The Large Hadron Collider Gets Ready to Spin Again
Reporter's Notes: Goodbye to the Bevatron
Inside the Stanford Linear Accelerator
The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine
Sponsored
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After years of working on weapons of mass destruction -- and seeing those theories become reality -- many turned to some of the most basic questions imaginable: How did the universe begin? What is it made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places they came to ask those questions was \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>, in the Berkeley hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart Loken is a physicist with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and every day on his way to work he passes by a decrepit-looking building about the size and shape of a small sports stadium. Its windows are knocked out, there's a junk pile of old doors and pipes in front. It's called the Bevatron. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-17-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">Goodbye to the Bevatron\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5798_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the highest energy accelerator in the world,” says Loken, pointing to the ruins. “It was commissioned with a single goal in mind, which was to produce experimental evidence of the \u003ca href=\"http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2009/11/bevatronantiproton-bit-of-history.html\">existence of the anti-proton\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand – or at least, approach understanding -- the anti-proton, you have to back up, all the way up to the event that physicists consider the very beginning of the universe, 14 billion years ago: The big bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any model of the big bang that makes any sense to us creates equal amounts of matter and \u003ca href=\"http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html\">antimatter \u003c/a>from the vacuum,” says Persis Drell, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Lab\u003c/a>, at Stanford. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5804_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Some of the Bevatron’s waste was radioactive, and had to be hauled to hazardous waste sites, such as in Kettleman City.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drell says matter is pretty straightforward. It's what makes up your coffee cup, your brain, the visible universe. But for every subatomic particle that makes up matter, there’s a matching particle, an anti-particle, with the opposite electrical charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you create matter, you always create an equal amount of antimatter,” Drell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists knew the anti-matter had to be out there, but for the most part, they couldn't see it. So, they decided to look for one type of anti-matter in particular, the anti-proton. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anti-proton was the thing that would confirm the fact that there is an antimatter world, in addition to the matter world that we see every day,” says Stewart Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if scientists could produce an anti-proton, it would mean that our understanding of the Big Bang, and the makeup of our universe was basically on the right track. If not, well, it was back to square one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they built the Bevatron to test their theory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5817_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5817_600\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11567\">\u003cem>Five Nobel Prizes were won based on work at the Bevatron, including the 1959 nobel Prize in Physics, for the discovery of the anti-proton.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment began with a thin cloud of hydrogen gas. First, scientists extracted protons from the hydrogen atoms, and injected them into the accelerator chamber. As the protons whipped around and around the chamber they went faster and faster, until they approached the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get to high enough energy that when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">particles smash together\u003c/a>, you can turn that energy into the production of new particles,” says Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened. As the particles approached light speed, the Bevatron performed a feat Einstein himself described with the equation E=MC2: That mass and energy are different manifestations of the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mass and energy are essentially interchangeable, the Bevatron was able to transform matter into energy, and energy back into even more matter… including, in 1955, for the first time ever, antimatter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We smashed proton against proton and in the end we had proton, proton, antiproton and another proton to balance it out,” Loken says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work won Bevatron scientists the \u003ca href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/\">1959 Nobel Prize in physics\u003c/a>. It was the first of four Nobels to come from research done here - as well as new insights into things like radiation treatment for cancer, and how to keep astronauts safe from radiation in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late 1980s, the Bevatron had become obsolete. In 1993, it closed its doors for good. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking down the Bevatron is a huge endeavor. When it's finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/construction/b51.html\">demolished\u003c/a>, in 2011, it will have cost the country 50 million dollars. Part of the expense will be from removing a protective layer of concrete blocks that kept scientists safe from radiation released by the accelerator. Now, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-04-01/bay-area/17368125_1_lab-two-years-lawrence-berkeley-national-laboratory-particle\">those blocks\u003c/a> must be hauled away to hazardous waste sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the work that in some ways began here… much of it has moved to the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Cern, Switzerland. Where scientists – including from Berkeley – are trying to get a better understanding of how the universe began. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371064070,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":909},"headData":{"title":"Goodbye to the Bevatron | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Goodbye to the Bevatron","datePublished":"2011-01-14T00:44:04.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T19:07:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11547 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/01/13/goodbye-to-the-bevatron/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/13/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-2/","disqusTitle":"Goodbye to the Bevatron","path":"/quest/11547/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-2","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-17-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio3-28_Bevatron3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>By 1954, ten years after the first atomic bombs leveled Hisroshima and Nagasaki, many of the scientists who had helped develop America’s nuclear arsenal had returned to the US. After years of working on weapons of mass destruction -- and seeing those theories become reality -- many turned to some of the most basic questions imaginable: How did the universe begin? What is it made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places they came to ask those questions was \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>, in the Berkeley hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart Loken is a physicist with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and every day on his way to work he passes by a decrepit-looking building about the size and shape of a small sports stadium. Its windows are knocked out, there's a junk pile of old doors and pipes in front. It's called the Bevatron. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-17-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">Goodbye to the Bevatron\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5798_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the highest energy accelerator in the world,” says Loken, pointing to the ruins. “It was commissioned with a single goal in mind, which was to produce experimental evidence of the \u003ca href=\"http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2009/11/bevatronantiproton-bit-of-history.html\">existence of the anti-proton\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand – or at least, approach understanding -- the anti-proton, you have to back up, all the way up to the event that physicists consider the very beginning of the universe, 14 billion years ago: The big bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any model of the big bang that makes any sense to us creates equal amounts of matter and \u003ca href=\"http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html\">antimatter \u003c/a>from the vacuum,” says Persis Drell, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Lab\u003c/a>, at Stanford. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5804_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Some of the Bevatron’s waste was radioactive, and had to be hauled to hazardous waste sites, such as in Kettleman City.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drell says matter is pretty straightforward. It's what makes up your coffee cup, your brain, the visible universe. But for every subatomic particle that makes up matter, there’s a matching particle, an anti-particle, with the opposite electrical charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you create matter, you always create an equal amount of antimatter,” Drell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists knew the anti-matter had to be out there, but for the most part, they couldn't see it. So, they decided to look for one type of anti-matter in particular, the anti-proton. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anti-proton was the thing that would confirm the fact that there is an antimatter world, in addition to the matter world that we see every day,” says Stewart Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if scientists could produce an anti-proton, it would mean that our understanding of the Big Bang, and the makeup of our universe was basically on the right track. If not, well, it was back to square one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they built the Bevatron to test their theory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5817_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5817_600\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11567\">\u003cem>Five Nobel Prizes were won based on work at the Bevatron, including the 1959 nobel Prize in Physics, for the discovery of the anti-proton.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment began with a thin cloud of hydrogen gas. First, scientists extracted protons from the hydrogen atoms, and injected them into the accelerator chamber. As the protons whipped around and around the chamber they went faster and faster, until they approached the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get to high enough energy that when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">particles smash together\u003c/a>, you can turn that energy into the production of new particles,” says Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened. As the particles approached light speed, the Bevatron performed a feat Einstein himself described with the equation E=MC2: That mass and energy are different manifestations of the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mass and energy are essentially interchangeable, the Bevatron was able to transform matter into energy, and energy back into even more matter… including, in 1955, for the first time ever, antimatter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We smashed proton against proton and in the end we had proton, proton, antiproton and another proton to balance it out,” Loken says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work won Bevatron scientists the \u003ca href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/\">1959 Nobel Prize in physics\u003c/a>. It was the first of four Nobels to come from research done here - as well as new insights into things like radiation treatment for cancer, and how to keep astronauts safe from radiation in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late 1980s, the Bevatron had become obsolete. In 1993, it closed its doors for good. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking down the Bevatron is a huge endeavor. When it's finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/construction/b51.html\">demolished\u003c/a>, in 2011, it will have cost the country 50 million dollars. Part of the expense will be from removing a protective layer of concrete blocks that kept scientists safe from radiation released by the accelerator. Now, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-04-01/bay-area/17368125_1_lab-two-years-lawrence-berkeley-national-laboratory-particle\">those blocks\u003c/a> must be hauled away to hazardous waste sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the work that in some ways began here… much of it has moved to the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Cern, Switzerland. Where scientists – including from Berkeley – are trying to get a better understanding of how the universe began. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11547/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-2","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_39","quest_181","quest_183","quest_252","quest_314","quest_536","quest_13212","quest_1630","quest_13203","quest_2130","quest_2160","quest_2653","quest_2798"],"featImg":"quest_11564","label":"quest"},"quest_6827":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6827","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6827","score":null,"sort":[1280256348000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators","title":"Producer's Notes: Homegrown Particle Accelerators","publishDate":1280256348,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you’re enthralled by the Large Hadron Collider, you’ll want to watch QUEST’s story on atom smashers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST journeys back in time to find out how\u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\"> physicists on the UC Berkeley campus in the 1930s\u003c/a>, and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> in Menlo Park in the 1970s, created so-called “atom smashers” that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to the quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homegrown particle accelerators paved the way for the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a>, so big that its 17-mile underground tunnel straddles the border between Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators\">12-minute television story\u003c/a> starts with the building of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a>, a particle accelerator that UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence conceived of in 1930. Its \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">first iteration\u003c/a> fit in the palm of his hand. It was a breakthrough because without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, of course. It was used to build the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. For our TV story, we filmed at the \u003ca href=\"http://cyclotron.lbl.gov/index.html\">88-inch cyclotron\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Berkeley Lab, as it’s referred to, was the laboratory that Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/411a_particle3001.jpg\" alt=\"Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6832\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 88-inch cyclotron was built in 1961, three years after Lawrence died, and is very much an active research tool. Physicists are still using it to create \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2009/09/24/114-confirmed/\">elements with big nuclei\u003c/a>. But about 40 percent of the cyclotron’s time is dedicated to something completely different. It is one of only two facilities in California where you can test the computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to what they encounter in space. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">our story\u003c/a>, we follow this testing process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also tell part of the history of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>. What was then the longest particle accelerator in the world began to operate in Menlo Park in 1966. This linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider, a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark. This breakthrough helped physicists come up with our current understanding of how matter is organized, a theory called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.particleadventure.org\">Standard Model of particle physics\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working on the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs in hopes of making discoveries that will answer some of the questions that the Standard Model now leaves unanswered. For example, what is the invisible “dark matter” that makes up 25 percent of the universe? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both at SLAC and at the Berkeley Lab, particle accelerators are being used for exciting new work. The X-rays emitted by accelerated particles, which were at first considered a nuisance, were quickly harnessed in the 1970s to make detailed images. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/\">synchrotron radiation\u003c/a> is now used to understand everything from the structure of proteins that could lead to drug development, to materials that could one day be used to build faster computers, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/investigating-darwins-legacy\">fossils that help prove Darwin’s theory of evolution\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you’re enthralled by the Large Hadron Collider, you’ll want to watch QUEST’s story on atom smashers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457711159,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":758},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Homegrown Particle Accelerators | KQED","description":"If you’re enthralled by the Large Hadron Collider, you’ll want to watch QUEST’s story on atom smashers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Homegrown Particle Accelerators","datePublished":"2010-07-27T18:45:48.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-11T15:45:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6827 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Homegrown Particle Accelerators","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOeF0csd1_s","path":"/quest/6827/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re enthralled by the Large Hadron Collider, you’ll want to watch QUEST’s story on atom smashers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST journeys back in time to find out how\u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\"> physicists on the UC Berkeley campus in the 1930s\u003c/a>, and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> in Menlo Park in the 1970s, created so-called “atom smashers” that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to the quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homegrown particle accelerators paved the way for the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a>, so big that its 17-mile underground tunnel straddles the border between Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators\">12-minute television story\u003c/a> starts with the building of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a>, a particle accelerator that UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence conceived of in 1930. Its \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">first iteration\u003c/a> fit in the palm of his hand. It was a breakthrough because without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, of course. It was used to build the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. For our TV story, we filmed at the \u003ca href=\"http://cyclotron.lbl.gov/index.html\">88-inch cyclotron\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Berkeley Lab, as it’s referred to, was the laboratory that Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/411a_particle3001.jpg\" alt=\"Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6832\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 88-inch cyclotron was built in 1961, three years after Lawrence died, and is very much an active research tool. Physicists are still using it to create \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2009/09/24/114-confirmed/\">elements with big nuclei\u003c/a>. But about 40 percent of the cyclotron’s time is dedicated to something completely different. It is one of only two facilities in California where you can test the computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to what they encounter in space. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">our story\u003c/a>, we follow this testing process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also tell part of the history of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>. What was then the longest particle accelerator in the world began to operate in Menlo Park in 1966. This linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider, a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark. This breakthrough helped physicists come up with our current understanding of how matter is organized, a theory called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.particleadventure.org\">Standard Model of particle physics\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working on the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs in hopes of making discoveries that will answer some of the questions that the Standard Model now leaves unanswered. For example, what is the invisible “dark matter” that makes up 25 percent of the universe? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both at SLAC and at the Berkeley Lab, particle accelerators are being used for exciting new work. The X-rays emitted by accelerated particles, which were at first considered a nuisance, were quickly harnessed in the 1970s to make detailed images. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/\">synchrotron radiation\u003c/a> is now used to understand everything from the structure of proteins that could lead to drug development, to materials that could one day be used to build faster computers, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/investigating-darwins-legacy\">fossils that help prove Darwin’s theory of evolution\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6827/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_50","quest_60","quest_416","quest_751","quest_1017","quest_1626","quest_1667","quest_1979","quest_2018","quest_2130","quest_2321","quest_2347","quest_2654","quest_2748","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3950":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3950","score":null,"sort":[1255997835000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-large-hadron-collider-gets-ready-to-spin-again","title":"The Large Hadron Collider Gets Ready to Spin Again","publishDate":1255997835,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/sf4.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Large Hadron Collider, if located in the Bay Area, would encompass a sizable piece of San Francisco. Image Credit: NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In about one month the world’s biggest science experiment, the \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, will once again fire up. So now may be a good time to stop and remember what a stunning and ambitious project this is. Indeed, it becomes hard not to get lost in such an endless list of superlatives once you start noticing. I have gleaned a few below. See CERN’s \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/Facts-en.html\">website\u003c/a> for more, or Jennifer Skene’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/12/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine/\">blog\u003c/a> for a great set of LHC links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>She’s Electric:\u003c/strong> To power a standard light bulb you need 60 Watts (or 15 watts for an equivalent CFL). To power a small house you need an average of about a thousand watts. To run the LHC at full power researchers will need 120 million watts. Alternatively, you could run the LHC, supply electricity to a population the size of Berkeley, or simultaneously bake 60,000 Thanksgiving turkeys. You could only fly three 747 airplanes, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life in the Fast Lane: \u003c/strong>A fundamental axiom of physics states that no information can travel faster than the speed of light. The LHC’s \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton\">proton\u003c/a> beams are no exception, but their speeds do approach light speed to within a fraction of a millionth of 1 percent. Such velocities defy comprehension. Suffice it to say that if we ever managed to accelerate a person to this velocity, time would warp so much that we could expect her to live for half a million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Long and Winding Road: \u003c/strong>The LHC’s 17-mile circumference could make it a nice racetrack for a half-marathon, but don’t try racing the beam. When operational, protons will shoot around the LHC more than 11,000 times per second. Even more mind-boggling is the length of wire used in the construction of the LHC’s thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/28/superconductivity-an-arsenic-laced-future/\">superconducting\u003c/a> magnets. CERN claims there is enough wire wrapped up in these magnets to trace out more than six trips to the Sun and back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK Computer: \u003c/strong>When operational, the LHC is expected to generate 15 petabytes of data and simulations per year, which amounts to the hard drive space of about 30,000 high-end personal computers. At CERN in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau revolutionized the world with their \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/WebStory-en.html\">development of key pieces in the framework of the World Wide Web\u003c/a>. The networks being developed to manage the LHC’s expected data have inspired talk of a similar revolution to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whole New World?: \u003c/strong>All of these wonders of physics and engineering have been developed for the purpose of one thing: to create a particle smasher with the capability of knocking two protons together with an energy of 14 TeV (trillions of electron volts). This is about the same energy that it takes to pick a grain of salt up off the floor. Compressed into such an acute space, however, it just might lend us insight into the most fundamental properties of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if they can only get those wires hooked up correctly...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":".In about one month the world’s biggest science experiment, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, will once again fire up.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1255997835,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":546},"headData":{"title":"The Large Hadron Collider Gets Ready to Spin Again | KQED","description":".In about one month the world’s biggest science experiment, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, will once again fire up.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Large Hadron Collider Gets Ready to Spin Again","datePublished":"2009-10-20T00:17:15.000Z","dateModified":"2009-10-20T00:17:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3950 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/19/the-large-hadron-collider-gets-ready-to-spin-again/","disqusTitle":"The Large Hadron Collider Gets Ready to Spin Again","path":"/quest/3950/the-large-hadron-collider-gets-ready-to-spin-again","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/sf4.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Large Hadron Collider, if located in the Bay Area, would encompass a sizable piece of San Francisco. Image Credit: NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In about one month the world’s biggest science experiment, the \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, will once again fire up. So now may be a good time to stop and remember what a stunning and ambitious project this is. Indeed, it becomes hard not to get lost in such an endless list of superlatives once you start noticing. I have gleaned a few below. See CERN’s \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/Facts-en.html\">website\u003c/a> for more, or Jennifer Skene’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/12/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine/\">blog\u003c/a> for a great set of LHC links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>She’s Electric:\u003c/strong> To power a standard light bulb you need 60 Watts (or 15 watts for an equivalent CFL). To power a small house you need an average of about a thousand watts. To run the LHC at full power researchers will need 120 million watts. Alternatively, you could run the LHC, supply electricity to a population the size of Berkeley, or simultaneously bake 60,000 Thanksgiving turkeys. You could only fly three 747 airplanes, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life in the Fast Lane: \u003c/strong>A fundamental axiom of physics states that no information can travel faster than the speed of light. The LHC’s \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton\">proton\u003c/a> beams are no exception, but their speeds do approach light speed to within a fraction of a millionth of 1 percent. Such velocities defy comprehension. Suffice it to say that if we ever managed to accelerate a person to this velocity, time would warp so much that we could expect her to live for half a million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Long and Winding Road: \u003c/strong>The LHC’s 17-mile circumference could make it a nice racetrack for a half-marathon, but don’t try racing the beam. When operational, protons will shoot around the LHC more than 11,000 times per second. Even more mind-boggling is the length of wire used in the construction of the LHC’s thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/28/superconductivity-an-arsenic-laced-future/\">superconducting\u003c/a> magnets. CERN claims there is enough wire wrapped up in these magnets to trace out more than six trips to the Sun and back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK Computer: \u003c/strong>When operational, the LHC is expected to generate 15 petabytes of data and simulations per year, which amounts to the hard drive space of about 30,000 high-end personal computers. At CERN in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau revolutionized the world with their \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/WebStory-en.html\">development of key pieces in the framework of the World Wide Web\u003c/a>. The networks being developed to manage the LHC’s expected data have inspired talk of a similar revolution to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whole New World?: \u003c/strong>All of these wonders of physics and engineering have been developed for the purpose of one thing: to create a particle smasher with the capability of knocking two protons together with an energy of 14 TeV (trillions of electron volts). This is about the same energy that it takes to pick a grain of salt up off the floor. Compressed into such an acute space, however, it just might lend us insight into the most fundamental properties of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if they can only get those wires hooked up correctly...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3950/the-large-hadron-collider-gets-ready-to-spin-again","authors":["10205"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_248","quest_536","quest_984","quest_1611","quest_1652","quest_2130","quest_2320","quest_2753","quest_2834","quest_2908"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2151":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2151","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2151","score":null,"sort":[1240018325000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-goodbye-to-the-bevatron","title":"Reporter's Notes: Goodbye to the Bevatron","publishDate":1240018325,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/radio3-28_bevatron300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Inside the Bevatron. Credit: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much as I tried to get Stewart Loken to wax poetic about the demise of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevatron\" target=\"_blank\">Bevatron\u003c/a>, the truth is that he – and, I'll bet, a lot of scientists – just don't think that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Loken put it, \"science never stands still.\" However many Nobel prizes the Bevatron produced, this old, defunct particle accelerator is really just taking up space; its demolition, and replacement with a new, up-to-the-minute research facility, is, Loken feels, the best way to honor the work done here. Plans aren't finalized, but it's likely the facility to replace the Bevatron will forward work done at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's \u003ca href=\"http://www.als.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Light Source\u003c/a> (which, by the way, produces light a billion times brighter than the sun).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new facility – \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sabl/2007/Nov/APSI.html\" target=\"_blank\">described here\u003c/a> – would allow scientists to watch \"electrons joining forces, atoms snapping together within millionths of a billionth of a second, the real time of chemical reactions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's a long way off. First, demolition workers must contend with a major disposal challenge, including getting rid of radioactive waste produced during experiments at the Bevatron. Some neighbors are concerned about the prospect of hauling the stuff \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/01/BAGLHC1NOQ1.DTL&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\">through Berkeley's residential areas\u003c/a>. Others have called for the Bevatron to be preserved \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleycitizen.org/bevatron.html\" target=\"_blank\">as a national landmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But demolition is already underway, and picking up speed, thanks in part to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ihlWJ8iCklsNXEm8mNBy-wlGyAMQD9740CIO0\" target=\"_blank\">$1.2 billion recently bestowed\u003c/a> on federal research labs across the country under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act\u003c/a>. The Lab describes the environmental impacts of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/pdf/env-rev-docs/bldg-51-final/EIR-Ch-1-3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Bevatron demolition project here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>See the Bevatron today and in its heyday - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron\">watch the \"Goodbye to the Bevatron\" slideshow\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.877657 -122.25111\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Much as I tried to get Stewart Loken to wax poetic about the demise of the Bevatron, the truth is that he – and, I'll bet, a lot of scientists – just don't think that way.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833499,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":293},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Goodbye to the Bevatron | KQED","description":"Much as I tried to get Stewart Loken to wax poetic about the demise of the Bevatron, the truth is that he – and, I'll bet, a lot of scientists – just don't think that way.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Goodbye to the Bevatron","datePublished":"2009-04-18T01:32:05.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:51:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2151 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2151","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/17/reporters-notes-goodbye-to-the-bevatron/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Goodbye to the Bevatron","path":"/quest/2151/reporters-notes-goodbye-to-the-bevatron","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/radio3-28_bevatron300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Inside the Bevatron. Credit: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much as I tried to get Stewart Loken to wax poetic about the demise of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevatron\" target=\"_blank\">Bevatron\u003c/a>, the truth is that he – and, I'll bet, a lot of scientists – just don't think that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Loken put it, \"science never stands still.\" However many Nobel prizes the Bevatron produced, this old, defunct particle accelerator is really just taking up space; its demolition, and replacement with a new, up-to-the-minute research facility, is, Loken feels, the best way to honor the work done here. Plans aren't finalized, but it's likely the facility to replace the Bevatron will forward work done at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's \u003ca href=\"http://www.als.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Light Source\u003c/a> (which, by the way, produces light a billion times brighter than the sun).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new facility – \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sabl/2007/Nov/APSI.html\" target=\"_blank\">described here\u003c/a> – would allow scientists to watch \"electrons joining forces, atoms snapping together within millionths of a billionth of a second, the real time of chemical reactions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's a long way off. First, demolition workers must contend with a major disposal challenge, including getting rid of radioactive waste produced during experiments at the Bevatron. Some neighbors are concerned about the prospect of hauling the stuff \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/01/BAGLHC1NOQ1.DTL&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\">through Berkeley's residential areas\u003c/a>. Others have called for the Bevatron to be preserved \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleycitizen.org/bevatron.html\" target=\"_blank\">as a national landmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But demolition is already underway, and picking up speed, thanks in part to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ihlWJ8iCklsNXEm8mNBy-wlGyAMQD9740CIO0\" target=\"_blank\">$1.2 billion recently bestowed\u003c/a> on federal research labs across the country under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act\u003c/a>. The Lab describes the environmental impacts of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/pdf/env-rev-docs/bldg-51-final/EIR-Ch-1-3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Bevatron demolition project here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>See the Bevatron today and in its heyday - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron\">watch the \"Goodbye to the Bevatron\" slideshow\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.877657 -122.25111\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2151/reporters-notes-goodbye-to-the-bevatron","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_16"],"tags":["quest_183","quest_247","quest_252","quest_3351","quest_1624","quest_1767","quest_2130","quest_13205","quest_2321","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"},"quest_1403":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_1403","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"1403","score":null,"sort":[1235091575000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"inside-the-stanford-linear-accelerator","title":"Inside the Stanford Linear Accelerator","publishDate":1235091575,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/02/19/inside-the-stanford-linear-accelerator/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/slac.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Stanford Linear Accelerator. Credit: SLAC.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>On the heels of the opening of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/large-hadron-collider/\" target=\"_blank\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> last year, I was curious about these particle accelerators: \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM\" target=\"_blank\">how they work\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerator.html\" target=\"_blank\">what research is conducted there\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/12/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine/\" target=\"_blank\">most importantly why\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, there is a particle accelerator right here in the Bay Area. Last year, I took an intrepid group down to the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) to learn more about the these giant expensive research labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SLAC maintains an extensive public outreach program. An extensive tour (mine was 2 hours with very in-depth exploration of the facility), public lectures, weekly colloquia, and even science competitions for high schoolers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised to find a wealth of research beyond the typical particle colliding at the facility. Many researchers use the state of the art facilities to study basic elements of our life, including water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, \u003ca href=\"http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/nilssongroup/\" target=\"_blank\">Anders Nilsson\u003c/a> is discussing his research on water at SLAC, an in-depth look at some of the stranger properties of water: its high heat capacity, how it is more dense than ice, even insight on using water as a power source (by splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen). \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/lectures/\" target=\"_blank\">Water: The Strangest Liquid\u003c/a>, Tuesday February 24th 730-830PM at the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/maps/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Linear Accelerator\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, our continued economics woes are threatening physical science research. SLAC is getting the brunt of money cut, missing out on $23 million of requested funding. In response, SLAC laid off 125 of its 1600 employees and shut down its PEP-II collider last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/lectures/default.htm\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Public Lecture Series\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe SLAC Public Lecture Series opens the doors to the inner workings of SLAC for the local nonscientific community. Find out what SLAC is all about: the research, the facilities, and the people that make this a world-class research institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/colloquium/\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Colloquium\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe intellectual watering hole for the entire laboratory, where you can hear talks intended for a general audience on a wide variety of subjects. The colloquium will be returning later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/scibowl/\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Science Bowl for High School Students\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSLAC hosts an annual Regional Science Bowl for teams of high school students. The Science Bowl is a question-and-answer competition with buzzers, judges, and time keepers for high school teams of 5 students and 1 faculty coach. This year's competition is on February 28th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/tours/\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Tour Information\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nTours of SLAC will be available again later this year. On the tour, you get an extensive look at the operation of the accelerator, including a peek into the Klystron Gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.420994 -122.20607\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On the heels of the opening of the Large Hadron Collider last year, I was curious about these particle accelerators: how they work, what research is conducted there, and most importantly why.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829669,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":425},"headData":{"title":"Inside the Stanford Linear Accelerator | KQED","description":"On the heels of the opening of the Large Hadron Collider last year, I was curious about these particle accelerators: how they work, what research is conducted there, and most importantly why.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Inside the Stanford Linear Accelerator","datePublished":"2009-02-20T00:59:35.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:47:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"1403 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=1403","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/02/19/inside-the-stanford-linear-accelerator/","disqusTitle":"Inside the Stanford Linear Accelerator","path":"/quest/1403/inside-the-stanford-linear-accelerator","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/02/19/inside-the-stanford-linear-accelerator/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/slac.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Stanford Linear Accelerator. Credit: SLAC.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>On the heels of the opening of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/large-hadron-collider/\" target=\"_blank\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> last year, I was curious about these particle accelerators: \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM\" target=\"_blank\">how they work\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerator.html\" target=\"_blank\">what research is conducted there\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/12/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine/\" target=\"_blank\">most importantly why\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, there is a particle accelerator right here in the Bay Area. Last year, I took an intrepid group down to the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) to learn more about the these giant expensive research labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SLAC maintains an extensive public outreach program. An extensive tour (mine was 2 hours with very in-depth exploration of the facility), public lectures, weekly colloquia, and even science competitions for high schoolers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised to find a wealth of research beyond the typical particle colliding at the facility. Many researchers use the state of the art facilities to study basic elements of our life, including water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, \u003ca href=\"http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/nilssongroup/\" target=\"_blank\">Anders Nilsson\u003c/a> is discussing his research on water at SLAC, an in-depth look at some of the stranger properties of water: its high heat capacity, how it is more dense than ice, even insight on using water as a power source (by splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen). \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/lectures/\" target=\"_blank\">Water: The Strangest Liquid\u003c/a>, Tuesday February 24th 730-830PM at the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/maps/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Linear Accelerator\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, our continued economics woes are threatening physical science research. SLAC is getting the brunt of money cut, missing out on $23 million of requested funding. In response, SLAC laid off 125 of its 1600 employees and shut down its PEP-II collider last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/lectures/default.htm\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Public Lecture Series\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe SLAC Public Lecture Series opens the doors to the inner workings of SLAC for the local nonscientific community. Find out what SLAC is all about: the research, the facilities, and the people that make this a world-class research institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/colloquium/\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Colloquium\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe intellectual watering hole for the entire laboratory, where you can hear talks intended for a general audience on a wide variety of subjects. The colloquium will be returning later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/scibowl/\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Science Bowl for High School Students\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSLAC hosts an annual Regional Science Bowl for teams of high school students. The Science Bowl is a question-and-answer competition with buzzers, judges, and time keepers for high school teams of 5 students and 1 faculty coach. This year's competition is on February 28th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/tours/\" target=\"_blank\">SLAC Tour Information\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nTours of SLAC will be available again later this year. On the tour, you get an extensive look at the operation of the accelerator, including a peek into the Klystron Gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.420994 -122.20607\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/1403/inside-the-stanford-linear-accelerator","authors":["10201"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13197","quest_13199","quest_2130","quest_13205","quest_2530","quest_2771","quest_2772","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"},"quest_826":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_826","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"826","score":null,"sort":[1221268345000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine","title":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine","publishDate":1221268345,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lhc.jpg\">\u003cem>Magnets in the LHC. Photo copyright \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/\">CERN\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Unless you live in another dimension, you've heard about the \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> -- a 17-mile underground raceway where, just this week, physicists flipped the ON switch and sent protons looping from France to Switzerland and back again. News coverage has been everywhere: newspapers, magazines, and even an amazingly accurate \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM\">rap video\u003c/a> on YouTube. Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When protons smash together at velocities approaching the speed of light, tiny short-lived particles are produced. If we can see these particles and learn how they behave, we can answer some pretty important physics questions -- like what, exactly, is mass? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> has a great website that explains physics' \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/index.html\">Standard Model\u003c/a> -- what matter is made of, and how the different components of matter interact. In his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/opinion/12greene.html?_r=1&ref=opinion&oref=slogin\">op-ed piece\u003c/a> in the New York Times, Columbia University physicist Brian Greene describes the particles that physicists are looking for: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html\">Higgs boson\u003c/a>, the supersymmetric particles, and the transdimensional particles. Is there really a fourth dimension? Or a fifth or sixth? We may soon find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest nickname for the LHC is \"the why machine.\" That moniker originated on the physics blog \u003ca href=\"http://cosmicvariance.com/2008/09/09/live-blogging-the-lhc-startup/\">Cosmic Variance\u003c/a>. Hopefully this feat of engineering will explain why E=mc2. Or, say some, just open up a microscopic black hole that will swallow the entire universe. This is exceedingly unlikely, but, says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/09/08/scicern108.xml\">Telegraph\u003c/a>, some scientists have still received death threats from folks concerned about the impending end of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mysterious particles may or may not be linked to the end of the universe, but they were certainly abundant at the beginning, with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/bang.html\">Big Bang\u003c/a>. To learn more about the Big Bang and the evidence for its occurrence, check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/251\">interview\u003c/a> with Berkeley physicist George Smoot -- he won the Nobel Prize for detecting and analyzing the Big Bang's leftover radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Large Hadron Collider were designed and constructed by scientists here in the Bay Area. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> designed the LHC’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2008/06/12/firing-up-the-lhc/\">distribution feed boxes\u003c/a>, which connect electrical power to the focusing magnets. And scientist from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> designed the \u003ca href=\"http://today.slac.stanford.edu/feature/2008/slac-lhc-pixel.asp\">ATLAS pixel detector\u003c/a>, which, like a giant digital camera, records what happens after particles collide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're more interested in pictures than particles, then check out National Geographic's \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\">photos\u003c/a> of the LHC –- it is a beautiful machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1221268345,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":431},"headData":{"title":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine | KQED","description":"Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine","datePublished":"2008-09-13T01:12:25.000Z","dateModified":"2008-09-13T01:12:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"826 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=826","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/12/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine/","disqusTitle":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine","path":"/quest/826/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lhc.jpg\">\u003cem>Magnets in the LHC. Photo copyright \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/\">CERN\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Unless you live in another dimension, you've heard about the \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> -- a 17-mile underground raceway where, just this week, physicists flipped the ON switch and sent protons looping from France to Switzerland and back again. News coverage has been everywhere: newspapers, magazines, and even an amazingly accurate \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM\">rap video\u003c/a> on YouTube. Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When protons smash together at velocities approaching the speed of light, tiny short-lived particles are produced. If we can see these particles and learn how they behave, we can answer some pretty important physics questions -- like what, exactly, is mass? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> has a great website that explains physics' \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/index.html\">Standard Model\u003c/a> -- what matter is made of, and how the different components of matter interact. In his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/opinion/12greene.html?_r=1&ref=opinion&oref=slogin\">op-ed piece\u003c/a> in the New York Times, Columbia University physicist Brian Greene describes the particles that physicists are looking for: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html\">Higgs boson\u003c/a>, the supersymmetric particles, and the transdimensional particles. Is there really a fourth dimension? Or a fifth or sixth? We may soon find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest nickname for the LHC is \"the why machine.\" That moniker originated on the physics blog \u003ca href=\"http://cosmicvariance.com/2008/09/09/live-blogging-the-lhc-startup/\">Cosmic Variance\u003c/a>. Hopefully this feat of engineering will explain why E=mc2. Or, say some, just open up a microscopic black hole that will swallow the entire universe. This is exceedingly unlikely, but, says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/09/08/scicern108.xml\">Telegraph\u003c/a>, some scientists have still received death threats from folks concerned about the impending end of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mysterious particles may or may not be linked to the end of the universe, but they were certainly abundant at the beginning, with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/bang.html\">Big Bang\u003c/a>. To learn more about the Big Bang and the evidence for its occurrence, check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/251\">interview\u003c/a> with Berkeley physicist George Smoot -- he won the Nobel Prize for detecting and analyzing the Big Bang's leftover radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Large Hadron Collider were designed and constructed by scientists here in the Bay Area. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> designed the LHC’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2008/06/12/firing-up-the-lhc/\">distribution feed boxes\u003c/a>, which connect electrical power to the focusing magnets. And scientist from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> designed the \u003ca href=\"http://today.slac.stanford.edu/feature/2008/slac-lhc-pixel.asp\">ATLAS pixel detector\u003c/a>, which, like a giant digital camera, records what happens after particles collide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're more interested in pictures than particles, then check out National Geographic's \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\">photos\u003c/a> of the LHC –- it is a beautiful machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/826/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_16"],"tags":["quest_316","quest_1204","quest_3351","quest_1611","quest_1624","quest_2130","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_2772"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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