Evidence of Global Warming
Ocean Acidification and Marine Life
Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound
Ocean Acidification: The Basics
Ocean Acidification: Vocabulary Game
Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important
Ocean Acidification Awareness Game
West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification
Your Videos on QUEST: Dan Griffin of GG Films
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The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"michaelgoode":{"type":"authors","id":"10239","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10239","found":true},"name":"Michael Goode","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Goode","slug":"michaelgoode","email":"mgoode@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Prior to joining the QUEST series, Michael began his professional career working on non-fiction programming for cable networks such as National Geographic Channel, Discovery Networks, and the Speed channel, while always pursuing independent projects that brought together his passion for travel, the environment, social issues, and the arts, some of which were aired on the independent news network Current TV. When Michael is not working in television, he enjoys traveling and volunteering in South America and Africa, in disaster response, computer literacy, or organic agriculture. As a member of the QUEST team, he relishes the opportunity to create engaging content that entertains, as well as educates.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f75d98ab1583916cf044c55fbdeb0ce7?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael Goode | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f75d98ab1583916cf044c55fbdeb0ce7?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f75d98ab1583916cf044c55fbdeb0ce7?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaelgoode"},"katiejennings":{"type":"authors","id":"10425","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10425","found":true},"name":"Katie Jennings","firstName":"Katie","lastName":"Jennings","slug":"katiejennings","email":"kjennings@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Katie Jennings returns to KCTS as QUEST Northwest Coordinating Producer. A public television veteran, she has produced numerous award-winning national documentaries and series including Fire on the Rim and Teachings of the Tree People. Katie served as Head of Educational Media at the outdoor learning center IslandWood on Bainbridge Island near Seattle, where she developed and produced educational projects for National Geographic and the National Science Foundation. She recently completed a Master's degree in Media Psychology and Social Change.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["manage_categories","leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katie Jennings | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katiejennings"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_73090":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73090","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73090","score":null,"sort":[1418419225000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"evidence-of-global-warming","title":"Evidence of Global Warming","publishDate":1418419225,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13355,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists around the globe have noticed that over the last 40 years Earth, as a whole, has been warming. This phenomenon, known as global warming, is affecting regional climates differently. For example, some regions may experience warmer summers, while other regions may see winters with heavier snowstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rise in Earth's average temperature isn't always immediately apparent. For example, some places still get snowy winters which might appear to contradict the idea of global warming. (Check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/kevintang/an-illustrated-guide-to-why-this-winter-has-been-so-brutal\">Andy Warner's comic\u003c/a> to learn how global warming can actually lead to heavier snowfall). So, how do scientists know Earth is warming?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't just look at one set of data; in fact, they analyze a whole body of evidence. One of the clearest indicators of a warming world is change in the Arctic. There, slight increases in temperatures can be the difference between ice and liquid water. Increasing temperatures are leading to declines in glaciers and sea ice. Other indicators of a warming world include rising sea levels and increases in ocean heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://https://youtu.be/5siikA1ghmo\">http://https://youtu.be/5siikA1ghmo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #444444\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Watch the video above (and pause to read) to learn more about the evidence that supports global warming.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How do rising sea levels indicate a warming world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do shrinking glaciers and declines in sea ice indicate a warming world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does an increase in ocean heat content indicate a warming world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does the temperature data graph in this interactive show?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An interactive version of this explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore how rising sea levels, increases in ocean heat and melting glaciers indicate a warming planet in this interactive.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1587659574,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":386},"headData":{"title":"Evidence of Global Warming | KQED","description":"Explore how rising sea levels, increases in ocean heat and melting glaciers indicate a warming planet in this interactive.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73090 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73090","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/evidence-of-global-warming/","disqusTitle":"Evidence of Global Warming","path":"/quest/73090/evidence-of-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists around the globe have noticed that over the last 40 years Earth, as a whole, has been warming. This phenomenon, known as global warming, is affecting regional climates differently. For example, some regions may experience warmer summers, while other regions may see winters with heavier snowstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rise in Earth's average temperature isn't always immediately apparent. For example, some places still get snowy winters which might appear to contradict the idea of global warming. (Check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/kevintang/an-illustrated-guide-to-why-this-winter-has-been-so-brutal\">Andy Warner's comic\u003c/a> to learn how global warming can actually lead to heavier snowfall). So, how do scientists know Earth is warming?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't just look at one set of data; in fact, they analyze a whole body of evidence. One of the clearest indicators of a warming world is change in the Arctic. There, slight increases in temperatures can be the difference between ice and liquid water. Increasing temperatures are leading to declines in glaciers and sea ice. Other indicators of a warming world include rising sea levels and increases in ocean heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://https://youtu.be/5siikA1ghmo\">http://https://youtu.be/5siikA1ghmo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #444444\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Watch the video above (and pause to read) to learn more about the evidence that supports global warming.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How do rising sea levels indicate a warming world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do shrinking glaciers and declines in sea ice indicate a warming world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does an increase in ocean heat content indicate a warming world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does the temperature data graph in this interactive show?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An interactive version of this explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73090/evidence-of-global-warming","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_13111","quest_12946","quest_11194","quest_1585","quest_2035","quest_2559"],"collections":["quest_13355"],"featImg":"quest_73411","label":"quest_13355"},"quest_73184":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73184","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73184","score":null,"sort":[1418374857000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ocean-acidification-and-marine-life","title":"Ocean Acidification and Marine Life","publishDate":1418374857,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Since the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s, we have been mining and burning coal, oil and natural gas for energy and transportation. These processes release carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) into the atmosphere. It is well established that the rising level of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in our atmosphere is a major cause of global warming. However, the increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is also causing changes to the chemistry of the ocean. The ocean absorbs some of the excess atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, which causes what scientists call \u003cstrong>ocean acidification\u003c/strong>. And ocean acidification could have major impacts on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe title=\"Ocean Acidification Video\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/yH3E7Vs1Nj8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch the video to see how ocean acidification is affecting some shelled marine organisms.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What exactly is ocean acidification? Acidity is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H\u003csup>+\u003c/sup>) in a given solution. When CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air mixes with ocean water it combines and forms carbonic acid (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>CO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub>). The carbonic acid then dissociates into hydrogen (H\u003csup>+\u003c/sup>) and bicarbonate (HCO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub>\u003csup>-\u003c/sup>) ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> (carbon dioxide) + H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O (water) → H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>CO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (carbonic acid)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>CO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (carbonic acid) → H\u003csup>+\u003c/sup> (hydrogen ions) + HCO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub>\u003csup>-\u003c/sup> (bicarbonate) \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This chemical reaction causes an increase in hydrogen ions in the seawater, thus increasing ocean acidity. The acidity of a solution is often reported in terms of pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A value below 7 is acidic and a value above 7 is basic. The more acidic a solution, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions and the lower the pH. There are many different ways to measure pH, ranging from litmus paper to sophisticated sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several decades scientists have been measuring the levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and pH throughout the ocean. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/file/Hawaii+Carbon+Dioxide+Time-Series\">Data\u003c/a> from these types of measurements show that as the concentration of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere increases, levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the ocean also increase, increasing the levels of hydrogen ions and thus decreasing the pH of the ocean. This suggests that atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is contributing to the acidification of the ocean. It's important to note that the pH of the ocean is still basic (around a pH of 8), but scientists use the term ocean acidification to indicate the increase in hydrogen ions in the ocean, which lowers the ocean's pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification could have major impacts on the health and biodiversity of the ocean. For example, the increase in hydrogen ions in the ocean is making it harder for some marine invertebrates like corals, oysters and tiny sea snails to form their shells and grow. This has implications that extend throughout the marine food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does the term ocean acidification mean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the ocean becoming more acidic?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the pH of the ocean is still around 8, why do scientists use the term ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does a decrease in ocean pH affect the ability of some marine organisms to build their shells?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do you think are some possible effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An interactive version of this explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this interactive graphic, discover how carbon dioxide from the atmosphere mixes with the ocean making it difficult for shellfish to thrive. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1587659664,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/yH3E7Vs1Nj8"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"Ocean Acidification and Marine Life | KQED","description":"In this interactive graphic, discover how carbon dioxide from the atmosphere mixes with the ocean making it difficult for shellfish to thrive. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73184 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73184","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/ocean-acidification-and-marine-life/","disqusTitle":"Ocean Acidification and Marine Life","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/73184/ocean-acidification-and-marine-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s, we have been mining and burning coal, oil and natural gas for energy and transportation. These processes release carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) into the atmosphere. It is well established that the rising level of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in our atmosphere is a major cause of global warming. However, the increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is also causing changes to the chemistry of the ocean. The ocean absorbs some of the excess atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, which causes what scientists call \u003cstrong>ocean acidification\u003c/strong>. And ocean acidification could have major impacts on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe title=\"Ocean Acidification Video\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/yH3E7Vs1Nj8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch the video to see how ocean acidification is affecting some shelled marine organisms.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What exactly is ocean acidification? Acidity is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H\u003csup>+\u003c/sup>) in a given solution. When CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air mixes with ocean water it combines and forms carbonic acid (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>CO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub>). The carbonic acid then dissociates into hydrogen (H\u003csup>+\u003c/sup>) and bicarbonate (HCO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub>\u003csup>-\u003c/sup>) ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> (carbon dioxide) + H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O (water) → H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>CO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (carbonic acid)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>CO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (carbonic acid) → H\u003csup>+\u003c/sup> (hydrogen ions) + HCO\u003csub>3\u003c/sub>\u003csup>-\u003c/sup> (bicarbonate) \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This chemical reaction causes an increase in hydrogen ions in the seawater, thus increasing ocean acidity. The acidity of a solution is often reported in terms of pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A value below 7 is acidic and a value above 7 is basic. The more acidic a solution, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions and the lower the pH. There are many different ways to measure pH, ranging from litmus paper to sophisticated sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several decades scientists have been measuring the levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and pH throughout the ocean. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/file/Hawaii+Carbon+Dioxide+Time-Series\">Data\u003c/a> from these types of measurements show that as the concentration of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere increases, levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the ocean also increase, increasing the levels of hydrogen ions and thus decreasing the pH of the ocean. This suggests that atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is contributing to the acidification of the ocean. It's important to note that the pH of the ocean is still basic (around a pH of 8), but scientists use the term ocean acidification to indicate the increase in hydrogen ions in the ocean, which lowers the ocean's pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification could have major impacts on the health and biodiversity of the ocean. For example, the increase in hydrogen ions in the ocean is making it harder for some marine invertebrates like corals, oysters and tiny sea snails to form their shells and grow. This has implications that extend throughout the marine food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does the term ocean acidification mean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the ocean becoming more acidic?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the pH of the ocean is still around 8, why do scientists use the term ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does a decrease in ocean pH affect the ability of some marine organisms to build their shells?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do you think are some possible effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An interactive version of this explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73184/ocean-acidification-and-marine-life","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_621","quest_13098","quest_12946","quest_11194","quest_1585","quest_2035","quest_13106"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_73392","label":"source_quest_73184"},"quest_70420":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70420","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70420","score":null,"sort":[1403618456000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"oceanographers-discover-the-headwaters-of-puget-sound","title":"Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound","publishDate":1403618456,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists may have discovered the source of the Pacific Northwest’s legendary rich waters, in a submarine canyon in the deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Washington oceanographers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013GL058967/abstract\">published their findings in March\u003c/a>: a surging flow of nutrient-rich warm water from the deep ocean canyon between the U.S. and Canada is swept into the Puget Sound at 20-30 times the rate at which river water comes into Puget Sound from the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70867\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70867 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/juandefucacanyon-450x246.jpg\" alt=\"juandefucacanyon\" width=\"450\" height=\"246\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The dynamics of the steep ocean canyon promote upwelling of nutrient-rich deep ocean waters into Puget Sound and the Salish Sea system. Image: Google maps.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is the headwaters of Puget Sound,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/pmacc/\">Parker MacCready\u003c/a>, a professor of oceanography at the University of Washington . \"That's why it's so salty in Puget Sound, that's why the water is pretty clean and that's why there's high productivity in Puget Sound, because you're constantly pulling in this deep water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Washington is several times more productive – has more phytoplankton – than Oregon or California. That's been kind of a puzzle, for years,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.apl.washington.edu/people/profile.php?last=Alford&first=Matthew\">Matthew Alford\u003c/a>, an oceanographer with the university's Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wealth of phytoplankton supports the Puget Sound ecosystem, from shellfish to salmon runs and orca pods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 211px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70876 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/m7-211x169.jpg\" alt=\"m7\" width=\"211\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Parker MacCready, University of Washington School of Oceanography. Photo credit: Kevin Sullivan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, according to MacCready, the high level of nutrients also results in lower pH, better known as\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\"> ocean acidification\u003c/a>. He explains how that works: \"The water that upwells through Juan deFuca Canyon is rich in nutrients because over a long time there has been a steady stream of organic particles drifting down from the surface. The organic matter is food for bacteria, like in a compost pile. As the organic particles are eaten the by-products are nutrients (like the ammonia in our urine) and CO2 (like when we exhale).\" So, when deep-canyon water comes to the surface, it carries both the nutrients that feed some creatures and the\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\"> lower pH levels that threaten others.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alford and MacCready's research will help make better computer models of circulation through the region, and eventually could help forecast changes in ocean acidity and other ocean events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"font-style: italic;color: #353535\">Source: \u003ca style=\"color: #dba42e\" href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2014/04/14/puget-sounds-rich-waters-supplied-by-deep-turbulent-canyon/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists may have identified the source of the Pacific Northwest’s legendary rich waters, in a submarine canyon in the deep ocean.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443828623,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":393},"headData":{"title":"Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound | KQED","description":"Scientists may have identified the source of the Pacific Northwest’s legendary rich waters, in a submarine canyon in the deep ocean.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70420 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70420","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/24/oceanographers-discover-the-headwaters-of-puget-sound/","disqusTitle":"Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/70420/oceanographers-discover-the-headwaters-of-puget-sound","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists may have discovered the source of the Pacific Northwest’s legendary rich waters, in a submarine canyon in the deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Washington oceanographers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013GL058967/abstract\">published their findings in March\u003c/a>: a surging flow of nutrient-rich warm water from the deep ocean canyon between the U.S. and Canada is swept into the Puget Sound at 20-30 times the rate at which river water comes into Puget Sound from the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70867\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70867 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/juandefucacanyon-450x246.jpg\" alt=\"juandefucacanyon\" width=\"450\" height=\"246\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The dynamics of the steep ocean canyon promote upwelling of nutrient-rich deep ocean waters into Puget Sound and the Salish Sea system. Image: Google maps.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is the headwaters of Puget Sound,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/pmacc/\">Parker MacCready\u003c/a>, a professor of oceanography at the University of Washington . \"That's why it's so salty in Puget Sound, that's why the water is pretty clean and that's why there's high productivity in Puget Sound, because you're constantly pulling in this deep water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Washington is several times more productive – has more phytoplankton – than Oregon or California. That's been kind of a puzzle, for years,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.apl.washington.edu/people/profile.php?last=Alford&first=Matthew\">Matthew Alford\u003c/a>, an oceanographer with the university's Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wealth of phytoplankton supports the Puget Sound ecosystem, from shellfish to salmon runs and orca pods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 211px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70876 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/m7-211x169.jpg\" alt=\"m7\" width=\"211\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Parker MacCready, University of Washington School of Oceanography. Photo credit: Kevin Sullivan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, according to MacCready, the high level of nutrients also results in lower pH, better known as\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\"> ocean acidification\u003c/a>. He explains how that works: \"The water that upwells through Juan deFuca Canyon is rich in nutrients because over a long time there has been a steady stream of organic particles drifting down from the surface. The organic matter is food for bacteria, like in a compost pile. As the organic particles are eaten the by-products are nutrients (like the ammonia in our urine) and CO2 (like when we exhale).\" So, when deep-canyon water comes to the surface, it carries both the nutrients that feed some creatures and the\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\"> lower pH levels that threaten others.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alford and MacCready's research will help make better computer models of circulation through the region, and eventually could help forecast changes in ocean acidity and other ocean events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"font-style: italic;color: #353535\">Source: \u003ca style=\"color: #dba42e\" href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2014/04/14/puget-sounds-rich-waters-supplied-by-deep-turbulent-canyon/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70420/oceanographers-discover-the-headwaters-of-puget-sound","authors":["10425"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12269","quest_12239","quest_12815","quest_2035","quest_2046","quest_12856","quest_12146","quest_11834","quest_12678","quest_3040"],"featImg":"quest_70870","label":"source_quest_70420"},"quest_66950":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_66950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"66950","score":null,"sort":[1393351228000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"ocean-acidification-the-basics","title":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","publishDate":1393351228,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"453\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\">http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Animation created by Sarah Cooley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showing a computer recreation of surface ocean pH from 1895 to the present and a forecast of ocean pH between now and 2100 under current emission rates. The pH scale is shown on the right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide is naturally present in tiny amounts in the atmosphere; however, since humans started burning fossil fuels at the beginning of the industrial age, carbon dioxide levels have increased dramatically. Carbon dioxide is a gas that plants combine with energy from the sun to create food. It is also a greenhouse gas: it traps the heat of the sun and keeps it from reflecting back into space. Today the oceans absorb about 25 percent of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> released every year. Initially, scientists focused on the benefits of removing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, but in the last decade research has shown that the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> absorbed by the oceans is changing the chemistry -- the pH -- of the seawater in a process called ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use the pH scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen (H) ions in a solution on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, numbers smaller than 7 indicate increased acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate increased alkalinity. The pH scale is logarithmic, so one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in the concentration of H ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification takes place when excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean and combines with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -- the increase in hydrogen ions reduces the pH of the seawater, causing it to become more acidic, and interferes with the uptake of calcium carbonate by shelled ocean organisms. Many shelled organisms are affected by a decrease in pH, including oysters, scallops, abalone, and even the smallest plankton that makes up an important part of the ocean food web. When there is less carbonate available, shells become thinner and growth slows down. Organisms have to spend more energy building their shells, which means less energy for growth. Larval stages are especially at risk because they need to grow shells before they start to eat. Shelled organisms provide food for a multitude of other creatures in the ocean, and so their decline has the potential to affect the entire ocean ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major concerns of ocean acidification is the drastic rate at which it is happening. Scientists have determined the most rapid CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase in Earth’s history occurred 55 million years ago, and that change was likely not as rapid as the change we see today. It is uncertain whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry in such a short time. As organisms are compromised, the biodiversity of the ocean may decrease, as only certain species will be able to adapt to the changing chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists studying ocean acidification have concluded that in order to keep the ocean environment sustainable, we need to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels is necessary for the health of the ocean as well as Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pre-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is the ocean valuable to humans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are greenhouse gases created?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How have humans contributed to ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is ocean acidification affecting organisms in the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the rate of ocean acidification alarming to scientists?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can you do to reduce the effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.html\">Carbon Cycle Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence\u003c/strong> (COSEE). This digital game lets students take on the role of a carbon atom moving through the carbon cycle. Understanding the carbon cycle is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/\">GEMS Alien Juice Bar Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/strong>. An engaging game for students in grades 4 through 8 explores the properties of acids and bases using red cabbage juice. The game helps students to understand the pH scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> \u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/seachange\">Sea Change: The Pacific’s Perilous Turn\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Seattle Times. \u003c/strong>A multimedia investigation of ocean acidification with video, images, and text discusses the science and impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean%2BAcidification\">Ocean Acidification,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA\u003c/strong>. This content- and media-rich website is by scientists studying ocean acidification. The site contains research, background information, videos, and infographics.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaLRcVdTbM&feature=channel_video_title\">Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NOAA\u003c/strong>. This four-minute video explains what ocean acidification is and its potential impact on marine ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm\">Our Acidifying Ocean\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Stanford University\u003c/strong>. This interactive slideshow about ocean acidification is directed at a middle-school audience. The slideshow contains text, images, and games.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/60703322\">We Are Aware, Are You?,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Suquamish Tribe\u003c/strong>. This video was made by four high school students from the Suquamish Tribe in Washington State to highlight the impact of ocean acidification in their community.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/water/article/coral-reefs-and-shellfish-battle-acidifying-oceans/\">Coral Reefs and Shellfish Battling Acidifying Oceans\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>EarthFix\u003c/strong>. This multimedia presentation about acidifying oceans features two six-minute videos: “Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish” and “Florida’s Coral Reefs Face Altered Oceans.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation: \u003c/strong>Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions, asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than half of the CO2 emitted by humans has been absorbed by the ocean. Scientists say this means less CO2 in the air, but it also means a change in ocean chemistry -- ocean acidification. Now what?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442954145,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":980},"headData":{"title":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics | KQED","description":"More than half of the CO2 emitted by humans has been absorbed by the ocean. Scientists say this means less CO2 in the air, but it also means a change in ocean chemistry -- ocean acidification. Now what?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"66950 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=66950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/ocean-acidification-the-basics/","disqusTitle":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/66950/ocean-acidification-the-basics","audioUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/files/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"453\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\">http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Animation created by Sarah Cooley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showing a computer recreation of surface ocean pH from 1895 to the present and a forecast of ocean pH between now and 2100 under current emission rates. The pH scale is shown on the right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide is naturally present in tiny amounts in the atmosphere; however, since humans started burning fossil fuels at the beginning of the industrial age, carbon dioxide levels have increased dramatically. Carbon dioxide is a gas that plants combine with energy from the sun to create food. It is also a greenhouse gas: it traps the heat of the sun and keeps it from reflecting back into space. Today the oceans absorb about 25 percent of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> released every year. Initially, scientists focused on the benefits of removing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, but in the last decade research has shown that the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> absorbed by the oceans is changing the chemistry -- the pH -- of the seawater in a process called ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use the pH scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen (H) ions in a solution on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, numbers smaller than 7 indicate increased acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate increased alkalinity. The pH scale is logarithmic, so one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in the concentration of H ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification takes place when excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean and combines with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -- the increase in hydrogen ions reduces the pH of the seawater, causing it to become more acidic, and interferes with the uptake of calcium carbonate by shelled ocean organisms. Many shelled organisms are affected by a decrease in pH, including oysters, scallops, abalone, and even the smallest plankton that makes up an important part of the ocean food web. When there is less carbonate available, shells become thinner and growth slows down. Organisms have to spend more energy building their shells, which means less energy for growth. Larval stages are especially at risk because they need to grow shells before they start to eat. Shelled organisms provide food for a multitude of other creatures in the ocean, and so their decline has the potential to affect the entire ocean ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major concerns of ocean acidification is the drastic rate at which it is happening. Scientists have determined the most rapid CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase in Earth’s history occurred 55 million years ago, and that change was likely not as rapid as the change we see today. It is uncertain whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry in such a short time. As organisms are compromised, the biodiversity of the ocean may decrease, as only certain species will be able to adapt to the changing chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists studying ocean acidification have concluded that in order to keep the ocean environment sustainable, we need to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels is necessary for the health of the ocean as well as Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pre-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is the ocean valuable to humans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are greenhouse gases created?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How have humans contributed to ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is ocean acidification affecting organisms in the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the rate of ocean acidification alarming to scientists?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can you do to reduce the effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.html\">Carbon Cycle Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence\u003c/strong> (COSEE). This digital game lets students take on the role of a carbon atom moving through the carbon cycle. Understanding the carbon cycle is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/\">GEMS Alien Juice Bar Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/strong>. An engaging game for students in grades 4 through 8 explores the properties of acids and bases using red cabbage juice. The game helps students to understand the pH scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> \u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/seachange\">Sea Change: The Pacific’s Perilous Turn\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Seattle Times. \u003c/strong>A multimedia investigation of ocean acidification with video, images, and text discusses the science and impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean%2BAcidification\">Ocean Acidification,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA\u003c/strong>. This content- and media-rich website is by scientists studying ocean acidification. The site contains research, background information, videos, and infographics.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaLRcVdTbM&feature=channel_video_title\">Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NOAA\u003c/strong>. This four-minute video explains what ocean acidification is and its potential impact on marine ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm\">Our Acidifying Ocean\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Stanford University\u003c/strong>. This interactive slideshow about ocean acidification is directed at a middle-school audience. The slideshow contains text, images, and games.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/60703322\">We Are Aware, Are You?,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Suquamish Tribe\u003c/strong>. This video was made by four high school students from the Suquamish Tribe in Washington State to highlight the impact of ocean acidification in their community.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/water/article/coral-reefs-and-shellfish-battle-acidifying-oceans/\">Coral Reefs and Shellfish Battling Acidifying Oceans\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>EarthFix\u003c/strong>. This multimedia presentation about acidifying oceans features two six-minute videos: “Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish” and “Florida’s Coral Reefs Face Altered Oceans.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation: \u003c/strong>Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions, asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/66950/ocean-acidification-the-basics","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_338","quest_12602","quest_485","quest_11141","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_1134","quest_1271","quest_2035","quest_12146","quest_12603"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67225","label":"source_quest_66950"},"quest_67110":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67110","score":null,"sort":[1393341055000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"ocean-acidification-vocabulary-game","title":"Ocean Acidification: Vocabulary Game","publishDate":1393341055,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Test your knowledge of ocean acidification vocabulary. There are 14 vocabulary words associated with ocean acidification. The definition of each word is revealed when a player clicks on a vocabulary card. This can be used as a pre-test, to reinforce the vocabulary, and/or to check what students have learned. The game may be played on screen or the cards may be printed and cut out. This game is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-vocab-game.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"618\" height=\"1175\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/OceanCardgamePDF.pdf\">Download PDF version\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have students rewrite the definitions for the vocabulary words in their own words.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students illustrate vocabulary words with a drawing and a short explanation of their drawing.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHuman activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Test your knowledge! Ocean acidification has 14 important vocabulary words. Educators can use this flashcard game as a pre-test or to check what students have learned. Easily play on screen or print the cards.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450486368,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-vocab-game.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":167},"headData":{"title":"Ocean Acidification: Vocabulary Game | KQED","description":"Test your knowledge! Ocean acidification has 14 important vocabulary words. Educators can use this flashcard game as a pre-test or to check what students have learned. Easily play on screen or print the cards.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"67110 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67110","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/ocean-acidification-vocabulary-game/","disqusTitle":"Ocean Acidification: Vocabulary Game","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/67110/ocean-acidification-vocabulary-game","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Test your knowledge of ocean acidification vocabulary. There are 14 vocabulary words associated with ocean acidification. The definition of each word is revealed when a player clicks on a vocabulary card. This can be used as a pre-test, to reinforce the vocabulary, and/or to check what students have learned. The game may be played on screen or the cards may be printed and cut out. This game is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-vocab-game.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"618\" height=\"1175\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/OceanCardgamePDF.pdf\">Download PDF version\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have students rewrite the definitions for the vocabulary words in their own words.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students illustrate vocabulary words with a drawing and a short explanation of their drawing.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHuman activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67110/ocean-acidification-vocabulary-game","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_338","quest_621","quest_12607","quest_10578","quest_1166","quest_1271","quest_2035","quest_12146","quest_12606"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67244","label":"source_quest_67110"},"quest_67114":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67114","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67114","score":null,"sort":[1393339537000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"pteropods-very-small-and-very-important","title":"Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important","publishDate":1393339537,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Pteropods are very small free-floating marine snails that play a very big part in oceanic ecosystems. Although tiny, these creatures are extremely important because they make up an important part of the oceanic food web. Scientists have seen the negative effects of ocean acidification on pteropods and are studying these organisms to better understand the problem. This slideshow is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\">\u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is a food web?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is plankton?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think might happen if pteropods disappeared from the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do you think it is important for scientists to study pteropods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification is caused by excessive CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere. Make a list of five things you can do to create less CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/activity-naked.html\">Making Naked Eggs\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Exploratorium\u003c/strong>. Dissolve an egg in vinegar to see the effect of an acidic solution on a calcium carbonate shell.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/files/labkit.pdf\">Ocean Acidification Lab\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program\u003c/strong>. Hands-on classroom experiments for grades 5 through 12 with lesson plans, worksheets, and answer keys.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Research other marine organisms that are being negatively affected by ocean acidification. See if you can identify organisms that may thrive in a more acidic environment. Discuss how this might change the biodiversity of the ocean environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67116\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67116 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png 1663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-400x541.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-800x1082.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1440x1948.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1180x1597.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-960x1299.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Food web image: ©2012 Jerry Russell, Studio 309. This image can not be reproduced without permission/license (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jerryrussell.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">www.jerryrussell.com\u003c/a>). Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/\">Charismatic Microfauna\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Dr. Gareth Lawson, \u003c/strong>research blog from Woods Hole Oceanic Institution.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>You can learn about oceanography and follow the exploits of an oceangoing expedition. It includes interesting images and video of pteropods.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/tiny-ubiquitous-vital-delicate-vulnerable\">Tiny, Ubiquitous, Vital, Delicate, Vulnerable\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Oceanus Magazine\u003c/strong>, Woods Hole Oceanic Institution. Amazing images of different pteropods -- a great jumping off point for an art project.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://footprint-calculator.islandwood.org/\">Ecological Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Islandwood\u003c/strong>. Calculate your ecological footprint and understand how the choices you make affect the size of your footprint on the earth. This is a simple survey that kids can complete themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/ind-calculator.html\">Household Carbon Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/strong>. Calculate an estimate of your family’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#GreenhouseGas\">greenhouse gas\u003c/a> emissions and explore the impact of taking various actions to reduce your \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#Emissions\">emissions\u003c/a>. This survey might need help from adults at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Pteropods are sometimes called “sea butterflies,” but they’re actually free-floating snails. They play a big part in the ocean food web. How does ocean acidification impact these small creatures? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1592241227,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":458},"headData":{"title":"Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important - QUEST","description":"Pteropods are sometimes called “sea butterflies,” but they’re actually free-floating snails. They play a big part in the ocean food web. How does ocean acidification impact these small creatures? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"67114 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67114","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/pteropods-very-small-and-very-important/","disqusTitle":"Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzpmUHdwLr0","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/67114/pteropods-very-small-and-very-important","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pteropods are very small free-floating marine snails that play a very big part in oceanic ecosystems. Although tiny, these creatures are extremely important because they make up an important part of the oceanic food web. Scientists have seen the negative effects of ocean acidification on pteropods and are studying these organisms to better understand the problem. This slideshow is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\">\u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is a food web?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is plankton?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think might happen if pteropods disappeared from the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do you think it is important for scientists to study pteropods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification is caused by excessive CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere. Make a list of five things you can do to create less CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/activity-naked.html\">Making Naked Eggs\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Exploratorium\u003c/strong>. Dissolve an egg in vinegar to see the effect of an acidic solution on a calcium carbonate shell.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/files/labkit.pdf\">Ocean Acidification Lab\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program\u003c/strong>. Hands-on classroom experiments for grades 5 through 12 with lesson plans, worksheets, and answer keys.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Research other marine organisms that are being negatively affected by ocean acidification. See if you can identify organisms that may thrive in a more acidic environment. Discuss how this might change the biodiversity of the ocean environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67116\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67116 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png 1663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-400x541.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-800x1082.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1440x1948.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1180x1597.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-960x1299.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Food web image: ©2012 Jerry Russell, Studio 309. This image can not be reproduced without permission/license (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jerryrussell.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">www.jerryrussell.com\u003c/a>). Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/\">Charismatic Microfauna\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Dr. Gareth Lawson, \u003c/strong>research blog from Woods Hole Oceanic Institution.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>You can learn about oceanography and follow the exploits of an oceangoing expedition. It includes interesting images and video of pteropods.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/tiny-ubiquitous-vital-delicate-vulnerable\">Tiny, Ubiquitous, Vital, Delicate, Vulnerable\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Oceanus Magazine\u003c/strong>, Woods Hole Oceanic Institution. Amazing images of different pteropods -- a great jumping off point for an art project.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://footprint-calculator.islandwood.org/\">Ecological Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Islandwood\u003c/strong>. Calculate your ecological footprint and understand how the choices you make affect the size of your footprint on the earth. This is a simple survey that kids can complete themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/ind-calculator.html\">Household Carbon Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/strong>. Calculate an estimate of your family’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#GreenhouseGas\">greenhouse gas\u003c/a> emissions and explore the impact of taking various actions to reduce your \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#Emissions\">emissions\u003c/a>. This survey might need help from adults at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67114/pteropods-very-small-and-very-important","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_12608","quest_10578","quest_2035","quest_12610","quest_12609","quest_12146","quest_9872","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67115","label":"source_quest_67114"},"quest_67237":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67237","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67237","score":null,"sort":[1393336843000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"ocean-acidification-awareness-game","title":"Ocean Acidification Awareness Game","publishDate":1393336843,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Test your knowledge of ocean acidification. This multiple-choice game contains four questions in each of three categories: Ocean Dynamics, Ocean Chemistry, and Life in the Ocean. Students can test their knowledge as a pre-test or post-test, compiling points to see what they know. This game is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\">\u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-awareness-game.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"809\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have students write a “news flash” about ocean acidification. They should communicate what is important for people to know about ocean acidification in 200 words or fewer.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Challenge your brain in the categories of Ocean Dynamics, Ocean Chemistry, and Life in the Ocean! Play your way to ocean acidification knowledge in this multiple-choice game.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450486486,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-awareness-game.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":170},"headData":{"title":"Ocean Acidification Awareness Game | KQED","description":"Challenge your brain in the categories of Ocean Dynamics, Ocean Chemistry, and Life in the Ocean! Play your way to ocean acidification knowledge in this multiple-choice game.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"67237 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67237","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/ocean-acidification-awareness-game/","disqusTitle":"Ocean Acidification Awareness Game","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/67237/ocean-acidification-awareness-game","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Test your knowledge of ocean acidification. This multiple-choice game contains four questions in each of three categories: Ocean Dynamics, Ocean Chemistry, and Life in the Ocean. Students can test their knowledge as a pre-test or post-test, compiling points to see what they know. This game is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\">\u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-awareness-game.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"809\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have students write a “news flash” about ocean acidification. They should communicate what is important for people to know about ocean acidification in 200 words or fewer.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67237/ocean-acidification-awareness-game","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_1"],"tags":["quest_338","quest_621","quest_12607","quest_10578","quest_1166","quest_1271","quest_2035","quest_12146"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67239","label":"source_quest_67237"},"quest_45011":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45011","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45011","score":null,"sort":[1348597089000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","title":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification","publishDate":1348597089,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say the waters off the West Coast could be hit hard by ocean acidification, but thanks to the natural conditions, it's a good place to study how ocean species might adapt.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496579,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":999},"headData":{"title":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification | KQED","description":"Scientists say the waters off the West Coast could be hit hard by ocean acidification, but thanks to the natural conditions, it's a good place to study how ocean species might adapt.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"45011 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=45011","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification/","disqusTitle":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2012/09/2012-09-25b-tcr.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/45011/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45011/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_13178","quest_326","quest_11488","quest_485","quest_621","quest_1485","quest_11487","quest_13203","quest_2034","quest_2035","quest_11489","quest_3925","quest_13","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_44933","label":"source_quest_45011"},"quest_24149":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24149","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24149","score":null,"sort":[1315934989000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films","title":"Your Videos on QUEST: Dan Griffin of GG Films","publishDate":1315934989,"format":"video","headTitle":"Your Videos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3300,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>We're excited to present our second \u003cem>Your Videos on QUEST\u003c/em> segment featuring an excerpt of the short video by Dan Griffin of GG Films, \"Ocean Babies on Acid\". For several years now, QUEST has been producing \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-bryant-austin/\">Your Photos on QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/em> segments wherein we feature the still images of Bay Area photographers who shoot nature, environment and science photos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season, we wanted to expand that idea to include films and videos on similar topics. The thinking is, we here on QUEST are never at a loss for story topics about science here in the Bay Area. There must be a bunch of other media makers telling these kinds of stories so let's get some different perspectives from the community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24170\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-Palumbi_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i Palumbi_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24170\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford marine biologist, Stephen Palumbi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST folks have long been fans of the video work that \u003ca href=\"http://ggfilms.com/\">Dan Griffin/ GG Films\u003c/a> has been doing with Stanford marine biologist, \u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>. Together they create \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs\">\"Microdocs\"\u003c/a> which they define as \"short attention span science video.\" Their videos are usually 2-3 minutes long and feature one specific aspect of marine ecosystem sustainability. Microdocs topics focus largely on coral reef health, sustainability and diversity- subjects that have required them to travel to such remote tropical locations as American Samoa, The Bahamas, Fiji and Micronesia. Ahh, the price that we pay for our art...\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-urchin-large-beaker_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i urchin large beaker_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24165\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchin in beaker\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Ocean Babies on Acid\" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/research/faculty/eric-sanford/\">Eric Sanford\u003c/a> are doing to study the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/acidic-seas/\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts. One of their goals is to find out if the increased acidity caused in part by increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere makes it difficult for marine species to grow their shells. The study is unique in that they're not only studying the external aspects of these creatures but also delving into how ocean acidification may effect the animals on a genetic level. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can watch the full-length video on the Microdocs site here:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/index.html\">Ocean Babies on Acid\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"\"Ocean Babies on Acid\" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist Eric Sanford are doing to study the effects of ocean acidification on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457631599,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":344},"headData":{"title":"Your Videos on QUEST: Dan Griffin of GG Films | KQED","description":""Ocean Babies on Acid" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist Eric Sanford are doing to study the effects of ocean acidification on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"24149 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=24149","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/13/your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films/","disqusTitle":"Your Videos on QUEST: Dan Griffin of GG Films","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sz-qX8xIk4","path":"/quest/24149/your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We're excited to present our second \u003cem>Your Videos on QUEST\u003c/em> segment featuring an excerpt of the short video by Dan Griffin of GG Films, \"Ocean Babies on Acid\". For several years now, QUEST has been producing \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-bryant-austin/\">Your Photos on QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/em> segments wherein we feature the still images of Bay Area photographers who shoot nature, environment and science photos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season, we wanted to expand that idea to include films and videos on similar topics. The thinking is, we here on QUEST are never at a loss for story topics about science here in the Bay Area. There must be a bunch of other media makers telling these kinds of stories so let's get some different perspectives from the community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24170\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-Palumbi_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i Palumbi_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24170\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford marine biologist, Stephen Palumbi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST folks have long been fans of the video work that \u003ca href=\"http://ggfilms.com/\">Dan Griffin/ GG Films\u003c/a> has been doing with Stanford marine biologist, \u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>. Together they create \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs\">\"Microdocs\"\u003c/a> which they define as \"short attention span science video.\" Their videos are usually 2-3 minutes long and feature one specific aspect of marine ecosystem sustainability. Microdocs topics focus largely on coral reef health, sustainability and diversity- subjects that have required them to travel to such remote tropical locations as American Samoa, The Bahamas, Fiji and Micronesia. Ahh, the price that we pay for our art...\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-urchin-large-beaker_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i urchin large beaker_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24165\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchin in beaker\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Ocean Babies on Acid\" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/research/faculty/eric-sanford/\">Eric Sanford\u003c/a> are doing to study the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/acidic-seas/\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts. One of their goals is to find out if the increased acidity caused in part by increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere makes it difficult for marine species to grow their shells. The study is unique in that they're not only studying the external aspects of these creatures but also delving into how ocean acidification may effect the animals on a genetic level. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can watch the full-length video on the Microdocs site here:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/index.html\">Ocean Babies on Acid\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24149/your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films","authors":["209","10239"],"series":["quest_3300"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_3923","quest_3351","quest_10103","quest_2034","quest_2035","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_3931","quest_2774","quest_10104","quest_2893","quest_10105"],"featImg":"quest_24180","label":"quest_3300"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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