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Simply put, polymers are long “macro-molecules”, formed by combining carbon or silicon atoms with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The combinations form long chains of repeating chemical structures, each with a unique set of chemical properties and characteristics. Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=great_jobs&episode=chem_engineer\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some polymers occur in nature, like cellulose, amber, shellac, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Rubber.html\" title=\"natural rubber\" target=\"_blank\">natural rubber\u003c/a>. Other polymers are manufactured by chemists and engineers, and are referred to as synthetic polymers. In an ongoing quest for better and more useful materials, these scientists aim to make substances tough enough to work in the bitter cold of Antarctica or under the immense pressures encountered thousands of feet below an ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/gj-ramsay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-ramsay-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Becki Ramsay\" title=\"gj-ramsay\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27898\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Becki Ramsay, Chemical Engineer at Parker- Hannifin Corp. in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a part of the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job!\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>” series that highlights exciting careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), a production crew with WVIZ/PBS ideastream®, in Cleveland, Ohio, spent a day with Becki Ramsay. Becki is a chemical engineer with the Hose Products Division of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parker.com/\" title=\"Parker-Hannifin Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">Parker-Hannifin Corporation\u003c/a>. She and her team create hoses from synthetic polymers to meet the design specifications they get from mechanical engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our interview, Becki expressed to us why she decided early on to become an engineer. \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s sort of like you’re interested in so many different things that you don’t really know what to do. You like science, you like math, you like physics. You like all of that. And engineering is one of those things that you can go down any one of those paths depending on what your particular interest is.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> Eventually, Becki decided that she was interested in polymers so she continued her studies to eventually become a chemical engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of her work with Parker, Becki and her team create hoses that remain flexible and convey power through hydraulic fluids while operating under the most extreme environmental conditions, whether it’s sub-zero temperatures or in an application that will pulse it millions of times. These hoses are absolutely critical in the operation of machinery used in industries such as construction, mining, forestry, transportation, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/burst_test/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/burst_test-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"burst test chamber\" title=\"burst_test\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside this Burst Test Chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, Becki works with chemists and other engineers to create and test the quality of new materials. On the day of our shoot, we visited the Burst Test Chamber. The chamber is made of armor-plated steel and bullet-proof glass. Inside the chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode. Many of the hoses have bursting points in excess of 14,000 pounds per square inch. That would be like getting hit by an explosion with more than 15 million pounds of force, or having to lift three space shuttles! During one of the tests, the hose exploded at nearly 16,000 pounds per square inch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The best part about this career is that I’m always learning something new. Not every design works the way we expect right from the start, but that is all part of research and development. We study and analyze samples when they fail to figure out what went wrong. We find ways to correct those problems and the whole testing process starts over again. It is exciting to see a product go from an idea to an actual sample being tested in the lab. The real satisfaction comes when you get a passing test result and know you’ve solved all the design issues.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fascinating day for us. Sometimes we take so much for granted that we don’t think about the interesting careers and interesting people who change our world with their inventions every day. Look around your house. If you look closely enough and think deeply enough, you’ll be amazed, too, by the number of everyday conveniences we have because of the ingenuity of chemical engineers like Becki Ramsay and the many other polymer scientists just like her.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1323286105,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":738},"headData":{"title":"Building a Better Hose | KQED","description":"Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Building a Better Hose","datePublished":"2011-12-07T19:28:24.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-07T19:28:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27892 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27892","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/","disqusTitle":"Building a Better Hose","path":"/quest/27892/building-a-better-hose","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" title=\"George Viebranz\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day our lives are affected by the work of chemical engineers who specialize in solving problems through the use of \u003ca href=\"http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/polymers/apps/apps.htm\" title=\"polymers\" target=\"_blank\">polymers\u003c/a>. Simply put, polymers are long “macro-molecules”, formed by combining carbon or silicon atoms with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The combinations form long chains of repeating chemical structures, each with a unique set of chemical properties and characteristics. Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=great_jobs&episode=chem_engineer\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some polymers occur in nature, like cellulose, amber, shellac, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Rubber.html\" title=\"natural rubber\" target=\"_blank\">natural rubber\u003c/a>. Other polymers are manufactured by chemists and engineers, and are referred to as synthetic polymers. In an ongoing quest for better and more useful materials, these scientists aim to make substances tough enough to work in the bitter cold of Antarctica or under the immense pressures encountered thousands of feet below an ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/gj-ramsay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-ramsay-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Becki Ramsay\" title=\"gj-ramsay\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27898\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Becki Ramsay, Chemical Engineer at Parker- Hannifin Corp. in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a part of the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job!\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>” series that highlights exciting careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), a production crew with WVIZ/PBS ideastream®, in Cleveland, Ohio, spent a day with Becki Ramsay. Becki is a chemical engineer with the Hose Products Division of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parker.com/\" title=\"Parker-Hannifin Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">Parker-Hannifin Corporation\u003c/a>. She and her team create hoses from synthetic polymers to meet the design specifications they get from mechanical engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our interview, Becki expressed to us why she decided early on to become an engineer. \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s sort of like you’re interested in so many different things that you don’t really know what to do. You like science, you like math, you like physics. You like all of that. And engineering is one of those things that you can go down any one of those paths depending on what your particular interest is.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> Eventually, Becki decided that she was interested in polymers so she continued her studies to eventually become a chemical engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of her work with Parker, Becki and her team create hoses that remain flexible and convey power through hydraulic fluids while operating under the most extreme environmental conditions, whether it’s sub-zero temperatures or in an application that will pulse it millions of times. These hoses are absolutely critical in the operation of machinery used in industries such as construction, mining, forestry, transportation, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/burst_test/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/burst_test-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"burst test chamber\" title=\"burst_test\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside this Burst Test Chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, Becki works with chemists and other engineers to create and test the quality of new materials. On the day of our shoot, we visited the Burst Test Chamber. The chamber is made of armor-plated steel and bullet-proof glass. Inside the chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode. Many of the hoses have bursting points in excess of 14,000 pounds per square inch. That would be like getting hit by an explosion with more than 15 million pounds of force, or having to lift three space shuttles! During one of the tests, the hose exploded at nearly 16,000 pounds per square inch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The best part about this career is that I’m always learning something new. Not every design works the way we expect right from the start, but that is all part of research and development. We study and analyze samples when they fail to figure out what went wrong. We find ways to correct those problems and the whole testing process starts over again. It is exciting to see a product go from an idea to an actual sample being tested in the lab. The real satisfaction comes when you get a passing test result and know you’ve solved all the design issues.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fascinating day for us. Sometimes we take so much for granted that we don’t think about the interesting careers and interesting people who change our world with their inventions every day. Look around your house. If you look closely enough and think deeply enough, you’ll be amazed, too, by the number of everyday conveniences we have because of the ingenuity of chemical engineers like Becki Ramsay and the many other polymer scientists just like her.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27892/building-a-better-hose","authors":["10264","10295"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13197","quest_3563","quest_10527","quest_3351","quest_3325","quest_10379","quest_2141","quest_10526","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_27903","label":"quest"},"quest_27704":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27704","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27704","score":null,"sort":[1322518577000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home","title":"What’s So “Smart” About a Smart Home?","publishDate":1322518577,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27714\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home/smarthome1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27714\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27714\" title=\"smarthome1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/smarthome1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The windows on the SmartHome let in heat during the winter and shade the sun's rays in the summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reduce, reuse, and recycle. We’ve heard it. Some people practice it. But as energy and other natural resources become harder to obtain and conserve, more people are looking toward solutions for a sustainable future. \u003ca title=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/atthemuseum/onexhibit/smarthome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">SmartHome Cleveland\u003c/a>, first located at the \u003ca title=\"Cleveland Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, was designed to create a vision for some sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges in our country is to conserve our energy supply. Energy, usually starting in the form of natural gas or other fossil fuels, is burned or converted to electricity to supply heating, cooling, illumination, and other household conveniences. It is estimated that an average home wastes about 30% of the energy used for heating and cooling due to poor household insulation. The U. S. Department of Energy estimates an annual cost of about $1,900 per household in lost energy savings. And that doesn’t count the energy we use for lighting, appliances, computers, video games, and many other things we might take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what have the designers of SmartHome Cleveland done to address these and other environmental challenges? They have incorporated a variety of technologies to reduce this home’s heating and cooling demands to about 10% of that required by the average home, and they have reduced the need for primary energy consumption to about 30% of that used in the average home. Let’s take a closer look at some of these technologies and the strategies to employ them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first design principle was to create an air-tight system of super insulation. This involved installing an insulated concrete foundation and walls one foot thick that use a combination of synthetic foams and natural cellulose. High-performance triple-pane windows seal in the heat and keep out the cold. Even the joists and beams in the house’s construction were insulated to prevent conduction of the home’s heat to the outside. Even the little bit of heat that would normally escape to the outside is channeled back into the incoming air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large windows with a southern exposure are used to allow the sun’s heat energy into the home during the winter. Instead of a furnace, the SmartHome uses the sun’s heat energy and a small, ductless, air-source heat pump to provide winter heating. The inside-outside air exchange in the house is rated at about 0.6 changes per hour. A typical home exchanges its internal air supply with the outside about 3 to 6 times per hour. By comparison, a drafty, poorly-insulated home might be exchanging its complete air system with the outside as much as 20 times per hour! In northeast Ohio, with winters averaging about 30 degrees Fahrenheit, you can calculate that you might have to heat a poorly insulated house 33 times for every 1 time in the SmartHome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar panel array and a storage/conversion system provide the home’s electricity. Enough electricity is generated to power the heating-cooling-ventilation system and the energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting. The large southern windows also provide a special kind of directional shading. In the summer, when the sun is higher in the sky and more heat energy is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, the shading reflects the sun’s rays back toward the outside. The heat pump, insulated walls, and roof also help to maintain a comfortable summer temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the house, the roof, a rain garden, and pervious pavement channels up to 500 gallons of rain water and \u003ca title=\"storm runoff\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/chap12.asp\" target=\"_blank\">storm runoff\u003c/a> to a storage cistern and irrigation system. This reduces the demand on the city sewer system and provides recycled water used to keep the shade trees, lawn, and garden plants healthy during the hot Ohio summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History hopes people will “warm up” to this “cool house” by using components of SmartHome Cleveland design to improve our community’s use of its natural resources. In October 2011 the SmartHome was moved to a residential neighborhood in Cleveland’s \u003ca title=\"University Circle\" href=\"http://www.universitycircle.org/\" target=\"_blank\">University Circle\u003c/a> area and will serve as a real home for a family so that further innovation and development can be conducted on its systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more information on saving energy in your home, download the U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca title=\"Energy Savers\" href=\"http://www.energysavers.gov/pdfs/energy_savers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Savers Booklet (pdf)\u003c/a>.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional audio, video, and images: \"\u003ca title=\"What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/soi/entry/40724\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\u003c/a>\" Sound of Ideas radio report, WCPN ideastream.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"SmartHome Cleveland was designed to create a vision for sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367349608,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":794},"headData":{"title":"What’s So “Smart” About a Smart Home? | KQED","description":"SmartHome Cleveland was designed to create a vision for sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What’s So “Smart” About a Smart Home?","datePublished":"2011-11-28T22:16:17.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-30T19:20:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27704 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27704","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home/","disqusTitle":"What’s So “Smart” About a Smart Home?","path":"/quest/27704/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27714\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home/smarthome1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27714\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27714\" title=\"smarthome1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/smarthome1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The windows on the SmartHome let in heat during the winter and shade the sun's rays in the summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reduce, reuse, and recycle. We’ve heard it. Some people practice it. But as energy and other natural resources become harder to obtain and conserve, more people are looking toward solutions for a sustainable future. \u003ca title=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/atthemuseum/onexhibit/smarthome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">SmartHome Cleveland\u003c/a>, first located at the \u003ca title=\"Cleveland Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, was designed to create a vision for some sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges in our country is to conserve our energy supply. Energy, usually starting in the form of natural gas or other fossil fuels, is burned or converted to electricity to supply heating, cooling, illumination, and other household conveniences. It is estimated that an average home wastes about 30% of the energy used for heating and cooling due to poor household insulation. The U. S. Department of Energy estimates an annual cost of about $1,900 per household in lost energy savings. And that doesn’t count the energy we use for lighting, appliances, computers, video games, and many other things we might take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what have the designers of SmartHome Cleveland done to address these and other environmental challenges? They have incorporated a variety of technologies to reduce this home’s heating and cooling demands to about 10% of that required by the average home, and they have reduced the need for primary energy consumption to about 30% of that used in the average home. Let’s take a closer look at some of these technologies and the strategies to employ them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first design principle was to create an air-tight system of super insulation. This involved installing an insulated concrete foundation and walls one foot thick that use a combination of synthetic foams and natural cellulose. High-performance triple-pane windows seal in the heat and keep out the cold. Even the joists and beams in the house’s construction were insulated to prevent conduction of the home’s heat to the outside. Even the little bit of heat that would normally escape to the outside is channeled back into the incoming air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large windows with a southern exposure are used to allow the sun’s heat energy into the home during the winter. Instead of a furnace, the SmartHome uses the sun’s heat energy and a small, ductless, air-source heat pump to provide winter heating. The inside-outside air exchange in the house is rated at about 0.6 changes per hour. A typical home exchanges its internal air supply with the outside about 3 to 6 times per hour. By comparison, a drafty, poorly-insulated home might be exchanging its complete air system with the outside as much as 20 times per hour! In northeast Ohio, with winters averaging about 30 degrees Fahrenheit, you can calculate that you might have to heat a poorly insulated house 33 times for every 1 time in the SmartHome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar panel array and a storage/conversion system provide the home’s electricity. Enough electricity is generated to power the heating-cooling-ventilation system and the energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting. The large southern windows also provide a special kind of directional shading. In the summer, when the sun is higher in the sky and more heat energy is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, the shading reflects the sun’s rays back toward the outside. The heat pump, insulated walls, and roof also help to maintain a comfortable summer temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the house, the roof, a rain garden, and pervious pavement channels up to 500 gallons of rain water and \u003ca title=\"storm runoff\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/chap12.asp\" target=\"_blank\">storm runoff\u003c/a> to a storage cistern and irrigation system. This reduces the demand on the city sewer system and provides recycled water used to keep the shade trees, lawn, and garden plants healthy during the hot Ohio summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History hopes people will “warm up” to this “cool house” by using components of SmartHome Cleveland design to improve our community’s use of its natural resources. In October 2011 the SmartHome was moved to a residential neighborhood in Cleveland’s \u003ca title=\"University Circle\" href=\"http://www.universitycircle.org/\" target=\"_blank\">University Circle\u003c/a> area and will serve as a real home for a family so that further innovation and development can be conducted on its systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more information on saving energy in your home, download the U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca title=\"Energy Savers\" href=\"http://www.energysavers.gov/pdfs/energy_savers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Savers Booklet (pdf)\u003c/a>.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional audio, video, and images: \"\u003ca title=\"What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/soi/entry/40724\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\u003c/a>\" Sound of Ideas radio report, WCPN ideastream.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27704/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home","authors":["10295","10264"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_616","quest_10521","quest_1379","quest_3325","quest_3293","quest_10520"],"featImg":"quest_27714","label":"quest"},"quest_27004":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27004","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27004","score":null,"sort":[1320887992000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction","title":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction","publishDate":1320887992,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1320888104,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":706},"headData":{"title":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction | KQED","description":"The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized. Background for Twinsburg Case","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction","datePublished":"2011-11-10T01:19:52.000Z","dateModified":"2011-11-10T01:21:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27004 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27004","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/","disqusTitle":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction","path":"/quest/27004/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27004/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction","authors":["10299"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_180","quest_216","quest_10435","quest_10432","quest_10433","quest_10431","quest_3351","quest_3325","quest_10434","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_10430","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_27074","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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