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Photo: loarie.","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_25644":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25644","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25644","score":null,"sort":[1317684912000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"red-tide-rising","title":"Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms","publishDate":1317684912,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"abalone\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25647\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month ago, thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_abalone\">abalone\u003c/a> and other invertebrates \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/17/BA9J1L5B8P.DTL\">washed up along the Sonoma coast\u003c/a>, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/website/redtide/home\">harmful algal bloom\u003c/a>. Phytoplankton—photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria—can multiply in number, turning the water red with their bright-colored cells and wreaking havoc on marine organisms. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on along the Sonoma coast. Within a few weeks, they’d figured it out: sure enough, it was a red tide.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first time a red tide had widespread impact on wildlife along the coast of California. From Bodega Bay to Salt Point, 50 miles north, invertebrates like abalone, urchins, and gumboot chitons were affected by the red tide. I talked with Laura Rogers-Bennett, Senior Biologist Specialist with the California Department of Fish and Game and the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, who did surveys to quantify the extent of the damage. She and her colleagues surveyed several sites and found a lot of dead abalone. At \u003ca href=\"http://rrparks.mcn.org/fortross/\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>, 30% of the abalone had died. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/DEFAULT.ASP?page_id=453\">Salt Point\u003c/a>, abalone mortality was 12%, and at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Cove,_California\">Timber Cove\u003c/a>, mortality was 25%. They took tissue samples from abalone and other invertebrates, and they conducted underwater surveys to look at the geographic distribution of affected organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red tides can kill marine life in two ways. The first way is by depleting the oxygen in the water, during the algal bloom and during the subsequent die-off and decomposition of the phytoplankton. With low levels of oxygen in the water, marine life suffocates. Red tide events that kill through oxygen depletion have particular characteristics. They are usually small and localized—the size of a large living room, says Rogers-Bennett. They often occur in areas with very little water movement, like the back of coves, and they affect all the organisms in the area, including the fish, which either die or swim away. Recent underwater surveys indicated that this red tide was not killing via oxygen depletion. For one, the area affected was far larger than a living room. And the red tide affected organisms in multiple patches, some of which were in very exposed areas, not just the still backwaters of coves. Plus, the fish did not seem to be affected. Because of this evidence, scientists suspected the phytoplankton bloom was releasing a biotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To identify the biotoxin, the researchers sent water and tissue samples to Rita Horner at the University of Washington and David Crane at Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response. They determined that the most abundant phytoplankton species was a dinoflagellate called Gonyaulax spinifera, which releases a toxin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin\">Yessotoxin\u003c/a>. However, the dinoflagellate and the toxin are poorly understood, says Rogers-Bennett. Yessotoxin was present in very low amounts—about one part per billion—and we don’t know how much toxin must be present for an organism to suffer ill effects. So we don’t know for sure whether Gonyaulax spinifera and its Yessotoxin are responsible for the death of the invertebrates, or whether the true guilty party is some other, unidentified toxin. Rogers-Bennett and her colleagues are seeking funding to do additional tests of the Yessotoxin, its toxicity, and its effects on the invertebrates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying this red tide is a team effort, involving researchers from UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Sonoma State, the California Department of Public Health, and NOAA. Researchers have done bird surveys, which indicate that the toxin is not moving throughout the food web. And they’ve tested for \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=14279\">toxins that affect humans\u003c/a>, but thankfully none present. Next, researchers plan to look at archived satellite images of the red tide to see how it moved throughout the area, and they want to do more extensive subtidal surveys, to learn more about the geographic pattern of its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the recent mass mortality of abalone, the Fish and Game \u003ca href=\"http://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/abalone-fishery-closure/\">closed the Sonoma abalone fishery\u003c/a> in September. Normally, recreational abalone collectors can take abalone from the coast through November, but because the population took a big hit, it needs some time to recover. Rogers-Bennett hopes that the fishery and its managers will keep this in mind as the next abalone season approaches in April. The abalone fishery is not a commercial fishery; it is illegal to buy and sell abalone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is now a new red tide off the Sonoma coast. This one, called \u003ca href=\"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ceratium\">Ceratium\u003c/a>, is not toxic, but it is lending the water a brownish red hue. Recent conditions have been perfect for a red tide: calm water and abundant sunshine, thanks to fog-free days. The conditions preceding last month’s deadly red tide were similar. Globally, red tides are on the rise, because of warmer sea surface temperatures and an increase nutrient in coastal waters because of human activity. However, neither of these red tides is tied to warm surface waters or higher-than-usual nutrient input. The causes of these recent red tides remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"About a month ago, thousands of abalone and other invertebrates washed up along the Sonoma coast, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a harmful algal bloom. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325109164,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":858},"headData":{"title":"Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms | KQED","description":"About a month ago, thousands of abalone and other invertebrates washed up along the Sonoma coast, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a harmful algal bloom. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25644 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25644","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/03/red-tide-rising/","disqusTitle":"Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms","WpOldSlug":"red-tide-identified","path":"/quest/25644/red-tide-rising","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"abalone\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25647\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month ago, thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_abalone\">abalone\u003c/a> and other invertebrates \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/17/BA9J1L5B8P.DTL\">washed up along the Sonoma coast\u003c/a>, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/website/redtide/home\">harmful algal bloom\u003c/a>. Phytoplankton—photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria—can multiply in number, turning the water red with their bright-colored cells and wreaking havoc on marine organisms. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on along the Sonoma coast. Within a few weeks, they’d figured it out: sure enough, it was a red tide.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first time a red tide had widespread impact on wildlife along the coast of California. From Bodega Bay to Salt Point, 50 miles north, invertebrates like abalone, urchins, and gumboot chitons were affected by the red tide. I talked with Laura Rogers-Bennett, Senior Biologist Specialist with the California Department of Fish and Game and the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, who did surveys to quantify the extent of the damage. She and her colleagues surveyed several sites and found a lot of dead abalone. At \u003ca href=\"http://rrparks.mcn.org/fortross/\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>, 30% of the abalone had died. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/DEFAULT.ASP?page_id=453\">Salt Point\u003c/a>, abalone mortality was 12%, and at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Cove,_California\">Timber Cove\u003c/a>, mortality was 25%. They took tissue samples from abalone and other invertebrates, and they conducted underwater surveys to look at the geographic distribution of affected organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red tides can kill marine life in two ways. The first way is by depleting the oxygen in the water, during the algal bloom and during the subsequent die-off and decomposition of the phytoplankton. With low levels of oxygen in the water, marine life suffocates. Red tide events that kill through oxygen depletion have particular characteristics. They are usually small and localized—the size of a large living room, says Rogers-Bennett. They often occur in areas with very little water movement, like the back of coves, and they affect all the organisms in the area, including the fish, which either die or swim away. Recent underwater surveys indicated that this red tide was not killing via oxygen depletion. For one, the area affected was far larger than a living room. And the red tide affected organisms in multiple patches, some of which were in very exposed areas, not just the still backwaters of coves. Plus, the fish did not seem to be affected. Because of this evidence, scientists suspected the phytoplankton bloom was releasing a biotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To identify the biotoxin, the researchers sent water and tissue samples to Rita Horner at the University of Washington and David Crane at Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response. They determined that the most abundant phytoplankton species was a dinoflagellate called Gonyaulax spinifera, which releases a toxin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin\">Yessotoxin\u003c/a>. However, the dinoflagellate and the toxin are poorly understood, says Rogers-Bennett. Yessotoxin was present in very low amounts—about one part per billion—and we don’t know how much toxin must be present for an organism to suffer ill effects. So we don’t know for sure whether Gonyaulax spinifera and its Yessotoxin are responsible for the death of the invertebrates, or whether the true guilty party is some other, unidentified toxin. Rogers-Bennett and her colleagues are seeking funding to do additional tests of the Yessotoxin, its toxicity, and its effects on the invertebrates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying this red tide is a team effort, involving researchers from UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Sonoma State, the California Department of Public Health, and NOAA. Researchers have done bird surveys, which indicate that the toxin is not moving throughout the food web. And they’ve tested for \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=14279\">toxins that affect humans\u003c/a>, but thankfully none present. Next, researchers plan to look at archived satellite images of the red tide to see how it moved throughout the area, and they want to do more extensive subtidal surveys, to learn more about the geographic pattern of its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the recent mass mortality of abalone, the Fish and Game \u003ca href=\"http://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/abalone-fishery-closure/\">closed the Sonoma abalone fishery\u003c/a> in September. Normally, recreational abalone collectors can take abalone from the coast through November, but because the population took a big hit, it needs some time to recover. Rogers-Bennett hopes that the fishery and its managers will keep this in mind as the next abalone season approaches in April. The abalone fishery is not a commercial fishery; it is illegal to buy and sell abalone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is now a new red tide off the Sonoma coast. This one, called \u003ca href=\"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ceratium\">Ceratium\u003c/a>, is not toxic, but it is lending the water a brownish red hue. Recent conditions have been perfect for a red tide: calm water and abundant sunshine, thanks to fog-free days. The conditions preceding last month’s deadly red tide were similar. Globally, red tides are on the rise, because of warmer sea surface temperatures and an increase nutrient in coastal waters because of human activity. However, neither of these red tides is tied to warm surface waters or higher-than-usual nutrient input. The causes of these recent red tides remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25644/red-tide-rising","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10252","quest_116","quest_3449","quest_1490","quest_1739","quest_10103","quest_3705","quest_13202","quest_10253","quest_10251","quest_2727","quest_3803"],"featImg":"quest_25647","label":"quest"},"quest_19217":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19217","score":null,"sort":[1304349655000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sea-foam-lathers-up-the-ocean","title":"Sea Foam Lathers Up the Ocean","publishDate":1304349655,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/SeaFoam1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Sea foam on San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/v63/91723833/\">vision63\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam\">Sea foam\u003c/a> is made of dissolved organic matter, a substance that is so important in the world ocean that it gets its own acronym, DOM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marine_dissolved_organic_matter\">DOM\u003c/a> consists primarily of the broken-down bodies of phytoplankton, including microalgae and bacteria. Algal blooms, when they start to die off, create lots of DOM. In sea foam, the DOM acts like soap, creating small bubbles that float on the water.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissolved organic matter is full of proteins and lipids (plus lots of carbon, which we’ll get to later). The DOM molecules can act as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant\">surfactants\u003c/a>, similar to soap and other detergents. The molecules have a hydrophilic end that sticks to water and repels oil, and a hydrophobic end that sticks to oil and repels water. The DOM decreases water’s surface tension and promotes the creation of bubbles as the water is stirred by wind and waves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big storms can create huge amounts of sea foam. In 2007, the area north of Sydney, Australia was dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-478041/Cappuccino-Coast-The-day-Pacific-whipped-ocean-froth.html\">Cappuccino Coast\u003c/a>, as foam engulfed 30 miles of shoreline. All this foam can obscure things like rocks and sea snakes, so foam frolickers should frolic with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about sea foam, in my opinion, is not these big foam events, but the fact that sea foam calls attention to dissolved organic matter. We rarely see it (it is dissolved, after all), and we rarely think about it, but DOM plays a massively important role on Earth. It is a key part of the marine food web, though it is hard to eat, because the particles are so tiny. Bacteria are some of the few organisms can eat DOM. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the DOM in the ocean is one of Earth’s largest carbon reservoirs. DOM is produced in the upper ocean, where the phytoplankton and zooplankton live—DOM is made of the spilled contents of their bodies and their cells. The DOM that is not consumed at the surface gradually drifts downward in the water column; it can be found in the deepest parts of the ocean, albeit at lower concentrations than at the surface. As we continue to pump carbon dioxide into the air, some of this carbon ends up as DOM, and it travels slowly throughout the ocean. Next time you see sea foam, think of the dissolved particles of organic matter and the important role they play in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.759458 -122.509881\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1304349655,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":445},"headData":{"title":"Sea Foam Lathers Up the Ocean | KQED","description":"Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"19217 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14214","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/02/sea-foam-lathers-up-the-ocean/","disqusTitle":"Sea Foam Lathers Up the Ocean","path":"/quest/19217/sea-foam-lathers-up-the-ocean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/SeaFoam1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Sea foam on San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/v63/91723833/\">vision63\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam\">Sea foam\u003c/a> is made of dissolved organic matter, a substance that is so important in the world ocean that it gets its own acronym, DOM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marine_dissolved_organic_matter\">DOM\u003c/a> consists primarily of the broken-down bodies of phytoplankton, including microalgae and bacteria. Algal blooms, when they start to die off, create lots of DOM. In sea foam, the DOM acts like soap, creating small bubbles that float on the water.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissolved organic matter is full of proteins and lipids (plus lots of carbon, which we’ll get to later). The DOM molecules can act as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant\">surfactants\u003c/a>, similar to soap and other detergents. The molecules have a hydrophilic end that sticks to water and repels oil, and a hydrophobic end that sticks to oil and repels water. The DOM decreases water’s surface tension and promotes the creation of bubbles as the water is stirred by wind and waves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big storms can create huge amounts of sea foam. In 2007, the area north of Sydney, Australia was dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-478041/Cappuccino-Coast-The-day-Pacific-whipped-ocean-froth.html\">Cappuccino Coast\u003c/a>, as foam engulfed 30 miles of shoreline. All this foam can obscure things like rocks and sea snakes, so foam frolickers should frolic with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about sea foam, in my opinion, is not these big foam events, but the fact that sea foam calls attention to dissolved organic matter. We rarely see it (it is dissolved, after all), and we rarely think about it, but DOM plays a massively important role on Earth. It is a key part of the marine food web, though it is hard to eat, because the particles are so tiny. Bacteria are some of the few organisms can eat DOM. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the DOM in the ocean is one of Earth’s largest carbon reservoirs. DOM is produced in the upper ocean, where the phytoplankton and zooplankton live—DOM is made of the spilled contents of their bodies and their cells. The DOM that is not consumed at the surface gradually drifts downward in the water column; it can be found in the deepest parts of the ocean, albeit at lower concentrations than at the surface. As we continue to pump carbon dioxide into the air, some of this carbon ends up as DOM, and it travels slowly throughout the ocean. Next time you see sea foam, think of the dissolved particles of organic matter and the important role they play in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.759458 -122.509881\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19217/sea-foam-lathers-up-the-ocean","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_116","quest_3450","quest_2034","quest_2046","quest_3705","quest_3755","quest_3122","quest_3164"],"featImg":"quest_14216","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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