Arm Yourselves for the Upcoming (Genetics) Revolution
Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor
Personalized Medicine: A Potential Tool for Predicting Disease?
Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off
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Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_42743":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42743","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42743","score":null,"sort":[1345475213000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution","title":"Arm Yourselves for the Upcoming (Genetics) Revolution","publishDate":1345475213,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/stanfordatthetech/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42745\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42745\" title=\"StanfordAtTheTech\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A multipronged approach to increasing genetics understanding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the not too distant future, we’ll all have a map of our DNA in our hands. And lots of studies show that most of us are woefully unprepared for this latest genetic revolution. (See the links at the end for a selection of these studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nation, we aren’t teaching the right genetics in our schools. And for those of us out of school, the situation is, if anything, even worse. By and large we lack the fundamental knowledge needed to properly interpret the avalanche of data headed our way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this kind of knowledge, we are sure to get bamboozled by hucksters out there willing to sell us the “right” snake oil based on our DNA data. Even scarier, we may not make the right health decisions based on our DNA. And don’t necessarily count on your doctor for help navigating your way through these data. They are often as unprepared as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42768\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42768\" title=\"blaschkos_lines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chimeras are so cool! Sometimes these lines become apparent in chimeras under UV light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a big reason that the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech program\u003c/a> has decided to publish the book, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (you can buy it from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>). It is a book that teaches genetics in a fun way by focusing on interesting cases and explaining the genetics behind them. Without even trying, you’ll get the solid footing you need to interpret your DNA. Or at the very least understand other people’s interpretations!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of my favorite parts is the section on chimeras. Chimeras are fraternal twins who fused together at a very early stage of development. They are a single person who has one set of cells (and so one set of DNA) from one twin and another set of cells (and DNA) from the other twin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These chimeras don’t have two heads and four arms or anything like that. In fact, their differences are usually so subtle that they are invisible to the naked eye. They are often revealed only after they take some sort of genetic test (like a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/misc/chimera.html\">paternity test\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"http://www.katewerk.com/chimera.html\">tissue typing test\u003c/a> to find a new organ). And then what a revelation! Often the tests come back saying the chimera is not the parent of his or her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chimeras are a great way to learn about DNA, genes, genetic tests and so on. And as you’ll see in the excerpt below, once you add in a link to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.csiguide.com/episodedetail.aspx?csi=157\">CSI episode\u003c/a> where a rapist almost gets away because he is a chimera, you end up with a fascinating read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/excerpt500wwbtlc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42744\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42744\" title=\"Excerpt500WWBTLC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Excerpt500WWBTLC.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"755\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story goes on to explain why a chimera isn't torn apart by its immune system, other ways besides chimeras to have multiple DNAs and lots more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents and parents-to-be, there is a section on eye and hair color so they can understand how their children ended up with the coloring they got. For example, blue-eyed parents can breathe a sigh of relief if they have a green or brown eyed child because we show that despite what your high school biology teacher told you, this can and does happen. Parents-to-be can even use this information to predict what hair and eye color their children are most likely to have!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42769\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/browneye/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42769\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42769\" title=\"BrownEye\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This person could have had blue eyed parents.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For people who want to know how embryos from different species decide whether to be a boy or a girl, there is a great section on Nemo the clownfish. And there is a cool section on all the genetic information we can get from poop. And...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this book our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/a> program that provides hands-on activities at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum\u003c/a> in San Jose (as well as at other venues) and our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website, and you get a full frontal assault on the lack of genetics knowledge out there. We aim to demystify genetics and show how entertaining and interesting it really is. Perhaps a better title for the book might have been, \u003cem>When Will Genetics be like a Day at Disneyland?\u003c/em>. That day may be here sooner than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For fun, here is a quick quiz I whipped up to test your genetics IQ. To make things interesting, the first person to get them all right gets a free copy of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. You can answer here, on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/UnderstandGenetics\">Facebook\u003c/a> or, if you’re like me and you’d rather use email, send your answers to askageneticist@thetech.org. Good luck and enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Should you necessarily be scared if you find out you are 10 times more likely to get a rare cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) If you look like your mom, are you more likely to get the diseases that run in her family or your dad’s family?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) If you have the recessive disease sickle cell anemia, should your kids be tested to see if they are carriers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) If you look like your dad, did you get more of his DNA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5) If you flip a coin and get heads ten times in a row, what are the chances that the next flip will be a head?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6) True or false: Each cell in your body has the same DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studies cataloging the public’s lack of genetics knowledge:\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039252\">\u003cbr>\nAustralian study on public knowledge of human genetics and health\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20512408\">\u003cbr>\nMisunderstandings concerning genetics among patients confronting genetic disease.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245328\">Essay contest reveals misconceptions of high school students in genetics content\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885828\">A comprehensive analysis of high school genetics standards: are states keeping pace with modern genetics?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can buy the book from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As a nation, we aren’t teaching the right genetics in our schools. And for those of us out of school, the situation is, if anything, even worse. By and large we lack the fundamental knowledge needed to properly interpret the avalanche of data headed our way. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346782049,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":971},"headData":{"title":"Arm Yourselves for the Upcoming (Genetics) Revolution | KQED","description":"As a nation, we aren’t teaching the right genetics in our schools. And for those of us out of school, the situation is, if anything, even worse. By and large we lack the fundamental knowledge needed to properly interpret the avalanche of data headed our way. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42743 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42743","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/","disqusTitle":"Arm Yourselves for the Upcoming (Genetics) Revolution","path":"/quest/42743/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/stanfordatthetech/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42745\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42745\" title=\"StanfordAtTheTech\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A multipronged approach to increasing genetics understanding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the not too distant future, we’ll all have a map of our DNA in our hands. And lots of studies show that most of us are woefully unprepared for this latest genetic revolution. (See the links at the end for a selection of these studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nation, we aren’t teaching the right genetics in our schools. And for those of us out of school, the situation is, if anything, even worse. By and large we lack the fundamental knowledge needed to properly interpret the avalanche of data headed our way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this kind of knowledge, we are sure to get bamboozled by hucksters out there willing to sell us the “right” snake oil based on our DNA data. Even scarier, we may not make the right health decisions based on our DNA. And don’t necessarily count on your doctor for help navigating your way through these data. They are often as unprepared as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42768\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42768\" title=\"blaschkos_lines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chimeras are so cool! Sometimes these lines become apparent in chimeras under UV light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a big reason that the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech program\u003c/a> has decided to publish the book, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (you can buy it from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>). It is a book that teaches genetics in a fun way by focusing on interesting cases and explaining the genetics behind them. Without even trying, you’ll get the solid footing you need to interpret your DNA. Or at the very least understand other people’s interpretations!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of my favorite parts is the section on chimeras. Chimeras are fraternal twins who fused together at a very early stage of development. They are a single person who has one set of cells (and so one set of DNA) from one twin and another set of cells (and DNA) from the other twin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These chimeras don’t have two heads and four arms or anything like that. In fact, their differences are usually so subtle that they are invisible to the naked eye. They are often revealed only after they take some sort of genetic test (like a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/misc/chimera.html\">paternity test\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"http://www.katewerk.com/chimera.html\">tissue typing test\u003c/a> to find a new organ). And then what a revelation! Often the tests come back saying the chimera is not the parent of his or her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chimeras are a great way to learn about DNA, genes, genetic tests and so on. And as you’ll see in the excerpt below, once you add in a link to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.csiguide.com/episodedetail.aspx?csi=157\">CSI episode\u003c/a> where a rapist almost gets away because he is a chimera, you end up with a fascinating read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/excerpt500wwbtlc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42744\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42744\" title=\"Excerpt500WWBTLC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Excerpt500WWBTLC.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"755\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story goes on to explain why a chimera isn't torn apart by its immune system, other ways besides chimeras to have multiple DNAs and lots more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents and parents-to-be, there is a section on eye and hair color so they can understand how their children ended up with the coloring they got. For example, blue-eyed parents can breathe a sigh of relief if they have a green or brown eyed child because we show that despite what your high school biology teacher told you, this can and does happen. Parents-to-be can even use this information to predict what hair and eye color their children are most likely to have!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42769\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/browneye/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42769\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42769\" title=\"BrownEye\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This person could have had blue eyed parents.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For people who want to know how embryos from different species decide whether to be a boy or a girl, there is a great section on Nemo the clownfish. And there is a cool section on all the genetic information we can get from poop. And...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this book our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/a> program that provides hands-on activities at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum\u003c/a> in San Jose (as well as at other venues) and our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website, and you get a full frontal assault on the lack of genetics knowledge out there. We aim to demystify genetics and show how entertaining and interesting it really is. Perhaps a better title for the book might have been, \u003cem>When Will Genetics be like a Day at Disneyland?\u003c/em>. That day may be here sooner than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For fun, here is a quick quiz I whipped up to test your genetics IQ. To make things interesting, the first person to get them all right gets a free copy of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. You can answer here, on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/UnderstandGenetics\">Facebook\u003c/a> or, if you’re like me and you’d rather use email, send your answers to askageneticist@thetech.org. Good luck and enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Should you necessarily be scared if you find out you are 10 times more likely to get a rare cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) If you look like your mom, are you more likely to get the diseases that run in her family or your dad’s family?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) If you have the recessive disease sickle cell anemia, should your kids be tested to see if they are carriers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) If you look like your dad, did you get more of his DNA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5) If you flip a coin and get heads ten times in a row, what are the chances that the next flip will be a head?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6) True or false: Each cell in your body has the same DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studies cataloging the public’s lack of genetics knowledge:\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039252\">\u003cbr>\nAustralian study on public knowledge of human genetics and health\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20512408\">\u003cbr>\nMisunderstandings concerning genetics among patients confronting genetic disease.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245328\">Essay contest reveals misconceptions of high school students in genetics content\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885828\">A comprehensive analysis of high school genetics standards: are states keeping pace with modern genetics?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can buy the book from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42743/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_3590","quest_1197","quest_11373","quest_3974","quest_13202","quest_2532","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_42745","label":"quest"},"quest_38751":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38751","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38751","score":null,"sort":[1338217230000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor","title":"Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor","publishDate":1338217230,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/humdivinasia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38754\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HumDivInAsia\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our surprising genetic diversity will give scientists fits for years.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. Our individual uniqueness will make predicting our risk for disease much trickier than we thought. And it will make finding treatments that much harder too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read that all humans share somewhere between 99.5% and 99.9% of their DNA. Usually this is translated into saying that we have a difference in our DNA every 1000 bases or so. (By bases I mean the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s that make up our DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences were supposed to be shared by many people. So a lot of people would have a G at a certain position and the rest of us would have a T. The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/16/science.1217876\">study \u003c/a>shows that this is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we all have many rare DNA differences scattered throughout our DNA. When the researchers looked at 202 different genes from 14,002 people, they found a rare variant every 17 bases or so. This is way higher than many people thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s worse is that these differences aren’t all benign. The other \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/21/science.1219240\">study published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that a surprisingly high percentage, around 2.3%, is predicted to significantly impact a gene. In other words, we are all burdened with many gene-altering and so potentially harmful DNA differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the world of genetics is getting turned on its head yet again. Not so long ago, the idea was that diseases shared a common set of DNA differences. So everyone with sickle cell anemia had a certain DNA difference (or at least a certain few). Same thing with cystic fibrosis and all the other genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/manypaths/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38759\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/ManyPaths.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ManyPaths\" width=\"150\" height=\"343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38759\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many paths to the same illness.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it looks like there are many individual paths to a disease. For example, while most cases of cystic fibrosis do involve glitches in the CFTR gene, there are lots of glitches that can cause the disease. And that makes figuring out your chances for getting or passing cystic fibrosis to your children even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many (perhaps even most) of us will have DNA differences in our CFTR genes that haven’t been seen before. We don’t yet know which differences can lead to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, cystic fibrosis is the easy case; at least it usually involves just one gene. More complex genetic diseases like Type 2 diabetes or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/alzheimers-is-the-cure-in-the-genes/\">Alzheimer’s \u003c/a>are going to be complicated by the fact that many different genes can be involved and we are all littered with unique differences in these genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there will be a huge set of genes involved in Type 2 diabetes. Each of us will have numerous unique DNA differences strewn throughout these genes. Some of these changes will increase your risk for getting Type 2 diabetes and some will lower your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the way scientists can tell if a difference is involved in a disease is by comparing two large groups of people with and without the disease. If a certain DNA difference turns up more often in the disease group, then it may be involved in causing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now everyone has lots of unique DNA differences, many of which can contribute to disease. The people in the disease group won’t share a lot of the same differences that lead to disease. This means it is going to be hard to figure out which differences matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our best bet may be to figure out as much DNA from as many people as possible so we can at least start to get a handle on which genes are involved in a particular disease. Then we can start to explore which DNA differences matter and which ones don’t. One thing is for sure, this is going to take awhile to sort out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecodex.com/knowing_genetic_makeup_may_not_significantly_improve_disease_risk_prediction-92164\">\u003cem>This\u003c/em> \u003c/a>\u003cem>came out after I wrote the blog. More evidence that knowing our DNA may not help us out as much as we had hoped.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306592,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":718},"headData":{"title":"Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor | KQED","description":"A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"38751 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38751","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/","disqusTitle":"Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor","path":"/quest/38751/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/humdivinasia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38754\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HumDivInAsia\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our surprising genetic diversity will give scientists fits for years.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. Our individual uniqueness will make predicting our risk for disease much trickier than we thought. And it will make finding treatments that much harder too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read that all humans share somewhere between 99.5% and 99.9% of their DNA. Usually this is translated into saying that we have a difference in our DNA every 1000 bases or so. (By bases I mean the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s that make up our DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences were supposed to be shared by many people. So a lot of people would have a G at a certain position and the rest of us would have a T. The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/16/science.1217876\">study \u003c/a>shows that this is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we all have many rare DNA differences scattered throughout our DNA. When the researchers looked at 202 different genes from 14,002 people, they found a rare variant every 17 bases or so. This is way higher than many people thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s worse is that these differences aren’t all benign. The other \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/21/science.1219240\">study published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that a surprisingly high percentage, around 2.3%, is predicted to significantly impact a gene. In other words, we are all burdened with many gene-altering and so potentially harmful DNA differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the world of genetics is getting turned on its head yet again. Not so long ago, the idea was that diseases shared a common set of DNA differences. So everyone with sickle cell anemia had a certain DNA difference (or at least a certain few). Same thing with cystic fibrosis and all the other genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/manypaths/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38759\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/ManyPaths.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ManyPaths\" width=\"150\" height=\"343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38759\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many paths to the same illness.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it looks like there are many individual paths to a disease. For example, while most cases of cystic fibrosis do involve glitches in the CFTR gene, there are lots of glitches that can cause the disease. And that makes figuring out your chances for getting or passing cystic fibrosis to your children even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many (perhaps even most) of us will have DNA differences in our CFTR genes that haven’t been seen before. We don’t yet know which differences can lead to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, cystic fibrosis is the easy case; at least it usually involves just one gene. More complex genetic diseases like Type 2 diabetes or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/alzheimers-is-the-cure-in-the-genes/\">Alzheimer’s \u003c/a>are going to be complicated by the fact that many different genes can be involved and we are all littered with unique differences in these genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there will be a huge set of genes involved in Type 2 diabetes. Each of us will have numerous unique DNA differences strewn throughout these genes. Some of these changes will increase your risk for getting Type 2 diabetes and some will lower your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the way scientists can tell if a difference is involved in a disease is by comparing two large groups of people with and without the disease. If a certain DNA difference turns up more often in the disease group, then it may be involved in causing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now everyone has lots of unique DNA differences, many of which can contribute to disease. The people in the disease group won’t share a lot of the same differences that lead to disease. This means it is going to be hard to figure out which differences matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our best bet may be to figure out as much DNA from as many people as possible so we can at least start to get a handle on which genes are involved in a particular disease. Then we can start to explore which DNA differences matter and which ones don’t. One thing is for sure, this is going to take awhile to sort out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecodex.com/knowing_genetic_makeup_may_not_significantly_improve_disease_risk_prediction-92164\">\u003cem>This\u003c/em> \u003c/a>\u003cem>came out after I wrote the blog. More evidence that knowing our DNA may not help us out as much as we had hoped.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38751/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_838","quest_3546","quest_1192","quest_11155","quest_1197","quest_3974","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_38754","label":"quest"},"quest_37476":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37476","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37476","score":null,"sort":[1337007653000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"personalized-medicine","title":"Personalized Medicine: A Potential Tool for Predicting Disease?","publishDate":1337007653,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/14/personalized-medicine/pills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Pills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Pills\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Pills.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Pills-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We've taken another baby step away from the current one size fits all health care system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We may finally be at the threshold of the age of personalized medicine. In a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22424236\">study\u003c/a>, scientists were able to predict that a man was at a higher risk for developing Type 2 diabetes and over a two-year period tracked his health as he developed the disease. And even better, because they caught it so early, they were able to stave off the diabetes with lifestyle changes. This man’s glucose levels have returned to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wow. This story highlights the promise of at least one aspect of personalized medicine. By looking at someone’s DNA, you can predict what might go wrong with someone and so keep an eye out for early symptoms. Or maybe even start out with the right lifestyle changes that will keep the disease from developing in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study also showed that intensely studying a single person can yield potential benefits for lots of other people. The researchers saw that just before the test subject’s glucose levels spiked, he had a viral infection. No one was really looking for viruses that trigger Type 2 diabetes in people. Now they will. (Keep in mind we don’t yet know if the two are connected or if it was just a coincidence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also points to the obstacles we still need to overcome to realize the full potential of personalized medicine. The top ones I could think of off the top of my head are our own ignorance, the inconvenience, the expense, and our lack of willpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were able to predict an increased risk for diabetes as well as an increased risk for high triglycerides but very little else. There is certainly more information lurking in his DNA…we just don’t understand our DNA well enough to tease it out yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37488\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/14/personalized-medicine/personalpill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37488\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/PersonalPill.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PersonalPill\" width=\"250\" height=\"302\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soon your treatments will be tailored for you based on at least partly on what's in your DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another related issue is whether we actually do know enough to make good predictions or if we just got lucky here. In other words, was his developing Type 2 diabetes a coincidence or was he really at a higher risk for getting it? He didn’t have any classic risk factors but given that so many people in the U.S. have the disease, it could have been chance. Doing many more studies on lots of different people should give us some idea about how predictive our DNA really is right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides our still sketchy knowledge, we also have to deal with the expense and inconvenience of this form of personalized medicine. The test subject had over twenty blood draws over a two year period that each looked at tens of thousands of different things. Not many people would put up with so many blood draws. And the expense of looking at all those different molecules is prohibitively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better knowledge of our risks can help with the second point. Once we understand our DNA better and so know what are most likely risks are, we’ll be able to test for fewer molecules which should make the whole thing more affordable. This may also solve the first problem too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe in the future we’ll look at few enough molecules or the tests will be sensitive enough to get the information we need from a simple finger prick. Then we’d all be like folks with diabetes, self testing our blood on a regular basis. And hopefully in the more distant future, we’ll have some sort of implant that reads the information for us automatically without the need for a blood draw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these are technical hurdles that will almost certainly be overcome at some point. The last obstacle, though, is much more difficult. It deals with human nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason this is such a powerful story is that the test subject was able to get his glucose under control without the use of medicines. This is not only good for him but it suggests that this form of personalized medicine may prove to be cost effective sooner rather than later. Keeping his Type 2 diabetes at bay will probably save tons of money over his life time. Perhaps even enough to justify the cost of his testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to control his glucose levels, he had to make radical changes to his diet and exercise regime. He had to eat a whole lot less sugar and fat and exercise a lot more. Sound familiar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone should be doing this stuff anyway but most of us don’t. Will we have the willpower to realize the full potential of personalized medicine? Or will things pretty much stay the same except with more frequent scolding from our doctors? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, catching a disease early and getting patients their medications early when it could do the most good is obviously wonderful too. Just not as cost effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbjqHj_J0is]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What a visit to the doctor in the near future might look like.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"We may finally be at the threshold of the age of personalized medicine. In a recent study, scientists were able to predict that a man was at a higher risk for developing Type 2 diabetes and over a two-year period tracked his health as he developed the disease.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1336926394,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":874},"headData":{"title":"Personalized Medicine: A Potential Tool for Predicting Disease? | KQED","description":"We may finally be at the threshold of the age of personalized medicine. In a recent study, scientists were able to predict that a man was at a higher risk for developing Type 2 diabetes and over a two-year period tracked his health as he developed the disease.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37476 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=37476","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/14/personalized-medicine/","disqusTitle":"Personalized Medicine: A Potential Tool for Predicting Disease?","path":"/quest/37476/personalized-medicine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/14/personalized-medicine/pills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Pills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Pills\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Pills.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Pills-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We've taken another baby step away from the current one size fits all health care system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We may finally be at the threshold of the age of personalized medicine. In a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22424236\">study\u003c/a>, scientists were able to predict that a man was at a higher risk for developing Type 2 diabetes and over a two-year period tracked his health as he developed the disease. And even better, because they caught it so early, they were able to stave off the diabetes with lifestyle changes. This man’s glucose levels have returned to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wow. This story highlights the promise of at least one aspect of personalized medicine. By looking at someone’s DNA, you can predict what might go wrong with someone and so keep an eye out for early symptoms. Or maybe even start out with the right lifestyle changes that will keep the disease from developing in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study also showed that intensely studying a single person can yield potential benefits for lots of other people. The researchers saw that just before the test subject’s glucose levels spiked, he had a viral infection. No one was really looking for viruses that trigger Type 2 diabetes in people. Now they will. (Keep in mind we don’t yet know if the two are connected or if it was just a coincidence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also points to the obstacles we still need to overcome to realize the full potential of personalized medicine. The top ones I could think of off the top of my head are our own ignorance, the inconvenience, the expense, and our lack of willpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were able to predict an increased risk for diabetes as well as an increased risk for high triglycerides but very little else. There is certainly more information lurking in his DNA…we just don’t understand our DNA well enough to tease it out yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37488\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/14/personalized-medicine/personalpill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37488\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/PersonalPill.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PersonalPill\" width=\"250\" height=\"302\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soon your treatments will be tailored for you based on at least partly on what's in your DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another related issue is whether we actually do know enough to make good predictions or if we just got lucky here. In other words, was his developing Type 2 diabetes a coincidence or was he really at a higher risk for getting it? He didn’t have any classic risk factors but given that so many people in the U.S. have the disease, it could have been chance. Doing many more studies on lots of different people should give us some idea about how predictive our DNA really is right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides our still sketchy knowledge, we also have to deal with the expense and inconvenience of this form of personalized medicine. The test subject had over twenty blood draws over a two year period that each looked at tens of thousands of different things. Not many people would put up with so many blood draws. And the expense of looking at all those different molecules is prohibitively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better knowledge of our risks can help with the second point. Once we understand our DNA better and so know what are most likely risks are, we’ll be able to test for fewer molecules which should make the whole thing more affordable. This may also solve the first problem too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe in the future we’ll look at few enough molecules or the tests will be sensitive enough to get the information we need from a simple finger prick. Then we’d all be like folks with diabetes, self testing our blood on a regular basis. And hopefully in the more distant future, we’ll have some sort of implant that reads the information for us automatically without the need for a blood draw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these are technical hurdles that will almost certainly be overcome at some point. The last obstacle, though, is much more difficult. It deals with human nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason this is such a powerful story is that the test subject was able to get his glucose under control without the use of medicines. This is not only good for him but it suggests that this form of personalized medicine may prove to be cost effective sooner rather than later. Keeping his Type 2 diabetes at bay will probably save tons of money over his life time. Perhaps even enough to justify the cost of his testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to control his glucose levels, he had to make radical changes to his diet and exercise regime. He had to eat a whole lot less sugar and fat and exercise a lot more. Sound familiar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone should be doing this stuff anyway but most of us don’t. Will we have the willpower to realize the full potential of personalized medicine? Or will things pretty much stay the same except with more frequent scolding from our doctors? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, catching a disease early and getting patients their medications early when it could do the most good is obviously wonderful too. Just not as cost effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xbjqHj_J0is'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xbjqHj_J0is'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What a visit to the doctor in the near future might look like.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37476/personalized-medicine","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_1197","quest_2162","quest_3974","quest_13202","quest_3319","quest_3018"],"featImg":"quest_37481","label":"quest"},"quest_15516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15516","score":null,"sort":[1309793064000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off","title":"Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off","publishDate":1309793064,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ColorfulChromosomes1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientists are finally unraveling enough of the mystery of\u003cbr>human DNA to help individual patients.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few months, a couple of stories have come out that show the promise of the upcoming genetic revolution. In each case, doctors found a patient’s best treatment by looking at every last letter of that patient’s DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=140\">case\u003c/a>, a young boy had all the hallmarks of an immune problem but there was no conclusive diagnosis. Without knowing for sure what was wrong, doctors weren’t comfortable treating the boy with a risky bone marrow transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then scientists sequenced the boy’s DNA. Lo and behold there was a never-before-seen mutation in a known gene. This nailed down the diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening form of irritable bowel disease (IBD).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors went ahead with the bone marrow transplant. The boy not only survived the treatment, but his symptoms cleared up as well. He is now essentially cured because he had his DNA sequenced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=142\">case \u003c/a>involves a set of boy-girl twins. They suffer from a movement disorder called dopamine-responsive dystonia (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dystoniacanada.org/about-dystonia/dopa-responsive-dystonia\">DRD\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with DRD are usually treated with L-dopa. This can often clear up most symptoms but didn’t seem to help these twins as much. In particular, the twin sister still suffered severe enough symptoms to greatly diminish her quality of life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists sequenced the twins’ DNA and found out that they had a kind of DRD that responds best to both L-dopa and a medicine called 5-HTP. Once they both received this new treatment, their symptoms improved dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the girl used to suffer from something called layngospasms that usually ended in vomiting. With the new treatment, this went away. An obvious improvement to her life!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming prices keep dropping for sequencing and Congress keeps allocating money for basic research, there may come a day in the not too distant future when many more patients like these will be helped. People will have better lives because doctors can figure out what is wrong by looking at their DNA. As long as doctors have the tools they need to help patients that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the information is so scattered and so specialized that most doctors can’t help without a scientist’s intervention. This greatly limits the number of patients who can be helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting this whole process streamlined enough so that more than just the wealthy, connected, or lucky can benefit won’t be easy. We need to generate lots more data. But we also need to collect and organize the data so doctors can take a patient’s DNA data and translate it into the right treatment without the help of a genetic scientist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last part is not exciting work but is absolutely necessary if the promise of the genomic revolution is to be fully realized. Here’s hoping someone funds something like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jxFO-SjA-P4\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Great story about DRD and how L-dopa can help.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3393857 -121.8949555\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Here Dr. Starr talks about three patients who have dramatically improved lives because scientists sequenced their DNA and correctly interpreted the results. The dream of helping individual patients using data from the human genome project is finally being realized.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309793064,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.youtube.com/embed/jxFO-SjA-P4"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":518},"headData":{"title":"Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off | KQED","description":"Here Dr. Starr talks about three patients who have dramatically improved lives because scientists sequenced their DNA and correctly interpreted the results. The dream of helping individual patients using data from the human genome project is finally being realized.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15516 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/07/04/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/04/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off/","disqusTitle":"Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off","path":"/quest/15516/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ColorfulChromosomes1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientists are finally unraveling enough of the mystery of\u003cbr>human DNA to help individual patients.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few months, a couple of stories have come out that show the promise of the upcoming genetic revolution. In each case, doctors found a patient’s best treatment by looking at every last letter of that patient’s DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=140\">case\u003c/a>, a young boy had all the hallmarks of an immune problem but there was no conclusive diagnosis. Without knowing for sure what was wrong, doctors weren’t comfortable treating the boy with a risky bone marrow transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then scientists sequenced the boy’s DNA. Lo and behold there was a never-before-seen mutation in a known gene. This nailed down the diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening form of irritable bowel disease (IBD).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors went ahead with the bone marrow transplant. The boy not only survived the treatment, but his symptoms cleared up as well. He is now essentially cured because he had his DNA sequenced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=142\">case \u003c/a>involves a set of boy-girl twins. They suffer from a movement disorder called dopamine-responsive dystonia (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dystoniacanada.org/about-dystonia/dopa-responsive-dystonia\">DRD\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with DRD are usually treated with L-dopa. This can often clear up most symptoms but didn’t seem to help these twins as much. In particular, the twin sister still suffered severe enough symptoms to greatly diminish her quality of life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists sequenced the twins’ DNA and found out that they had a kind of DRD that responds best to both L-dopa and a medicine called 5-HTP. Once they both received this new treatment, their symptoms improved dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the girl used to suffer from something called layngospasms that usually ended in vomiting. With the new treatment, this went away. An obvious improvement to her life!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming prices keep dropping for sequencing and Congress keeps allocating money for basic research, there may come a day in the not too distant future when many more patients like these will be helped. People will have better lives because doctors can figure out what is wrong by looking at their DNA. As long as doctors have the tools they need to help patients that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the information is so scattered and so specialized that most doctors can’t help without a scientist’s intervention. This greatly limits the number of patients who can be helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting this whole process streamlined enough so that more than just the wealthy, connected, or lucky can benefit won’t be easy. We need to generate lots more data. But we also need to collect and organize the data so doctors can take a patient’s DNA data and translate it into the right treatment without the help of a genetic scientist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last part is not exciting work but is absolutely necessary if the promise of the genomic revolution is to be fully realized. Here’s hoping someone funds something like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jxFO-SjA-P4\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Great story about DRD and how L-dopa can help.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3393857 -121.8949555\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15516/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_848","quest_3961","quest_3962","quest_1188","quest_1197","quest_3964","quest_3971","quest_3974","quest_3980"],"featImg":"quest_15523","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mindshift2021-tile-3000x3000-1-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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