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When not chasing down a lead, Hannah plays guitar, explores the Cleveland Metroparks and restrains herself from petting woodland creatures.","userNicename":"hannah-weinberger","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true","title":"Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?","publishDate":1402581602,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about green vocabulary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0226-shopping-green#recyclable\" target=\"_blank\">visit the FTC\u003cstrong> Green Guides\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Products advertised as “green” aren't always what they appear to be. New research from Ohio State University adds supposedly biodegradable plastics to that list.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442677558,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1680},"headData":{"title":"Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True? | KQED","description":"Products advertised as “green” aren't always what they appear to be. New research from Ohio State University adds supposedly biodegradable plastics to that list.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?","datePublished":"2014-06-12T14:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T15:45:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67557 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67557","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/12/biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true/","disqusTitle":"Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?","source":"Chemistry","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/chemistry/","path":"/quest/67557/biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about green vocabulary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0226-shopping-green#recyclable\" target=\"_blank\">visit the FTC\u003cstrong> Green Guides\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67557/biodegradable-plastics-too-good-to-be-true","authors":["64479"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12622","quest_336","quest_12031","quest_12269","quest_12543","quest_2169","quest_2222","quest_10429"],"featImg":"quest_70921","label":"source_quest_67557"},"quest_50103":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50103","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50103","score":null,"sort":[1362081575000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","publishDate":1362081575,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This side trip takes you into the quiet range of hills that runs along the freeway south of Coalinga.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362707277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":568},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills | KQED","description":"This side trip takes you into the quiet range of hills that runs along the freeway south of Coalinga.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","datePublished":"2013-02-28T19:59:35.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-08T01:47:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50103 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50103","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","path":"/quest/50103/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50103/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_639","quest_13200","quest_11797","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2169","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_50110","label":"quest"},"quest_47588":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47588","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47588","score":null,"sort":[1354219531000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future","title":"The Mighty Monterey Formation: In Your Future","publishDate":1354219531,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/montereyfm-kehoebeach/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47592\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-kehoebeach-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"montereyfm-kehoebeach\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47592\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/\">government report last year\u003c/a> stated that the nation's largest possible source of oil from shale is in California's Monterey Formation. To put it in perspective, the shale oil boom now making North Dakota second only to Texas in petroleum production is exploring the Bakken Formation, which has about 4 billion barrels of \"technically recoverable shale oil resources\" in it. The Monterey Formation has more than 15 billion, about two-thirds of the whole nation's quantity. Love it or hate it, the Monterey is important for everyone in this state. And parts of it—not the most oil-rich part, mind you—are in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our mineral resources are the legacy of unusual global environments back in geologic time. Most of the world's iron ore, for example, was created billions of years ago during the Proterozoic Eon, and most of its coal dates from the Carboniferous Period from 360 to 300 million years ago. The same is true of the Monterey Formation's oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Formation formed during the Miocene Epoch, between 16 and 6 million years ago, at the bottom of a green sea teeming with diatoms. The Earth at the time was undergoing global cooling courtesy of the rise of the Himalayas. This huge mountain chain, washed by monsoons, weathered and eroded swiftly, drawing down carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and infusing the oceans with dissolved silica. The Antarctic ice cap responded by advancing, which reinforced these changes. The great current system of the oceans, its thermohaline circulation, reorganized itself, and all around the Pacific Ocean basin arose zones of coastal upwelling, perfect habitat for diatoms. The silica-shelled bodies of these one-celled algae piled up on the seafloor in great thicknesses of diatomite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47590\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/diatom-porcelanite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47590\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/diatom-porcelanite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diatom-porcelanite\" width=\"600\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/diatom-porcelanite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/diatom-porcelanite-400x167.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diatomite and porcellanite specimens\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were widespread zones of the seafloor without oxygen, which preserved the organic matter in the diatoms. That green fraction turned to petroleum—oil and gas—at the same time the silica shells turned gradually to quartz. The rocks changed in this way from diatomite to porcellanite and then to \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/qt/About-Chert.htm\">chert\u003c/a>. As the rock changed, it fractured, giving the oil room to move. And in California, the growth and movement of the San Andreas fault system bent the rock into domes and folds that trapped the oil in world-class reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great oil-bearing parts of the Monterey Formation are south of us, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/\">the Bay Area's petroleum\u003c/a> owes its origin to the Monterey too. You can visit and appreciate it in several different places: at Point Reyes south of Kehoe Beach, in Big Basin on the San Mateo Peninsula, along route 92 two miles east of Half Moon Bay, along the Santa Cruz coast, and along the west end of Carmel Valley Road south of Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its East Bay counterpart is the Claremont Shale, which formed at the same time in a separate coastal basin. It holds up the central crest of the Oakland Hills from Claremont Canyon (\u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/09/07/the-real-claremont-chert/\">where it got its name\u003c/a>) down to Round Top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47589\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/montereyfm-oakhills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47589\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-oakhills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"montereyfm-oakhills\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47589\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-oakhills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-oakhills-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Claremont Shale in the Oakland Hills\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new bore of the Caldecott Tunnel goes through the Claremont, and the whole job was done with precautions taken against the rock's natural gas. The project's engineering geologist told me that he often saw gas bubbling under his boots and smelled sulfurous gases and the peculiar tarry odor of crude oil. Although the Monterey and Claremont are both commonly light-colored in outcrops, at depth they are often still dark brown and black, steeped in organic matter. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>, in San Jose, is one place where deep erosion uncovers the dark stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47591\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/montereyfm-alumrock/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47591\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-alumrock.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"montereyfm-alumrock\" width=\"600\" height=\"433\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47591\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-alumrock.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-alumrock-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Claremont Shale at Alum Rock Park\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the grandest exposures of the Monterey Formation are on the Southern California coast along Morro Bay at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=592\">Montaña de Oro State Park\u003c/a>. To dive deep into the scientific details of the Monterey, visit the site of the Monterey And Related Sedimentary rocks (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/behl/MARS/index.html\">MARS\u003c/a>) project at Cal State Long Beach. Whether you will welcome or dread its growing role in California politics and economy, the Monterey Formation is worth appreciating for itself. Look for it on your local \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/\">geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More valuable than gold, this great rock unit forms part of the Bay Area's landscape.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1356732256,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":706},"headData":{"title":"The Mighty Monterey Formation: In Your Future | KQED","description":"More valuable than gold, this great rock unit forms part of the Bay Area's landscape.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Mighty Monterey Formation: In Your Future","datePublished":"2012-11-29T20:05:31.000Z","dateModified":"2012-12-28T22:04:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47588 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47588","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/","disqusTitle":"The Mighty Monterey Formation: In Your Future","path":"/quest/47588/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/montereyfm-kehoebeach/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47592\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-kehoebeach-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"montereyfm-kehoebeach\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47592\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/\">government report last year\u003c/a> stated that the nation's largest possible source of oil from shale is in California's Monterey Formation. To put it in perspective, the shale oil boom now making North Dakota second only to Texas in petroleum production is exploring the Bakken Formation, which has about 4 billion barrels of \"technically recoverable shale oil resources\" in it. The Monterey Formation has more than 15 billion, about two-thirds of the whole nation's quantity. Love it or hate it, the Monterey is important for everyone in this state. And parts of it—not the most oil-rich part, mind you—are in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our mineral resources are the legacy of unusual global environments back in geologic time. Most of the world's iron ore, for example, was created billions of years ago during the Proterozoic Eon, and most of its coal dates from the Carboniferous Period from 360 to 300 million years ago. The same is true of the Monterey Formation's oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Formation formed during the Miocene Epoch, between 16 and 6 million years ago, at the bottom of a green sea teeming with diatoms. The Earth at the time was undergoing global cooling courtesy of the rise of the Himalayas. This huge mountain chain, washed by monsoons, weathered and eroded swiftly, drawing down carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and infusing the oceans with dissolved silica. The Antarctic ice cap responded by advancing, which reinforced these changes. The great current system of the oceans, its thermohaline circulation, reorganized itself, and all around the Pacific Ocean basin arose zones of coastal upwelling, perfect habitat for diatoms. The silica-shelled bodies of these one-celled algae piled up on the seafloor in great thicknesses of diatomite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47590\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/diatom-porcelanite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47590\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/diatom-porcelanite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diatom-porcelanite\" width=\"600\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/diatom-porcelanite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/diatom-porcelanite-400x167.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diatomite and porcellanite specimens\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were widespread zones of the seafloor without oxygen, which preserved the organic matter in the diatoms. That green fraction turned to petroleum—oil and gas—at the same time the silica shells turned gradually to quartz. The rocks changed in this way from diatomite to porcellanite and then to \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/qt/About-Chert.htm\">chert\u003c/a>. As the rock changed, it fractured, giving the oil room to move. And in California, the growth and movement of the San Andreas fault system bent the rock into domes and folds that trapped the oil in world-class reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great oil-bearing parts of the Monterey Formation are south of us, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/\">the Bay Area's petroleum\u003c/a> owes its origin to the Monterey too. You can visit and appreciate it in several different places: at Point Reyes south of Kehoe Beach, in Big Basin on the San Mateo Peninsula, along route 92 two miles east of Half Moon Bay, along the Santa Cruz coast, and along the west end of Carmel Valley Road south of Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its East Bay counterpart is the Claremont Shale, which formed at the same time in a separate coastal basin. It holds up the central crest of the Oakland Hills from Claremont Canyon (\u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/09/07/the-real-claremont-chert/\">where it got its name\u003c/a>) down to Round Top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47589\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/montereyfm-oakhills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47589\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-oakhills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"montereyfm-oakhills\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47589\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-oakhills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-oakhills-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Claremont Shale in the Oakland Hills\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new bore of the Caldecott Tunnel goes through the Claremont, and the whole job was done with precautions taken against the rock's natural gas. The project's engineering geologist told me that he often saw gas bubbling under his boots and smelled sulfurous gases and the peculiar tarry odor of crude oil. Although the Monterey and Claremont are both commonly light-colored in outcrops, at depth they are often still dark brown and black, steeped in organic matter. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>, in San Jose, is one place where deep erosion uncovers the dark stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47591\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/montereyfm-alumrock/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47591\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-alumrock.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"montereyfm-alumrock\" width=\"600\" height=\"433\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47591\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-alumrock.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/montereyfm-alumrock-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Claremont Shale at Alum Rock Park\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the grandest exposures of the Monterey Formation are on the Southern California coast along Morro Bay at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=592\">Montaña de Oro State Park\u003c/a>. To dive deep into the scientific details of the Monterey, visit the site of the Monterey And Related Sedimentary rocks (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/behl/MARS/index.html\">MARS\u003c/a>) project at Cal State Long Beach. Whether you will welcome or dread its growing role in California politics and economy, the Monterey Formation is worth appreciating for itself. Look for it on your local \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/\">geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47588/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11638","quest_11636","quest_11637","quest_11639","quest_2169","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_47592","label":"quest"},"quest_42512":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42512","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42512","score":null,"sort":[1344540664000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek","title":"What Is That Unusual Smell In Walnut Creek?","publishDate":1344540664,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Walnut Creek is a nice, clean suburban city today, but people who live there long enough eventually ask why it smells like rotten eggs around John Muir Medical Center. That smell has been there longer than Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to the hospital, you take Ygnacio Valley Road east from downtown and over Shell Ridge. On the other side of Shell Ridge is the hospital, overlooking the wide, flat Ygnacio Valley. Here's the valley today as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42513\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValmap\" width=\"555\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42513\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg 555w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap-400x360.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir Medical Center sits in the neighborhood labeled \"San Miguel.\" The valley made up the heart of the Rancho San Miguel, given its name by Doña Juana Sanchez de Pacheco for her late husband Miguel Antonia Pacheco, but originally it was the Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones (Walnut Creek and Bolbones [tribe]). Here's the \u003ca href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3j49n8nx/\">Rancho San Miguel as it was mapped in 1850\u003c/a>, turned to place north up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/wcranchomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42514\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WCranchomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42514\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the creek (Arroyo de las Nueces) on the west, Shell Ridge on the south, Ygnacio Valley in the middle, and Lime Ridge (mapped as Sierra de los Golgones) on the east. What's that notation at the end of Shell Ridge? Let's zoom in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/sulfspringtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42515\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sulfspringtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42515\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"warm sulphur spring\" was where Ygnacio Sibrian, Doña Juana's son, established Sulpher [sic] Springs Ranch on his share of the Rancho San Miguel. The official records put \"Sulpher Springs\" a bit north of Heather Farms, but U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 338, \u003ci>Springs of California\u003c/i>, offers the following description of the springs as of 1915:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A group of sulphur springs lies near the northeastern base of a low ridge about 2 miles northeast of the town of Walnut Creek. The largest spring is on the ridge about 100 yards from its eastern base and 25 yards north of the county road [Ygnacio Valley Road]. When the place was visited, the water rose in a board-curbed pool protected by a latticed house and was piped to a cattle trough a few yards away. It yielded about 3 gallons a minute of mildly sulphureted water, 81° in temperature. . . . Five other smaller springs issue in a belt extending 350 yards along the base of the ridge, in and near the barnyard of Sulphur Springs farm. Two of them have been piped to watering troughs near by. The other three are of seeping flow and form only small marshy places.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that description, the spring was closer to where Clarke Swim Center sits today in Heather Farm Park, another health-centered water attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rotten-egg smell is hydrogen sulfide gas (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S), produced by certain bacteria from sulfur minerals in the absence of oxygen. Normally H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S is quickly oxidized by another set of bacteria into H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>, sulfuric acid, which proceeds to eat away at limestone and other rocks. But if the gas can move quickly to the surface it can reach your nose. Such is the case at Shell Ridge, as the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Contra Costa County geologic map\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42516\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell Ridge consists of the following rock units, in order of age: upper Domengine Formation (Tdu), Cierbo Formation (Tc, with sandstone/conglomerate (Tcsc) at the base), Neroly Formation (Tn), and Green Valley/Tassajara group (Tgvt). The strike-and-dip symbols show that the rocks are actually overturned—tilted beyond vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is sulfur doing in Walnut Creek's rocks? Sulfur minerals, mostly \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a> (CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>\u003cb>·\u003c/b>2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O) or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfides/minpicpyrite.htm\">pyrite\u003c/a> (FeS\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), are widespread in sedimentary rocks. Around here, the sulfur is pyrite associated with organic matter, and the Domengine Formation in particular is a well-known petroleum reservoir rock. It stands to reason that a suitable set of cracks would support a sulfur spring here. The smell of rotten eggs used to be considered part of the healthful power of a warm spring. Savor that as you visit the hospital today.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The city's hospital sits at the site of an ancient sulfur spring.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346782113,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":646},"headData":{"title":"What Is That Unusual Smell In Walnut Creek? | KQED","description":"The city's hospital sits at the site of an ancient sulfur spring.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Is That Unusual Smell In Walnut Creek?","datePublished":"2012-08-09T19:31:04.000Z","dateModified":"2012-09-04T18:08:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42512 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42512","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/","disqusTitle":"What Is That Unusual Smell In Walnut Creek?","path":"/quest/42512/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Walnut Creek is a nice, clean suburban city today, but people who live there long enough eventually ask why it smells like rotten eggs around John Muir Medical Center. That smell has been there longer than Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to the hospital, you take Ygnacio Valley Road east from downtown and over Shell Ridge. On the other side of Shell Ridge is the hospital, overlooking the wide, flat Ygnacio Valley. Here's the valley today as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42513\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValmap\" width=\"555\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42513\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg 555w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap-400x360.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir Medical Center sits in the neighborhood labeled \"San Miguel.\" The valley made up the heart of the Rancho San Miguel, given its name by Doña Juana Sanchez de Pacheco for her late husband Miguel Antonia Pacheco, but originally it was the Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones (Walnut Creek and Bolbones [tribe]). Here's the \u003ca href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3j49n8nx/\">Rancho San Miguel as it was mapped in 1850\u003c/a>, turned to place north up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/wcranchomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42514\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WCranchomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42514\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the creek (Arroyo de las Nueces) on the west, Shell Ridge on the south, Ygnacio Valley in the middle, and Lime Ridge (mapped as Sierra de los Golgones) on the east. What's that notation at the end of Shell Ridge? Let's zoom in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/sulfspringtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42515\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sulfspringtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42515\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"warm sulphur spring\" was where Ygnacio Sibrian, Doña Juana's son, established Sulpher [sic] Springs Ranch on his share of the Rancho San Miguel. The official records put \"Sulpher Springs\" a bit north of Heather Farms, but U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 338, \u003ci>Springs of California\u003c/i>, offers the following description of the springs as of 1915:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A group of sulphur springs lies near the northeastern base of a low ridge about 2 miles northeast of the town of Walnut Creek. The largest spring is on the ridge about 100 yards from its eastern base and 25 yards north of the county road [Ygnacio Valley Road]. When the place was visited, the water rose in a board-curbed pool protected by a latticed house and was piped to a cattle trough a few yards away. It yielded about 3 gallons a minute of mildly sulphureted water, 81° in temperature. . . . Five other smaller springs issue in a belt extending 350 yards along the base of the ridge, in and near the barnyard of Sulphur Springs farm. Two of them have been piped to watering troughs near by. The other three are of seeping flow and form only small marshy places.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that description, the spring was closer to where Clarke Swim Center sits today in Heather Farm Park, another health-centered water attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rotten-egg smell is hydrogen sulfide gas (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S), produced by certain bacteria from sulfur minerals in the absence of oxygen. Normally H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S is quickly oxidized by another set of bacteria into H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>, sulfuric acid, which proceeds to eat away at limestone and other rocks. But if the gas can move quickly to the surface it can reach your nose. Such is the case at Shell Ridge, as the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Contra Costa County geologic map\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42516\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell Ridge consists of the following rock units, in order of age: upper Domengine Formation (Tdu), Cierbo Formation (Tc, with sandstone/conglomerate (Tcsc) at the base), Neroly Formation (Tn), and Green Valley/Tassajara group (Tgvt). The strike-and-dip symbols show that the rocks are actually overturned—tilted beyond vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is sulfur doing in Walnut Creek's rocks? Sulfur minerals, mostly \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a> (CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>\u003cb>·\u003c/b>2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O) or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfides/minpicpyrite.htm\">pyrite\u003c/a> (FeS\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), are widespread in sedimentary rocks. Around here, the sulfur is pyrite associated with organic matter, and the Domengine Formation in particular is a well-known petroleum reservoir rock. It stands to reason that a suitable set of cracks would support a sulfur spring here. The smell of rotten eggs used to be considered part of the healthful power of a warm spring. Savor that as you visit the hospital today.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42512/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11356","quest_11357","quest_11189","quest_2169","quest_11359","quest_13202","quest_11358","quest_3097","quest_3100"],"featImg":"quest_42515","label":"quest"},"quest_35248":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35248","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35248","score":null,"sort":[1334243307000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern","title":"Fracking in California: Any Cause For Concern?","publishDate":1334243307,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/frackingtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35250\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35250\" title=\"frackingtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lost Hills oil field owes much of its production today to hydraulic fracturing. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fracking,\" the ugly nickname for a common oilfield practice, is a rising concern in many places. What about California? Appropriately for a high-tech state, all kinds of advances in underground techniques have been used here. How safe are they? Hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with underground spaces means entering a dynamic environment. California oilfield operators learned that very early in ways that would horrify us today. A century ago, drillers would sometimes tap a highly overpressured oil pool and cause a gusher. The worst of these was the Lakeview gusher, a blowout that began in the spring of 1910 between Taft and Maricopa and lasted more than a year. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/petroleum/ig/lakeviewgusher/\">The scene today is marked by a plaque.\u003c/a>) It ruined the California oil industry for a while—not because of environmental degradation or public revulsion or a government crackdown, but because the flood of oil made the price of crude collapse. Let me put it this way: the problems we have today from oilwell technologies aren't like they used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/lakeview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35249\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35249\" title=\"lakeview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Site of the Lakeview gusher north of Maricopa. A hundred years later, the ground is still paved with asphalt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is a way to open up deep rocks by pumping liquids down a borehole at high pressure. The idea is to make a lot of little cracks in tight rocks so the trapped oil can flow out. In the old days, well operators in the Los Angeles basin would goose a fading well by pumping down the crude oil already in the borehole. Today fracking involves water mixed with a little sand, which washes into the new cracks and jams them open. It's widely performed in California to keep old oilfields producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to pump the fracking water back out before you can extract the oil. Most of the time you can pump it down somewhere else to backfill the space that used to hold the oil, a technique called water injection. The industry learned that about 50 years ago when sinking ground caused shallow earthquakes. The huge Wilmington oil field under Long Beach had six damaging earthquakes between 1947 and 1961 before water injection made them stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today oilfield earthquakes are not a problem in California. Disposal of excess fracking water is our dirty secret. Fracking water gets tainted from its exposure to the oil and natural brines down there, plus it's also mixed with various ingredients to help with the downhole chemistry. Water injection takes care of a lot of dirty fracking water, but the rest needs to be dealt with somehow. In the old days it was dumped on the ground or poured into ponds to evaporate, without much care. Today . . . well, nobody has been keeping track of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state government's Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) claims to be regulating fracking, but when the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water inquired early last year, the agency had no data to supply. This was a year after DOGGR had gotten extra money, money it had asked for, to develop fracking regulations. The agency now says on its website that it \"only has limited information about the use of the practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> recently compiled what it could find on California fracking and DOGGR's role in overseeing it and issued a critical report called \"\u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/reports/2012/fracking/ca_fracking/ca_regulators_see_no_fracking.pdf\">California Regulators: See No Fracking, Speak No Fracking\u003c/a>.\" The title makes its message clear, and even though I am allergic to activist overstatement of all kinds, I found its factual contents worth heeding. Now the state legislature is considering several bills to encourage more disclosure of fracking; one of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1054&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley\">SB 1054\u003c/a>, would require neighboring property owners to be notified of fracking 30 days in advance. The issue is alive, and the legislative sumo match is underway. But the people's watchdog is sitting it out, leaving the fray to lawmakers and lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California oil producers use hydraulic fracturing to goose more oil out of old wells. The benefit is clear, but the costs are too unclear for comfort.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366919699,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"Fracking in California: Any Cause For Concern? | KQED","description":"California oil producers use hydraulic fracturing to goose more oil out of old wells. The benefit is clear, but the costs are too unclear for comfort.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fracking in California: Any Cause For Concern?","datePublished":"2012-04-12T15:08:27.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-25T19:54:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"35248 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35248","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/","disqusTitle":"Fracking in California: Any Cause For Concern?","path":"/quest/35248/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/frackingtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35250\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35250\" title=\"frackingtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lost Hills oil field owes much of its production today to hydraulic fracturing. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fracking,\" the ugly nickname for a common oilfield practice, is a rising concern in many places. What about California? Appropriately for a high-tech state, all kinds of advances in underground techniques have been used here. How safe are they? Hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with underground spaces means entering a dynamic environment. California oilfield operators learned that very early in ways that would horrify us today. A century ago, drillers would sometimes tap a highly overpressured oil pool and cause a gusher. The worst of these was the Lakeview gusher, a blowout that began in the spring of 1910 between Taft and Maricopa and lasted more than a year. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/petroleum/ig/lakeviewgusher/\">The scene today is marked by a plaque.\u003c/a>) It ruined the California oil industry for a while—not because of environmental degradation or public revulsion or a government crackdown, but because the flood of oil made the price of crude collapse. Let me put it this way: the problems we have today from oilwell technologies aren't like they used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/lakeview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35249\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35249\" title=\"lakeview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Site of the Lakeview gusher north of Maricopa. A hundred years later, the ground is still paved with asphalt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is a way to open up deep rocks by pumping liquids down a borehole at high pressure. The idea is to make a lot of little cracks in tight rocks so the trapped oil can flow out. In the old days, well operators in the Los Angeles basin would goose a fading well by pumping down the crude oil already in the borehole. Today fracking involves water mixed with a little sand, which washes into the new cracks and jams them open. It's widely performed in California to keep old oilfields producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to pump the fracking water back out before you can extract the oil. Most of the time you can pump it down somewhere else to backfill the space that used to hold the oil, a technique called water injection. The industry learned that about 50 years ago when sinking ground caused shallow earthquakes. The huge Wilmington oil field under Long Beach had six damaging earthquakes between 1947 and 1961 before water injection made them stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today oilfield earthquakes are not a problem in California. Disposal of excess fracking water is our dirty secret. Fracking water gets tainted from its exposure to the oil and natural brines down there, plus it's also mixed with various ingredients to help with the downhole chemistry. Water injection takes care of a lot of dirty fracking water, but the rest needs to be dealt with somehow. In the old days it was dumped on the ground or poured into ponds to evaporate, without much care. Today . . . well, nobody has been keeping track of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state government's Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) claims to be regulating fracking, but when the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water inquired early last year, the agency had no data to supply. This was a year after DOGGR had gotten extra money, money it had asked for, to develop fracking regulations. The agency now says on its website that it \"only has limited information about the use of the practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> recently compiled what it could find on California fracking and DOGGR's role in overseeing it and issued a critical report called \"\u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/reports/2012/fracking/ca_fracking/ca_regulators_see_no_fracking.pdf\">California Regulators: See No Fracking, Speak No Fracking\u003c/a>.\" The title makes its message clear, and even though I am allergic to activist overstatement of all kinds, I found its factual contents worth heeding. Now the state legislature is considering several bills to encourage more disclosure of fracking; one of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1054&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley\">SB 1054\u003c/a>, would require neighboring property owners to be notified of fracking 30 days in advance. The issue is alive, and the legislative sumo match is underway. But the people's watchdog is sitting it out, leaving the fray to lawmakers and lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35248/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10978","quest_10979","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2169","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_35250","label":"quest"},"quest_34563":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34563","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34563","score":null,"sort":[1333638005000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Coalinga Country","publishDate":1333638005,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34568\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34568\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle range in the Big Blue Hills just a few miles from the Harris Ranch feedlot. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Driving Interstate 5 through the Central Valley, I find something to like on every mile except one: the smelly vicinity of the Harris Ranch feedlot north of Coalinga. This is how you can avoid it and enjoy some geology for an hour or so. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming you're heading south, the key is to get off of I-5 about 10 miles before the feedlot, at the Route 33 North/Derrick Avenue exit. Think of Derrick as old Route 33, because 33 actually joins I-5 here for a few miles before exiting to the right and meeting Derrick again farther south. See if that makes sense on the geologic map below. This side trip follows 33 into Coalinga and then straight east to the interstate, crossing some interesting structure and a couple of oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingageomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingageomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingageomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"675\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingageomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingageomap-400x450.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Significant map units from oldest to youngest: Ku, upper Cretaceous marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; E, Eocene marine rocks; M and Mc, Miocene rocks; P; Pliocene rocks; QPc, Pliocene-Pleistocene nonmarine rocks; Q, modern and recent sediment; Qoa, Quaternary river terraces. Magenta lines mark structural arches and troughs, with arrows indicating dips of adjoining strata and plunge of the feature's axis\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Derrick Avenue runs for a while through orchard lands parallel to I-5, crossing it twice. Hang in there: it eventually veers away into the Big Blue Hills, as these foothills of the Coast Range are called, out of earshot of the big freeway and smellshot of the big feedlot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/bigbluehills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bigbluehills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bigbluehills\" width=\"600\" height=\"393\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bigbluehills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bigbluehills-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country here is rolling semidesert, marginal rangeland. The ground underfoot was muddly seafloor for many millions of years, until quite recently in geologic time, around 5 million years ago. Then slow compression across the San Andreas fault raised the Coast Range, buckling these sediments into arching folds. The upward-buckling folds are called anticlines, scientific Latin that means \"sloping apart.\" (Downward-warping troughs, like the one running the length of the Central Valley's western edge, are called synclines.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion then got to work on the anticlines, peeling away their youngest layers and exposing progressively older rocks. Meanwhile underground, oil and gas worked their way uphill in the newly tilted strata to collect along the center of the nearest anticline. The area around Coalinga, including this part of the Big Blue Hills, is the northern edge of the California oil patch. Now maybe Derrick Avenue's name makes more sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Derrick Avenue meets Route 33 again, and you'll turn right on it—going left takes you straight to the stinky feedlot. The road then crosses Anticline Ridge and the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalinga_Oil_Field\">Coalinga Oil Field\u003c/a>. Take the Shell Road turnoff if you like where Route 198 comes in; both ways lead to town. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingawells/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34569\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingawells.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingawells\" width=\"600\" height=\"358\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34569\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingawells.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingawells-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wells of the Coalinga Oil Field. Photo courtesy Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Coalinga field is the largest of several around here. It was the first great oil district in the Central Valley and remains productive today using enhanced recovery techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingaoilfields/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingaoilfields.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingaoilfields\" width=\"500\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34567\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil-bearing hills give way to Pleasant Valley, a syncline filled with young sediment that's occupied by farmland, a state prison, and the town of Coalinga. There are places in town to take a break and find a snack, not to mention the local attraction the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcbakermuseum.com/home.html\">R. C. Baker Memorial Museum\u003c/a>. Then follow Route 33 out of town again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible to make Coalinga the start of an extended trip through the oil patch—just follow Route 33 south where it turns right. But to end this side trip, stay on the straightaway, crossing the anticline one last time in the low Guijarral Hills and its moribund \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guijarral_Hills_Oil_Field\">oil field\u003c/a> to reach the freeway, which is already in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34564\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/guijarralpump/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/guijarralpump.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guijarralpump\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/guijarralpump.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/guijarralpump-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wikipedia calls this the last working pump in the Guijarral Hills Oil Field. Wikimedia Commons photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also still in progress is the rise of the Coast Range. On the afternoon of 2 May 1983, Anticline Ridge jolted up another foot or so \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1983_05_02.php\">in a magnitude 6.4 earthquake\u003c/a>. I was sitting in Menlo Park at the time and remember well its ominous slow roll, the sign of a big one somewhere far away.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"No one likes the huge cattle feedlot north of Coalinga. Take this geological side trip and avoid the smell entirely.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1334274599,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":710},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Coalinga Country | KQED","description":"No one likes the huge cattle feedlot north of Coalinga. Take this geological side trip and avoid the smell entirely.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Coalinga Country","datePublished":"2012-04-05T15:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2012-04-12T23:49:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34563 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=34563","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Coalinga Country","path":"/quest/34563/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34568\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34568\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle range in the Big Blue Hills just a few miles from the Harris Ranch feedlot. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Driving Interstate 5 through the Central Valley, I find something to like on every mile except one: the smelly vicinity of the Harris Ranch feedlot north of Coalinga. This is how you can avoid it and enjoy some geology for an hour or so. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming you're heading south, the key is to get off of I-5 about 10 miles before the feedlot, at the Route 33 North/Derrick Avenue exit. Think of Derrick as old Route 33, because 33 actually joins I-5 here for a few miles before exiting to the right and meeting Derrick again farther south. See if that makes sense on the geologic map below. This side trip follows 33 into Coalinga and then straight east to the interstate, crossing some interesting structure and a couple of oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingageomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingageomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingageomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"675\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingageomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingageomap-400x450.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Significant map units from oldest to youngest: Ku, upper Cretaceous marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; E, Eocene marine rocks; M and Mc, Miocene rocks; P; Pliocene rocks; QPc, Pliocene-Pleistocene nonmarine rocks; Q, modern and recent sediment; Qoa, Quaternary river terraces. Magenta lines mark structural arches and troughs, with arrows indicating dips of adjoining strata and plunge of the feature's axis\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Derrick Avenue runs for a while through orchard lands parallel to I-5, crossing it twice. Hang in there: it eventually veers away into the Big Blue Hills, as these foothills of the Coast Range are called, out of earshot of the big freeway and smellshot of the big feedlot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/bigbluehills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bigbluehills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bigbluehills\" width=\"600\" height=\"393\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bigbluehills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bigbluehills-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country here is rolling semidesert, marginal rangeland. The ground underfoot was muddly seafloor for many millions of years, until quite recently in geologic time, around 5 million years ago. Then slow compression across the San Andreas fault raised the Coast Range, buckling these sediments into arching folds. The upward-buckling folds are called anticlines, scientific Latin that means \"sloping apart.\" (Downward-warping troughs, like the one running the length of the Central Valley's western edge, are called synclines.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion then got to work on the anticlines, peeling away their youngest layers and exposing progressively older rocks. Meanwhile underground, oil and gas worked their way uphill in the newly tilted strata to collect along the center of the nearest anticline. The area around Coalinga, including this part of the Big Blue Hills, is the northern edge of the California oil patch. Now maybe Derrick Avenue's name makes more sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Derrick Avenue meets Route 33 again, and you'll turn right on it—going left takes you straight to the stinky feedlot. The road then crosses Anticline Ridge and the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalinga_Oil_Field\">Coalinga Oil Field\u003c/a>. Take the Shell Road turnoff if you like where Route 198 comes in; both ways lead to town. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingawells/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34569\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingawells.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingawells\" width=\"600\" height=\"358\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34569\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingawells.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingawells-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wells of the Coalinga Oil Field. Photo courtesy Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Coalinga field is the largest of several around here. It was the first great oil district in the Central Valley and remains productive today using enhanced recovery techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/coalingaoilfields/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/coalingaoilfields.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"coalingaoilfields\" width=\"500\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34567\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil-bearing hills give way to Pleasant Valley, a syncline filled with young sediment that's occupied by farmland, a state prison, and the town of Coalinga. There are places in town to take a break and find a snack, not to mention the local attraction the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcbakermuseum.com/home.html\">R. C. Baker Memorial Museum\u003c/a>. Then follow Route 33 out of town again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible to make Coalinga the start of an extended trip through the oil patch—just follow Route 33 south where it turns right. But to end this side trip, stay on the straightaway, crossing the anticline one last time in the low Guijarral Hills and its moribund \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guijarral_Hills_Oil_Field\">oil field\u003c/a> to reach the freeway, which is already in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34564\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country/guijarralpump/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/guijarralpump.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guijarralpump\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/guijarralpump.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/guijarralpump-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wikipedia calls this the last working pump in the Guijarral Hills Oil Field. Wikimedia Commons photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also still in progress is the rise of the Coast Range. On the afternoon of 2 May 1983, Anticline Ridge jolted up another foot or so \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1983_05_02.php\">in a magnitude 6.4 earthquake\u003c/a>. I was sitting in Menlo Park at the time and remember well its ominous slow roll, the sign of a big one somewhere far away.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34563/side-trips-from-interstate-5-coalinga-country","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10947","quest_299","quest_10039","quest_10946","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2169","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_34568","label":"quest"},"quest_20128":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20128","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20128","score":null,"sort":[1310680076000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"petroleum-in-the-bay-area","title":"Petroleum in the Bay Area","publishDate":1310680076,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepbakersfield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepbakersfield-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepbakersfield\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells creak in the Bakersfield twilight. Petroleum is not confined to Southern California and Central Valley; we have it in the Bay Area too. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Norma Desmond, the washed-up movie star of \u003ci>Sunset Boulevard\u003c/i>, had some memorable lines. One of them was, \"I've got oil wells in Bakersfield, pumping pumping pumping.\" We think of our petroleum as a Southern California thing, or at least no closer than the Great Valley. But petroleum—oil and gas, or both—is widespread around the state, including the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't just gold, water and agricultural soils that made California rich. Petroleum is one of our greatest natural assets, and the state still ranks fourth in oil production behind Louisiana, Texas and Alaska. While the forests of derricks that once dotted Los Angeles are now subdued and disguised, the Central Valley is still a proud petroleum region, with gas fields in the Sacramento Valley and oil fields in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas fields of the Central Valley intrude into the Bay Area from the Delta as far as Concord and the Suisun Bay to its north. Gas was produced from the hills north of Concord in the 1960s, and today the old Los Medanos gas field is used by PG&E for storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20138\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepdrip/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20138\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepdrip.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepdrip\" width=\"500\" height=\"342\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20138\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepdrip.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepdrip-400x274.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo (c) 2007 Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before petroleum exploration became high-tech, the best way to find oil and gas was to look for natural seeps. An oily sheen on a stream, trickles of tar from a sunny sea cliff, and persistent odors like kerosene are typical signs. These are more common than most people think. Much rarer are actual tar flows like those at Carpinteria Beach near Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20137\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepcarptar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20137\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepcarptar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepcarptar\" width=\"500\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20137\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepcarptar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepcarptar-400x257.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo (c) 2010 Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil seeps were discovered near Half Moon Bay and in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the 1800s. Asphalt and tar sand were mined from these areas for the streets of San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepasphalt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20135\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepasphalt.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepasphalt\" width=\"500\" height=\"322\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20135\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepasphalt.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepasphalt-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural asphalt from the McKittrick tar seep. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Later, conventional exploration opened up four districts of producing wells in the San Mateo Peninsula: the Half Moon Bay, La Honda and Oil Creek fields still yield oil today. The Moody Gulch field, which started as a tar pit in 1878, was shut down in 1960 and is now under Route 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20140\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20140\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepstop.jpg\" alt=\"\" hspace=\"5\" title=\"seepstop\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-20140\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Les Magoon, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The North Bay has petroleum too. This natural gas seep in Mendocino County is used by the locals as a built-in campfire (photo by Les Magoon, US Geological Survey). Gas and oil seeps were found early on Point Reyes, where one gas seep between Double Point and Duxbury Point was reported as \"big enough to cook fish on when lighted.\" The same rocks, also bearing dikes of oil-soaked sandstone, appear near Davenport on the San Mateo County coast, attesting to movement on the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere in the Bay Area, oil and gas have been produced in Petaluma, Pinole and Livermore. Oil was reported in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/26/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel/\">Caldecott Tunnel excavations\u003c/a>, which is to be expected as the tunnel penetrates our local piece of the Monterey Formation, a petroleum source rock of great extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas are called fossil fuels, but maybe a better concept is that they are geological compost. They are the bodies of dead plankton, trapped in the mud with no oxygen to consume them. Instead their living substance breaks down and is transformed into simpler hydrocarbon compounds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest and lightest of these is methane, and that's refined and sold to us as \"natural gas.\" But actual natural gas, the stuff bubbling up in tar pits, is a mixture of compounds. It won't smell like the gas in your stove—that smell is the odorant butyl mercaptan. It's more like the smell of crude oil—a tantalizing, sweeter version of your local gas station. If you don't know how crude oil smells, take a side trip to the oil fields on your way south, like this one just off Interstate 5 at Lost Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20139\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seeplosthills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20139\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seeplosthills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seeplosthills\" width=\"500\" height=\"242\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20139\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seeplosthills.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seeplosthills-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lost Hills oil field. Photo (c) 2010 Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has a wealth of material on California's oil and gas seeps at \u003ca href=\"http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/seeps/\">walrus.wr.usgs.gov/seeps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's early oil districts included Half Moon Bay and the Santa Cruz Mountains. You can still find oil and gas around these parts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311276752,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":722},"headData":{"title":"Petroleum in the Bay Area | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Petroleum in the Bay Area","datePublished":"2011-07-14T21:47:56.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-21T19:32:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20128 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=20128","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/","disqusTitle":"Petroleum in the Bay Area","path":"/quest/20128/petroleum-in-the-bay-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepbakersfield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepbakersfield-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepbakersfield\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells creak in the Bakersfield twilight. Petroleum is not confined to Southern California and Central Valley; we have it in the Bay Area too. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Norma Desmond, the washed-up movie star of \u003ci>Sunset Boulevard\u003c/i>, had some memorable lines. One of them was, \"I've got oil wells in Bakersfield, pumping pumping pumping.\" We think of our petroleum as a Southern California thing, or at least no closer than the Great Valley. But petroleum—oil and gas, or both—is widespread around the state, including the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't just gold, water and agricultural soils that made California rich. Petroleum is one of our greatest natural assets, and the state still ranks fourth in oil production behind Louisiana, Texas and Alaska. While the forests of derricks that once dotted Los Angeles are now subdued and disguised, the Central Valley is still a proud petroleum region, with gas fields in the Sacramento Valley and oil fields in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas fields of the Central Valley intrude into the Bay Area from the Delta as far as Concord and the Suisun Bay to its north. Gas was produced from the hills north of Concord in the 1960s, and today the old Los Medanos gas field is used by PG&E for storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20138\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepdrip/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20138\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepdrip.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepdrip\" width=\"500\" height=\"342\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20138\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepdrip.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepdrip-400x274.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo (c) 2007 Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before petroleum exploration became high-tech, the best way to find oil and gas was to look for natural seeps. An oily sheen on a stream, trickles of tar from a sunny sea cliff, and persistent odors like kerosene are typical signs. These are more common than most people think. Much rarer are actual tar flows like those at Carpinteria Beach near Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20137\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepcarptar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20137\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepcarptar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepcarptar\" width=\"500\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20137\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepcarptar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepcarptar-400x257.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo (c) 2010 Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil seeps were discovered near Half Moon Bay and in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the 1800s. Asphalt and tar sand were mined from these areas for the streets of San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepasphalt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20135\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepasphalt.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seepasphalt\" width=\"500\" height=\"322\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20135\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepasphalt.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepasphalt-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural asphalt from the McKittrick tar seep. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Later, conventional exploration opened up four districts of producing wells in the San Mateo Peninsula: the Half Moon Bay, La Honda and Oil Creek fields still yield oil today. The Moody Gulch field, which started as a tar pit in 1878, was shut down in 1960 and is now under Route 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20140\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seepstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20140\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seepstop.jpg\" alt=\"\" hspace=\"5\" title=\"seepstop\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-20140\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Les Magoon, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The North Bay has petroleum too. This natural gas seep in Mendocino County is used by the locals as a built-in campfire (photo by Les Magoon, US Geological Survey). Gas and oil seeps were found early on Point Reyes, where one gas seep between Double Point and Duxbury Point was reported as \"big enough to cook fish on when lighted.\" The same rocks, also bearing dikes of oil-soaked sandstone, appear near Davenport on the San Mateo County coast, attesting to movement on the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere in the Bay Area, oil and gas have been produced in Petaluma, Pinole and Livermore. Oil was reported in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/26/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel/\">Caldecott Tunnel excavations\u003c/a>, which is to be expected as the tunnel penetrates our local piece of the Monterey Formation, a petroleum source rock of great extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas are called fossil fuels, but maybe a better concept is that they are geological compost. They are the bodies of dead plankton, trapped in the mud with no oxygen to consume them. Instead their living substance breaks down and is transformed into simpler hydrocarbon compounds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest and lightest of these is methane, and that's refined and sold to us as \"natural gas.\" But actual natural gas, the stuff bubbling up in tar pits, is a mixture of compounds. It won't smell like the gas in your stove—that smell is the odorant butyl mercaptan. It's more like the smell of crude oil—a tantalizing, sweeter version of your local gas station. If you don't know how crude oil smells, take a side trip to the oil fields on your way south, like this one just off Interstate 5 at Lost Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20139\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/seeplosthills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20139\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seeplosthills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seeplosthills\" width=\"500\" height=\"242\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20139\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seeplosthills.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/seeplosthills-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lost Hills oil field. Photo (c) 2010 Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has a wealth of material on California's oil and gas seeps at \u003ca href=\"http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/seeps/\">walrus.wr.usgs.gov/seeps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20128/petroleum-in-the-bay-area","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_9805","quest_1801","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2169","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_20136","label":"quest"},"quest_481":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_481","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"481","score":null,"sort":[1206122031000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"chevrons-plans-2","title":"Chevron's Plans","publishDate":1206122031,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/792\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/radio24_refinery_expansion300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Richmond city officials are expected to approve a controversial upgrade to the Chevron refinery plant. Quest reports on the decision and explores the debate around Chevron's billion dollar proposal.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/792\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/792\">listen to the \"Chevron's Plans\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371081165,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":64},"headData":{"title":"Chevron's Plans | KQED","description":"Richmond city officials are expected to approve a controversial upgrade to the Chevron refinery plant. Quest reports on the decision and explores the debate around Chevron's billion dollar proposal. You may listen to the "Chevron's Plans" Radio report online, as well as find additional links and resources. Amy Standen is a Reporter for QUEST and","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Chevron's Plans","datePublished":"2008-03-21T17:53:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:52:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"481 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/03/21/chevrons-plans/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/21/chevrons-plans-2/","disqusTitle":"Chevron's Plans","path":"/quest/481/chevrons-plans-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/792\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/radio24_refinery_expansion300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Richmond city officials are expected to approve a controversial upgrade to the Chevron refinery plant. Quest reports on the decision and explores the debate around Chevron's billion dollar proposal.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/792\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/792\">listen to the \"Chevron's Plans\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/481/chevrons-plans-2","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_567","quest_984","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2057","quest_2141","quest_2169","quest_2349","quest_13206","quest_2397","quest_13365"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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