In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients
Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?
Underwater Observatory Unlocks Ocean Secrets
Restoring Oyster Reefs
On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado
Why I Do Science: Stephen Palumbi
West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification
Expanding Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary – Round Table Discussion on Google+
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In addition to producing television content for KQED Science, he has also created online features and written news articles on scientific subjects ranging from astronomy to synthetic biology.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sheraz Sadiq | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sheraz-sadiq"},"davidhuppert":{"type":"authors","id":"10296","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10296","found":true},"name":"David Huppert","firstName":"David","lastName":"Huppert","slug":"davidhuppert","email":"dhuppert@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"As a producer/reporter for UNC-TV, David Huppert has spent the last 6 years immersing himself in the Old North State's culture and folklore, consuming as much of state's rich legacy (and barbecue) as possible.\r\n\r\nDavid returns to UNC-TV after a one-year hiatus in NYC where he produced for CBS This Morning. Since 2000 David has produced pieces for public television (UNC-TV, Charlie Rose) and commercial news (CBS, FNC’s The O’Reilly Factor, CNBC).\r\n\r\nWhen he’s not telling stories for television, David is either working on a documentary about Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, or gallivanting around North Carolina with his wife, @mediumish. You can follow him @hupdiggs and at vimeo.com/davidhuppert","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Huppert | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/davidhuppert"},"acalo":{"type":"authors","id":"10423","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10423","found":true},"name":"Adrienne Calo","firstName":"Adrienne","lastName":"Calo","slug":"acalo","email":"acalo@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Adrienne Calo has been a producer of PBS films, specials, and series for the last 12 years. 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In the course of her broadcasting career, Adrienne has also contributed to programming for ABC News/Nightline, This Week in Northern California, and Austin City Limits.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_users","promote_users","remove_users","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Adrienne Calo | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acalo"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_73891":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73891","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73891","score":null,"sort":[1425590007000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","title":"Bringing Fish Up from the Deep","publishDate":1425590007,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/17f87952-7500-421d-9aa3-483b81de5abe/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep below the ocean’s surface lies a mysterious region known as the “twilight zone.” Located 200 to 500 feet beneath the surface, this region receives scarce amounts of light, mimicking twilight—the time of day just after sunset. Some areas of the twilight zone are vast ocean space, but some are home to incredible coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have many unanswered questions about this region, in part because it is so hard to reach. Diving to these depths requires specialized training and gear, and takes hours to safely ascend. Bart Shepherd and Luiz Rocha at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> are among a group of scientists that get to explore these depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have been to the surface of the moon than have been to these reefs,” says Bart Shepherd, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\"> Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everywhere we go, about half of the fish are not known. They don’t have a scientific name. The other half, we didn’t know that they went that deep. So, these are all new records, either new records of depth extensions or range extensions, or new species,” says Luiz Rocha, curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are studying the twilight zone to learn about the biodiversity of this region and the greater role it plays in the health of the ocean. “You know, one of the great questions that we still have is ‘What are the connections between the shallow reefs and these twilight zone reefs?’ And, that’s really why we are studying it. That’s really why we continue to go and look there,” explains Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of their research, Shepherd and Rocha wanted to collect live fish of newly discovered species in order to study their behavior and to display in the Academy’s aquarium for the public to see. “I think in order for people to really understand and want to conserve and protect life in these depths, they really have to have a direct connection with it, and they need to be able to see things that came from there,” adds Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers ran into a problem. They knew if they tried to bring fish up from that depth, the swim bladder -- an organ that helps fish maintain their buoyancy -- would expand, crushing other vital organs inside the fish, often causing the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out a solution to this problem was a team effort. Matt Wandell, a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium, was a key player in designing the device that would allow fish to be brought up safely. “I had started to hear about the idea of the California Academy of Sciences going down and exploring deep under the ocean with divers, and possibly collecting fish down there. And since my job is to make sure that those fish come back healthy, I thought about different ways that we could make sure that they could handle that pressure change,” explains Wandell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team engineered a portable device in which they could collect fish during their dives. The device, known as a portable decompression chamber, was designed to maintain the pressure of the twilight zone while the fish are transported to the surface. Once at sea level, the pressure inside the chamber is slowly reduced, often over two to three days. This gives the fish enough time to safely adjust to living at lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this portable decompression chamber, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences have been successful in collecting fish from the twilight zone. Species from their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/diving-into-the-twilight-zone/\">recent expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/7/27/exotic-new-aquatic-species-on-display-at-cal-academy/\">now on display\u003c/a> at the Steinhart Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists at the California Academy of Sciences have designed a portable decompression chamber to safely bring new fish species up from the twilight zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1445907034,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":704},"headData":{"title":"Bringing Fish Up from the Deep | KQED","description":"Scientists at the California Academy of Sciences have designed a portable decompression chamber to safely bring new fish species up from the twilight zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73891 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73891","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/05/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/","disqusTitle":"Bringing Fish Up from the Deep","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=5&v=c-QRgVgCpCg","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/73891/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/17f87952-7500-421d-9aa3-483b81de5abe/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep below the ocean’s surface lies a mysterious region known as the “twilight zone.” Located 200 to 500 feet beneath the surface, this region receives scarce amounts of light, mimicking twilight—the time of day just after sunset. Some areas of the twilight zone are vast ocean space, but some are home to incredible coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have many unanswered questions about this region, in part because it is so hard to reach. Diving to these depths requires specialized training and gear, and takes hours to safely ascend. Bart Shepherd and Luiz Rocha at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> are among a group of scientists that get to explore these depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have been to the surface of the moon than have been to these reefs,” says Bart Shepherd, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\"> Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everywhere we go, about half of the fish are not known. They don’t have a scientific name. The other half, we didn’t know that they went that deep. So, these are all new records, either new records of depth extensions or range extensions, or new species,” says Luiz Rocha, curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are studying the twilight zone to learn about the biodiversity of this region and the greater role it plays in the health of the ocean. “You know, one of the great questions that we still have is ‘What are the connections between the shallow reefs and these twilight zone reefs?’ And, that’s really why we are studying it. That’s really why we continue to go and look there,” explains Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of their research, Shepherd and Rocha wanted to collect live fish of newly discovered species in order to study their behavior and to display in the Academy’s aquarium for the public to see. “I think in order for people to really understand and want to conserve and protect life in these depths, they really have to have a direct connection with it, and they need to be able to see things that came from there,” adds Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers ran into a problem. They knew if they tried to bring fish up from that depth, the swim bladder -- an organ that helps fish maintain their buoyancy -- would expand, crushing other vital organs inside the fish, often causing the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out a solution to this problem was a team effort. Matt Wandell, a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium, was a key player in designing the device that would allow fish to be brought up safely. “I had started to hear about the idea of the California Academy of Sciences going down and exploring deep under the ocean with divers, and possibly collecting fish down there. And since my job is to make sure that those fish come back healthy, I thought about different ways that we could make sure that they could handle that pressure change,” explains Wandell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team engineered a portable device in which they could collect fish during their dives. The device, known as a portable decompression chamber, was designed to maintain the pressure of the twilight zone while the fish are transported to the surface. Once at sea level, the pressure inside the chamber is slowly reduced, often over two to three days. This gives the fish enough time to safely adjust to living at lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this portable decompression chamber, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences have been successful in collecting fish from the twilight zone. Species from their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/diving-into-the-twilight-zone/\">recent expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/7/27/exotic-new-aquatic-species-on-display-at-cal-academy/\">now on display\u003c/a> at the Steinhart Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73891/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","authors":["10423"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_13140","quest_13138","quest_12946","quest_1099","quest_12269","quest_3351","quest_2034","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2787","quest_13139","quest_13068","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13156"],"featImg":"quest_73901","label":"source_quest_73891"},"quest_70177":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70177","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70177","score":null,"sort":[1413468002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients","title":"In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients","publishDate":1413468002,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A marine mollusk with a coveted blood protein is shaping the way researchers treat cancer and autoimmune diseases.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457553692,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients | KQED","description":"A marine mollusk with a coveted blood protein is shaping the way researchers treat cancer and autoimmune diseases.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70177 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70177","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/16/in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients/","disqusTitle":"In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wSMe9hh66M","path":"/quest/70177/in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70177/in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients","authors":["5432"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_12994","quest_326","quest_475","quest_12269","quest_12996","quest_2034","quest_12995","quest_13","quest_12997","quest_12992","quest_12993","quest_13365","quest_3056","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72198","label":"quest"},"quest_53493":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53493","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53493","score":null,"sort":[1410271252000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","publishDate":1410271252,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639706,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1109},"headData":{"title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What? | KQED","description":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53493 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53493","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/09/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what/","disqusTitle":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_791","quest_12951","quest_12953","quest_12269","quest_9996","quest_1834","quest_2034","quest_12952","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2556","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12954"],"featImg":"quest_71786","label":"source_quest_53493"},"quest_68070":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68070","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68070","score":null,"sort":[1399384853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"underwater-observatory-unlocks-ocean-secrets","title":"Underwater Observatory Unlocks Ocean Secrets","publishDate":1399384853,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The oceans are the world’s largest ecosystem. Encompassing roughly 70 percent of Earth’s surface, they drive global climate and are critical to life on the continents. And yet they are some of the most mysterious and little known places on our planet. But one of the most ambitious ocean research projects ever undertaken is meant to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://oceanobservatories.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Oceans Observatories Initiative\u003c/a>, a collaboration among several universities and institutions, is outfitting the global oceans with a suite of instruments that could revolutionize the way scientists study the deep seas. More than 700 instruments and sensors -- including seismometers, mass spectrometers, and high-definition cameras -- are being deployed, some at depths of 10,000 feet. Many will be connected to scientists on shore via Internet-linked cables able to transmit massive streams of scientific data in near-real time. The project, funded by the National Science Foundation, has the potential to change the way we study the ocean. Research in the deep oceans is difficult and expensive, and the time people can spend immersed in this environment is relatively brief. Scientists often study the oceans from aboard ships, sampling and surveying the waters about their vessels. In the constantly shifting and evolving oceans, this type of research has its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ooi_map_new_rsninsetrev3-12_b_med.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69306 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ooi_map_new_rsninsetrev3-12_b_med-326x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Observatory Initiative University of Washington National Science Foundation\" width=\"326\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ocean Observatory Initiative's research sites span the oceans, from the waters off Chile to the coast of Greenland. Image courtesy of OOI-RSN and CEV, University of Washington. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Poised to help overcome many of these research challenges, this new initiative will establish a vast network of monitoring equipment, from the waters off Chile to the coast of Greenland, that will continually monitor undersea activity 24/7 and relay many different types of information to shore. The instruments are expected to operate for at least 25 years, which will allow scientists to monitor changes over time and discern the ocean’s cycles. “The ocean changes on a seasonal basis, an annual basis, on a decadal cycle, and there are even some cycles that are at the century level,” said John Delaney, a professor of oceanography at the University of Washington, who is leading the effort to build \u003ca href=\"http://www.interactiveoceans.washington.edu/\">one of these cabled underwater observatory systems\u003c/a> in the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. “We have to have enough of a database collected over a long enough period of time to be able to compare against previous measurements to say, ‘Boy, we’ve never seen that and no one else has either.’” But what happens to the scads of data collected? Does it get secreted away in some digital file cabinet? The Ocean Observatories Initiative is taking a novel approach by making the data available and accessible to everyone, scientists and citizens alike. “Anybody in the country will be able to do oceanography,” said Deborah Kelley, associate director of science for the Pacific Northwest’s cabled underwater observatory. “You won’t have to have a very large proposal funded by a national foundation. Anybody can pick this data up. It’s citizen science. That’s exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69311\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/RSN-Essential-Elements4.HD_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/RSN-Essential-Elements4.HD_.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Observatory Initiative University of Washington National Science Foundation\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ocean Observatories Initiative employs myriad high-tech instruments and sensors. Image courtesy of OOI-RSN and CEV, University of Washington.Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The public could play a key role in unlocking some of the ocean’s mysteries in the same way that online collaborations like \u003ca href=\"http://eterna.cmu.edu/web/\" target=\"_blank\">Eterna\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://fold.it/portal/\" target=\"_blank\">Foldit\u003c/a> enlist public help to solve vexing scientific problems. According to Delaney, the answers they discover could have significant ramifications for the future of all life on Earth. “The ocean is the life-support system for the entire planet. It’s the equivalent of the backpack that the astronauts had on the moon,” Delaney said. “And we need to establish how the ocean is changing, and whether or not it is headed toward some critical tipping point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch this two-minute video for a sneak peek at an underwater observatory that could revolutionize oceanography.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457561085,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":669},"headData":{"title":"Underwater Observatory Unlocks Ocean Secrets | KQED","description":"Watch this two-minute video for a sneak peek at an underwater observatory that could revolutionize oceanography.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68070 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68070","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/06/underwater-observatory-unlocks-ocean-secrets/","disqusTitle":"Underwater Observatory Unlocks Ocean Secrets","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNycNr0nu9s","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68070/underwater-observatory-unlocks-ocean-secrets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The oceans are the world’s largest ecosystem. Encompassing roughly 70 percent of Earth’s surface, they drive global climate and are critical to life on the continents. And yet they are some of the most mysterious and little known places on our planet. But one of the most ambitious ocean research projects ever undertaken is meant to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://oceanobservatories.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Oceans Observatories Initiative\u003c/a>, a collaboration among several universities and institutions, is outfitting the global oceans with a suite of instruments that could revolutionize the way scientists study the deep seas. More than 700 instruments and sensors -- including seismometers, mass spectrometers, and high-definition cameras -- are being deployed, some at depths of 10,000 feet. Many will be connected to scientists on shore via Internet-linked cables able to transmit massive streams of scientific data in near-real time. The project, funded by the National Science Foundation, has the potential to change the way we study the ocean. Research in the deep oceans is difficult and expensive, and the time people can spend immersed in this environment is relatively brief. Scientists often study the oceans from aboard ships, sampling and surveying the waters about their vessels. In the constantly shifting and evolving oceans, this type of research has its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ooi_map_new_rsninsetrev3-12_b_med.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69306 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ooi_map_new_rsninsetrev3-12_b_med-326x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Observatory Initiative University of Washington National Science Foundation\" width=\"326\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ocean Observatory Initiative's research sites span the oceans, from the waters off Chile to the coast of Greenland. Image courtesy of OOI-RSN and CEV, University of Washington. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Poised to help overcome many of these research challenges, this new initiative will establish a vast network of monitoring equipment, from the waters off Chile to the coast of Greenland, that will continually monitor undersea activity 24/7 and relay many different types of information to shore. The instruments are expected to operate for at least 25 years, which will allow scientists to monitor changes over time and discern the ocean’s cycles. “The ocean changes on a seasonal basis, an annual basis, on a decadal cycle, and there are even some cycles that are at the century level,” said John Delaney, a professor of oceanography at the University of Washington, who is leading the effort to build \u003ca href=\"http://www.interactiveoceans.washington.edu/\">one of these cabled underwater observatory systems\u003c/a> in the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. “We have to have enough of a database collected over a long enough period of time to be able to compare against previous measurements to say, ‘Boy, we’ve never seen that and no one else has either.’” But what happens to the scads of data collected? Does it get secreted away in some digital file cabinet? The Ocean Observatories Initiative is taking a novel approach by making the data available and accessible to everyone, scientists and citizens alike. “Anybody in the country will be able to do oceanography,” said Deborah Kelley, associate director of science for the Pacific Northwest’s cabled underwater observatory. “You won’t have to have a very large proposal funded by a national foundation. Anybody can pick this data up. It’s citizen science. That’s exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69311\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/RSN-Essential-Elements4.HD_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/RSN-Essential-Elements4.HD_.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Observatory Initiative University of Washington National Science Foundation\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ocean Observatories Initiative employs myriad high-tech instruments and sensors. Image courtesy of OOI-RSN and CEV, University of Washington.Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The public could play a key role in unlocking some of the ocean’s mysteries in the same way that online collaborations like \u003ca href=\"http://eterna.cmu.edu/web/\" target=\"_blank\">Eterna\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://fold.it/portal/\" target=\"_blank\">Foldit\u003c/a> enlist public help to solve vexing scientific problems. According to Delaney, the answers they discover could have significant ramifications for the future of all life on Earth. “The ocean is the life-support system for the entire planet. It’s the equivalent of the backpack that the astronauts had on the moon,” Delaney said. “And we need to establish how the ocean is changing, and whether or not it is headed toward some critical tipping point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68070/underwater-observatory-unlocks-ocean-secrets","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12269","quest_12807","quest_12815","quest_10013","quest_2016","quest_2034","quest_12814","quest_12810","quest_12146","quest_2893","quest_11834","quest_12678","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_69301","label":"source_quest_68070"},"quest_60340":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60340","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60340","score":null,"sort":[1382450404000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"restoring-oyster-reefs","title":"Restoring Oyster Reefs","publishDate":1382450404,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“He was a brave man that first ate an oyster.” \u003c/strong>- satirist Jonathan Swift (1667–1745)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows who that brave soul was who first shucked an oyster, but we do know that by the late 1800s millions of pounds of salty, slimy oyster meat were being harvested from places like North Carolina’s Outer Banks and shipped across the country. The secret was out: raw, steamed, grilled, or fried, oysters were on the menu from coast to coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62171\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62171 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. This archive photo was provided by NC State University.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. Archive photo provided by NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the demand for oysters increased, fishermen began using more sophisticated tools -- like mechanical dredge boats -- to boost their catch. And boy, were they successful! Marine scientists generally place the current oyster population at around 50 percent of what it was a century ago. And some estimates claim areas like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nccoast.org/Content.aspx?key=0dec568b-85f4-4e84-86d1-8a449db4055f&title=Oyster+Habitat\">North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound\u003c/a> are at 10 percent of the levels that existed in the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons that populations have been so decimated and haven’t been able to come back has to do with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch/coastwatch-articles?task=showArticle&id=750\">habitat needs of the oyster\u003c/a>. Baby oysters, or spat, literally grow on the backs of their ancestors. Spat swim in the water column until they can latch on to a suitable surface. More often than not, that surface is an established oyster reef made up of generations of older oysters. As wild oyster harvesting increased, the reefs diminished and baby oysters had no place to anchor. The oyster population plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t just another “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch?task=showArticle&view=listarticles&id=750\">species of special concern\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that oysters are indispensable to the marine ecosystem. Aside from their role as a viable fishery, oyster reefs provide three main ecosystem services. They stabilize shorelines by breaking up wave energy, they provide habitat for hundreds of marine organisms such as crabs and barnacles and, perhaps most importantly, they help filter the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Islo0nEmJU8]\u003cbr>\nA\u003cem>dult\u003c/em> o\u003cem>ysters can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day. In this one hour timelapse video, you can see a decrease in the levels of turbidity, or murk, in the water.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filter-feeding oysters transfer nutrients (including nitrogen) from the water to the bottom. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.nature.org/science/2013/09/10/restoring-oyster-reefs/\">That’s a good thing, not only for the marine ecosystem but also for humans\u003c/a>. Studies estimate that oyster-reef sediments remove 25 percent more nitrogen than areas without oysters. An excess of nitrogen in the water promotes algal blooms that shade underwater vegetation and can lower the dissolved oxygen levels. Loss of underwater vegetation and low oxygen are increasingly common in coastal ecosystems. They can result in undesirable impacts ranging from reduced water clarity to fewer fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3-450x229.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"450\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In North Carolina, and around the country, initiatives to restore oyster reefs can become a political, cultural, environmental, and economic quagmire. There are many competing interests at stake, from the livelihood of fishermen to government oversight to downstream water-quality issues. Scientists have long studied the many ecosystem services provided by oysters and are now stepping into the fray armed with data to prove where, why, and how to restore oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the brave ones aren’t those eating the oysters. Rather, they are the men and women charged with keeping oysters in our waters and on our plates, now and into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video, scientists wade through marshes along North Carolina’s coast on a mission to restore oyster reefs, which are critical to the health of our marine ecosystems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565217,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":604},"headData":{"title":"Restoring Oyster Reefs | KQED","description":"In this video, scientists wade through marshes along North Carolina’s coast on a mission to restore oyster reefs, which are critical to the health of our marine ecosystems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60340 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60340","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/22/restoring-oyster-reefs/","disqusTitle":"Restoring Oyster Reefs","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSjkQsH-QsQ","path":"/quest/60340/restoring-oyster-reefs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“He was a brave man that first ate an oyster.” \u003c/strong>- satirist Jonathan Swift (1667–1745)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows who that brave soul was who first shucked an oyster, but we do know that by the late 1800s millions of pounds of salty, slimy oyster meat were being harvested from places like North Carolina’s Outer Banks and shipped across the country. The secret was out: raw, steamed, grilled, or fried, oysters were on the menu from coast to coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62171\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62171 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/boat_archives-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. This archive photo was provided by NC State University.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists estimate the current North Carolina wild oyster population is 50% of what it was 100 years ago. Archive photo provided by NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the demand for oysters increased, fishermen began using more sophisticated tools -- like mechanical dredge boats -- to boost their catch. And boy, were they successful! Marine scientists generally place the current oyster population at around 50 percent of what it was a century ago. And some estimates claim areas like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nccoast.org/Content.aspx?key=0dec568b-85f4-4e84-86d1-8a449db4055f&title=Oyster+Habitat\">North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound\u003c/a> are at 10 percent of the levels that existed in the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons that populations have been so decimated and haven’t been able to come back has to do with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch/coastwatch-articles?task=showArticle&id=750\">habitat needs of the oyster\u003c/a>. Baby oysters, or spat, literally grow on the backs of their ancestors. Spat swim in the water column until they can latch on to a suitable surface. More often than not, that surface is an established oyster reef made up of generations of older oysters. As wild oyster harvesting increased, the reefs diminished and baby oysters had no place to anchor. The oyster population plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t just another “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/home/coastwatch?task=showArticle&view=listarticles&id=750\">species of special concern\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that oysters are indispensable to the marine ecosystem. Aside from their role as a viable fishery, oyster reefs provide three main ecosystem services. They stabilize shorelines by breaking up wave energy, they provide habitat for hundreds of marine organisms such as crabs and barnacles and, perhaps most importantly, they help filter the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Islo0nEmJU8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Islo0nEmJU8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nA\u003cem>dult\u003c/em> o\u003cem>ysters can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day. In this one hour timelapse video, you can see a decrease in the levels of turbidity, or murk, in the water.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filter-feeding oysters transfer nutrients (including nitrogen) from the water to the bottom. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.nature.org/science/2013/09/10/restoring-oyster-reefs/\">That’s a good thing, not only for the marine ecosystem but also for humans\u003c/a>. Studies estimate that oyster-reef sediments remove 25 percent more nitrogen than areas without oysters. An excess of nitrogen in the water promotes algal blooms that shade underwater vegetation and can lower the dissolved oxygen levels. Loss of underwater vegetation and low oxygen are increasingly common in coastal ecosystems. They can result in undesirable impacts ranging from reduced water clarity to fewer fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Oysters3-450x229.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"450\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists with UNC Chapel Hill use laser scanners to determine the best location for future reefs. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In North Carolina, and around the country, initiatives to restore oyster reefs can become a political, cultural, environmental, and economic quagmire. There are many competing interests at stake, from the livelihood of fishermen to government oversight to downstream water-quality issues. Scientists have long studied the many ecosystem services provided by oysters and are now stepping into the fray armed with data to prove where, why, and how to restore oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the brave ones aren’t those eating the oysters. Rather, they are the men and women charged with keeping oysters in our waters and on our plates, now and into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60340/restoring-oyster-reefs","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_1099","quest_12269","quest_10388","quest_2034","quest_12347","quest_11489","quest_2141","quest_12186","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_12346","quest_2423","quest_2530","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_12348","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_62164","label":"quest"},"quest_49466":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49466","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49466","score":null,"sort":[1360369661000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado","title":"On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado","publishDate":1360369661,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,\" says Wolfklain. \"And they want to have the first right to mate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy's coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others' chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at the UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite. He always has this really lovely note at the end of it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible. All of the animals sound completely different from one another,” Casey says. What’s more, Casey's team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\" alt=\"A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"207\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit, call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me,'” says Casey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals, Casey explains. \"That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are 170,000 northern elephant seals and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They may sound like faulty plumbing, but male northern elephant seals have a unique communication system that's all about reputation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450493545,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":913},"headData":{"title":"On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado | KQED","description":"They may sound like faulty plumbing, but male northern elephant seals have a unique communication system that's all about reputation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49466 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=49466","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado/","disqusTitle":"On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/02/20130211science.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/49466/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,\" says Wolfklain. \"And they want to have the first right to mate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy's coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others' chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at the UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite. He always has this really lovely note at the end of it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible. All of the animals sound completely different from one another,” Casey says. What’s more, Casey's team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\" alt=\"A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"207\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit, call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me,'” says Casey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals, Casey explains. \"That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are 170,000 northern elephant seals and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49466/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_11725","quest_13193","quest_11488","quest_665","quest_962","quest_11194","quest_1743","quest_13203","quest_2034","quest_2209"],"featImg":"quest_49513","label":"source_quest_49466"},"quest_42362":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42362","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42362","score":null,"sort":[1349807435000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-i-do-science-stephen-palumbi","title":"Why I Do Science: Stephen Palumbi","publishDate":1349807435,"format":"video","headTitle":"Why I do Science | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3298,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Palumbi Lab at Stanford University\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>, Director of Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/index.html\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, is one of the world's leading authorities on tropical corals and the pressures they face from climate change - namely, warmer and more acidic oceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Palumbi frame_1_360\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Palumbi, Director of Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Image courtesy Josiah Hooper.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Professor Palumbi has been traveling for years to Ofu, a tiny island in American Samoa, to study how some species of corals are capable of adapting to waters within this patch of the South Pacific, which would otherwise be too warm for them to survive. \"So either the corals hadn’t read the scientific literature and didn't know they should be dead, or they were doing something different than anybody else knew about,\" he said. \"Our work there really was built around the idea of trying to find out from the corals how it was they were living in places that were too hot for them,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research team's inquiry into the resilient adaptation of these \"super corals\" is more than just academic. As he explained to me, most of the oxygen we breathe come from tiny algae that live in the ocean and that a quarter of all marine species depend on corals for their survival. So the decline of the world's corals portends bad news for the marine ecosystem, from tiny crustaceans to the psychedelic, vividly-hued parrotfishes which eat algae and seaweed among vast reefs of table corals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42435\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny piece from a tropical coral sample taken by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi during his research in the island of Ofu in America Samoa.Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palumbi's path to and passion for marine biology began at a young age. He grew up in Baltimore and the proximity to the water, as well as the support of his parents, one of whom was a schoolteacher, sparked his lifelong interest in science. \"We'd go down the docks to see the big marlin competitions come back and we’d see those fish, and we’d go to the beach for vacations,\" he said, adding, \"The ocean is full of mysteries...And what I love is uncovering those mysteries and figuring them out and explaining them and revealing them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most scientists, Palumbi is attracted to the process of discovery which lies at the heart of nearly every scientific discipline. These discoveries are often the culmination of dedication, diligence and the perseverance to slog through long days and the painstaking, even tedious, analysis of massive amounts of data. But as Palumbi told me, \"everyone is a scientist...everybody has to get data in their life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, in an increasingly complex world awash with information bombarding us from a dizzying array of technological gadgets, the scientific method provides a steady compass to make sense of this torrent of data and stimuli every day and arrive at decisions, from the profound to the mundane. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this edition of \"Why I Do Science\", we hear from Stephen Palumbi, a world-renowned marine biologist and director of the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457567759,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":494},"headData":{"title":"Why I Do Science: Stephen Palumbi | KQED","description":"In this edition of "Why I Do Science", we hear from Stephen Palumbi, a world-renowned marine biologist and director of the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42362 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=42362","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/why-i-do-science-stephen-palumbi/","disqusTitle":"Why I Do Science: Stephen Palumbi","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1dROc_goSo","path":"/quest/42362/why-i-do-science-stephen-palumbi","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Palumbi Lab at Stanford University\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>, Director of Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/index.html\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, is one of the world's leading authorities on tropical corals and the pressures they face from climate change - namely, warmer and more acidic oceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Palumbi frame_1_360\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Palumbi, Director of Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Image courtesy Josiah Hooper.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Professor Palumbi has been traveling for years to Ofu, a tiny island in American Samoa, to study how some species of corals are capable of adapting to waters within this patch of the South Pacific, which would otherwise be too warm for them to survive. \"So either the corals hadn’t read the scientific literature and didn't know they should be dead, or they were doing something different than anybody else knew about,\" he said. \"Our work there really was built around the idea of trying to find out from the corals how it was they were living in places that were too hot for them,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research team's inquiry into the resilient adaptation of these \"super corals\" is more than just academic. As he explained to me, most of the oxygen we breathe come from tiny algae that live in the ocean and that a quarter of all marine species depend on corals for their survival. So the decline of the world's corals portends bad news for the marine ecosystem, from tiny crustaceans to the psychedelic, vividly-hued parrotfishes which eat algae and seaweed among vast reefs of table corals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42435\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny piece from a tropical coral sample taken by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi during his research in the island of Ofu in America Samoa.Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palumbi's path to and passion for marine biology began at a young age. He grew up in Baltimore and the proximity to the water, as well as the support of his parents, one of whom was a schoolteacher, sparked his lifelong interest in science. \"We'd go down the docks to see the big marlin competitions come back and we’d see those fish, and we’d go to the beach for vacations,\" he said, adding, \"The ocean is full of mysteries...And what I love is uncovering those mysteries and figuring them out and explaining them and revealing them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most scientists, Palumbi is attracted to the process of discovery which lies at the heart of nearly every scientific discipline. These discoveries are often the culmination of dedication, diligence and the perseverance to slog through long days and the painstaking, even tedious, analysis of massive amounts of data. But as Palumbi told me, \"everyone is a scientist...everybody has to get data in their life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, in an increasingly complex world awash with information bombarding us from a dizzying array of technological gadgets, the scientific method provides a steady compass to make sense of this torrent of data and stimuli every day and arrive at decisions, from the profound to the mundane. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42362/why-i-do-science-stephen-palumbi","authors":["6176"],"series":["quest_3298"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11527","quest_10594","quest_2034","quest_11525","quest_13","quest_11414","quest_11524","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_42431","label":"quest_3298"},"quest_45011":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45011","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45011","score":null,"sort":[1348597089000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","title":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification","publishDate":1348597089,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say the waters off the West Coast could be hit hard by ocean acidification, but thanks to the natural conditions, it's a good place to study how ocean species might adapt.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496579,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":999},"headData":{"title":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification | KQED","description":"Scientists say the waters off the West Coast could be hit hard by ocean acidification, but thanks to the natural conditions, it's a good place to study how ocean species might adapt.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"45011 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=45011","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification/","disqusTitle":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2012/09/2012-09-25b-tcr.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/45011/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45011/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_13178","quest_326","quest_11488","quest_485","quest_621","quest_1485","quest_11487","quest_13203","quest_2034","quest_2035","quest_11489","quest_3925","quest_13","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_44933","label":"source_quest_45011"},"quest_43924":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43924","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43924","score":null,"sort":[1347476902000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"expanding-monterey-bay-national-marine-sanctuary-%e2%80%93-round-table-discussion-on-google","title":"Expanding Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary – Round Table Discussion on Google+","publishDate":1347476902,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://plus.google.com/100526514195087244555\">KQED SCIENCE\u003c/a> is hosting its very first Google+ Hangout On Air round table discussion about the proposed expansion of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary from 1-2PM PDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the area will increase by just 1%, the sanctuary isn't just any small patch of ocean water. It's the busiest, most high-profile section of Northern California's coast, a highway for oil tankers and fishing boats, a recreational haven and a backdrop for millions of photographs -- the waters directly west of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People assume that the water around the Golden Gate is protected. It's not,\" said Maria Brown, superintendent of the adjacent Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. \"That area is of unparalleled beauty. It is an iconic area.\" But expanding the sanctuary could affect everything from firework shows to whether people can ride Jetskis off the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll touch on all of these issues in our discussion. Join QUEST's managing editor Paul Rogers for our round table discussion. If you're a part of the Google+ network, sign in and visit our \u003ca href=\"https://plus.google.com/u/0/events/cjbcp94qvgmp66k2brfsp9u7oak\">event page here\u003c/a>. You can contribute questions and we'll try to answer them during the live chat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"KQED SCIENCE is hosting its first Google+ Hangout On Air round table discussion about the proposed expansion of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary from 1-2PM PDT. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566613,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":205},"headData":{"title":"Expanding Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary – Round Table Discussion on Google+ | KQED","description":"KQED SCIENCE is hosting its first Google+ Hangout On Air round table discussion about the proposed expansion of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary from 1-2PM PDT. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"43924 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43924","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/12/expanding-monterey-bay-national-marine-sanctuary-%e2%80%93-round-table-discussion-on-google/","disqusTitle":"Expanding Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary – Round Table Discussion on Google+","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye-69fktrlE","path":"/quest/43924/expanding-monterey-bay-national-marine-sanctuary-%e2%80%93-round-table-discussion-on-google","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://plus.google.com/100526514195087244555\">KQED SCIENCE\u003c/a> is hosting its very first Google+ Hangout On Air round table discussion about the proposed expansion of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary from 1-2PM PDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the area will increase by just 1%, the sanctuary isn't just any small patch of ocean water. It's the busiest, most high-profile section of Northern California's coast, a highway for oil tankers and fishing boats, a recreational haven and a backdrop for millions of photographs -- the waters directly west of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People assume that the water around the Golden Gate is protected. It's not,\" said Maria Brown, superintendent of the adjacent Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. \"That area is of unparalleled beauty. It is an iconic area.\" But expanding the sanctuary could affect everything from firework shows to whether people can ride Jetskis off the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll touch on all of these issues in our discussion. Join QUEST's managing editor Paul Rogers for our round table discussion. If you're a part of the Google+ network, sign in and visit our \u003ca href=\"https://plus.google.com/u/0/events/cjbcp94qvgmp66k2brfsp9u7oak\">event page here\u003c/a>. You can contribute questions and we'll try to answer them during the live chat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43924/expanding-monterey-bay-national-marine-sanctuary-%e2%80%93-round-table-discussion-on-google","authors":["2100"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13198","quest_13199","quest_11441","quest_11194","quest_1867","quest_1944","quest_2034","quest_13","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_43925","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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