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Craig has a B.A. in World Arts and Cultures from UCLA, and an M.A. in Performance Studies from New York University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/63a0ca473162a5bba6aec0097cde139b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["administrator","edit_theme_options","edit_users","level_10","level_8","level_9","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload"]}],"headData":{"title":"Craig Rosa | KQED","description":"Senior Digital Editor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/63a0ca473162a5bba6aec0097cde139b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/63a0ca473162a5bba6aec0097cde139b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/craig-rosa"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"lizagross":{"type":"authors","id":"6322","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6322","found":true},"name":"Liza Gross","firstName":"Liza","lastName":"Gross","slug":"lizagross","email":"lizagross@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Liza Gross, an award-winning independent journalist and senior editor at the biomedical journal PLOS Biology, writes mostly about conservation and public and environmental health. She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"},"christopher-smallwood":{"type":"authors","id":"10205","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10205","found":true},"name":"Christopher Smallwood","firstName":"Christopher","lastName":"Smallwood","slug":"christopher-smallwood","email":"csmallw@berkeley.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Christopher Smallwood is a Graduate Student in Physics at UC Berkeley. He is interested in the nexus between the basic research community and society at large. Originally from the Bavarian-themed tourist town of Leavenworth, WA (yes, real people actually do live there!), he graduated with an A.B. in Physics from Harvard College in 2005, taught fifth grade at Leo Elementary School in South Texas, and has been pursuing his Ph.D. in the Bay Area since the fall of 2007. Currently, he studies experimental condensed matter in the Lanzara Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. His past research interests have included Bose-Einstein condensation, rubidium-based atomic clocks, hydrogen masers, lenses and mirrors, mayflies, mousetrap cars, toothpick bridges, fawn lilies, the slinky, Legos, vinegar and baking soda volcanoes, wolves, choo-choo trains, and the word \"moon.\"","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christopher Smallwood | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/christopher-smallwood"},"carolynbeeler":{"type":"authors","id":"10274","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10274","found":true},"name":"Carolyn Beeler","firstName":"Carolyn","lastName":"Beeler","slug":"carolynbeeler","email":"cbeeler@whyy.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Carolyn Beeler is a health and science reporter at WHYY in Philadelphia. She studied print journalism but caught the radio bug as a Kroc Fellow at NPR. Her work has taken her to the bottom of a bat cave and the middle of a jellyfish-infested bay, and her pieces have aired nationally on Morning Edition, All Things Considered and Weekend Edition. She has worked as a journalist in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Seattle and Cape Town, South Africa. Carolyn studied journalism at Northwestern University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/80491078c3441d3543b88cc94bd78164?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Carolyn Beeler | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/80491078c3441d3543b88cc94bd78164?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/80491078c3441d3543b88cc94bd78164?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/carolynbeeler"},"davidhuppert":{"type":"authors","id":"10296","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10296","found":true},"name":"David Huppert","firstName":"David","lastName":"Huppert","slug":"davidhuppert","email":"dhuppert@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"As a producer/reporter for UNC-TV, David Huppert has spent the last 6 years immersing himself in the Old North State's culture and folklore, consuming as much of state's rich legacy (and barbecue) as possible.\r\n\r\nDavid returns to UNC-TV after a one-year hiatus in NYC where he produced for CBS This Morning. Since 2000 David has produced pieces for public television (UNC-TV, Charlie Rose) and commercial news (CBS, FNC’s The O’Reilly Factor, CNBC).\r\n\r\nWhen he’s not telling stories for television, David is either working on a documentary about Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, or gallivanting around North Carolina with his wife, @mediumish. You can follow him @hupdiggs and at vimeo.com/davidhuppert","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Huppert | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/davidhuppert"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17535":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17535","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17535","score":null,"sort":[1447336800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"homegrown-particle-accelerators","title":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators","publishDate":1447336800,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With the Large Hadron Collider achieving higher energy levels, Bay Area scientists hope for dark matter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475395,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":964},"headData":{"title":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators | KQED","description":"With the Large Hadron Collider achieving higher energy levels, Bay Area scientists hope for dark matter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17535 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/12/homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusTitle":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/OvxAG8e4RZA","source":"Physics","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/physics/","path":"/quest/17535/homegrown-particle-accelerators","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17535/homegrown-particle-accelerators","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_247","quest_248","quest_3351","quest_1611","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81284","label":"source_quest_17535"},"quest_60734":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60734","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60734","score":null,"sort":[1381413627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cementing-a-more-sustainable-future","title":"Cementing a More Sustainable Future","publishDate":1381413627,"format":"video","headTitle":"Future Home: Designing for Efficiency | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12345,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Clarke Snell is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Building-Green-New-Edition-Alternative/dp/1600595340\">builder\u003c/a>, a dreamer, and a 50 year-old student bent on saving the planet -- one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an architecture graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Snell is tackling what he sees as the greatest challenge of our time: climate change. Armed with a firm belief that sustainable design can help slow the warming trend, he and his fellow students have set their sights on tackling a major climate change culprit: concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"wheel_cement\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The geopolymer cement mix developed at UNC Charlotte uses recycled fly ash from coal plants. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concrete accounts for somewhere between 5-8% of the world’s \u003cem>total\u003c/em> carbon dioxide emissions. It’s the most widely used building material on the planet. We produce nearly three tons of the stuff, per person, every year. From buildings, to bridges, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=concrete+bathroom&client=firefox-a&hs=JtE&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LjlPUuGkJILg8ASd6oCgAw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1015&bih=613&dpr=1.5\">bathroom countertops\u003c/a>, concrete is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One answer is eco-friendly geopolymer cement, which can reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete by \u003ca href=\"http://urbaneden.uncc.edu/house/highlights/geopolymer-concrete\">up to 90%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, but they are actually two separate products. For starters, cement is an ingredient used to make concrete. You can’t make traditional concrete without cement. Conventional cement (also known as Portland cement) is a very fine powder typically made by burning limestone and other minerals at temperatures over 2,500°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concrete is the mixture of aggregate (a combination of sand, gravel or crushed stone), and a paste material comprised of water and cement. Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden with the aggregate, binding the mixture into a rocklike mass that can be shaped and set as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As history can attest (see, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Secrets-of-Ancient-Romes-Buildings.html\">Roman empire\u003c/a>) concrete is strong, durable, and relatively easy to transport. But there’s a caveat: making one ton of concrete \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/\">releases a ton of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> into the atmosphere. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3251\" width=\"265\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden's concrete walls help keep the building warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: There is a viable alternative-- and Snell and his team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte are already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">A \u003cem>\u003c/em>biennial competition \u003c/a>sponsored by the Department of Energy challenges schools from around the world to design and build energy efficient, solar powered homes. The UNC Charlotte team wanted to use concrete for its durability and strong insulation properties, but they didn't like the carbon emissions associated with producing Portland cement - the glue that holds concrete together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they used \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.tumblr.com/http://\">a geopolymer composite material \u003c/a>made from fly ash to replace the conventional Portland cement. Fly ash, or flash, is a recyclable by-product from coal power plants that is both strong and durable. The flash creates a binding material that, when combined with certain activating chemicals, can be used to make concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new material looks and performs like conventional concrete but doesn’t have to be burned at 2,500°F, thereby skirting most of the associated carbon dioxide emissions. As student Project Manager Clarke Snell says, “If emulated in all building projects, this small, essentially plug and play substitute, would be world changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61779 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/DoE-pic.jpg\" alt=\"UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional information about use of geopolymer based cement developed by Dr. Brett Tempest at UNC-Charlotte - \u003ca title=\"Cementing a More Sustainable Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/\">(Link)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A team of innovative students at UNC Charlotte develop a game-changing material poised to improve the way we build our cities and our homes. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457564701,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":602},"headData":{"title":"Cementing a More Sustainable Future | KQED","description":"A team of innovative students at UNC Charlotte develop a game-changing material poised to improve the way we build our cities and our homes. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60734 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60734","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/10/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/","disqusTitle":"Cementing a More Sustainable Future","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJp8_W0C0G4","path":"/quest/60734/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Clarke Snell is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Building-Green-New-Edition-Alternative/dp/1600595340\">builder\u003c/a>, a dreamer, and a 50 year-old student bent on saving the planet -- one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an architecture graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Snell is tackling what he sees as the greatest challenge of our time: climate change. Armed with a firm belief that sustainable design can help slow the warming trend, he and his fellow students have set their sights on tackling a major climate change culprit: concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"wheel_cement\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The geopolymer cement mix developed at UNC Charlotte uses recycled fly ash from coal plants. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concrete accounts for somewhere between 5-8% of the world’s \u003cem>total\u003c/em> carbon dioxide emissions. It’s the most widely used building material on the planet. We produce nearly three tons of the stuff, per person, every year. From buildings, to bridges, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=concrete+bathroom&client=firefox-a&hs=JtE&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LjlPUuGkJILg8ASd6oCgAw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1015&bih=613&dpr=1.5\">bathroom countertops\u003c/a>, concrete is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One answer is eco-friendly geopolymer cement, which can reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete by \u003ca href=\"http://urbaneden.uncc.edu/house/highlights/geopolymer-concrete\">up to 90%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, but they are actually two separate products. For starters, cement is an ingredient used to make concrete. You can’t make traditional concrete without cement. Conventional cement (also known as Portland cement) is a very fine powder typically made by burning limestone and other minerals at temperatures over 2,500°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concrete is the mixture of aggregate (a combination of sand, gravel or crushed stone), and a paste material comprised of water and cement. Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden with the aggregate, binding the mixture into a rocklike mass that can be shaped and set as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As history can attest (see, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Secrets-of-Ancient-Romes-Buildings.html\">Roman empire\u003c/a>) concrete is strong, durable, and relatively easy to transport. But there’s a caveat: making one ton of concrete \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/\">releases a ton of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> into the atmosphere. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3251\" width=\"265\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden's concrete walls help keep the building warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: There is a viable alternative-- and Snell and his team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte are already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">A \u003cem>\u003c/em>biennial competition \u003c/a>sponsored by the Department of Energy challenges schools from around the world to design and build energy efficient, solar powered homes. The UNC Charlotte team wanted to use concrete for its durability and strong insulation properties, but they didn't like the carbon emissions associated with producing Portland cement - the glue that holds concrete together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they used \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.tumblr.com/http://\">a geopolymer composite material \u003c/a>made from fly ash to replace the conventional Portland cement. Fly ash, or flash, is a recyclable by-product from coal power plants that is both strong and durable. The flash creates a binding material that, when combined with certain activating chemicals, can be used to make concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new material looks and performs like conventional concrete but doesn’t have to be burned at 2,500°F, thereby skirting most of the associated carbon dioxide emissions. As student Project Manager Clarke Snell says, “If emulated in all building projects, this small, essentially plug and play substitute, would be world changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61779 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/DoE-pic.jpg\" alt=\"UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional information about use of geopolymer based cement developed by Dr. Brett Tempest at UNC-Charlotte - \u003ca title=\"Cementing a More Sustainable Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/\">(Link)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60734/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future","authors":["10296"],"series":["quest_12345"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_202","quest_530","quest_637","quest_12314","quest_12310","quest_814","quest_12312","quest_13197","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2693","quest_2698","quest_12309","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_3041","quest_12313","quest_12311","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_61964","label":"quest_12345"},"quest_50771":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50771","score":null,"sort":[1362788420000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","publishDate":1362788420,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp6Z-2Y-HGg]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363978286,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":916},"headData":{"title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles | KQED","description":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50771 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=50771","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/","disqusTitle":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_11835","quest_3351","quest_11518","quest_11836","quest_3658","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2361","quest_2739"],"featImg":"quest_50773","label":"quest"},"quest_48488":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48488","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48488","score":null,"sort":[1357747237000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place","title":"Exploratorium’s Science with Spirit Transcends Place","publishDate":1357747237,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/olympus-digital-camera-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48490\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Blowing_Smoke-exhibit-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Blowing Smoke Exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Blowing Smoke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48490\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blowing Smoke, an exhibit at the Exploratorium designed by artist Ned Kahn for the Turbulent Landscapes Exhibition. (Photo: D'Arcy Norman/Calgary, Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legend has it that opening day for the late \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adPpLYgfKnE\">physicist Frank Oppenheimer\u003c/a>’s “San Francisco Project” happened by accident. As told by the Chronicle’s David Perlman (himself a legend, closing in on 83 years as a science journalist), Oppenheimer forgot to lock the doors, and the Exploratorium’s first visitors simply wandered in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the groundbreaking museum’s final day at its Palace of Fine Arts location on January 2, close to 10,000 people, spanning four generations, poured through the massive building cheek by jowl for one last romp in the world’s most famous, chaotic science playground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer, deeply affected by the role he, his brother Robert and other physicists had played in developing the atomic bomb, felt a responsibility to give people the tools to understand the world around them. He believed people are perfectly capable of comprehending scientific phenomena, if you give them the confidence and tools to learn. And confidence and understanding, as anyone who’s tinkered with an Exploratorium exhibit knows, often come from fiddling about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Oppenheimer, with the help of a small crew of extraordinary tinkerers, created the first participatory, hands-on science museum in the world. From the start, he valued artists as much as scientists for their keen powers of observation and ability to help people understand nature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Keim, director of the museum’s Cinema Arts Program, started working at the museum in the late 1970s. Oppenheimer took her under his wing, she said, and encouraged her to follow her passion. More than three decades later, Keim, like the rest of her longtime colleagues, was feeling the history of the moment, coming to grips with leaving a place with so many memories, a place she grew up in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that happened here belongs to all of us,” she said. “All of our work makes up the fabric of this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Keim met \u003ca href=\"http://press.exploratorium.edu/tribute-to-filmmaker-chris-marker-july-28-2011/\">Chris Marker\u003c/a>, the pioneering French filmmaker who died last year, near the lagoon in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. Marker was scouting the grounds as a potential location for his next film. It just so happened that Keim was showing two films by Marker that day, including his \u003ca href=\"http://www.criterion.com/films/329-la-jetee\">classic La Jetée\u003c/a>. When Keim planned the Marker program, she had no idea he’d be in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48493\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/floating-in-copper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48493\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Floating-in-Copper-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Floating in Copper exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Floating in Copper\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist Paul Doherty explains the principles behind an exhibit he designed with artist Shawn Lani called \"Floating in Copper\" on the Exploratorium's last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Physicist Paul Doherty, a longtime fixture on the museum floor (or as staffers like to call him, a “roving brain”), spent the better part of the day stationed in front of an exhibit that he’d developed with artist Shawn Lani called \u003ca href=\"http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/floating-in-copper/\">“Floating in Copper.”\u003c/a> Half teacher, half carnival barker, Doherty beckoned a young man puzzling over the contraption to have a go at the exhibit: “Your job, should you choose to accept it, is to lift up this magnet and make it fly!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visitor gamely complied, and slid a magnet along the top half of two sheets of copper separated by a gap big enough to give a hockey-puck shaped magnet room to levitate, or so it appeared. The bottom magnet performed as expected, rising between the copper casings, to the young man’s delight. “Now try to hold it in between,” Doherty said. “What the copper does is slow down the motion, allowing your mere human eye and brain and hand time to do it.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ah, okay!” exclaimed the young man, unwittingly demonstrating a museum mantra that learning how things work is fun. And that magic, and real understanding, happens when you help people engineer their own “a-ha!” moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty recalled how the exhibit was born, like so many others, through an accidental discovery. He was playing around in the machine shop one day, trying to make an exhibit with magnets and aluminum. He was using neodymium magnets, also known as rare earth magnets, the strongest magnets made. He happened to drop a magnet onto a piece of aluminum and noticed that it fell slowly. “And I thought, oh, that’s interesting, I wonder what I can do with a slowly falling magnet.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/5pm-closing-the-gate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48517\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/5pm-closing-the-gate-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"exploratorium gate closes at the PFA\" title=\"5pm closing the gate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">End of an era: Long-time staff close the front gate to the Exploratorium museum floor for the last time. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After days of playing around and talking with resident artist Shawn Lani, the two settled on the notion of flying magnets. After all, what’s cooler than making something levitate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We switched from aluminum to copper because copper has twice the conductivity as aluminum, which means it will have half the speed,” he said. “Then Shawn came up with the beautiful aesthetic design.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put my hand in between the copper shells and tried to move the magnet, but found it surprisingly difficult. Copper is like a two-year-old, Doherty said. “It always opposes you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, like so many Exploratorium offerings, manages to engage children while puzzling scientists. Having enjoyed a stint as a writer for this crazy, category-defying museum, I can assure you this is no simple feat. At their best, the 1,000 or so exhibits developed at the Exploratorium over its first 43 years first surprise, then delight, as you realize what they’re showing you. But the real magic happens when they challenge you to see the world a little bit differently. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all the visitors had gone, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_p5UoD6ljg\">physicist Thomas Humphrey\u003c/a> recalled a day nearly 30 years ago, when the vast exhibition hall was empty save for Humphrey and longtime \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxoB5dYZg_Y\">exhibit developer Dave Fleming\u003c/a>, and Fleming started playing his banjo. Humphrey walked around the museum, thinking, as any flat-picking particle physicist might, that there are 3 million cubic feet in the building and every one of those cubic feet has music in it. Just as Fleming’s banjo filled the place with music on that day, Humphrey said, the building is full of Exploratorium spirit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every one of those 3 million cubic feet is full of our spirit, of what we created. We gave it life.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Exploratorium opens the doors of its new home on Pier 15 in April, you can bet that spirit will be waiting for anyone who wanders in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>******\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/zoom0061-solong/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48522\">Listen to the Exploratorium Explainers bid museum-goers adieu by singing their own version of \"So Long, Farewell.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next few months, until the museum re-opens on Pier 15 April 17, \"Explainers\" in orange vests will bring the Exploratorium to \"pop up\" spots around San Francisco every week. To find out more, follow @theexplainers on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A record number of visitors mobbed San Francisco's Exploratorium on its last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. The mood was bittersweet--not just visitors but a good part of the staff grew up at this place. But for the Exploratorium, the magic of science is where you make it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360964035,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1189},"headData":{"title":"Exploratorium’s Science with Spirit Transcends Place | KQED","description":"A record number of visitors mobbed San Francisco's Exploratorium on its last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. The mood was bittersweet--not just visitors but a good part of the staff grew up at this place. But for the Exploratorium, the magic of science is where you make it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48488 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48488","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/","disqusTitle":"Exploratorium’s Science with Spirit Transcends Place","path":"/quest/48488/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/olympus-digital-camera-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48490\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Blowing_Smoke-exhibit-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Blowing Smoke Exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Blowing Smoke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48490\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blowing Smoke, an exhibit at the Exploratorium designed by artist Ned Kahn for the Turbulent Landscapes Exhibition. (Photo: D'Arcy Norman/Calgary, Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legend has it that opening day for the late \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adPpLYgfKnE\">physicist Frank Oppenheimer\u003c/a>’s “San Francisco Project” happened by accident. As told by the Chronicle’s David Perlman (himself a legend, closing in on 83 years as a science journalist), Oppenheimer forgot to lock the doors, and the Exploratorium’s first visitors simply wandered in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the groundbreaking museum’s final day at its Palace of Fine Arts location on January 2, close to 10,000 people, spanning four generations, poured through the massive building cheek by jowl for one last romp in the world’s most famous, chaotic science playground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer, deeply affected by the role he, his brother Robert and other physicists had played in developing the atomic bomb, felt a responsibility to give people the tools to understand the world around them. He believed people are perfectly capable of comprehending scientific phenomena, if you give them the confidence and tools to learn. And confidence and understanding, as anyone who’s tinkered with an Exploratorium exhibit knows, often come from fiddling about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Oppenheimer, with the help of a small crew of extraordinary tinkerers, created the first participatory, hands-on science museum in the world. From the start, he valued artists as much as scientists for their keen powers of observation and ability to help people understand nature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Keim, director of the museum’s Cinema Arts Program, started working at the museum in the late 1970s. Oppenheimer took her under his wing, she said, and encouraged her to follow her passion. More than three decades later, Keim, like the rest of her longtime colleagues, was feeling the history of the moment, coming to grips with leaving a place with so many memories, a place she grew up in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that happened here belongs to all of us,” she said. “All of our work makes up the fabric of this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Keim met \u003ca href=\"http://press.exploratorium.edu/tribute-to-filmmaker-chris-marker-july-28-2011/\">Chris Marker\u003c/a>, the pioneering French filmmaker who died last year, near the lagoon in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. Marker was scouting the grounds as a potential location for his next film. It just so happened that Keim was showing two films by Marker that day, including his \u003ca href=\"http://www.criterion.com/films/329-la-jetee\">classic La Jetée\u003c/a>. When Keim planned the Marker program, she had no idea he’d be in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48493\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/floating-in-copper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48493\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Floating-in-Copper-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Floating in Copper exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Floating in Copper\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist Paul Doherty explains the principles behind an exhibit he designed with artist Shawn Lani called \"Floating in Copper\" on the Exploratorium's last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Physicist Paul Doherty, a longtime fixture on the museum floor (or as staffers like to call him, a “roving brain”), spent the better part of the day stationed in front of an exhibit that he’d developed with artist Shawn Lani called \u003ca href=\"http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/floating-in-copper/\">“Floating in Copper.”\u003c/a> Half teacher, half carnival barker, Doherty beckoned a young man puzzling over the contraption to have a go at the exhibit: “Your job, should you choose to accept it, is to lift up this magnet and make it fly!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visitor gamely complied, and slid a magnet along the top half of two sheets of copper separated by a gap big enough to give a hockey-puck shaped magnet room to levitate, or so it appeared. The bottom magnet performed as expected, rising between the copper casings, to the young man’s delight. “Now try to hold it in between,” Doherty said. “What the copper does is slow down the motion, allowing your mere human eye and brain and hand time to do it.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ah, okay!” exclaimed the young man, unwittingly demonstrating a museum mantra that learning how things work is fun. And that magic, and real understanding, happens when you help people engineer their own “a-ha!” moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty recalled how the exhibit was born, like so many others, through an accidental discovery. He was playing around in the machine shop one day, trying to make an exhibit with magnets and aluminum. He was using neodymium magnets, also known as rare earth magnets, the strongest magnets made. He happened to drop a magnet onto a piece of aluminum and noticed that it fell slowly. “And I thought, oh, that’s interesting, I wonder what I can do with a slowly falling magnet.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/5pm-closing-the-gate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48517\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/5pm-closing-the-gate-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"exploratorium gate closes at the PFA\" title=\"5pm closing the gate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">End of an era: Long-time staff close the front gate to the Exploratorium museum floor for the last time. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After days of playing around and talking with resident artist Shawn Lani, the two settled on the notion of flying magnets. After all, what’s cooler than making something levitate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We switched from aluminum to copper because copper has twice the conductivity as aluminum, which means it will have half the speed,” he said. “Then Shawn came up with the beautiful aesthetic design.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put my hand in between the copper shells and tried to move the magnet, but found it surprisingly difficult. Copper is like a two-year-old, Doherty said. “It always opposes you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, like so many Exploratorium offerings, manages to engage children while puzzling scientists. Having enjoyed a stint as a writer for this crazy, category-defying museum, I can assure you this is no simple feat. At their best, the 1,000 or so exhibits developed at the Exploratorium over its first 43 years first surprise, then delight, as you realize what they’re showing you. But the real magic happens when they challenge you to see the world a little bit differently. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all the visitors had gone, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_p5UoD6ljg\">physicist Thomas Humphrey\u003c/a> recalled a day nearly 30 years ago, when the vast exhibition hall was empty save for Humphrey and longtime \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxoB5dYZg_Y\">exhibit developer Dave Fleming\u003c/a>, and Fleming started playing his banjo. Humphrey walked around the museum, thinking, as any flat-picking particle physicist might, that there are 3 million cubic feet in the building and every one of those cubic feet has music in it. Just as Fleming’s banjo filled the place with music on that day, Humphrey said, the building is full of Exploratorium spirit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every one of those 3 million cubic feet is full of our spirit, of what we created. We gave it life.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Exploratorium opens the doors of its new home on Pier 15 in April, you can bet that spirit will be waiting for anyone who wanders in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>******\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/zoom0061-solong/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48522\">Listen to the Exploratorium Explainers bid museum-goers adieu by singing their own version of \"So Long, Farewell.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next few months, until the museum re-opens on Pier 15 April 17, \"Explainers\" in orange vests will bring the Exploratorium to \"pop up\" spots around San Francisco every week. To find out more, follow @theexplainers on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48488/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_16"],"tags":["quest_11677","quest_11678","quest_1467","quest_13205","quest_13202","quest_2489","quest_11676","quest_3311"],"featImg":"quest_48490","label":"quest"},"quest_40821":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40821","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40821","score":null,"sort":[1342039984000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"introducing-the-higgs-boson","title":"Introducing the Higgs Boson","publishDate":1342039984,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CE0127H\" width=\"641\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754.jpg 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ATLAS experiment, one of two experiments at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, where a new elementary particle was discovered last week. (Courtesy CERN)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a layman, I would now say, I think we have it!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolf Heuer, Director General of \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/Welcome.html\">CERN\u003c/a> research lab in Geneva, Switzerland, was exuberant last week as researchers from the Large Hadron Collider there announced the discovery of a new fundamental particle. Since then, the Higgs boson and its 83-year-old Scottish namesake \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Higgs\">Peter Higgs\u003c/a> have been catapulted upward into international fame. The discovery \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/21558248\">made the cover of last week’s Economist\u003c/a>, has been re-packaged as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/design/2012/07/we-wish-higgs-boson-presentation-was-designed-by-apple/\">spoof reveal by the late Steve Jobs\u003c/a> and has been explained as an \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/41038445\">animated comic\u003c/a>. The Bay Area has a big community of physicists involved with the project, and the Physics Department at UC Berkeley has scheduled a special seminar on the topic this coming Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what is this new particle all about, and what’s a boson, anyway?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any particle of matter can be classified into one of two categories depending on how it behaves in the presence of other particles like it. \u003cstrong>Fermions\u003c/strong>, which are one of these particle types, prefer to keep a healthy distance between each other. The fermionic nature of electrons has a huge influence on their spatial arrangement in matter. It explains why magnets are magnetic, why gold is a conductor but wood is not, and more fundamentally, why carbon, oxygen, and all the other elements have the distinctive properties that facilitate life and chemistry as we know it here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast to fermions, particles that are \u003cstrong>bosons\u003c/strong> love to sit on top of each other, and there is no limit to the number of bosons that can occupy a point in space at a given time. Photons (the fundamental particles of light) are bosons, for example, and you can light up an empty room as brightly as you want without running out of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind the Higgs boson was born in 1964 when three independent groups of scientists, including Peter Higgs, were playing with new theories of bosons. Theories until this point predicted that all of the elementary bosons ought to be massless. (This is true of the photon, but eventually turned out to be quite wrong for the W and Z bosons, which are responsible for radioactivity.) Higgs and his colleagues realized that the massless boson rule could be circumvented if they postulated that the Universe was enveloped in a theoretical construct called a field. An immediate consequence was that all of the known elementary particles—bosons and fermions alike—get their mass through interactions with this field. Given enough energy packed into a sufficiently small space, Higgs and his colleagues also predicted that it should be possible to coerce the field into spitting out a brand new elementary particle. It was a beautiful piece of mathematics, but in physics theories ultimately live or die by whether or not their predictions are born out in nature, and so began the 48-year hunt to find the elusive “God particle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the latest announcement, is it finally safe to say that Higgs was right? CERN researchers have been cagey in their answers. Director General Heuer was quick to point out that they have definitely discovered a new particle (with odds better than a million to one), and that they know it is a boson, which is what Higgs and colleagues predicted. Still, it might not be quite what the theorists had in mind, and many checks are still being performed. Depending on your favorite theory, a single Higgs boson may not even suffice, and this could simply be one of many. In the end, confirmation of the Higgs won’t be the final word in particle physics. The theory of the new particle has almost nothing to say about other deep questions involving gravity or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory\">string theory\u003c/a>. Alas, in science it often seems to be turtles all the way down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information on the Higgs can be learned this Friday at noon at UC Berkeley’s Valley Life Science Building (Chan Shun Auditorium), where the Physics Department will be holding a panel discussion with some of Berkeley’s professors, postdocs, and graduate students involved with the new discovery at CERN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://events.berkeley.edu/index.php/calendar/sn/astro.html?event_ID=56323&date=2012-07-13&filter=Secondary%20Event%20Type&filtersel=\">The Higgs Boson Explained\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panel Discussion\u003cbr>\nJuly 13 | 12-1 p.m. | Valley Life Sciences' Chan Shun Auditorium\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sponsor: Department of Physics\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, July 13 at noon, join faculty and other members of the Physics\u003cbr>\nDepartment who will help the campus community understand the significance of\u003cbr>\ndiscovering the Higgs Boson, the particle that was predicted by Peter Higgs almost\u003cbr>\n50 years ago. Mark Richards, Executive Dean of the College of Letters & Sciences,\u003cbr>\nwill host this discussion for the Berkeley community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Event Contact: 510-642-7166\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Bay Area has a big community of physicists involved with the Higgs boson project, and the Physics Department at UC Berkeley has scheduled a special seminar on the topic this coming Friday.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1342039984,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"Introducing the Higgs Boson | KQED","description":"The Bay Area has a big community of physicists involved with the Higgs boson project, and the Physics Department at UC Berkeley has scheduled a special seminar on the topic this coming Friday.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40821 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40821","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/introducing-the-higgs-boson/","disqusTitle":"Introducing the Higgs Boson","path":"/quest/40821/introducing-the-higgs-boson","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CE0127H\" width=\"641\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754.jpg 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/CE0127H-e1342038183754-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ATLAS experiment, one of two experiments at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, where a new elementary particle was discovered last week. (Courtesy CERN)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a layman, I would now say, I think we have it!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolf Heuer, Director General of \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/Welcome.html\">CERN\u003c/a> research lab in Geneva, Switzerland, was exuberant last week as researchers from the Large Hadron Collider there announced the discovery of a new fundamental particle. Since then, the Higgs boson and its 83-year-old Scottish namesake \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Higgs\">Peter Higgs\u003c/a> have been catapulted upward into international fame. The discovery \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/21558248\">made the cover of last week’s Economist\u003c/a>, has been re-packaged as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/design/2012/07/we-wish-higgs-boson-presentation-was-designed-by-apple/\">spoof reveal by the late Steve Jobs\u003c/a> and has been explained as an \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/41038445\">animated comic\u003c/a>. The Bay Area has a big community of physicists involved with the project, and the Physics Department at UC Berkeley has scheduled a special seminar on the topic this coming Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what is this new particle all about, and what’s a boson, anyway?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any particle of matter can be classified into one of two categories depending on how it behaves in the presence of other particles like it. \u003cstrong>Fermions\u003c/strong>, which are one of these particle types, prefer to keep a healthy distance between each other. The fermionic nature of electrons has a huge influence on their spatial arrangement in matter. It explains why magnets are magnetic, why gold is a conductor but wood is not, and more fundamentally, why carbon, oxygen, and all the other elements have the distinctive properties that facilitate life and chemistry as we know it here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast to fermions, particles that are \u003cstrong>bosons\u003c/strong> love to sit on top of each other, and there is no limit to the number of bosons that can occupy a point in space at a given time. Photons (the fundamental particles of light) are bosons, for example, and you can light up an empty room as brightly as you want without running out of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind the Higgs boson was born in 1964 when three independent groups of scientists, including Peter Higgs, were playing with new theories of bosons. Theories until this point predicted that all of the elementary bosons ought to be massless. (This is true of the photon, but eventually turned out to be quite wrong for the W and Z bosons, which are responsible for radioactivity.) Higgs and his colleagues realized that the massless boson rule could be circumvented if they postulated that the Universe was enveloped in a theoretical construct called a field. An immediate consequence was that all of the known elementary particles—bosons and fermions alike—get their mass through interactions with this field. Given enough energy packed into a sufficiently small space, Higgs and his colleagues also predicted that it should be possible to coerce the field into spitting out a brand new elementary particle. It was a beautiful piece of mathematics, but in physics theories ultimately live or die by whether or not their predictions are born out in nature, and so began the 48-year hunt to find the elusive “God particle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the latest announcement, is it finally safe to say that Higgs was right? CERN researchers have been cagey in their answers. Director General Heuer was quick to point out that they have definitely discovered a new particle (with odds better than a million to one), and that they know it is a boson, which is what Higgs and colleagues predicted. Still, it might not be quite what the theorists had in mind, and many checks are still being performed. Depending on your favorite theory, a single Higgs boson may not even suffice, and this could simply be one of many. In the end, confirmation of the Higgs won’t be the final word in particle physics. The theory of the new particle has almost nothing to say about other deep questions involving gravity or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory\">string theory\u003c/a>. Alas, in science it often seems to be turtles all the way down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information on the Higgs can be learned this Friday at noon at UC Berkeley’s Valley Life Science Building (Chan Shun Auditorium), where the Physics Department will be holding a panel discussion with some of Berkeley’s professors, postdocs, and graduate students involved with the new discovery at CERN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://events.berkeley.edu/index.php/calendar/sn/astro.html?event_ID=56323&date=2012-07-13&filter=Secondary%20Event%20Type&filtersel=\">The Higgs Boson Explained\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panel Discussion\u003cbr>\nJuly 13 | 12-1 p.m. | Valley Life Sciences' Chan Shun Auditorium\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sponsor: Department of Physics\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, July 13 at noon, join faculty and other members of the Physics\u003cbr>\nDepartment who will help the campus community understand the significance of\u003cbr>\ndiscovering the Higgs Boson, the particle that was predicted by Peter Higgs almost\u003cbr>\n50 years ago. Mark Richards, Executive Dean of the College of Letters & Sciences,\u003cbr>\nwill host this discussion for the Berkeley community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Event Contact: 510-642-7166\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40821/introducing-the-higgs-boson","authors":["10205"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_13199","quest_11283","quest_13205","quest_13202","quest_3021"],"featImg":"quest_40829","label":"quest"},"quest_40314":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40314","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40314","score":null,"sort":[1341006334000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","title":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes","publishDate":1341006334,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WjAWDVaYcA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's newest space telescope, NuStar, will soon begin its hunt for black holes. Scientists are hoping to learn more about how they grow and why they're such messy eaters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1341603456,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1121},"headData":{"title":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes | KQED","description":"NASA's newest space telescope, NuStar, will soon begin its hunt for black holes. Scientists are hoping to learn more about how they grow and why they're such messy eaters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40314 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=40314","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes/","disqusTitle":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes","path":"/quest/40314/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40314/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_252","quest_11252","quest_10280","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_13205","quest_13202","quest_10282","quest_2739","quest_2891","quest_3021"],"featImg":"quest_40317","label":"quest"},"quest_27270":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27270","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27270","score":null,"sort":[1337972401000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"energy-saving-windows-get-smarter","title":"Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter","publishDate":1337972401,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3357,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27273\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27273\" title=\"windowstestfac\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The window testing facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (Photo: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Windows may not be as sexy as solar panels or electric cars, but they play a major role in energy efficiency. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the country’s energy use, which is why researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://btech.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> are trying to improve windows by making them smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Berkeley Lab engineer Howdy Goudey demonstrates in his lab, studying windows involves some pretty complex physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we use an infrared camera to study heat transfer in windows,” he says, pointing to a normal-looking video camera that senses heat instead of visible light. Goudey uses the camera to study how windows lose energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, windows simply aren’t good insulators. They leak heat in the winter when we want a warm house and they let heat in during the summer. Many homes still have single-pane windows, which were the name of the game in the 1940s and 50s when California was booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Check out this guide\u003c/a> for more on what to look for when buying windows.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a few windows in a room with direct sun on them, its equivalent to running a little space heater. So it’s significant energy,” says Goudey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, on a cold winter day, the extra heat from sun would be helpful. “You’d actually like that solar energy to come in and help heat the space,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why researchers are working to develop a “smart” or dynamic window that can change based on the weather or temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Nanotechnology to Make Windows Smarter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Berkeley Lab’s \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, Delia Milliron grows tiny nanocrystals that will eventually become a window coating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nanocrystals are very small,” says Milliron. “Way smaller than you can see with your eyes. And so that’s why when we spread them out in a coating on the window, you don’t see anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milliron’s coating is dynamic. In one setting, it lets in both the light and heat from the sun. But, apply an electric charge of a couple volts and the window blocks the heat from the sun, while still letting light in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, these windows would be controlled by your heating and cooling system, which could adjust them based on the weather. Milliron and her team are currently working on the coating itself. Their next step is to build a full-scale prototype. Other companies also have similar kinds of dynamic windows in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Windows as Energy Suppliers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes the conversation about windows, says Stephen Selkowitz, head of building technologies at Berkeley Lab. Before, windows were energy losers. Now, windows could actually make buildings more efficient. And that means big cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we add up all the energy and economic impact of windows in the US, it costs building owners about $40 billion a year. And I’d rather have the $40 billion in my pocket than sort of sending it out the window,” says Selkowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart windows could start appearing in larger projects like office buildings next year and should be more widely available to homeowners in three to five years. But they could be twice as expensive as today's windows. Selkowitz expects the cost coming down as manufacturing ramps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest expense in replacing windows is often the labor of replacing the window. And if you already decided to put a new window in, the marginal cost of going to a much better window is almost always worth it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while it may be only a few tech-geeks that spring for smart windows at first, Selkowitz says that leads the way for the rest of us – and for new buildings codes, where technology can have a much broader impact.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Buildings are responsible for 40% of the country’s energy use. So, researchers are trying improve our energy efficiency by making windows dynamic and intelligent.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367348465,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27270 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/","disqusTitle":"Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter","path":"/quest/27270/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27273\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27273\" title=\"windowstestfac\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The window testing facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (Photo: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Windows may not be as sexy as solar panels or electric cars, but they play a major role in energy efficiency. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the country’s energy use, which is why researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://btech.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> are trying to improve windows by making them smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Berkeley Lab engineer Howdy Goudey demonstrates in his lab, studying windows involves some pretty complex physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we use an infrared camera to study heat transfer in windows,” he says, pointing to a normal-looking video camera that senses heat instead of visible light. Goudey uses the camera to study how windows lose energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, windows simply aren’t good insulators. They leak heat in the winter when we want a warm house and they let heat in during the summer. Many homes still have single-pane windows, which were the name of the game in the 1940s and 50s when California was booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Check out this guide\u003c/a> for more on what to look for when buying windows.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a few windows in a room with direct sun on them, its equivalent to running a little space heater. So it’s significant energy,” says Goudey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, on a cold winter day, the extra heat from sun would be helpful. “You’d actually like that solar energy to come in and help heat the space,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why researchers are working to develop a “smart” or dynamic window that can change based on the weather or temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Nanotechnology to Make Windows Smarter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Berkeley Lab’s \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, Delia Milliron grows tiny nanocrystals that will eventually become a window coating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nanocrystals are very small,” says Milliron. “Way smaller than you can see with your eyes. And so that’s why when we spread them out in a coating on the window, you don’t see anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milliron’s coating is dynamic. In one setting, it lets in both the light and heat from the sun. But, apply an electric charge of a couple volts and the window blocks the heat from the sun, while still letting light in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, these windows would be controlled by your heating and cooling system, which could adjust them based on the weather. Milliron and her team are currently working on the coating itself. Their next step is to build a full-scale prototype. Other companies also have similar kinds of dynamic windows in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Windows as Energy Suppliers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes the conversation about windows, says Stephen Selkowitz, head of building technologies at Berkeley Lab. Before, windows were energy losers. Now, windows could actually make buildings more efficient. And that means big cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we add up all the energy and economic impact of windows in the US, it costs building owners about $40 billion a year. And I’d rather have the $40 billion in my pocket than sort of sending it out the window,” says Selkowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart windows could start appearing in larger projects like office buildings next year and should be more widely available to homeowners in three to five years. But they could be twice as expensive as today's windows. Selkowitz expects the cost coming down as manufacturing ramps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest expense in replacing windows is often the labor of replacing the window. And if you already decided to put a new window in, the marginal cost of going to a much better window is almost always worth it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while it may be only a few tech-geeks that spring for smart windows at first, Selkowitz says that leads the way for the rest of us – and for new buildings codes, where technology can have a much broader impact.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27270/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_404","quest_984","quest_987","quest_13197","quest_1396","quest_13212","quest_13203","quest_13205","quest_13202","quest_10438"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_27273","label":"quest_3357"},"quest_26579":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26579","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26579","score":null,"sort":[1320249659000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"live-online-forum-novas-fabric-of-the-cosmos","title":"NOVA “Fabric of the Cosmos” with Brian Green 11/2 Live Webcast ","publishDate":1320249659,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://cdn.livestream.com/embed/worldsciencefestival?layout=4&height=385&width=640&autoplay=false\" style=\"border:0;outline:0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"font-size: 11px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;width:640px\">Live from \u003ca href=\"http://worldsciencefestival.com/\">worldsciencefestival.com\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\nOn November 2, \u003ca href=\"http://worldsciencefestival.com/\">The World Science Festival\u003c/a>, Columbia University and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/\">NOVA\u003c/a> hosted a screening of \u003cem>What is Space?\u003c/em> to coincide with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/fabric-of-cosmos.html#fabric-space\">NOVA: Fabric of the Cosmos\u003c/a> series premiere. The screening took place at Columbia's Miller theatre and was immediately followed by a live-streamed webcast, hosted by acclaimed physicist Dr. Brian Greene. The webcast allowed the in-theatre and digital audiences to further explore the program’s rich material in direct conversation with Dr. Greene -- the series' host and best-selling author -- as well as other featured program participants, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\">Saul Perlmutter\u003c/a>, our local Lawrence Berkeley Lab astrophysicist and winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Today at 6PM PST, The World Science Festival, Columbia University and NOVA are hosting a screening of 'What is Space?' to coincide with the 'NOVA: Fabric of the Cosmos' series premiere. Also included will be Saul Perlmutter, local Lawrence Berkeley Lab astrophysicist and winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1320870088,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://cdn.livestream.com/embed/worldsciencefestival"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":116},"headData":{"title":"NOVA “Fabric of the Cosmos” with Brian Green 11/2 Live Webcast | KQED","description":"Today at 6PM PST, The World Science Festival, Columbia University and NOVA are hosting a screening of 'What is Space?' to coincide with the 'NOVA: Fabric of the Cosmos' series premiere. Also included will be Saul Perlmutter, local Lawrence Berkeley Lab astrophysicist and winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26579 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=26579","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/02/live-online-forum-novas-fabric-of-the-cosmos/","disqusTitle":"NOVA “Fabric of the Cosmos” with Brian Green 11/2 Live Webcast ","path":"/quest/26579/live-online-forum-novas-fabric-of-the-cosmos","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://cdn.livestream.com/embed/worldsciencefestival?layout=4&height=385&width=640&autoplay=false\" style=\"border:0;outline:0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"font-size: 11px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;width:640px\">Live from \u003ca href=\"http://worldsciencefestival.com/\">worldsciencefestival.com\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\nOn November 2, \u003ca href=\"http://worldsciencefestival.com/\">The World Science Festival\u003c/a>, Columbia University and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/\">NOVA\u003c/a> hosted a screening of \u003cem>What is Space?\u003c/em> to coincide with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/fabric-of-cosmos.html#fabric-space\">NOVA: Fabric of the Cosmos\u003c/a> series premiere. The screening took place at Columbia's Miller theatre and was immediately followed by a live-streamed webcast, hosted by acclaimed physicist Dr. Brian Greene. The webcast allowed the in-theatre and digital audiences to further explore the program’s rich material in direct conversation with Dr. Greene -- the series' host and best-selling author -- as well as other featured program participants, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\">Saul Perlmutter\u003c/a>, our local Lawrence Berkeley Lab astrophysicist and winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26579/live-online-forum-novas-fabric-of-the-cosmos","authors":["6166"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_10382","quest_3351","quest_10367","quest_2009","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_26581","label":"quest"},"quest_26259":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26259","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26259","score":null,"sort":[1319497891000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-gritty-side-of-major-league-baseball","title":"The Gritty Side of Major League Baseball ","publishDate":1319497891,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Pitchers and serious baseball fan knows that brand-new balls are never used in professional play. The shiny coating applied in the factory makes it too hard for pitchers to get a good grip, so \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/27929-joy-in-mudville-all-major-league-baseballs-get-treatment-from-south-jersey-grime\">equipment managers in clubhouses around the country rub that sheen off\u003c/a> every ball before games. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do they use? Mud. Yes, mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not just any mud. For more than 60 years, all the mud used in major league baseball has been harvested from the same secret spot in southern New Jersey. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Bintliff, the third-generation owner of \u003ca href=\"http://baseballrubbingmud.com/\">Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud\u003c/a>, gets it from the banks of a tributary of the Delaware River.\u003cbr>\nLegend has it rubbing down new baseballs started after a wild pitch killed a batter in the 1920s. Bintliff said players and umpires tried tobacco juice and infield dirt to remove the factory sheen. What ended up working best was mud drawn from near the favorite fishing spot of a friend of Bintliff’s grandfather.\u003cbr>\nWhat makes his mud so special? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the texture,\" said Bintliff, who described it as a mixture of cold cream and chocolate pudding. \"If it's too gritty, it can damage the leather on the ball. It can scratch it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bintliff runs the mud through a series of screens before packaging it, aging it (like fine wine, he says), and shipping it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball is a sport of tradition and superstition, and many chalk up the sport’s fidelity to this particular mud to just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “To do it is a good idea,” said Robert Adair, a former Yale professor who wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Physics-Baseball-Robert-K-Adair/?isbn=9780060084363%20\">The Physics of Baseball\u003c/a>. “To use this particular mud and everything is (one of the) charming traditions that connect us to our grandparents.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Adair acknowledges that there is some science behind Bintliff’s main selling point – his product’s smooth texture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's say you scuff or scar the ball on one side, that can produce asymmetric forces on the ball,\" Adair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ball is really scratched up, the air going over the marred side would have a different pattern than air going over the smooth side and the ball would curve toward the roughed-up side, Adair said. \"If you threw the ball just any old way, you wouldn't get much of an effect, because the scarred spot would rotate,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a sneaky pitcher is good, though, he throws the ball so the scarring is always on the same side. Adair estimated serious scratches could make the ball veer six inches one way or the other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mud’s origin in a tidal tributary rather than the larger Delaware River, then, is key. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(In) the main-stem Delaware, a lot of the bottom sediment is coarser grain material,\" said David Velinksy, a marine biogeochemist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ansp.org/\">Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine-grain sediments stay suspended in the rushing water of major rivers. In slower-moving tributaries, they have a chance to settle out, Velinksy said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Jim Bintliff adds a secret ingredient to the mud after harvesting, so it’s not just Mother Nature who is responsible for the magic mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see additional video from QUEST Philadelphia for this story, see: \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flrWvnhPmng\">Baseball's dirty little secret\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The science behind the decades-old MLB tradition of rubbing down baseballs with mud before they hit the field. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485926,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":559},"headData":{"title":"The Gritty Side of Major League Baseball | KQED","description":"The science behind the decades-old MLB tradition of rubbing down baseballs with mud before they hit the field. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26259 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=slideshows&p=26259","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/the-gritty-side-of-major-league-baseball/","disqusTitle":"The Gritty Side of Major League Baseball ","path":"/quest/26259/the-gritty-side-of-major-league-baseball","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pitchers and serious baseball fan knows that brand-new balls are never used in professional play. The shiny coating applied in the factory makes it too hard for pitchers to get a good grip, so \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/27929-joy-in-mudville-all-major-league-baseballs-get-treatment-from-south-jersey-grime\">equipment managers in clubhouses around the country rub that sheen off\u003c/a> every ball before games. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do they use? Mud. Yes, mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not just any mud. For more than 60 years, all the mud used in major league baseball has been harvested from the same secret spot in southern New Jersey. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Bintliff, the third-generation owner of \u003ca href=\"http://baseballrubbingmud.com/\">Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud\u003c/a>, gets it from the banks of a tributary of the Delaware River.\u003cbr>\nLegend has it rubbing down new baseballs started after a wild pitch killed a batter in the 1920s. Bintliff said players and umpires tried tobacco juice and infield dirt to remove the factory sheen. What ended up working best was mud drawn from near the favorite fishing spot of a friend of Bintliff’s grandfather.\u003cbr>\nWhat makes his mud so special? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the texture,\" said Bintliff, who described it as a mixture of cold cream and chocolate pudding. \"If it's too gritty, it can damage the leather on the ball. It can scratch it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bintliff runs the mud through a series of screens before packaging it, aging it (like fine wine, he says), and shipping it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball is a sport of tradition and superstition, and many chalk up the sport’s fidelity to this particular mud to just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “To do it is a good idea,” said Robert Adair, a former Yale professor who wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Physics-Baseball-Robert-K-Adair/?isbn=9780060084363%20\">The Physics of Baseball\u003c/a>. “To use this particular mud and everything is (one of the) charming traditions that connect us to our grandparents.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Adair acknowledges that there is some science behind Bintliff’s main selling point – his product’s smooth texture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's say you scuff or scar the ball on one side, that can produce asymmetric forces on the ball,\" Adair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ball is really scratched up, the air going over the marred side would have a different pattern than air going over the smooth side and the ball would curve toward the roughed-up side, Adair said. \"If you threw the ball just any old way, you wouldn't get much of an effect, because the scarred spot would rotate,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a sneaky pitcher is good, though, he throws the ball so the scarring is always on the same side. Adair estimated serious scratches could make the ball veer six inches one way or the other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mud’s origin in a tidal tributary rather than the larger Delaware River, then, is key. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(In) the main-stem Delaware, a lot of the bottom sediment is coarser grain material,\" said David Velinksy, a marine biogeochemist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ansp.org/\">Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine-grain sediments stay suspended in the rushing water of major rivers. In slower-moving tributaries, they have a chance to settle out, Velinksy said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Jim Bintliff adds a secret ingredient to the mud after harvesting, so it’s not just Mother Nature who is responsible for the magic mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see additional video from QUEST Philadelphia for this story, see: \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flrWvnhPmng\">Baseball's dirty little secret\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26259/the-gritty-side-of-major-league-baseball","authors":["10274"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_10334","quest_279","quest_10333","quest_10332","quest_10331","quest_10330","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_3291","quest_10329","quest_2658","quest_10328"],"featImg":"quest_26262","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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