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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. 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We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442787406,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":808},"headData":{"title":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth | KQED","description":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that "other Earth." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","datePublished":"2013-03-22T15:33:21.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-20T22:16:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51156 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51156","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth/","disqusTitle":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","path":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_11852","quest_11853","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_11854","quest_11851","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_2216","quest_13","quest_11855"],"featImg":"quest_51157","label":"quest"},"quest_40161":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40161","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40161","score":null,"sort":[1340982010000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier","title":"Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier?","publishDate":1340982010,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40163\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/voyagersandheliopause/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40163\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg\" alt=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" title=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a mere 20 years after the launch of Sputnik marked the beginning of the Space Age, the twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched, bound for tours of the gas giant planets of the outer Solar System. And though it's been over two decades since either Voyager made its final planetary fly-by, to this day both vehicles are in good health, still sending their pioneering data back to us via the worldwide \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a> of radio dishes and still making important scientific discoveries and history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though launched 4-5 years after the first spacecraft to cross the Asteroid Belt, encounter gas giants and achieve escape velocity from our Solar System (Pioneers 10 and 11), the Voyagers have since outdistanced the Pioneers to become the most distant human-made craft in space. We also lost contact with the Pioneers, in 1995 and 2003—but the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Voyager 1 and 2\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers are still on line!\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At nearly three times the mass and power generation of the Pioneers, the Voyagers continue to blaze trails. As of right now, Voyager 2 is nearly 15 billion kilometers from the Sun and Voyager 1 leads the race at over 18 billion kilometers: quadruple the distance to Neptune! Every second carries Voyager 1, the speedier of the pair, 17 kilometers farther into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though it will be at least 40,000 years before Voyager 1 gets anywhere near another star, recent data from the probe indicates that it may have reached a milestone in its journey anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Voyagers were launched, even though their primary missions were to observe the gas giants of the outer Solar System, NASA hoped that the spacecraft would stay active and healthy long enough to make measurements until their inevitable passage through the edge of the Solar System: the boundary layer between the influences of our Sun and the environment of interstellar space beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun not only radiates light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but also plasma (electrically charged gas, mostly hydrogen) and accompanying magnetic fields: \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Wind\" target=\"_blank\">the solar wind\u003c/a>. The material expands outward into space and eventually encounters the influences of the interstellar environment. The collision of the two realms forms a \"bubble\". The material inside the bubble--the heliosphere, essentially the Sun's extended atmosphere--encompasses a volume of space extending far beyond the planets. The tenuous boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium is called the heliopause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like the difference in water current and wave action between the waters of a protected cove and the open ocean. I remember a trip to Angel Island with my friend Bob back in the 1970's. We rowed a small inflatable raft out into the harbor, sculling around the calm, nearly still waters within the projected arc of the cove. Then we rowed out beyond the confines of the cove, suddenly finding ourselves in an environment of high, choppy waves and a powerful current that threatened to carry us away from the island and out toward the Golden Gate Bridge. Ten minutes of furious rowing were required to get us back inside the peaceful bubble of the cove, and safety—and I'll never forget it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, Voyager scientists have noticed an increase in the amount of electrically charged particles detected by Voyager 1 -- particles not of the solar wind, but high velocity interstellar ions probably formed in supernova explosions in our neighborhood in the past: \"galactic cosmic rays.\" The cosmic ray count rose 25% in the past three years and since May of this year, there has been an additional 9% increase. If this is an indication that Voyager 1 is encountering the heliopause, maybe it's analogous to Bob and I suddenly encountering larger and more waves in our inflatable raft at the boundary of the cove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator that Voyager 1 may be breaking on through to the other side will be a change in the direction of the magnetic fields around it, as the magnetic field put out by our Sun bends to the will of the Milky Way Galaxy at large. NASA is currently analyzing Voyager's data to determine if this shift is taking place. I guess it could be likened to the sudden change of current that almost swept Bob and I off to the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will become of these veteran robots that are destined to become humanity's first interstellar envoys, carrying with them their various audio recordings and images of our species? Will they drift off into obscurity, becoming lost in space? Will they become objects for target practice by some trigger happy extraterrestrial spacefarer? Will they one day arrive at an alien world with our messages, prompting a response? Only time--probably lots of it--will tell....\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Thirty-five years after beginning a remarkable journey that started with encounters of Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 may once again be making a historic scientific encounter: the boundary between our Solar System and interstellar space!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":812},"headData":{"title":"Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier? | KQED","description":"Thirty-five years after beginning a remarkable journey that started with encounters of Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 may once again be making a historic scientific encounter: the boundary between our Solar System and interstellar space!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier?","datePublished":"2012-06-29T15:00:10.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:56:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40161 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40161","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/","disqusTitle":"Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier?","path":"/quest/40161/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40163\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/voyagersandheliopause/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40163\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg\" alt=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" title=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a mere 20 years after the launch of Sputnik marked the beginning of the Space Age, the twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched, bound for tours of the gas giant planets of the outer Solar System. And though it's been over two decades since either Voyager made its final planetary fly-by, to this day both vehicles are in good health, still sending their pioneering data back to us via the worldwide \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a> of radio dishes and still making important scientific discoveries and history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though launched 4-5 years after the first spacecraft to cross the Asteroid Belt, encounter gas giants and achieve escape velocity from our Solar System (Pioneers 10 and 11), the Voyagers have since outdistanced the Pioneers to become the most distant human-made craft in space. We also lost contact with the Pioneers, in 1995 and 2003—but the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Voyager 1 and 2\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers are still on line!\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At nearly three times the mass and power generation of the Pioneers, the Voyagers continue to blaze trails. As of right now, Voyager 2 is nearly 15 billion kilometers from the Sun and Voyager 1 leads the race at over 18 billion kilometers: quadruple the distance to Neptune! Every second carries Voyager 1, the speedier of the pair, 17 kilometers farther into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though it will be at least 40,000 years before Voyager 1 gets anywhere near another star, recent data from the probe indicates that it may have reached a milestone in its journey anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Voyagers were launched, even though their primary missions were to observe the gas giants of the outer Solar System, NASA hoped that the spacecraft would stay active and healthy long enough to make measurements until their inevitable passage through the edge of the Solar System: the boundary layer between the influences of our Sun and the environment of interstellar space beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun not only radiates light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but also plasma (electrically charged gas, mostly hydrogen) and accompanying magnetic fields: \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Wind\" target=\"_blank\">the solar wind\u003c/a>. The material expands outward into space and eventually encounters the influences of the interstellar environment. The collision of the two realms forms a \"bubble\". The material inside the bubble--the heliosphere, essentially the Sun's extended atmosphere--encompasses a volume of space extending far beyond the planets. The tenuous boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium is called the heliopause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like the difference in water current and wave action between the waters of a protected cove and the open ocean. I remember a trip to Angel Island with my friend Bob back in the 1970's. We rowed a small inflatable raft out into the harbor, sculling around the calm, nearly still waters within the projected arc of the cove. Then we rowed out beyond the confines of the cove, suddenly finding ourselves in an environment of high, choppy waves and a powerful current that threatened to carry us away from the island and out toward the Golden Gate Bridge. Ten minutes of furious rowing were required to get us back inside the peaceful bubble of the cove, and safety—and I'll never forget it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, Voyager scientists have noticed an increase in the amount of electrically charged particles detected by Voyager 1 -- particles not of the solar wind, but high velocity interstellar ions probably formed in supernova explosions in our neighborhood in the past: \"galactic cosmic rays.\" The cosmic ray count rose 25% in the past three years and since May of this year, there has been an additional 9% increase. If this is an indication that Voyager 1 is encountering the heliopause, maybe it's analogous to Bob and I suddenly encountering larger and more waves in our inflatable raft at the boundary of the cove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator that Voyager 1 may be breaking on through to the other side will be a change in the direction of the magnetic fields around it, as the magnetic field put out by our Sun bends to the will of the Milky Way Galaxy at large. NASA is currently analyzing Voyager's data to determine if this shift is taking place. I guess it could be likened to the sudden change of current that almost swept Bob and I off to the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will become of these veteran robots that are destined to become humanity's first interstellar envoys, carrying with them their various audio recordings and images of our species? Will they drift off into obscurity, becoming lost in space? Will they become objects for target practice by some trigger happy extraterrestrial spacefarer? Will they one day arrive at an alien world with our messages, prompting a response? Only time--probably lots of it--will tell....\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40161/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_836","quest_1040","quest_1918","quest_2216","quest_13202","quest_2739","quest_2742","quest_11240"],"featImg":"quest_40163","label":"quest"},"quest_35359":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35359","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35359","score":null,"sort":[1334934041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","title":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?","publishDate":1334934041,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? Here is a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998995,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":971},"headData":{"title":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky? | KQED","description":"Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? Here is a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?","datePublished":"2012-04-20T15:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T01:03:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"35359 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35359","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/","disqusTitle":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?","path":"/quest/35359/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35359/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_10986","quest_1799","quest_1800","quest_1994","quest_2216","quest_2511","quest_10987","quest_2775","quest_3027","quest_10985","quest_10984"],"featImg":"quest_35367","label":"quest"},"quest_20186":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20186","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20186","score":null,"sort":[1310745642000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-year-in-the-life-of-an-ice-giant","title":"A Year in the Life of an Ice Giant","publishDate":1310745642,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/neptune.jpg\">\u003cem>The \"Ice Giant\" Neptune. Credit: NASA/Voyager 2\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you believe we discovered the planet Neptune only one year ago? Weird; I seem to have heard about this planet all my life—it was even my favorite planet at one point, back in childhood. What's this paradox?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, not a paradox—just semantics. It has been one year since Neptune's discovery. One Neptunian year. It takes Neptune, the most distant known (official) planet, about 165 years to orbit the Sun one time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing the math backward, 2011 – 165 = 1846. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/neptune-circuit.html\">Neptune \u003c/a>was officially discovered on September 23rd of that year in a sort of virtual team effort-slash-international-rivalry extravaganza by at least three people. (To be nit-picky, it was actually July 12th when Neptune completed one Neptunian year since its discovery, since the Neptunian year is a couple of months short of exactly 165 Earth years....)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, the discovery of a celestial object is credited to one individual: the first to spot it through a telescope. Sometimes there is battle over the credit because two people may have spotted the object around the same time, and documented proof of who found it first is needed to settle the debate, or lack thereof to let the controversy go on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Neptune was the first planet to be discovered mathematically, based on observed perturbations in the motion of Uranus (Uranus, incidentally, was the first planet to actually be discovered; it's difficult to say that any of the other planets were \"discovered\" in the conventional sense, as all of them—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—are naked-eye objects, and so have been available to human eyesight since human eyesight was invented). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Neptune's case, in France and in England, Alexis Bouvard and John Couch Adams, respectively, each deduced that Uranus' orbital perturbation was caused by the influence of another as yet undiscovered planet. Another Frenchman, Urbain Le Verrier, mathematically predicted the position of this unseen lurker, and German astronomer Johann Galle turned a telescope to the predicted position, finding Neptune less than a degree away. Eventually, credit for Neptune's discovery—or at least the process of discovery--was divvied up among the group. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why was Neptune once my favorite planet in childhood? Well…because it's blue, of course! Just as good a reason as any, and blue was my favorite color. Like its slightly larger near-twin, Uranus, Neptune's upper atmosphere is made mostly of hydrogen and helium gas, but the presence of methane tints it blue. The thick atmospheric shell is believed to extend downward 10 to 20 percent the distance to the planet's center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deeper down is thought to exist a mantle containing significant amounts of volatile materials, like methane, ammonia, and water. This hot, dense, high-pressure fluid shell might be thought of as an \"ocean\" more than an atmosphere—although the distinction between gas and liquid is blurred by the extraordinary temperature and pressure of the material (taking an extreme example of what I mean, even the Sun's core, with a density a hundred times greater than liquid water on Earth, is considered a gas--or plasma--by virtue of its great temperature). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, sometimes Neptune, and Uranus, are referred to as \"liquid giants\"—or even \"ice giants\", though it's difficult for me to reconcile the term \"ice\" with the multi-thousand degree temperatures deep down inside these worlds….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under all that stuff, Neptune's solid core, made of rock and nickel iron primarily, has a mass not much greater than planet Earth—as if, at the center of this giant piece of liquid confection, there exists a crunchy center, a shrouded planet Earth. What a gem! And maybe literally, as it is speculated that deep inside the planet's mantle, carbon atoms coming from methane may be squeezed by the pressure into diamond crystals, which \"rain\" down upon the rocky core. Neptune, planet of riches…if only….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chabot, we'll be having a Neptune's First Anniversary since Discovery celebration on that date, September 23rd. Hope you can join us!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Would you believe we discovered the planet Neptune only one year ago? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371060570,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"Neptune: A Year in the Life of an Ice Giant","description":"Neptune: A Year in the Life of an Ice Giant","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Year in the Life of an Ice Giant","datePublished":"2011-07-15T16:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T18:09:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20186 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=20186","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/15/a-year-in-the-life-of-an-ice-giant/","disqusTitle":"A Year in the Life of an Ice Giant","path":"/quest/20186/a-year-in-the-life-of-an-ice-giant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/neptune.jpg\">\u003cem>The \"Ice Giant\" Neptune. Credit: NASA/Voyager 2\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you believe we discovered the planet Neptune only one year ago? Weird; I seem to have heard about this planet all my life—it was even my favorite planet at one point, back in childhood. What's this paradox?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, not a paradox—just semantics. It has been one year since Neptune's discovery. One Neptunian year. It takes Neptune, the most distant known (official) planet, about 165 years to orbit the Sun one time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing the math backward, 2011 – 165 = 1846. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/neptune-circuit.html\">Neptune \u003c/a>was officially discovered on September 23rd of that year in a sort of virtual team effort-slash-international-rivalry extravaganza by at least three people. (To be nit-picky, it was actually July 12th when Neptune completed one Neptunian year since its discovery, since the Neptunian year is a couple of months short of exactly 165 Earth years....)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, the discovery of a celestial object is credited to one individual: the first to spot it through a telescope. Sometimes there is battle over the credit because two people may have spotted the object around the same time, and documented proof of who found it first is needed to settle the debate, or lack thereof to let the controversy go on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Neptune was the first planet to be discovered mathematically, based on observed perturbations in the motion of Uranus (Uranus, incidentally, was the first planet to actually be discovered; it's difficult to say that any of the other planets were \"discovered\" in the conventional sense, as all of them—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—are naked-eye objects, and so have been available to human eyesight since human eyesight was invented). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Neptune's case, in France and in England, Alexis Bouvard and John Couch Adams, respectively, each deduced that Uranus' orbital perturbation was caused by the influence of another as yet undiscovered planet. Another Frenchman, Urbain Le Verrier, mathematically predicted the position of this unseen lurker, and German astronomer Johann Galle turned a telescope to the predicted position, finding Neptune less than a degree away. Eventually, credit for Neptune's discovery—or at least the process of discovery--was divvied up among the group. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why was Neptune once my favorite planet in childhood? Well…because it's blue, of course! Just as good a reason as any, and blue was my favorite color. Like its slightly larger near-twin, Uranus, Neptune's upper atmosphere is made mostly of hydrogen and helium gas, but the presence of methane tints it blue. The thick atmospheric shell is believed to extend downward 10 to 20 percent the distance to the planet's center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deeper down is thought to exist a mantle containing significant amounts of volatile materials, like methane, ammonia, and water. This hot, dense, high-pressure fluid shell might be thought of as an \"ocean\" more than an atmosphere—although the distinction between gas and liquid is blurred by the extraordinary temperature and pressure of the material (taking an extreme example of what I mean, even the Sun's core, with a density a hundred times greater than liquid water on Earth, is considered a gas--or plasma--by virtue of its great temperature). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, sometimes Neptune, and Uranus, are referred to as \"liquid giants\"—or even \"ice giants\", though it's difficult for me to reconcile the term \"ice\" with the multi-thousand degree temperatures deep down inside these worlds….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under all that stuff, Neptune's solid core, made of rock and nickel iron primarily, has a mass not much greater than planet Earth—as if, at the center of this giant piece of liquid confection, there exists a crunchy center, a shrouded planet Earth. What a gem! And maybe literally, as it is speculated that deep inside the planet's mantle, carbon atoms coming from methane may be squeezed by the pressure into diamond crystals, which \"rain\" down upon the rocky core. Neptune, planet of riches…if only….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chabot, we'll be having a Neptune's First Anniversary since Discovery celebration on that date, September 23rd. Hope you can join us!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20186/a-year-in-the-life-of-an-ice-giant","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_9807","quest_544","quest_1405","quest_1918","quest_9806","quest_2216","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_20202","label":"quest"},"quest_6426":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6426","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6426","score":null,"sort":[1278088388000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets","title":"Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets","publishDate":1278088388,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/exoplanet.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of an Earthlike Exoplanet. Credit: ESO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIt's been a little over a year since \u003ca href=\"http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>telescope was launched into space. Its mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been 15 years since the first \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planet \u003c/a>(exoplanet: planet orbiting a star other than our Sun) was confirmed to exist. Since that time and until the launch of Kepler, subsequent detections have racked up the number by about one a month to well over 400. \u003cem>Planets\u003c/em>, see? Worlds! What would we name them if we knew them more intimately, as we do Jupiter and Neptune? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are they like, and how are we seeing them? Well—we don't exactly see them; we detect their presence by their affect on their parent stars: small wiggles and wobbles that their gravity and motion cause in their star, or tiny dips in star brightness when they pass in front of it (\"transit\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what they're like, so far we've detected mostly very large planets—gas giants, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—that are relatively close to their stars. \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-10424263-17.html\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\" they've been called, for obvious reasons. The bigger the planet, the greater its gravitational or eclipsing effects; the closer the planet to its star, the shorter its orbital period and so the more frequently we can detect their influences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Kepler mission has a slightly different goal than finding Hot Jupiters. Using the \"transit method\" of looking for small drops in star brightness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070424_hab_exoplanet.html\">Kepler is looking for \u003c/a>Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at Earth-like distances—in a nutshell, we're looking for environments similar to those of Earth, since Earth's environment is the one that we know supports life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drop in light caused by the transit of a small planet is much more difficult to detect, Kepler is located in space, outside of Earth's distorting atmosphere. And since Kepler is looking for transits that should occur only one time in many months, and which may last only hours, it must observe constantly over a long time, without \"blinking\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Kepler come up with so far? \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/kepler-spacecraft-finds-hundreds-possible-planets-100618.html\">NASA recently released data from Kepler\u003c/a> taken in the first 43 days of its science mission. How many candidates for exoplanethood, you ask? The report announced a total of 706 possible detections in that 43 days—although NASA has only released the data on 306 of the lower priority detections, holding back a balance of about 400 \"more interesting\" candidates for more detailed study. What has piqued their interest on these, I really want to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Kepler candidates are not a mix of Hot Jupiters; as the mission was designed for, these potential planets are smaller and with longer orbital periods. In the mix there are a number of Neptune-like possibilities, and a larger number further down the size scale closer to true Earth-like character. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 15 years of observations made from Earth telescopes, a bit over 400 exoplanets. In Kepler's first 43 days of observation: 706. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, the numbers look cool, but I must point out that the 400 (actually closer to 460 as of June 2010) convenctional exoplanet detections are all confirmed to exist, while the 706 from Kepler have yet to be—but that's mostly a matter of time and followup. They may not all end up being confirmed; a number of them will likely turn out to be \"false positives\". But, I expect many of them will end up being confirmed--and Kepler has another couple of years of left before its mission ends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many planets—and how many Earth-sized worlds—will end up being discovered between now and then? Maybe someone should start a Kepler exoplanet poll….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's been a little over a year since NASA's Kepler telescope was launched into space. It's mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets transiting their stars. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076867,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets | KQED","description":"It's been a little over a year since NASA's Kepler telescope was launched into space. It's mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets transiting their stars. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets","datePublished":"2010-07-02T16:33:08.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:41:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6426 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6426","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/02/kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets/","disqusTitle":"Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets","path":"/quest/6426/kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/exoplanet.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of an Earthlike Exoplanet. Credit: ESO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIt's been a little over a year since \u003ca href=\"http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>telescope was launched into space. Its mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been 15 years since the first \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planet \u003c/a>(exoplanet: planet orbiting a star other than our Sun) was confirmed to exist. Since that time and until the launch of Kepler, subsequent detections have racked up the number by about one a month to well over 400. \u003cem>Planets\u003c/em>, see? Worlds! What would we name them if we knew them more intimately, as we do Jupiter and Neptune? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are they like, and how are we seeing them? Well—we don't exactly see them; we detect their presence by their affect on their parent stars: small wiggles and wobbles that their gravity and motion cause in their star, or tiny dips in star brightness when they pass in front of it (\"transit\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what they're like, so far we've detected mostly very large planets—gas giants, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—that are relatively close to their stars. \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-10424263-17.html\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\" they've been called, for obvious reasons. The bigger the planet, the greater its gravitational or eclipsing effects; the closer the planet to its star, the shorter its orbital period and so the more frequently we can detect their influences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Kepler mission has a slightly different goal than finding Hot Jupiters. Using the \"transit method\" of looking for small drops in star brightness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070424_hab_exoplanet.html\">Kepler is looking for \u003c/a>Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at Earth-like distances—in a nutshell, we're looking for environments similar to those of Earth, since Earth's environment is the one that we know supports life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drop in light caused by the transit of a small planet is much more difficult to detect, Kepler is located in space, outside of Earth's distorting atmosphere. And since Kepler is looking for transits that should occur only one time in many months, and which may last only hours, it must observe constantly over a long time, without \"blinking\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Kepler come up with so far? \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/kepler-spacecraft-finds-hundreds-possible-planets-100618.html\">NASA recently released data from Kepler\u003c/a> taken in the first 43 days of its science mission. How many candidates for exoplanethood, you ask? The report announced a total of 706 possible detections in that 43 days—although NASA has only released the data on 306 of the lower priority detections, holding back a balance of about 400 \"more interesting\" candidates for more detailed study. What has piqued their interest on these, I really want to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Kepler candidates are not a mix of Hot Jupiters; as the mission was designed for, these potential planets are smaller and with longer orbital periods. In the mix there are a number of Neptune-like possibilities, and a larger number further down the size scale closer to true Earth-like character. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 15 years of observations made from Earth telescopes, a bit over 400 exoplanets. In Kepler's first 43 days of observation: 706. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, the numbers look cool, but I must point out that the 400 (actually closer to 460 as of June 2010) convenctional exoplanet detections are all confirmed to exist, while the 706 from Kepler have yet to be—but that's mostly a matter of time and followup. They may not all end up being confirmed; a number of them will likely turn out to be \"false positives\". But, I expect many of them will end up being confirmed--and Kepler has another couple of years of left before its mission ends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many planets—and how many Earth-sized worlds—will end up being discovered between now and then? Maybe someone should start a Kepler exoplanet poll….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6426/kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_1037","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_2216"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6175":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6175","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6175","score":null,"sort":[1276883386000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","publishDate":1276883386,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076898,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":487},"headData":{"title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors…. | KQED","description":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","datePublished":"2010-06-18T17:49:46.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:41:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6175 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6175","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/06/18/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6/","disqusTitle":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","path":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_1799","quest_1870","quest_2216","quest_2775"],"label":"quest"},"quest_731":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_731","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"731","score":null,"sort":[1217465602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"messages-from-mercury","title":"Messages from Mercury","publishDate":1217465602,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/merc_horizon21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A limb shot of Mercury's horizon taken by the\u003cbr>\nMESSENGER spacecraft on January 14, 2008.\u003cbr>\nPhoto Credit \"NASA/MESSENGER\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can take a name like \"Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging\" and craft it into a neat acronym like MESSENGER, then you may have a future working with NASA....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, this blog isn't about NASA acronymizations, but rather the heat-resistant robot behind one of them. \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> is the space probe that NASA sent to Mercury to give the Solar System's innermost planet the first up-close look since 1975, when Mariner 10 flew by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though MESSENGER's main mission will begin in earnest when it returns to Mercury and finally settles into an orbit around the planet, on March 18th 2011, we were given a tantalizing peak last January 14th when the probe made its \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/encountersactual/index.php?autorefresh=false&time=1200332520×tep=5\" target=\"_blank\">initial flyby\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did this quick, on the fly snapshot tell us that we didn't know before? Well-a lot, considering Mercury has been one of the least understood planets in the Solar System, and was for a long time thought to be similar in character to our own Moon. Mercury is shaping up to be a lot less like Earth's Moon than its gray, cratered, airless appearance would mislead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key difference: density-how much material is packed into the planet; or how heavy a standard sized chunk of it would be. \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm\">Our Moon\u003c/a> is a lightweight on this score, with an average density of only 3.4 grams per cubic centimeter, while Mercury weighs in at a hefty 5.427 g/cc-almost as dense as Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key difference: \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html\" target=\"_blank\">magnetic field\u003c/a>. Planets like Earth and the Gas Giant worlds (Jupiter et al) generate respectable magnetic force fields, useful for everything from deflecting plasma flowing from the Sun (the \"solar wind\") to properly directing magnetic compass needles. Venus, Mars, and our Moon do not possess magnetic fields worth mentioning, as it turns out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury, on the other hand, does. Planetary magnetic fields are believed to be generated by currents in a planet's liquid outer core-like how the electric current in the wire coil of an electromagnet generates a magnetic field. Mercury's magnetic field suggests it still has some activity in its core-molten metals circulating in currents as the core slowly cools off. And speaking of Mercury's core, it appears to comprise 60% of the planet's mass-about twice what is \"typical\" for Terrestrial (solid) planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've often imagined Mercury to be a cosmic goldmine, with its apparent richness in metals and its density. I wonder if an astronaut could just walk along and pick up chunks of gold from its surface....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another interesting find by MESSENGER is that some of the flat plains on Mercury may have been formed by volcanoes, long ago. In particular, MESSENGER imaged a number of\u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=192\" target=\"_blank\"> volcanoes\u003c/a> along the edge of the Caloris Basin, a large impact basin-one of the largest in the Solar System, at 1550 kilometers across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news coming out of the innermost region of the Solar System makes me giddy. Too bad I have to wait until 2011 for my next look at Mercury. These things take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"MESSENGER is the space probe that NASA sent to Mercury to give the Solar System's innermost planet the first up-close look since 1975, when Mariner 10 flew by. The MESSENGER's main mission will begin in earnest when it returns to Mercury and finally settles into an orbit around the planet, on March 18th 2011.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079749,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":546},"headData":{"title":"Messages from Mercury | KQED","description":"MESSENGER is the space probe that NASA sent to Mercury to give the Solar System's innermost planet the first up-close look since 1975, when Mariner 10 flew by. The MESSENGER's main mission will begin in earnest when it returns to Mercury and finally settles into an orbit around the planet, on March 18th 2011.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Messages from Mercury","datePublished":"2008-07-31T00:53:22.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:29:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"731 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=731","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/30/messages-from-mercury/","disqusTitle":"Messages from Mercury","path":"/quest/731/messages-from-mercury","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/merc_horizon21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A limb shot of Mercury's horizon taken by the\u003cbr>\nMESSENGER spacecraft on January 14, 2008.\u003cbr>\nPhoto Credit \"NASA/MESSENGER\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can take a name like \"Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging\" and craft it into a neat acronym like MESSENGER, then you may have a future working with NASA....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, this blog isn't about NASA acronymizations, but rather the heat-resistant robot behind one of them. \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> is the space probe that NASA sent to Mercury to give the Solar System's innermost planet the first up-close look since 1975, when Mariner 10 flew by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though MESSENGER's main mission will begin in earnest when it returns to Mercury and finally settles into an orbit around the planet, on March 18th 2011, we were given a tantalizing peak last January 14th when the probe made its \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/encountersactual/index.php?autorefresh=false&time=1200332520×tep=5\" target=\"_blank\">initial flyby\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did this quick, on the fly snapshot tell us that we didn't know before? Well-a lot, considering Mercury has been one of the least understood planets in the Solar System, and was for a long time thought to be similar in character to our own Moon. Mercury is shaping up to be a lot less like Earth's Moon than its gray, cratered, airless appearance would mislead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key difference: density-how much material is packed into the planet; or how heavy a standard sized chunk of it would be. \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm\">Our Moon\u003c/a> is a lightweight on this score, with an average density of only 3.4 grams per cubic centimeter, while Mercury weighs in at a hefty 5.427 g/cc-almost as dense as Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key difference: \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html\" target=\"_blank\">magnetic field\u003c/a>. Planets like Earth and the Gas Giant worlds (Jupiter et al) generate respectable magnetic force fields, useful for everything from deflecting plasma flowing from the Sun (the \"solar wind\") to properly directing magnetic compass needles. Venus, Mars, and our Moon do not possess magnetic fields worth mentioning, as it turns out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury, on the other hand, does. Planetary magnetic fields are believed to be generated by currents in a planet's liquid outer core-like how the electric current in the wire coil of an electromagnet generates a magnetic field. Mercury's magnetic field suggests it still has some activity in its core-molten metals circulating in currents as the core slowly cools off. And speaking of Mercury's core, it appears to comprise 60% of the planet's mass-about twice what is \"typical\" for Terrestrial (solid) planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've often imagined Mercury to be a cosmic goldmine, with its apparent richness in metals and its density. I wonder if an astronaut could just walk along and pick up chunks of gold from its surface....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another interesting find by MESSENGER is that some of the flat plains on Mercury may have been formed by volcanoes, long ago. In particular, MESSENGER imaged a number of\u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=192\" target=\"_blank\"> volcanoes\u003c/a> along the edge of the Caloris Basin, a large impact basin-one of the largest in the Solar System, at 1550 kilometers across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news coming out of the innermost region of the Solar System makes me giddy. Too bad I have to wait until 2011 for my next look at Mercury. These things take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/731/messages-from-mercury","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_902","quest_13198","quest_1175","quest_1201","quest_3351","quest_1713","quest_1791","quest_1794","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_2141","quest_2216","quest_2349","quest_2712","quest_2739"],"label":"quest"},"quest_678":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_678","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"678","score":null,"sort":[1215188428000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"planetary-robotic-roundup","title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","publishDate":1215188428,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080189,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":619},"headData":{"title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup | KQED","description":"NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept. Photo by: NASA I've been waiting for the "whole story" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","datePublished":"2008-07-04T16:20:28.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:36:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"678 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=678","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/04/planetary-robotic-roundup/","disqusTitle":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","path":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_254","quest_505","quest_897","quest_1287","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1752","quest_1754","quest_1756","quest_1760","quest_1791","quest_1918","quest_2141","quest_2182","quest_2216","quest_2237","quest_2349","quest_2441","quest_2461","quest_2513","quest_2712","quest_2742"],"label":"quest"},"quest_656":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_656","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"656","score":null,"sort":[1213987143000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"come-together-bright-planets-over-me","title":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me....","publishDate":1213987143,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/fivestars1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of a major alignment of\u003cbr>\nthe five visible planets in 1059 BCE.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo By Ben Burress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some pretty good \"lineups\" coming soon to skies above you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, \"lineups,\" or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily notice, if at all. With that said, this summer holds some significant alignments of some of the brightest objects in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my hit list is the upcoming Saturn-Mars \"near-miss\". Though these two planets are not coming \u003cem>physically\u003c/em> close to each other (the closest actual distance they come to each other is about 750 million miles), they will align so closely along the same line of sight that on July 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> they will appear only ¾ of a degree apart-that's not much greater than the width of a Full Moon. The best time to see this pairing is after sunset on the evenings of July 10, 11, and 12, over the western horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big ticket alignment is \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">on August 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>\u003c/a>, when the Moon and the Sun occupy the same spot in the sky-the event we call a \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>. As it happens, we won't be able to see this eclipse directly from the United States, as it will only be visible in Asia. However, NASA will be broadcasting live coverage of the eclipse from Northern China. We'll be showing NASA's broadcast in our planetarium at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>, in case you'd care to come up and enjoy the spectacle. Don't let the fact that the live event goes on around 4:00 AM keep you away...it's worth getting up for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit further out on the calendar is the September alignment of three planets: Venus, Mars, and Mercury. In the dusky twilight of mid-September evenings the three will be gathering. The closest grouping of the trio is on September 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, when they will be within about three degrees of each other-close enough that you can just about cover all three with your thumb. Mercury and Mars won't be very bright in the twilight-but Venus, bright enough to spot easily, can help guide your eye to the other two. Using a pair of binoculars will help a lot-but make sure you don't point them that way until after the Sun sets....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In ancient times (and in some cases not so ancient times), different cultures around the world have viewed alignments like these in different ways. Eclipses-both solar and lunar-were regarded by many cultures as bad omens, or bad occurrences (such as the Sun being devoured by a celestial animal-dragon, dog or other-in the case of a solar eclipse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/planet_conjunction_000504.html\" target=\"_blank\">Planetary alignments\u003c/a> were also given special consideration, sometimes being regarded as auspicious (for good or bad-usually the latter). One major alignment of the five visible planets (February 26, 1953 BCE) was believed to have \"mandated\" the creation of the Hsia Dynasty in China-the first great Chinese Dynasty. (Then, four centuries later, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn apparently conspired to bring down that same dynasty-at least, their alignment on December 20, 1576 BCE was interpreted as an indicator of the dynasty's corruption, and it was overthrown by a revolt of believers...).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However you regard the lining up of celestial bodies (astronomically, astrologically, or aesthetically), these alignments are pleasing to watch, and times to reflect upon the constant and cyclic movement among the heavens. Enjoy....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080113,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":604},"headData":{"title":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me.... | KQED","description":"Depiction of a major alignment of the five visible planets in 1059 BCE. Photo By Ben Burress There are some pretty good "lineups" coming soon to skies above you. First of all, "lineups," or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me....","datePublished":"2008-06-20T18:39:03.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:35:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"656 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=656","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/20/come-together-bright-planets-over-me/","disqusTitle":"Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me....","path":"/quest/656/come-together-bright-planets-over-me","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/fivestars1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of a major alignment of\u003cbr>\nthe five visible planets in 1059 BCE.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo By Ben Burress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some pretty good \"lineups\" coming soon to skies above you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, \"lineups,\" or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily notice, if at all. With that said, this summer holds some significant alignments of some of the brightest objects in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my hit list is the upcoming Saturn-Mars \"near-miss\". Though these two planets are not coming \u003cem>physically\u003c/em> close to each other (the closest actual distance they come to each other is about 750 million miles), they will align so closely along the same line of sight that on July 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> they will appear only ¾ of a degree apart-that's not much greater than the width of a Full Moon. The best time to see this pairing is after sunset on the evenings of July 10, 11, and 12, over the western horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big ticket alignment is \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">on August 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>\u003c/a>, when the Moon and the Sun occupy the same spot in the sky-the event we call a \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>. As it happens, we won't be able to see this eclipse directly from the United States, as it will only be visible in Asia. However, NASA will be broadcasting live coverage of the eclipse from Northern China. We'll be showing NASA's broadcast in our planetarium at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>, in case you'd care to come up and enjoy the spectacle. Don't let the fact that the live event goes on around 4:00 AM keep you away...it's worth getting up for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit further out on the calendar is the September alignment of three planets: Venus, Mars, and Mercury. In the dusky twilight of mid-September evenings the three will be gathering. The closest grouping of the trio is on September 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, when they will be within about three degrees of each other-close enough that you can just about cover all three with your thumb. Mercury and Mars won't be very bright in the twilight-but Venus, bright enough to spot easily, can help guide your eye to the other two. Using a pair of binoculars will help a lot-but make sure you don't point them that way until after the Sun sets....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In ancient times (and in some cases not so ancient times), different cultures around the world have viewed alignments like these in different ways. Eclipses-both solar and lunar-were regarded by many cultures as bad omens, or bad occurrences (such as the Sun being devoured by a celestial animal-dragon, dog or other-in the case of a solar eclipse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/planet_conjunction_000504.html\" target=\"_blank\">Planetary alignments\u003c/a> were also given special consideration, sometimes being regarded as auspicious (for good or bad-usually the latter). One major alignment of the five visible planets (February 26, 1953 BCE) was believed to have \"mandated\" the creation of the Hsia Dynasty in China-the first great Chinese Dynasty. (Then, four centuries later, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn apparently conspired to bring down that same dynasty-at least, their alignment on December 20, 1576 BCE was interpreted as an indicator of the dynasty's corruption, and it was overthrown by a revolt of believers...).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However you regard the lining up of celestial bodies (astronomically, astrologically, or aesthetically), these alignments are pleasing to watch, and times to reflect upon the constant and cyclic movement among the heavens. Enjoy....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/656/come-together-bright-planets-over-me","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_239","quest_13192","quest_543","quest_545","quest_916","quest_1338","quest_1401","quest_1700","quest_1702","quest_1751","quest_1791","quest_1870","quest_2216","quest_2217","quest_2513","quest_2651","quest_2693","quest_2699","quest_2827","quest_2962","quest_3064"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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