Farmworkers Pay a Heavy Price for California's Bounty
Will Conventional Produce Lower Your Child's IQ?
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strawberries ","publishDate":1339546413,"status":"inherit","parent":39365,"modified":1339546413,"caption":"Next time you enjoy a bowl of fresh juicy strawberries, consider this: chances are, the farmworker who picked them for about $7.50 an hour comes home to toxic tap water tainted with chemicals used to grow them. 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The trouble is, as any supermarket shopper can tell you, tomatoes that look great sometimes taste terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how much some tomatoes have changed. Just take the trucks on California highways during the summer, each pulling a double trailer stacked high with tomatoes. There’s a reason the tomatoes at the bottom of the pile aren’t squished into a tomato-y mess. That's thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://daviswiki.org/square_tomato\">square tomato\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The square tomato is kind of a misnomer,” says Roger Chetelat, director of the Tomato Genetics Resource Center at the University of California-Davis. We’re in a greenhouse on campus where he’s holding a few square tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see they’re not square but they are blocky,” he says. The tomatoes are sort of flat on the side and are firm to the touch even though they’re ripe, sort of like a baseball. “I think I’d prefer to have a tomato like that thrown at me than a baseball, but yeah, they’re pretty tough,” Chetelat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, farmers were looking for tougher tomatoes that could withstand new mechanical picking machines. So, plant breeders at UC Davis created a tomato with thick skin and a firm, meaty inside. California’s tomato production boomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unintended Genetic Consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the era of modern plant breeding came with some unintended effects, as UC Davis researcher Ann Powell discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She demonstrates with a genetic taste test, of sorts. “We can try one of these,” she says, cutting up a standard grocery store tomato. “Tastes tomato-y.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42812\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young tomatoes with green shoulders on the left and no shoulders on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other one we’re sampling has what Powell calls “green shoulders.” That means, as it grew, the tomato was dark green on top around the stem – something that’s controlled by a specific gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re sweeter,” Powell says, tasting it. “Whether it’s all due to that particular gene, I can’t tell you. But, I don’t know, you can taste the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If green shoulders don’t sound familiar, that’s because most commercial tomatoes don’t have them anymore. Seventy years ago, breeders selected for uniformly light green tomatoes with no shoulders, which stood out better against the plant’s dark leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a lot easier to see so a farmer could judge his yield. They could see how productive the plants were a lot easier,” says Powell. Their uniform color was also more attractive to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, those green shoulders have a key job. “We found that it influences the amount of sugar in the ripe fruit,” she says. The dark green parts have more chloroplasts, which turn sunlight into sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made about a 20 percent difference in the amount of sugars. I think of it a little bit like how you eat berries. Most of us, including me, sprinkle a little bit of sugar on top to sort of enhance the flavor,” says Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42819\" title=\"Powell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Powell looks at tomatoes in a UC Davis greenhouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most heirloom tomatoes still have green shoulders, but Powell says now that they know about this gene, plant breeders could put it back in commercial varieties. And since the tomato genome was sequenced earlier this year, there are still other flavor genes to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focusing on Taste and Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve modified and changed our food radically,” says Alyson Mitchell, professor in UC Davis’s Food Science and Technology Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve bred these seeds and plants to have all of these other characteristics: uniform shape, size, color, good disease resistance, high yield,” she says. That’s had major benefits: produce is widely available and more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, “we’ve absolutely not paid attention to flavor and nutrition. You know, we’re telling children, eat more fruits and vegetables at a time that fruits and vegetables have never tasted worse,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just starting to understand the molecular compounds that control taste and nutrition. “What we do know is that not all tomatoes are the same. Different cultivars have different levels of nutrients in them,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing them organically can also change the levels of nutrients. In a ten-year controlled study of tomatoes, organic tomatoes showed higher levels of antioxidants and molecules that make up flavor and color. But researchers still aren’t sure which of these compounds are the most important for our health. Take flavonoids, which have gotten a lot of hype as antioxidants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are about sixteen hundred described flavonoids to date and we don’t even really at this point understand what that complement is, let alone what all of those different compounds do to benefit our health,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is one nutrient that stands out, it’s not always easy to enhance it. Take the case of “super broccoli.” “So they made this broccoli and the idea was to market it as a super broccoli because it had very high levels of this antioxidant, quercetin. Well quercetin is really bitter and they sat a bunch of people down to eat and nobody could eat it, it was so awful,” says Mitchell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell says it’s probably the combination of nutrients that gives produce its punch, which they’re working to understand better. Until then, she says, there is one way to make sure you’re getting those benefits: follow your mom’s advice and eat more fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many tomatoes have been bred to travel well and look appealing, but now researchers are focusing on making them more nutritious and better tasting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496230,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1010},"headData":{"title":"Building a Better, Tastier Tomato | KQED","description":"Many tomatoes have been bred to travel well and look appealing, but now researchers are focusing on making them more nutritious and better tasting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Building a Better, Tastier Tomato","datePublished":"2012-08-17T21:48:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:37:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42806 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=42806","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/17/building-a-better-tastier-tomato/","disqusTitle":"Building a Better, Tastier Tomato","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/food/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/08/2012-08-20-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/42806/building-a-better-tastier-tomato","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades ago, researchers figured out how to create the picture-perfect tomato that travels well and is available year-round. The trouble is, as any supermarket shopper can tell you, tomatoes that look great sometimes taste terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how much some tomatoes have changed. Just take the trucks on California highways during the summer, each pulling a double trailer stacked high with tomatoes. There’s a reason the tomatoes at the bottom of the pile aren’t squished into a tomato-y mess. That's thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://daviswiki.org/square_tomato\">square tomato\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The square tomato is kind of a misnomer,” says Roger Chetelat, director of the Tomato Genetics Resource Center at the University of California-Davis. We’re in a greenhouse on campus where he’s holding a few square tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see they’re not square but they are blocky,” he says. The tomatoes are sort of flat on the side and are firm to the touch even though they’re ripe, sort of like a baseball. “I think I’d prefer to have a tomato like that thrown at me than a baseball, but yeah, they’re pretty tough,” Chetelat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, farmers were looking for tougher tomatoes that could withstand new mechanical picking machines. So, plant breeders at UC Davis created a tomato with thick skin and a firm, meaty inside. California’s tomato production boomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unintended Genetic Consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the era of modern plant breeding came with some unintended effects, as UC Davis researcher Ann Powell discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She demonstrates with a genetic taste test, of sorts. “We can try one of these,” she says, cutting up a standard grocery store tomato. “Tastes tomato-y.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42812\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young tomatoes with green shoulders on the left and no shoulders on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other one we’re sampling has what Powell calls “green shoulders.” That means, as it grew, the tomato was dark green on top around the stem – something that’s controlled by a specific gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re sweeter,” Powell says, tasting it. “Whether it’s all due to that particular gene, I can’t tell you. But, I don’t know, you can taste the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If green shoulders don’t sound familiar, that’s because most commercial tomatoes don’t have them anymore. Seventy years ago, breeders selected for uniformly light green tomatoes with no shoulders, which stood out better against the plant’s dark leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a lot easier to see so a farmer could judge his yield. They could see how productive the plants were a lot easier,” says Powell. Their uniform color was also more attractive to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, those green shoulders have a key job. “We found that it influences the amount of sugar in the ripe fruit,” she says. The dark green parts have more chloroplasts, which turn sunlight into sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made about a 20 percent difference in the amount of sugars. I think of it a little bit like how you eat berries. Most of us, including me, sprinkle a little bit of sugar on top to sort of enhance the flavor,” says Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42819\" title=\"Powell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Powell looks at tomatoes in a UC Davis greenhouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most heirloom tomatoes still have green shoulders, but Powell says now that they know about this gene, plant breeders could put it back in commercial varieties. And since the tomato genome was sequenced earlier this year, there are still other flavor genes to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focusing on Taste and Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve modified and changed our food radically,” says Alyson Mitchell, professor in UC Davis’s Food Science and Technology Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve bred these seeds and plants to have all of these other characteristics: uniform shape, size, color, good disease resistance, high yield,” she says. That’s had major benefits: produce is widely available and more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, “we’ve absolutely not paid attention to flavor and nutrition. You know, we’re telling children, eat more fruits and vegetables at a time that fruits and vegetables have never tasted worse,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just starting to understand the molecular compounds that control taste and nutrition. “What we do know is that not all tomatoes are the same. Different cultivars have different levels of nutrients in them,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing them organically can also change the levels of nutrients. In a ten-year controlled study of tomatoes, organic tomatoes showed higher levels of antioxidants and molecules that make up flavor and color. But researchers still aren’t sure which of these compounds are the most important for our health. Take flavonoids, which have gotten a lot of hype as antioxidants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are about sixteen hundred described flavonoids to date and we don’t even really at this point understand what that complement is, let alone what all of those different compounds do to benefit our health,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is one nutrient that stands out, it’s not always easy to enhance it. Take the case of “super broccoli.” “So they made this broccoli and the idea was to market it as a super broccoli because it had very high levels of this antioxidant, quercetin. Well quercetin is really bitter and they sat a bunch of people down to eat and nobody could eat it, it was so awful,” says Mitchell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell says it’s probably the combination of nutrients that gives produce its punch, which they’re working to understand better. Until then, she says, there is one way to make sure you’re getting those benefits: follow your mom’s advice and eat more fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42806/building-a-better-tastier-tomato","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_733","quest_1122","quest_1197","quest_10106","quest_13203","quest_2088","quest_10926","quest_2220","quest_3716","quest_13","quest_13364","quest_11374","quest_3022"],"featImg":"quest_42808","label":"source_quest_42806"},"quest_39365":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_39365","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"39365","score":null,"sort":[1339599630000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty","title":"Farmworkers Pay a Heavy Price for California's Bounty ","publishDate":1339599630,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/chandler_strawberries_carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39377\" title=\"Chandler strawberries \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Chandler_strawberries_carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"strawberries\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time you enjoy a bowl of fresh juicy strawberries, consider this: chances are, the farmworker who picked them for about $7.50 an hour comes home to toxic tap water tainted with chemicals used to grow them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I first came to California many years ago, it took me a long time to get used to the idea that I could buy fresh strawberries in the middle of winter. For this Pennsylvania girl, fresh strawberries meant late spring, time to hit the local farm stands with my mom, looking for the plumpest specimens for her light-as-air shortcake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well into adulthood, in fact, the taste of strawberries has--until recently--evoked that exhilarating moment when school let out, freedom beckoned, life seemed filled with possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, California has distinct growing seasons, too, but the mostly mild climate of the state’s agricultural regions allows farmers to harvest strawberries and corn in December; some crops, like oranges, broccoli, and avocados are grown year-round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's ability to raise fruits and vegetables all year helps feed the nation, and the state's nearly $40 billion agricultural industry has dominated America’s agricultural production for decades. To maintain this productivity, farmers use nitrogen fertilizers and waste manure from cows. Plants need nitrogen to grow, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V8_N4/feature2.pdf\">crops typically take up less than half\u003c/a> of all the nitrogen applied. The rest is released into the air, runs off into streams, or slowly percolates through the soil into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in groundwater, nitrogen turns into compounds called nitrates. Studies link nitrates to thyroid dysfunction, various cancers, and miscarriage, though the evidence is inconclusive. But there’s little disagreement that nitrates pose a serious risk to infants, who can develop a potentially deadly disorder called “blue baby syndrome,” which starves tissues of oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrates turn toxic when bacteria in the gut and saliva turn them into nitrites. And because babies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050177\">different community of microbes\u003c/a> in their guts than adults, including more nitrite-producing bacteria, they are far more vulnerable to nitrate exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials have long known that nitrates are one of the most widespread contaminants in the state’s groundwater. About 16 million people in California get their drinking water from groundwater sources. That’s why, in 2008, the Legislature required the state Water Resources Control Board to report on the causes of contamination and identify potential solutions. The water board contracted experts at UC Davis, who released their \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201203130850/a\">widely covered report\u003c/a> in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://groundwaternitrate.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis researchers\u003c/a> looked at nitrate contamination in two of the prime agricultural regions in California, the Tulare Lake Basin and the Salinas Valley, where about 2.6 million people rely on groundwater. They found that agriculture accounts for 96% of nitrate-contaminated groundwater. More than a quarter of a million people in these regions may have nitrates in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39392\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/faucet/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39392\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39392\" title=\"Faucet\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Faucet-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Faucet\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 250,000 people living in the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley can't drink their tap water because it's contaminated with nitrates. Most are low-income and Latino. (Photo: Benutzer:Alex Anlicker/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the poorest people in the state live in these agricultural areas. And many of those coping with tainted drinking water work in the fields that leach the nitrates, picking our produce, our strawberries, oranges and lemons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, I went to Tulare County for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-people-of-color-series-summary\">story for Environmental Health News\u003c/a> to speak with residents who've been struggling with nitrate contamination for years. Their taps dispense toxic water they can’t drink but they still have to pay for their monthly water bill. And then they have to buy bottled water from the grocery store or fill up five-gallon jugs from a water vending machine—something I’d wager most San Franciscans have never seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-and-people-of-color-nitrate-day-4\">One woman I spoke to\u003c/a>, a single mother of four named Bertha Dias, makes $7.50 an hour picking fruit. She pays nearly five times as much to have safe drinking water in her house than the average San Franciscan pays to drink water so pristine \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/26/MN279761.DTL\">Willie Brown famously bottled it\u003c/a> as Hetch Hetchy Mountain Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nitrate contamination problem has been covered before, including an \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/nitrate-contamination-spreading-california-communities\">in-depth investigation by California Watch\u003c/a> in 2010. Yet the problem hasn't gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income people seeking safe drinking water throughout Tulare County are working with the Visalia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/\">Community Water Center\u003c/a> to find their own solutions. Potential solutions run from digging a new well to hooking up to a larger water system to installing filtration systems under the sink. But many measures are temporary fixes, until the state figures out how to deal with the problem over the long term--which the UC Davis study concluded would cost about $36 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, strawberries brought in more than three-quarters of a billion dollars for Salinas Valley farmers, resulting from a 10-year increase in consumer demand, Carolyn O'Donnell, communications director for the California Strawberry Commission, told a reporter for \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20100623/BUSINESS/6230307/Strawberries-top-lettuce-Monterey-County-s-No-1-crop\">TheCalifornian.com\u003c/a>. She attributed the increased demand to better-tasting varieties that hold up better under shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Bay Area consumers can see Salinas Valley strawberries at their local grocery stores nearly anytime except winter, when shipments from Southern California pick up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now when I think of strawberries, the romance is gone. I can't help but think of Bertha Dias and the other farmworkers like her, who spend long, hot days picking our fruit and vegetables out in the fields, only to come home to water they can't drink. They deserve better.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California farmworkers work long days for about $7.50 an hour to pick fruit in orchards doused with nitrogen fertilizers. A UC Davis study released in March found that nitrates from fertilizers and dairy waste have contaminated groundwater supplies. Because farmworkers live near the fields they work in, they're at high risk for nitrate-contaminated drinking water.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366755443,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":945},"headData":{"title":"Farmworkers Pay a Heavy Price for California's Bounty | KQED","description":"California farmworkers work long days for about $7.50 an hour to pick fruit in orchards doused with nitrogen fertilizers. A UC Davis study released in March found that nitrates from fertilizers and dairy waste have contaminated groundwater supplies. Because farmworkers live near the fields they work in, they're at high risk for nitrate-contaminated drinking water.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Farmworkers Pay a Heavy Price for California's Bounty ","datePublished":"2012-06-13T15:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T22:17:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"39365 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=39365","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/","disqusTitle":"Farmworkers Pay a Heavy Price for California's Bounty ","path":"/quest/39365/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/chandler_strawberries_carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39377\" title=\"Chandler strawberries \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Chandler_strawberries_carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"strawberries\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time you enjoy a bowl of fresh juicy strawberries, consider this: chances are, the farmworker who picked them for about $7.50 an hour comes home to toxic tap water tainted with chemicals used to grow them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I first came to California many years ago, it took me a long time to get used to the idea that I could buy fresh strawberries in the middle of winter. For this Pennsylvania girl, fresh strawberries meant late spring, time to hit the local farm stands with my mom, looking for the plumpest specimens for her light-as-air shortcake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well into adulthood, in fact, the taste of strawberries has--until recently--evoked that exhilarating moment when school let out, freedom beckoned, life seemed filled with possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, California has distinct growing seasons, too, but the mostly mild climate of the state’s agricultural regions allows farmers to harvest strawberries and corn in December; some crops, like oranges, broccoli, and avocados are grown year-round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's ability to raise fruits and vegetables all year helps feed the nation, and the state's nearly $40 billion agricultural industry has dominated America’s agricultural production for decades. To maintain this productivity, farmers use nitrogen fertilizers and waste manure from cows. Plants need nitrogen to grow, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V8_N4/feature2.pdf\">crops typically take up less than half\u003c/a> of all the nitrogen applied. The rest is released into the air, runs off into streams, or slowly percolates through the soil into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in groundwater, nitrogen turns into compounds called nitrates. Studies link nitrates to thyroid dysfunction, various cancers, and miscarriage, though the evidence is inconclusive. But there’s little disagreement that nitrates pose a serious risk to infants, who can develop a potentially deadly disorder called “blue baby syndrome,” which starves tissues of oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrates turn toxic when bacteria in the gut and saliva turn them into nitrites. And because babies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050177\">different community of microbes\u003c/a> in their guts than adults, including more nitrite-producing bacteria, they are far more vulnerable to nitrate exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials have long known that nitrates are one of the most widespread contaminants in the state’s groundwater. About 16 million people in California get their drinking water from groundwater sources. That’s why, in 2008, the Legislature required the state Water Resources Control Board to report on the causes of contamination and identify potential solutions. The water board contracted experts at UC Davis, who released their \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201203130850/a\">widely covered report\u003c/a> in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://groundwaternitrate.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis researchers\u003c/a> looked at nitrate contamination in two of the prime agricultural regions in California, the Tulare Lake Basin and the Salinas Valley, where about 2.6 million people rely on groundwater. They found that agriculture accounts for 96% of nitrate-contaminated groundwater. More than a quarter of a million people in these regions may have nitrates in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39392\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/faucet/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39392\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39392\" title=\"Faucet\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Faucet-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Faucet\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 250,000 people living in the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley can't drink their tap water because it's contaminated with nitrates. Most are low-income and Latino. (Photo: Benutzer:Alex Anlicker/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the poorest people in the state live in these agricultural areas. And many of those coping with tainted drinking water work in the fields that leach the nitrates, picking our produce, our strawberries, oranges and lemons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, I went to Tulare County for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-people-of-color-series-summary\">story for Environmental Health News\u003c/a> to speak with residents who've been struggling with nitrate contamination for years. Their taps dispense toxic water they can’t drink but they still have to pay for their monthly water bill. And then they have to buy bottled water from the grocery store or fill up five-gallon jugs from a water vending machine—something I’d wager most San Franciscans have never seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-and-people-of-color-nitrate-day-4\">One woman I spoke to\u003c/a>, a single mother of four named Bertha Dias, makes $7.50 an hour picking fruit. She pays nearly five times as much to have safe drinking water in her house than the average San Franciscan pays to drink water so pristine \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/26/MN279761.DTL\">Willie Brown famously bottled it\u003c/a> as Hetch Hetchy Mountain Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nitrate contamination problem has been covered before, including an \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/nitrate-contamination-spreading-california-communities\">in-depth investigation by California Watch\u003c/a> in 2010. Yet the problem hasn't gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income people seeking safe drinking water throughout Tulare County are working with the Visalia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/\">Community Water Center\u003c/a> to find their own solutions. Potential solutions run from digging a new well to hooking up to a larger water system to installing filtration systems under the sink. But many measures are temporary fixes, until the state figures out how to deal with the problem over the long term--which the UC Davis study concluded would cost about $36 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, strawberries brought in more than three-quarters of a billion dollars for Salinas Valley farmers, resulting from a 10-year increase in consumer demand, Carolyn O'Donnell, communications director for the California Strawberry Commission, told a reporter for \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20100623/BUSINESS/6230307/Strawberries-top-lettuce-Monterey-County-s-No-1-crop\">TheCalifornian.com\u003c/a>. She attributed the increased demand to better-tasting varieties that hold up better under shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Bay Area consumers can see Salinas Valley strawberries at their local grocery stores nearly anytime except winter, when shipments from Southern California pick up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now when I think of strawberries, the romance is gone. I can't help but think of Bertha Dias and the other farmworkers like her, who spend long, hot days picking our fruit and vegetables out in the fields, only to come home to water they can't drink. They deserve better.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/39365/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_733","quest_13198","quest_11203","quest_11204","quest_1072","quest_13201","quest_11202","quest_3716","quest_13202","quest_2809","quest_13364","quest_13365"],"featImg":"quest_39377","label":"quest"},"quest_14136":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14136","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14136","score":null,"sort":[1304092858000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"will-conventional-produce-lower-your-childs-iq","title":"Will Conventional Produce Lower Your Child's IQ?","publishDate":1304092858,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/pesticides2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Pregnant mothers with the highest exposure to pesticides had kids with lower IQ at age 7. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/52890443@N02/4889435516/\">C. G. P. Grey\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/25403\">published last week\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em> concluded that pesticide exposure in pregnant women is linked to lower IQ scores in their children at age 7. This is pretty scary news for expectant mothers, but what does it mean practically?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticide exposure can come in many forms. In one of the studies done at UC Berkeley, scientists estimated pesticide exposure in the agricultural town of Salinas (Monterey County, CA) by measuring \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate\">organophosphate\u003c/a> metabolites in the mother's urine during and after pregnancy. While these women had slightly higher than average pesticide exposure due to their proximity to farming centers, their levels were not out of range of national averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the effect of pesticide exposure on intelligence was only significant before birth; childhood exposure to pesticides did not appear to have an impact on intelligence scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two studies were conducted in more urban environments in New York City. In these studies done by researchers at Mount Sinai Medical Center and Columbia University, pesticide exposure was determined by measuring either urine metabolites or umbilical cord levels of the pesticide chlorpyrifos, respectively. Intelligence scores were significantly lower in children whose mothers had been exposed to the most pesticides while pregnant, indicating that these results are consistent across populations and not limited to farming communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In urban populations, pesticide exposure often comes from eating crops that have been treated with pesticides. People can also come into contact with pesticides in home gardens, schools and other public buildings with landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that use of organophosphate pesticides have declined steadily over the past decade, declining approximately 50 percent since 2001. Also, though choosing organic produce will help decrease pesticide exposure through food, consumers shouldn't feel they need to switch to 100% organic to protect their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodnews.org/walletguide.php\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> publishes the “Dirty Dozen,” a list of the conventional produce likely to contain the highest amount of pesticides. It also publishes a list of the cleanest conventional foods, “The Clean 15,” with the lowest pesticide levels. The researchers found that the impact of pesticides on intelligence scores is dose dependent, meaning any reduction in exposure can be beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While making these decisions it is important to realize that eating a wide variety of fresh fruits and vegetables is one of the most important thing you can do for the health of your developing baby. You should not drastically restrict the different kinds of produce you consume while pregnant. Being smart about which organic foods you purchase, and carefully washing the conventional produce you continue to buy can make a big impact on your exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you worried about pesticide exposure? How do you handle it?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.87241 -122.259616\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While these women had slightly higher than average pesticide exposure due to their proximity to farming centers, their levels were not out of range of national averages.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366826768,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":483},"headData":{"title":"Will Conventional Produce Lower Your Child's IQ? | KQED","description":"While these women had slightly higher than average pesticide exposure due to their proximity to farming centers, their levels were not out of range of national averages.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Will Conventional Produce Lower Your Child's IQ?","datePublished":"2011-04-29T16:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-24T18:06:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"14136 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14136","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/29/will-conventional-produce-lower-your-childs-iq/","disqusTitle":"Will Conventional Produce Lower Your Child's IQ?","path":"/quest/14136/will-conventional-produce-lower-your-childs-iq","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/pesticides2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Pregnant mothers with the highest exposure to pesticides had kids with lower IQ at age 7. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/52890443@N02/4889435516/\">C. G. P. Grey\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/25403\">published last week\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em> concluded that pesticide exposure in pregnant women is linked to lower IQ scores in their children at age 7. This is pretty scary news for expectant mothers, but what does it mean practically?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticide exposure can come in many forms. In one of the studies done at UC Berkeley, scientists estimated pesticide exposure in the agricultural town of Salinas (Monterey County, CA) by measuring \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate\">organophosphate\u003c/a> metabolites in the mother's urine during and after pregnancy. While these women had slightly higher than average pesticide exposure due to their proximity to farming centers, their levels were not out of range of national averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the effect of pesticide exposure on intelligence was only significant before birth; childhood exposure to pesticides did not appear to have an impact on intelligence scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two studies were conducted in more urban environments in New York City. In these studies done by researchers at Mount Sinai Medical Center and Columbia University, pesticide exposure was determined by measuring either urine metabolites or umbilical cord levels of the pesticide chlorpyrifos, respectively. Intelligence scores were significantly lower in children whose mothers had been exposed to the most pesticides while pregnant, indicating that these results are consistent across populations and not limited to farming communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In urban populations, pesticide exposure often comes from eating crops that have been treated with pesticides. People can also come into contact with pesticides in home gardens, schools and other public buildings with landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that use of organophosphate pesticides have declined steadily over the past decade, declining approximately 50 percent since 2001. Also, though choosing organic produce will help decrease pesticide exposure through food, consumers shouldn't feel they need to switch to 100% organic to protect their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodnews.org/walletguide.php\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> publishes the “Dirty Dozen,” a list of the conventional produce likely to contain the highest amount of pesticides. It also publishes a list of the cleanest conventional foods, “The Clean 15,” with the lowest pesticide levels. The researchers found that the impact of pesticides on intelligence scores is dose dependent, meaning any reduction in exposure can be beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While making these decisions it is important to realize that eating a wide variety of fresh fruits and vegetables is one of the most important thing you can do for the health of your developing baby. You should not drastically restrict the different kinds of produce you consume while pregnant. Being smart about which organic foods you purchase, and carefully washing the conventional produce you continue to buy can make a big impact on your exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you worried about pesticide exposure? How do you handle it?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.87241 -122.259616\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14136/will-conventional-produce-lower-your-childs-iq","authors":["10218"],"categories":["quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_575","quest_3531","quest_3618","quest_2088","quest_2167","quest_3711","quest_3716","quest_13364","quest_13365"],"featImg":"quest_14139","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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