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They affect its surface, the evolution and distribution of our planet's species, and impact people’s lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the past century, scientists have gained significant knowledge about these processes and why earthquakes occur. They've learned that Earth’s surface, made up of plates, is constantly moving and that forces between these plates cause earthquakes, which produce energy released as seismic waves. They've also studied how this energy release affects our environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are part of the larger story of plate tectonics. The constant movement of Earth's plates builds mountains, moves continents, and creates the landscape in which life evolves or goes extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these processes, scientists can predict where earthquakes will occur, but not when. Even if we don't know when earthquakes are coming, we can do our best to prepare for them. Knowing what to expect from and how to respond to an earthquake can mitigate its impact and save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and KQED partnered to bring you this rich collection of resources about earthquakes. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13&ign-mpt=uo%3D4\">iBooks Textbook \u003c/a>in Apple’s iBookstore and as a course of \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U\u003c/a>. The media collection includes the following information about earthquakes:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is an Earthquake?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\">From Core to Crust: Defining Earth’s Layers \u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/educators/inside-the-earth-exploring-earths-layers\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth’s Layers\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-boundaries-divergent-convergent-and-transform\">Plate Boundaries: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/the-four-types-of-seismic-waves/\">What Are Seismic Waves\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake/\">How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\">Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/\">Building for Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\">San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-great-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906\">The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Earthquake Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Educator Guide\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes/\">Exploring Earthquakes: Educator Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the science of earthquakes with the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1494362417,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":325},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Earthquakes | KQED","description":"Explore the science of earthquakes with the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"141523 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=141523","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/exploring-earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Earthquakes","path":"/quest/141523/exploring-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Geological processes shape life on Earth. They affect its surface, the evolution and distribution of our planet's species, and impact people’s lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the past century, scientists have gained significant knowledge about these processes and why earthquakes occur. They've learned that Earth’s surface, made up of plates, is constantly moving and that forces between these plates cause earthquakes, which produce energy released as seismic waves. They've also studied how this energy release affects our environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are part of the larger story of plate tectonics. The constant movement of Earth's plates builds mountains, moves continents, and creates the landscape in which life evolves or goes extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these processes, scientists can predict where earthquakes will occur, but not when. Even if we don't know when earthquakes are coming, we can do our best to prepare for them. Knowing what to expect from and how to respond to an earthquake can mitigate its impact and save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and KQED partnered to bring you this rich collection of resources about earthquakes. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13&ign-mpt=uo%3D4\">iBooks Textbook \u003c/a>in Apple’s iBookstore and as a course of \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U\u003c/a>. The media collection includes the following information about earthquakes:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is an Earthquake?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\">From Core to Crust: Defining Earth’s Layers \u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/educators/inside-the-earth-exploring-earths-layers\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth’s Layers\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-boundaries-divergent-convergent-and-transform\">Plate Boundaries: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/the-four-types-of-seismic-waves/\">What Are Seismic Waves\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake/\">How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\">Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/\">Building for Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\">San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-great-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906\">The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Earthquake Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Educator Guide\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes/\">Exploring Earthquakes: Educator Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/141523/exploring-earthquakes","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_907","quest_909","quest_13373","quest_13461","quest_3706"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_141524","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_36850":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36850","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36850","score":null,"sort":[1336070125000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","title":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","publishDate":1336070125,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Volcanoes release a lot of gas, including carbon dioxide. Can we blame them for climate change instead of us?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1336151632,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":429},"headData":{"title":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans? | KQED","description":"Volcanoes release a lot of gas, including carbon dioxide. Can we blame them for climate change instead of us?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"36850 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36850","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/","disqusTitle":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","WpOldSlug":"which-is-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","path":"/quest/36850/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36850/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_3516","quest_637","quest_1273","quest_3403","quest_3706","quest_13202","quest_3404"],"featImg":"quest_36851","label":"quest"},"quest_15399":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15399","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15399","score":null,"sort":[1308855976000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Stinson Beach","publishDate":1308855976,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinsontop2.jpg\" alt=\"stinson beach\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>If you can tear your eyes off the sea and sky, Stinson Beach offers a geological feast in its sediments, rocks and structure. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if geology weren't a factor, Stinson Beach would be among my top Bay Area beaches: it's small enough to thoroughly explore but large enough to take up a day, it offers shelter and plenty of wildlife, it has nearby places to eat and drink, and feels far from the workaday world without being a huge deal to get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with me, geology is always a factor. Let's take in the scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson12.jpg\" alt=\"stinson beach view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stinson Beach is on Route 1 just north of San Francisco. You can drive there or take a bus, but either way what you see as you come in from the south is a lovely arc of sand. In the distance is the Point Reyes Peninsula with the low tableland of Bolinas on the left (a wave-cut platform) and the highlands of Point Reyes on the right. All of that land is on the Pacific plate and lies across the San Andreas fault. The fault runs just offshore, touching land in the center distance at the end of the beach and exiting the photo at upper right. Have a look at the geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinsonmap2.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinsonmap2.png\" width=\"500\" alt=\"geologic map\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csub>Click the map for a larger version. Abbreviations: mt, marine terrace, Tms, Tertiary (Miocene) sedimentary rocks; QTs, Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary rocks; Kfs, Franciscan sandstone; sp, serpentinite; fc, Franciscan chert; ls, landslide deposits. From \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/docs/Marin_County.kmz\">Marin County section\u003c/a> (KMZ file) of the USGS \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">Bay Area Geologic Map\u003c/a>.\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything on the east side of the fault belongs to the Franciscan Complex, a big, sloppy geologic unit that includes bodies of sandstone, chert, shale, volcanic rocks and serpentinite. Parts of it are so mixed up that geologists have thrown up their hands and called it melange (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">which I featured in this post\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're drawn to that great plate boundary, walk to the north end of the beach. The waves hit the beach here at an angle, sweeping the sand into crosshatches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson22.jpg\" alt=\"sand waves\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the beach is a tidal waterway leading to Bolinas Lagoon. There the repetitive wash of the tides builds symmetrical ripples like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson32.jpg\" alt=\"ripples\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won't see the fault here unless it happens to rupture while you're visiting, which is extremely unlikely. But if that happens, take pictures because the waves will swiftly erase the evidence. The lagoon is a feeding ground for all sorts of seabirds as well as the town's sheltered anchorage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson42.jpg\" alt=\"bolinas lagoon\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you head south back down the beach, notice the terrace at the base of the hills, where many residences in the town of Stinson Beach sit. This is probably the same type of wave-cut platform that appears up and down the California coast (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson52.jpg\" alt=\"wave-cut platform\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beach's south end is a pile of boulders that have eroded from the geological plum-pudding of the Franciscan melange. The distant peninsula is the toe of an ancient landslide, one of many in this shaken-and-stirred area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson62.jpg\" alt=\"boulders\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the boulders are straightforward rocks with a single composition, while others like this one are themselves melanges of many different ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson72.jpg\" alt=\"melange\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, you may be able to pick out every rock type found in the Franciscan—assembled in a single boulder!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson82.jpg\" alt=\"melange\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you visited the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">rocks of the Marin Headlands\u003c/a> a few weeks earlier, you'll recognize the Franciscan ribbon chert here, too, although it's green rather than red. That is due to the low-grade metamorphism that has affected the entire Franciscan in most of Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson92.jpg\" alt=\"green chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're studying these rocks, take a look at the cliff behind them, which is an intimate mixture of rocks and matrix that keeps crumbling into the waves to yield Stinson Beach's abundance of fresh, dark sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson992.jpg\" alt=\"folded chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I always stay til sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are your top Bay Area beaches, and why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.899 -122.645\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Even if geology weren't a factor, Stinson Beach would be among my top Bay Area beaches. But with me, geology is always a factor. Let's take in the scene.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311135088,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":666},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Stinson Beach | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15399 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15399","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Stinson Beach","path":"/quest/15399/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinsontop2.jpg\" alt=\"stinson beach\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>If you can tear your eyes off the sea and sky, Stinson Beach offers a geological feast in its sediments, rocks and structure. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if geology weren't a factor, Stinson Beach would be among my top Bay Area beaches: it's small enough to thoroughly explore but large enough to take up a day, it offers shelter and plenty of wildlife, it has nearby places to eat and drink, and feels far from the workaday world without being a huge deal to get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with me, geology is always a factor. Let's take in the scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson12.jpg\" alt=\"stinson beach view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stinson Beach is on Route 1 just north of San Francisco. You can drive there or take a bus, but either way what you see as you come in from the south is a lovely arc of sand. In the distance is the Point Reyes Peninsula with the low tableland of Bolinas on the left (a wave-cut platform) and the highlands of Point Reyes on the right. All of that land is on the Pacific plate and lies across the San Andreas fault. The fault runs just offshore, touching land in the center distance at the end of the beach and exiting the photo at upper right. Have a look at the geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinsonmap2.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinsonmap2.png\" width=\"500\" alt=\"geologic map\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csub>Click the map for a larger version. Abbreviations: mt, marine terrace, Tms, Tertiary (Miocene) sedimentary rocks; QTs, Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary rocks; Kfs, Franciscan sandstone; sp, serpentinite; fc, Franciscan chert; ls, landslide deposits. From \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/docs/Marin_County.kmz\">Marin County section\u003c/a> (KMZ file) of the USGS \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">Bay Area Geologic Map\u003c/a>.\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything on the east side of the fault belongs to the Franciscan Complex, a big, sloppy geologic unit that includes bodies of sandstone, chert, shale, volcanic rocks and serpentinite. Parts of it are so mixed up that geologists have thrown up their hands and called it melange (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">which I featured in this post\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're drawn to that great plate boundary, walk to the north end of the beach. The waves hit the beach here at an angle, sweeping the sand into crosshatches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson22.jpg\" alt=\"sand waves\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the beach is a tidal waterway leading to Bolinas Lagoon. There the repetitive wash of the tides builds symmetrical ripples like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson32.jpg\" alt=\"ripples\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won't see the fault here unless it happens to rupture while you're visiting, which is extremely unlikely. But if that happens, take pictures because the waves will swiftly erase the evidence. The lagoon is a feeding ground for all sorts of seabirds as well as the town's sheltered anchorage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson42.jpg\" alt=\"bolinas lagoon\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you head south back down the beach, notice the terrace at the base of the hills, where many residences in the town of Stinson Beach sit. This is probably the same type of wave-cut platform that appears up and down the California coast (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson52.jpg\" alt=\"wave-cut platform\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beach's south end is a pile of boulders that have eroded from the geological plum-pudding of the Franciscan melange. The distant peninsula is the toe of an ancient landslide, one of many in this shaken-and-stirred area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson62.jpg\" alt=\"boulders\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the boulders are straightforward rocks with a single composition, while others like this one are themselves melanges of many different ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson72.jpg\" alt=\"melange\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, you may be able to pick out every rock type found in the Franciscan—assembled in a single boulder!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson82.jpg\" alt=\"melange\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you visited the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">rocks of the Marin Headlands\u003c/a> a few weeks earlier, you'll recognize the Franciscan ribbon chert here, too, although it's green rather than red. That is due to the low-grade metamorphism that has affected the entire Franciscan in most of Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson92.jpg\" alt=\"green chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're studying these rocks, take a look at the cliff behind them, which is an intimate mixture of rocks and matrix that keeps crumbling into the waves to yield Stinson Beach's abundance of fresh, dark sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/stinson992.jpg\" alt=\"folded chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I always stay til sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are your top Bay Area beaches, and why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.899 -122.645\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15399/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_294","quest_3489","quest_3580","quest_1608","quest_3706","quest_2447","quest_2484","quest_3783"],"featImg":"quest_15411","label":"quest"},"quest_13133":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13133","score":null,"sort":[1300986008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach","publishDate":1300986008,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well displayed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1483733398,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":851},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach | KQED","description":"One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well displayed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"13133 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13133","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach","path":"/quest/13133/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13133/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3487","quest_3507","quest_13200","quest_3615","quest_1727","quest_3706","quest_2233","quest_2589","quest_2590","quest_2728","quest_2817"],"featImg":"quest_199486","label":"quest"},"quest_16967":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_16967","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"16967","score":null,"sort":[1223957880000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb","title":"The Hayward Fault: A Tectonic Timebomb","publishDate":1223957880,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450498353,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":55},"headData":{"title":"The Hayward Fault: A Tectonic Timebomb | KQED","description":"Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"16967 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/10/13/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb/","disqusTitle":"The Hayward Fault: A Tectonic Timebomb","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-14a-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/16967/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/16967/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb","authors":["212"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_909","quest_1080","quest_11136","quest_3351","quest_3706","quest_2349","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_31664","label":"source_quest_16967"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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