingskinwithfunders.mp3","path":"/quest/70493/the-skin-of-a-building-and-why-it-matters","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cleveland, like many cities, has a fleet of old, drafty buildings. These buildings are energy hogs and account for close to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/06/02/working-toward-the-very-low-energy-consumption-building-of-the-future/\">half\u003c/a> of the nation’s overall greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama highlighted the building sector recently, announcing \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-6GW6ccLK0\">$2 billion\u003c/a> in energy upgrades to federal buildings, and many in the environmental community say we should be focusing on improving building performance across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71065\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of how and why one might want to retrofit an older building, I climbed inside a local company’s test chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited \u003ca href=\"http://www.tremcoinc.com/\">Tremco’s\u003c/a> Sustainable Building Solutions Test Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, it was drizzling outside, but inside there was a full-on rainstorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Tremco they focus on improving the\u003cstrong> skin\u003c/strong> of a building -- that is, its walls, windows, glazing, and basically everything that protects a building from, say, a rainstorm. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole,\" said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With a couple keystrokes, Tremco Manager Tim Mattox started simulating a heavy storm in their test chamber. The see-through chamber is skinny but tall, stretching up nearly to the ceiling of the warehouse. I can see sprinklers inside the chamber shooting water from every direction. Getting pummeled by this rainstorm is a test wall. They’re testing the ability of one of their silicone sheet products to provide a \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt-osfns.org/nycdsf/forms/custodians/Chapters/7_Caulking.pdf\">watertight seal\u003c/a> on a typical building gap, like one you might see around the edges of a window frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 188px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649-188x253.jpg\" alt=\"Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\" width=\"188\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buildings actually have a surprisingly large number of gaps, small stuff usually, but it really adds up. “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole in the inside of the house just because when you take the collective openings that are available to seal on any given home out there, that’s about what you’re getting -- a 15-foot hole,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t seal off building gaps, moisture can get in, cause mold growth, and rot your walls. A silicone sheet like the one getting drenched in the test chamber also prevents air from leaking out. Stopping air leaks is key to reducing a building’s overall energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattox eventually cuts the jets and prepares to simulate windy conditions and measure the movement of air through this silicone-sealed building gap. Bright-orange tubing feeds into the chamber like a scene out of \u003cstrong>The Matrix\u003c/strong>. “It’s running right now, so he’s pulling a vacuum, so you can sort of see the silicone sheet start to pull in,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital monitors show this gap is well sealed. The sheet’s doing its job and keeping air and water out of the simulated building gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tremco works mainly with commercial properties, but homeowners can benefit from a gap inspection as well, whether you do it yourself or call in a professional. Gaps can be found anywhere in a building, especially at joints where one material or part meets another. Mattox’s advice is to start with the low-hanging fruit: your doors and windows. Swap out old weather stripping, apply an exterior sealant around your windows, maybe stuff some “flex foam” in there, too. Basically find any crack or crevice and seal it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a party trick, said Mattox, keep an eye out for spider webs. “Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing this will go a long way toward greater energy efficiency and could save you a wad of cash. “Any time it rolls through a duct, you’re investing money into that air, and if you’re not containing that or controlling that airflow, you are throwing money literally out the window,” said Mattox. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue,\" said Kerr.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Laurie Kerr is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityenergyproject.org/about/\">City Energy Project,\u003c/a> an initiative of the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Institute for Market Transformation. She says we don’t hear a lot about buildings, but in fact, nationally they’re responsible for about 40 percent of our carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue. So if something happened, a big storm and it knocked out the electricity for the area, a building that has really good insulation and isn’t leaking is going to maintain its habitability a lot longer than one that doesn’t have a good building envelope, which is the wrapping of the building,” said Kerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerr says old buildings need checkups, just as people do when they’re under the weather. Calling in some house doctors -- a professional energy audit -- can be a good way to think through your options, such as sealants, roof insulation, lighting changes, and window and HVAC upgrades. An audit will give you a sense of what options would deliver the best return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like people, each older building is unique, and most could benefit from a performance boost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70493/the-skin-of-a-building-and-why-it-matters","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_408","quest_12021","quest_987","quest_992","quest_12889","quest_12269","quest_12888","quest_2014","quest_10429","quest_12886","quest_12887","quest_12097"],"featImg":"quest_71068","label":"source_quest_70493"},"quest_67557":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67557","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67557","score":null,"sort":[1402581602000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"64479","displayName":"Hannah Weinberger","firstName":"Hannah","lastName":"Weinberger","userLogin":"hannah-weinberger","userEmail":"Hannah.Weinberger@ideastream.org","linkedAccount":"hweinberger","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Hannah Weinberger, a May 2013 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and native Clevelander, is QUEST Ohio’s jack-of-all-trades intern. Despite majoring in Mandarin Chinese, Hannah developed an interest in journalism that solidified during an internship with CNN. Hannah joined QUEST after completing a writing fellowship with multimedia journalism lab Powering a Nation, in which she investigated water use along the Colorado River. When not chasing down a lead, Hannah plays guitar, explores the Cleveland Metroparks and restrains herself from petting woodland creatures.","userNicename":"hannah-weinberger","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true","title":"Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?","publishDate":1402581602,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about green vocabulary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0226-shopping-green#recyclable\" target=\"_blank\">visit the FTC\u003cstrong> Green Guides\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Products advertised as “green” aren't always what they appear to be. New research from Ohio State University adds supposedly biodegradable plastics to that list.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442677558,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1680},"headData":{"title":"Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True? | KQED","description":"Products advertised as “green” aren't always what they appear to be. New research from Ohio State University adds supposedly biodegradable plastics to that list.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"67557 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67557","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/12/biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true/","disqusTitle":"Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?","source":"Chemistry","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/chemistry/","path":"/quest/67557/biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about green vocabulary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0226-shopping-green#recyclable\" target=\"_blank\">visit the FTC\u003cstrong> Green Guides\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67557/biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true","authors":["64479"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12622","quest_336","quest_12031","quest_12269","quest_12543","quest_2169","quest_2222","quest_10429"],"featImg":"quest_70921","label":"source_quest_67557"},"quest_58323":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58323","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58323","score":null,"sort":[1401976803000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-plant-a-backyard-rain-garden","title":"How to Plant a Backyard Rain Garden","publishDate":1401976803,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s springtime, and many people are putting on their gardening gloves and planting some tomatoes or maybe tulips in their backyard. But there’s another kind of garden that you might want to consider, especially if you live in a rainy place with old and overburdened sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what folks in Parma, Ohio, have done. The Cleveland suburb is a typical neighborhood with homes, lawns, and sidewalks, but there’s something missing: grass. Jen Greiser, a natural resource manager for the Cleveland Metroparks, explains that this is intentional. “For homeowners that signed on to the project, we installed what we call ‘right of way’ rain gardens, and so we worked with a contractor to take up the grass and dig some depressional planting beds and install some plants,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70839\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: wikimedia\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project is one of many initiatives in this area and across the country that use plantings and greenery to help trap stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio is a rainy place, and all that water -- if not absorbed into the soil -- runs off, mixes with pollutants and sewage, overloads the wastewater treatment plants, and ends up spewing out untreated into Lake Erie. This isn’t a good thing for people or wildlife or the lake’s overall ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key strategies for keeping stormwater out of the lake and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\">in the soil\u003c/a> is to create what’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Finfrastructure%2Fgreeninfrastructure%2Findex.cfm%23tabs-1\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater runoff can be stemmed on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">large scale \u003c/a>with stuff like urban trees, wetland protection, permeable pavement, and floodplain management. But it can also be done on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">smaller scale\u003c/a> by individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spirit of springtime, the Metroparks’ Jen Greiser shared some tips with me on how to plant a backyard rain garden that can reduce local runoff and provide some attractive landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get started she suggests a little observation during the next rainy day. “Just put on a raincoat, grab an umbrella, run outside, and stand out there for a little while,” said Greiser. Your neighbors might wonder what you’re doing, she warned, but don’t let that deter you. It’s important to find out where the water’s pooling up. This is the spot to plant your rain garden. And it doesn’t have to be huge: it can fit right into other landscaping schemes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, it’s time to get your hands dirty with some digging. “Instead of our traditional planting beds that are raised above the ground, we’re kind of flipping that over and we’re going to have a more bowl-shaped area for planting,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan-450x108.jpg\" alt=\"Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden.\" width=\"450\" height=\"108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden. Photo credit: Wikimedia / Lee R. DeHaan\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You want to fill out your bowl with plants that have deep root systems. Native grasses and shrubs take their roots deep into the ground, so they loosen up the soil and allow for more water to seep in. A mowed lawn, in comparison, has a really shallow root system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also pick deep-rooted ornamental plants, but watch out for the tastier varietals like \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_loca2.pdf\">cardinal flower\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_ecpu.pdf\">purple coneflower\u003c/a>, which Greiser says can just be deer candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might also want to consider some soil amendments, especially if your soil contains a lot of clay. Mixing in some sand or compost helps water infiltrate through heavy clay. If your backyard soil is already pretty sandy, then a shallow rain garden should work just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then wait for the rain. Your garden should soak up the water in just a day or two, so there’s no standing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greiser says backyards are an important part of overall stormwater management plans for areas like northeast Ohio, where residential parcels abound. “While they seem small in and of themselves, the residential areas make up such a great percentage of our land use here, so they’re really critical, and to the extent that we can get whole neighborhoods involved, it’s a cumulative effect,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities even offer incentives to residents who plant rain gardens in their yards. The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2FI_Library.php%3Fa%3Ddownload_file%26LIBRARY_RECORD_ID%3D4725\">knock off 25 percent \u003c/a>from a homeowner’s stormwater fee (if and when\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fmetro%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F11%2Fsewer_district_officials_notif.html\"> those fees \u003c/a>resurface after ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2Fstormwaterprogram.php\">court battles)\u003c/a>. Other metropolitan areas, like cities in \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Projects/RGRebate/RGRebate.html\">New Jersey\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://rainwise.seattle.gov/city/seattle/overview\">Washington,\u003c/a> give a major rebate to cover the cost of a rain garden installation. One pilot program in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsciencematters%2Fjanuary2011%2Frainbarrels.htm\">Cincinnati \u003c/a>actually paid\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama-254x169.jpg\" alt=\"When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\" width=\"254\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>people to plant them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jen Greiser says would-be rain gardeners should aim to get their plants in during the spring to soak up all the May showers, though a fall planting would also work well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your green thumb is a little rusty, just remember to think like a raindrop and you can’t go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">Rain Garden Manual for Homeowners\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">A Homeowner’s Guide to Stormwater Management\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/maescapes/rain-gardens/plants-rain-gardens\">Rain Gardens - Plants\u003c/a>, from Penn State Extension\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.rainscaping.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.main/typeID/37/index.htm\">Rain Garden Plants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/I_Library.php?SOURCE=library/2011NR05b_Native-Plants-for-Horticultural-Plantings.pdf&a=download_file&LIBRARY_RECORD_ID=5791\">Ohio Native Plant Suggestions for Horticultural Plantings\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://blog.nwf.org/2014/03/your-backyard-a-stormwater-sponge/\">Your Backyard: A Stormwater Sponge\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This growing season, consider planting a different kind of garden, one that will sop up stormwater and take pressure off the sewage system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450491390,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":982},"headData":{"title":"How to Plant a Backyard Rain Garden | KQED","description":"This growing season, consider planting a different kind of garden, one that will sop up stormwater and take pressure off the sewage system.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"58323 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58323","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/05/how-to-plant-a-backyard-rain-garden/","disqusTitle":"How to Plant a Backyard Rain Garden","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Rain+garden/Stream/raingardenswithfunders.mp3","path":"/quest/58323/how-to-plant-a-backyard-rain-garden","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s springtime, and many people are putting on their gardening gloves and planting some tomatoes or maybe tulips in their backyard. But there’s another kind of garden that you might want to consider, especially if you live in a rainy place with old and overburdened sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what folks in Parma, Ohio, have done. The Cleveland suburb is a typical neighborhood with homes, lawns, and sidewalks, but there’s something missing: grass. Jen Greiser, a natural resource manager for the Cleveland Metroparks, explains that this is intentional. “For homeowners that signed on to the project, we installed what we call ‘right of way’ rain gardens, and so we worked with a contractor to take up the grass and dig some depressional planting beds and install some plants,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70839\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: wikimedia\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project is one of many initiatives in this area and across the country that use plantings and greenery to help trap stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio is a rainy place, and all that water -- if not absorbed into the soil -- runs off, mixes with pollutants and sewage, overloads the wastewater treatment plants, and ends up spewing out untreated into Lake Erie. This isn’t a good thing for people or wildlife or the lake’s overall ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key strategies for keeping stormwater out of the lake and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\">in the soil\u003c/a> is to create what’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Finfrastructure%2Fgreeninfrastructure%2Findex.cfm%23tabs-1\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater runoff can be stemmed on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">large scale \u003c/a>with stuff like urban trees, wetland protection, permeable pavement, and floodplain management. But it can also be done on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">smaller scale\u003c/a> by individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spirit of springtime, the Metroparks’ Jen Greiser shared some tips with me on how to plant a backyard rain garden that can reduce local runoff and provide some attractive landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get started she suggests a little observation during the next rainy day. “Just put on a raincoat, grab an umbrella, run outside, and stand out there for a little while,” said Greiser. Your neighbors might wonder what you’re doing, she warned, but don’t let that deter you. It’s important to find out where the water’s pooling up. This is the spot to plant your rain garden. And it doesn’t have to be huge: it can fit right into other landscaping schemes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, it’s time to get your hands dirty with some digging. “Instead of our traditional planting beds that are raised above the ground, we’re kind of flipping that over and we’re going to have a more bowl-shaped area for planting,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan-450x108.jpg\" alt=\"Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden.\" width=\"450\" height=\"108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden. Photo credit: Wikimedia / Lee R. DeHaan\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You want to fill out your bowl with plants that have deep root systems. Native grasses and shrubs take their roots deep into the ground, so they loosen up the soil and allow for more water to seep in. A mowed lawn, in comparison, has a really shallow root system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also pick deep-rooted ornamental plants, but watch out for the tastier varietals like \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_loca2.pdf\">cardinal flower\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_ecpu.pdf\">purple coneflower\u003c/a>, which Greiser says can just be deer candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might also want to consider some soil amendments, especially if your soil contains a lot of clay. Mixing in some sand or compost helps water infiltrate through heavy clay. If your backyard soil is already pretty sandy, then a shallow rain garden should work just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then wait for the rain. Your garden should soak up the water in just a day or two, so there’s no standing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greiser says backyards are an important part of overall stormwater management plans for areas like northeast Ohio, where residential parcels abound. “While they seem small in and of themselves, the residential areas make up such a great percentage of our land use here, so they’re really critical, and to the extent that we can get whole neighborhoods involved, it’s a cumulative effect,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities even offer incentives to residents who plant rain gardens in their yards. The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2FI_Library.php%3Fa%3Ddownload_file%26LIBRARY_RECORD_ID%3D4725\">knock off 25 percent \u003c/a>from a homeowner’s stormwater fee (if and when\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fmetro%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F11%2Fsewer_district_officials_notif.html\"> those fees \u003c/a>resurface after ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2Fstormwaterprogram.php\">court battles)\u003c/a>. Other metropolitan areas, like cities in \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Projects/RGRebate/RGRebate.html\">New Jersey\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://rainwise.seattle.gov/city/seattle/overview\">Washington,\u003c/a> give a major rebate to cover the cost of a rain garden installation. One pilot program in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsciencematters%2Fjanuary2011%2Frainbarrels.htm\">Cincinnati \u003c/a>actually paid\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama-254x169.jpg\" alt=\"When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\" width=\"254\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>people to plant them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jen Greiser says would-be rain gardeners should aim to get their plants in during the spring to soak up all the May showers, though a fall planting would also work well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your green thumb is a little rusty, just remember to think like a raindrop and you can’t go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">Rain Garden Manual for Homeowners\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">A Homeowner’s Guide to Stormwater Management\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/maescapes/rain-gardens/plants-rain-gardens\">Rain Gardens - Plants\u003c/a>, from Penn State Extension\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.rainscaping.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.main/typeID/37/index.htm\">Rain Garden Plants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/I_Library.php?SOURCE=library/2011NR05b_Native-Plants-for-Horticultural-Plantings.pdf&a=download_file&LIBRARY_RECORD_ID=5791\">Ohio Native Plant Suggestions for Horticultural Plantings\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://blog.nwf.org/2014/03/your-backyard-a-stormwater-sponge/\">Your Backyard: A Stormwater Sponge\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58323/how-to-plant-a-backyard-rain-garden","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_17","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12879","quest_12269","quest_12698","quest_1939","quest_12878","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_12693","quest_2598","quest_11130","quest_12880","quest_12697","quest_12097"],"featImg":"quest_70833","label":"source_quest_58323"},"quest_59136":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59136","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59136","score":null,"sort":[1400162439000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","title":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma","publishDate":1400162439,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When it comes to doing what’s best for the environment, compost is king. But sometimes it doesn’t fit into city life. Garbage disposals offer a simpler solution for getting rid of food scraps, but how do they stack up?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442689778,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1086},"headData":{"title":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma | KQED","description":"When it comes to doing what’s best for the environment, compost is king. But sometimes it doesn’t fit into city life. Garbage disposals offer a simpler solution for getting rid of food scraps, but how do they stack up?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"59136 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59136","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/15/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma/","disqusTitle":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/59136/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59136/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_10637","quest_12855","quest_12021","quest_10041","quest_12853","quest_12228","quest_12269","quest_12854","quest_1272","quest_10327","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_3107"],"featImg":"quest_70370","label":"source_quest_59136"},"quest_52167":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52167","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52167","score":null,"sort":[1399989609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints","title":"From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints","publishDate":1399989609,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,\" says Sabraw.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Sabraw grew up making time machines from toasters and old alarm clocks. He built a helicopter from fence pickets and broom handles for liftoff from the military base where he spent his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever he could lay his hands on Sabraw would turn into craft and sculpture. These days he brings that same principle of salvage and innovation to \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnsabraw.com/#/home?i=299\">his work\u003c/a> as a professional artist. Inspired by science and the natural world, his goal is to produce artwork using sustainable materials and methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57305\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rain washes heavy metals from old Ohio coal mines into streams and lakes, acidifying the ecosystem. Engineers figured out how to remove the metals and turn them into paint. Photo courtesy of the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain washes heavy metals from old coal mines into waterways, acidifying the ecosystem. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/mineral/acid/tabid/10421/Default.aspx\">Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That goal is made easier by his collegiate surroundings. Partnering with Ohio University engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/ohiocoal/people/riefler.cfm\">Dr. Guy Riefler\u003c/a>, they developed an entirely new type of paint made of the runoff from Ohio’s old coal mines. “This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,” says Sabraw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iron ore and other heavy metals wash out of those old mines. They acidify streams, kill fish, and damage ecosystems. “You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Riefler and Sabraw found a way to extract those metals from the streams and put them to work as pigments. Iron ore (ferrous oxide) is the basis of commercial red and yellow paints, but according to Sabraw a lot of it comes from China. “They take rusted old metals and put them in giant tanks and use chemicals to get it to do what our streams are doing naturally here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a heavy glass mortar, Sabraw demonstrates how he blends the pigments with oil to create a rich mahogany hue. “You can get a range of shades. It can go anywhere from a super-deep brown, something like 80 percent dark chocolate, all the way up to something that’s going to look like a terra-cotta tile,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabraw's ultimate goal is to commercialize the paint and put the profits toward the cleanup of runoff-damaged Ohio streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70110\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70110 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTIST TOOLBOX | \u003c/strong> Check out some of the other methods and materials used by artist John Sabraw:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint:\u003c/strong> Sabraw uses water and \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209841/flax\">linseed\u003c/a>-oil-based paints, carefully sourced \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ny-Pi/Pigments.html\">pigments\u003c/a>, and low-VOC, reusable \u003ca href=\"http://www.paintquality.com/going-green/paint-types/solvent.html\">solvents\u003c/a> to clean his brushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Canvas:\u003c/strong> Instead of canvas, Sabraw paints on linen, recycled wood, and scrap aluminum from old commercial signage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delivery:\u003c/strong> All his shipping crates are reusable. Foam and other packing materials are also reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studio:\u003c/strong> Sabraw wakes up early to beat the summer heat. His southern Ohio studio isn't air-conditioned. He relies on natural and CFL lighting. When he leaves the studio, it is by bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Credits:\u003c/strong> All of Sabraw’s works are carbon neutral because he purchases carbon offset credits. He even developed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/calculator_details.html\">algorithm\u003c/a> for artists to determine their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Classroom:\u003c/strong> Sabraw is a teacher at Ohio University, where he asks students to consider ideas of sustainability within their craft. He started a website called \u003ca title='\"Green World Art\"' href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/home.html\" target=\"_blank\">Green World Art\u003c/a> to spark and share best practices within the artist community. And he doesn’t stop at adults. He’s helping build sustainability into the curriculum of the New York-based \u003ca href=\"https://scribbleartworkshop.com/\">Scribble Art Workshop\u003c/a>, a kids’ art program created by one of his former students.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":" In this video from QUEST Ohio, discover how an artist is repurposing runoff from coalmines to create a variety of rich paint pigments—and draw attention to the state’s polluted waterways.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457561162,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":652},"headData":{"title":"From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints | KQED","description":" In this video from QUEST Ohio, discover how an artist is repurposing runoff from coalmines to create a variety of rich paint pigments—and draw attention to the state’s polluted waterways.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52167 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52167","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/","disqusTitle":"From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDiy-PIboRw","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/52167/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,\" says Sabraw.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Sabraw grew up making time machines from toasters and old alarm clocks. He built a helicopter from fence pickets and broom handles for liftoff from the military base where he spent his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever he could lay his hands on Sabraw would turn into craft and sculpture. These days he brings that same principle of salvage and innovation to \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnsabraw.com/#/home?i=299\">his work\u003c/a> as a professional artist. Inspired by science and the natural world, his goal is to produce artwork using sustainable materials and methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57305\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rain washes heavy metals from old Ohio coal mines into streams and lakes, acidifying the ecosystem. Engineers figured out how to remove the metals and turn them into paint. Photo courtesy of the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain washes heavy metals from old coal mines into waterways, acidifying the ecosystem. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/mineral/acid/tabid/10421/Default.aspx\">Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That goal is made easier by his collegiate surroundings. Partnering with Ohio University engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/ohiocoal/people/riefler.cfm\">Dr. Guy Riefler\u003c/a>, they developed an entirely new type of paint made of the runoff from Ohio’s old coal mines. “This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,” says Sabraw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iron ore and other heavy metals wash out of those old mines. They acidify streams, kill fish, and damage ecosystems. “You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Riefler and Sabraw found a way to extract those metals from the streams and put them to work as pigments. Iron ore (ferrous oxide) is the basis of commercial red and yellow paints, but according to Sabraw a lot of it comes from China. “They take rusted old metals and put them in giant tanks and use chemicals to get it to do what our streams are doing naturally here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a heavy glass mortar, Sabraw demonstrates how he blends the pigments with oil to create a rich mahogany hue. “You can get a range of shades. It can go anywhere from a super-deep brown, something like 80 percent dark chocolate, all the way up to something that’s going to look like a terra-cotta tile,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabraw's ultimate goal is to commercialize the paint and put the profits toward the cleanup of runoff-damaged Ohio streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70110\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70110 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTIST TOOLBOX | \u003c/strong> Check out some of the other methods and materials used by artist John Sabraw:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint:\u003c/strong> Sabraw uses water and \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209841/flax\">linseed\u003c/a>-oil-based paints, carefully sourced \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ny-Pi/Pigments.html\">pigments\u003c/a>, and low-VOC, reusable \u003ca href=\"http://www.paintquality.com/going-green/paint-types/solvent.html\">solvents\u003c/a> to clean his brushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Canvas:\u003c/strong> Instead of canvas, Sabraw paints on linen, recycled wood, and scrap aluminum from old commercial signage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delivery:\u003c/strong> All his shipping crates are reusable. Foam and other packing materials are also reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studio:\u003c/strong> Sabraw wakes up early to beat the summer heat. His southern Ohio studio isn't air-conditioned. He relies on natural and CFL lighting. When he leaves the studio, it is by bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Credits:\u003c/strong> All of Sabraw’s works are carbon neutral because he purchases carbon offset credits. He even developed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/calculator_details.html\">algorithm\u003c/a> for artists to determine their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Classroom:\u003c/strong> Sabraw is a teacher at Ohio University, where he asks students to consider ideas of sustainability within their craft. He started a website called \u003ca title='\"Green World Art\"' href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/home.html\" target=\"_blank\">Green World Art\u003c/a> to spark and share best practices within the artist community. And he doesn’t stop at adults. He’s helping build sustainability into the curriculum of the New York-based \u003ca href=\"https://scribbleartworkshop.com/\">Scribble Art Workshop\u003c/a>, a kids’ art program created by one of his former students.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52167/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12141","quest_216","quest_12143","quest_638","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_12142","quest_12140","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_11409","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_57283","label":"source_quest_52167"},"quest_57336":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57336","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57336","score":null,"sort":[1398952843000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce","title":"Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce","publishDate":1398952843,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As the urban garden phenomenon continues to sweep the country, an increasing number of vacant lots are being transformed into green oases that provide fresh, local produce to people living in communities once deemed “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">food deserts\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This gardening trend took a forward leap in northeast Ohio when \u003ca href=\"http://evergreencooperatives.com/business/green-city-growers/\" target=\"_blank\">Green City Growers \u003c/a>opened a gigantic greenhouse last year in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. Larger than three football fields, the facility -- which replaces a large swath of vacant lots -- is now producing millions of vegetables hydroponically; that is, without soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers is the third of three businesses run by Evergreen Cooperatives of Cleveland. They are employee-owned, for-profit companies. The site of the greenhouse was chosen to help revitalize the surrounding Central neighborhood and provide jobs for its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof. \" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I toured the greenhouse with CEO John McMicken to explore the science behind their operation. Our first stop was a row of massive tanks. The greenhouse has three 70,000-gallon tanks that collect rainwater and melting snow from the building’s many roofs. This water is vital to hydroponic growing: each head of lettuce consumes one gallon of water during its growing cycle. Once the company begins operating at full capacity the greenhouse will harvest 10,000 heads of lettuce daily, requiring 10,000 gallons of water a day! At their current capacity nearly all of the water used to grow produce is derived from the collection of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that arrives in the tanks doesn’t go straight to work. It is first filtered, purified, oxygenated, and infused with a precise amount of nutrients. The water then moves on to one of 13 nearly 300-foot-long shallow ponds that are used for growing. That water is recycled once a day in order to keep it clean, nourished, and oxygenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of sprouting from the dirt, hydroponic plants grow in trays that float in nutrient-rich water. At Green City Growers, the seeds are started in soil at a special seeding station. Once the seedlings have a strong enough root system they’re placed in a growing tray, where they begin their journey from one end of the production pond to the other, growing in size as they progress down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the greenhouse produces three million heads of lettuce and more than 300,000 pounds of herbs every year, with plans to expand in the future. Staples are butterhead lettuce, red and green leaf lettuce, and basil. Watercress was recently added to the growing roster, while greens such as spinach, kale, and arugula are still being tested for viability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to McMicken, one of the notable advantages of hydroponic farming is improved food safety. The plants are raised in a contained environment with no pollutants and no environmental contaminants like dirt or bird droppings. Hydroponic growing is also healthier for the plants, McMicken explained, because it allows for tighter control of the nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another safety benefit is the fact that no pesticides are used. If any insects make their way in during the warmer weather, the growers release a few lady bugs onto the plants and let them go to work. The ladybugs eat the invaders and then fly off through the vents in the ceiling. In the peak summer season the greenhouse will occasionally employ wasps to eat any aphids that might be threatening the lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another benefit of hydroponic growing, said McMicken, is consistency. The quality and quantity of product is predictable and grown year-round, unaffected by the whims of weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers distributes 75 percent of its produce within a “local” 100-mile radius of the greenhouse. Sold in grocery stores, restaurants, and hospital systems, this tasty lettuce can go from harvest to a salad bar at the Cleveland Clinic in one or two days -- about as fresh as you can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies are also experimenting with large-scale hydroponics and local distribution. \u003ca href=\"http://brightfarms.com/s/#%21/our_farms\">BrightFarms in Philadelphia\u003c/a>, for instance, uses hydroponic technology to grow vegetables right on the roofs of supermarkets. And some, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">Will Allen’s “Growing Power” organization\u003c/a>, have paired hydroponic vegetable production with fish farms in a process known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/aquaponics.htm\">aquaponics\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Bond, a horticulturist who supervises the hydroponics room at \u003ca href=\"https://students.case.edu/farm/food/\" target=\"_blank\">Case Western Reserve University’s Farm Food Program\u003c/a>, says he’s seeing more mainstream hydroponics operations come online these days. However, Bond cautions that hydroponics isn’t a panacea for feeding the world’s population; rather, it is just one important method of production. It works particularly well for greens and herbs, he says, but not root vegetables like carrots, perennials like asparagus, or beans, which require runners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this growing method has its limitations, in urban areas like this where fresh vegetables can be hard to come by but vacant lots are plentiful, hydroponic technology could prove to be a useful tool for cultivating food, business, and community.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A $17 million greenhouse pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442690446,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":942},"headData":{"title":"Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce | KQED","description":"A $17 million greenhouse pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"57336 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57336","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/01/urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce/","disqusTitle":"Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/57336/urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the urban garden phenomenon continues to sweep the country, an increasing number of vacant lots are being transformed into green oases that provide fresh, local produce to people living in communities once deemed “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">food deserts\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This gardening trend took a forward leap in northeast Ohio when \u003ca href=\"http://evergreencooperatives.com/business/green-city-growers/\" target=\"_blank\">Green City Growers \u003c/a>opened a gigantic greenhouse last year in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. Larger than three football fields, the facility -- which replaces a large swath of vacant lots -- is now producing millions of vegetables hydroponically; that is, without soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers is the third of three businesses run by Evergreen Cooperatives of Cleveland. They are employee-owned, for-profit companies. The site of the greenhouse was chosen to help revitalize the surrounding Central neighborhood and provide jobs for its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof. \" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I toured the greenhouse with CEO John McMicken to explore the science behind their operation. Our first stop was a row of massive tanks. The greenhouse has three 70,000-gallon tanks that collect rainwater and melting snow from the building’s many roofs. This water is vital to hydroponic growing: each head of lettuce consumes one gallon of water during its growing cycle. Once the company begins operating at full capacity the greenhouse will harvest 10,000 heads of lettuce daily, requiring 10,000 gallons of water a day! At their current capacity nearly all of the water used to grow produce is derived from the collection of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that arrives in the tanks doesn’t go straight to work. It is first filtered, purified, oxygenated, and infused with a precise amount of nutrients. The water then moves on to one of 13 nearly 300-foot-long shallow ponds that are used for growing. That water is recycled once a day in order to keep it clean, nourished, and oxygenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of sprouting from the dirt, hydroponic plants grow in trays that float in nutrient-rich water. At Green City Growers, the seeds are started in soil at a special seeding station. Once the seedlings have a strong enough root system they’re placed in a growing tray, where they begin their journey from one end of the production pond to the other, growing in size as they progress down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the greenhouse produces three million heads of lettuce and more than 300,000 pounds of herbs every year, with plans to expand in the future. Staples are butterhead lettuce, red and green leaf lettuce, and basil. Watercress was recently added to the growing roster, while greens such as spinach, kale, and arugula are still being tested for viability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to McMicken, one of the notable advantages of hydroponic farming is improved food safety. The plants are raised in a contained environment with no pollutants and no environmental contaminants like dirt or bird droppings. Hydroponic growing is also healthier for the plants, McMicken explained, because it allows for tighter control of the nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another safety benefit is the fact that no pesticides are used. If any insects make their way in during the warmer weather, the growers release a few lady bugs onto the plants and let them go to work. The ladybugs eat the invaders and then fly off through the vents in the ceiling. In the peak summer season the greenhouse will occasionally employ wasps to eat any aphids that might be threatening the lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another benefit of hydroponic growing, said McMicken, is consistency. The quality and quantity of product is predictable and grown year-round, unaffected by the whims of weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers distributes 75 percent of its produce within a “local” 100-mile radius of the greenhouse. Sold in grocery stores, restaurants, and hospital systems, this tasty lettuce can go from harvest to a salad bar at the Cleveland Clinic in one or two days -- about as fresh as you can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies are also experimenting with large-scale hydroponics and local distribution. \u003ca href=\"http://brightfarms.com/s/#%21/our_farms\">BrightFarms in Philadelphia\u003c/a>, for instance, uses hydroponic technology to grow vegetables right on the roofs of supermarkets. And some, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">Will Allen’s “Growing Power” organization\u003c/a>, have paired hydroponic vegetable production with fish farms in a process known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/aquaponics.htm\">aquaponics\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Bond, a horticulturist who supervises the hydroponics room at \u003ca href=\"https://students.case.edu/farm/food/\" target=\"_blank\">Case Western Reserve University’s Farm Food Program\u003c/a>, says he’s seeing more mainstream hydroponics operations come online these days. However, Bond cautions that hydroponics isn’t a panacea for feeding the world’s population; rather, it is just one important method of production. It works particularly well for greens and herbs, he says, but not root vegetables like carrots, perennials like asparagus, or beans, which require runners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this growing method has its limitations, in urban areas like this where fresh vegetables can be hard to come by but vacant lots are plentiful, hydroponic technology could prove to be a useful tool for cultivating food, business, and community.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57336/urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce","authors":["10268"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3229","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12021","quest_12269","quest_12842","quest_12843","quest_10327","quest_12844","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_13364","quest_12701","quest_12695"],"featImg":"quest_70121","label":"source_quest_57336"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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